It is known that a concrete foundation of any type must necessarily rise some distance above the soil level. Thanks to this, it is possible to isolate the walls of the building from its foundation. This prevents the harmful effects of capillary processes that constantly replenish the building with soil moisture.
The foundation is in conditions of high humidity almost constantly. This is facilitated by precipitation, groundwater, and melting snow masses. Therefore, there must be some minimum height of the foundation above the ground to ensure the safety and dryness of the walls.
What functions does the foundation of a building perform?
The foundation, raised above the soil level, not only serves as a support for the entire structure.
In addition to this main function, it also solves certain problems:
Foundation height of a wooden house
For a wooden house, a sufficient height of the base is especially important, since preventing the bottom row of wood from rotting is an indispensable condition for constructing a house made of wood. Such a foundation can be made of concrete, brick, 
metal or wood. The type of foundation can be strip, pile or columnar.
An indispensable condition is high-quality waterproofing of the base. As mandatory waterproofing, you can use coating materials (bitumen mastic, cement-polymer based hydraulic mixture), as well as rolled materials (waterproofing, glass insulation, roofing felt).
The optimal height of the base is selected based on the climatic characteristics of the area. It usually exceeds the average snow depth by 10 cm. It is advisable to protect the foundation for a wooden house from dampness not only from below, but also from the sides. This can be done by covering it with ceramic tiles or clinker.
The higher the base of the house, the better its thermal insulation will be, and the longer it will last without complaints.
Height of strip foundation
consists of its aboveground and underground parts. The optimal height of a monolithic strip foundation above the ground is about 35-40 cm. In some cases, this value may change. But its underground depth depends on the properties of the soil.According to the provisions of SNiP, the foundation depth is determined as follows:
- Freezing of non-heaving soil by 2 m or slightly heaving soil by 1 m - the foundation is buried 50 cm.
- Freezing of non-heaving soil by 3 m or slightly heaving soil by 1.5 m - the foundation is deepened to 75 cm.
- Freezing of non-heaving soil more than 3 m or slightly heaving soil by 2.5 m - the foundation is buried 100 cm.
- Freezing of slightly heaving soil by 3-3.5 m - the foundation is deepened to 150 cm.
The depth of the strip foundation very much depends on the groundwater level. When groundwater is located close to the surface, it is strictly not recommended to lay weakly buried foundations.
Regardless of the level of soil freezing and soil characteristics. Groundwater contributes not only to dampening of the foundation, but also to its sedimentation, distortion and gradual destruction.
How to calculate the height of a slab foundation?
Slab foundations are usually preferred to be erected on weak, unstable, 
heaving soils. A monolithic slab is able to withstand soil heaving and settlement without compromising the integrity of the entire structure. But this does not mean that it can be laid directly on the ground, that is, a non-buried foundation can be made. In some cases this is allowed, but only on rocky and non-heaving soils. In all other cases, the reinforced concrete slab must be buried to a certain level.
The foundation is the basis of any wooden structure. It takes on the main load during operation and protects the house from the negative effects of groundwater.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE SIZE OF THE FOUNDATION
The foundation consists of a basement and an underground part, the dimensions of which depend on several factors:
1. Type of soil and its changes in the autumn-spring period. Foundations laid on capricious sandy or marshy soils have special requirements.
2. Level of soil freezing and availability of groundwater. The base must lie below these points and requires high-quality waterproofing and insulation.
3. Weight and number of storeys of a wooden house.
4. Tasks of the basement and plinth.
VALUE OF BASE
The above-ground part of the foundation performs several functions:
· Prevents internal floors from getting wet;
· Compensates for soil shrinkage;
· Protects the cladding of the house from contamination;
· Promotes high-quality ventilation of the underground;
· Increases the thermal insulation characteristics of the building;
· Considered an architectural decoration.
The height of the base plays a huge role, especially for wooden houses, since rotting of the lower rows complicates repair work and reduces the service life of the building.
The standard height is approximately 30-40 cm. But experts advise equipping the ground part of the foundation of a wooden house to a height of 60-80 cm. On clay soils this value can reach 80-90 cm, and on sandy soils 50 cm is enough.
TAPE BASE
A common foundation option for a wooden house. The monolithic structure allows you to equip the usable area of the plinth at a moderate construction cost.
In areas with severe winters and soil freezing to an impressive depth, the underground part of the strip foundation can reach 1.5 meters. The height of the base depends on several conditions (for example, the presence of a boiler room or basement). The furnace room requires special responsibility, so the height of the above-ground part is characterized by safe use and correct placement of equipment.
Regardless of the quality of the soil and terrain conditions, it is recommended to build plinths of sufficient height for wooden buildings. Wood is a very capricious material, therefore, the higher the house is raised above the ground, the longer it will last.
The optimal size of a strip foundation is about two meters, which means that the ground part is 50 cm.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE PINTER FOR STRIP FOUNDATION
The above-ground part is divided into two types:
1. Monolithic. The base is made in the form of a continuous (indivisible) concrete sheet.
2. Masonry. First, the lower part of the foundation is poured (to the soil level), and then the base is laid out (made of brick or other material). A less reliable option that requires additional cladding.
PLATE BASE
According to building codes, a monolithic slab must rise above the ground surface by at least 20 cm. But for regions with unregulated snow cover, this parameter should be increased to 40 cm.
A monolithic slab is considered the most reliable type of foundation. Its underground part should be buried below the soil freezing level. The strength of the slab does not depend on potential ground movements, but in case of probable seismic shifts, its height must be increased. The total thickness of the foundation depends on the weight of the wooden house, its number of storeys, area and type of soil.
PILE FOUNDATION
Arranging a plinth on a pile foundation is accompanied by certain difficulties. Its dimensions depend on the height of the ground section of the piles. The base can be hinged or made on a tape.
The design of the hinged version consists of a wooden or iron sheathing fixed around the entire perimeter. After arrangement, it must be sheathed with any facing material.
The second option is more complex and expensive. The laying is done on a strip foundation. Its main advantage is the fairly high quality of thermal insulation.
BASE CONSTRUCTION
The ground section of the foundation can be made in several options:
· Sunken. An economical option for a plinth, typical for walls with a small thickness. Allows you to hide the protrusion using waterproofing material or a small layer of soil.
· Speaker. Requires more building materials. Provides reliable protection for a wooden house from cold air, but requires high-quality waterproofing and drainage.
· The base is flush with the wall. The most unfortunate and rarely used solution, requiring constant monitoring of the cut of the waterproofing layer.
MATERIALS
To build the above-ground part of the foundation, it is necessary to use durable materials - concrete, brick, various types of stone. In most cases, the base of a wooden house requires the installation of an armored belt. The number and thickness of reinforcing bars depend on the design of the building.
· For wooden houses, a base made of monolithic concrete is best suited. Its arrangement requires the installation of formwork and reinforcement cage.
· For a structure made of solid (not gas silicate!) brick, it is necessary to take material with high frost resistance.
· Using concrete blocks requires special skill. Between them there will certainly remain various voids, which must later be filled with cement mixture.
HEAT AND WATER INSULATION
High-quality heat and waterproofing are mandatory steps for arranging the basement of a wooden house. Insulation must be done with porous materials with minimal water absorption. For waterproofing, bitumen mastics or roll materials are suitable.
The height of the base and the features of its arrangement depend on many parameters. But under any conditions, the minimum level of the ground part should not be less than 20 cm. This will help protect the house from flooding and increase the “life” of the lower wooden crowns.
Stone houses have been popular since ancient times because they are reliable and durable. Several centuries later we can observe buildings made from this natural material, which are still well preserved. Today, natural stone home decoration is still in demand and dictates new styles. Finishing can be done by combining several types of natural materials. The result is a reliable, stylish shelter that can withstand the influence of the external environment and negative mechanical influences. There is no longer such a need to completely build a house out of stone. Natural stone is ideal for finishing a house and requires significantly less material than completely erecting walls. The assortment of stone is quite large, everyone can choose the material according to their taste, both in color and texture. Advantages of cladding If we compare stone cladding with other materials, then against their background it, of course, wins not only in terms of strength and durability, but also in appearance. It is also worth noting that natural material is environmentally friendly and has a positive effect on health...
Balancing between necessity and redundancy
Considering that the construction of a foundation is associated with a significant cost item for the construction of a suburban building, the desire of an individual developer to minimize its parameters is quite understandable. And if the calculated depth and width of the foundation are parameters that you have to come to terms with, then what about the height of the foundation above the ground? After all, in essence, what is above the zero mark is the above-ground part of the house, which can be built from more affordable building materials.
What determines the height of the foundation above the ground?
It is necessary to understand that the above-ground part of the base of the building serves as a connecting link, a kind of jumper in the adjacent “soil-external environment” section. And this area, like no other, during the operation of the building is exposed to external factors: high humidity and temperature fluctuations. Therefore, in order to answer the question “To what height should we raise houses?”, we will indicate why it is necessary to raise them above the ground:
for constructing the basement of a house, when part of the foundation takes on the role of a basement. Obviously, the solid structure has better characteristics than the “foundation + base” design;
to protect the walls of the house from high humidity. Even despite the blind area, the lower side part of the house will be constantly moistened, so it is better to raise the “foundation-wall” transition as high as possible. How specific? The minimum height of the foundation above the ground is 200 mm, but higher is possible. An observant developer in one of the winters can estimate the thickness of the snow cover on the site, to which you can add 100 mm and get the optimal height of the foundation;
Often the foundation rises above the ground due to the construction of the basement. In this case, the height of the foundation is determined based on the design data;
for columnar and pile foundations, the minimum height above the ground is also 200 mm. This “indentation” from the surface of the earth is necessary so that the heaving soil does not affect the building. It may be larger, for example, if the terrain of the construction site has a slope;
when calculating the height of the foundation, it is also necessary to take into account the possible shrinkage of the house, the magnitude of which depends on the characteristics of the soil and the load on it from the structure;
In some cases, increasing the height helps prevent the destruction of the building wall material. This is especially true for wooden buildings, for example, baths. In this case, either a high foundation (about 500 mm) is immediately installed, or a base is erected from other building materials
To summarize the above
It is necessary to determine the height of the above-ground part of the foundation. We take into account a minimum of 200 mm. We evaluate the thickness of the snow cover and, if necessary, change the parameters of the base of the building. The higher the foundation is located above the ground, the better, and the less effort required to preserve the lower part of the house. The optimal values are considered to be 350-400 mm above ground level. Do not forget about hydro- and thermal insulation of the above-ground part of the foundation! These measures will not only preserve the foundation of the building (prevent moisture seepage and destruction of the foundation reinforcement), but also reduce heat losses.
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Technology of building a house from timber Where to start building a house from timber? What needs to be taken into account so as not to later regret the choice of building material? In one article, we sequentially examined the stages of erecting a cobblestone structure, taking into account the requirements of technology. Having such a short guide before your eyes, you will be confident in the correctness of your actions. |
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Types of decorative plaster and techniques for its application Do you want to give your walls a stylish and interesting look? Forget about using wallpaper, you can use decorative plaster! Today this material is no longer so expensive, and the technologies for its use are easily mastered even by those who have never been involved in finishing work. |
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Reviews about foundations on screw piles Why do many developers choose screw piles when considering foundation options? Although this type in our country is considered relatively new in suburban construction, at the same time it is interesting from an economic point of view. What do people say about this? We separate the wheat from the chaff by studying people's reviews about screw piles. |
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Before starting the construction of any building, be it a wooden, brick, stone, block house or, for example, a barn, a bathhouse or any other outbuilding, it is necessary to calculate, design, draw, and only then get to work. Of course, if you have engineering, architectural or design skills, then this will not be difficult. And if you do not have such experience, then all calculations must be carried out carefully and very carefully, taking into account important features and possible errors. And one of the first questions that arises in this case is the choice of a house above ground. The height of the foundation for a wooden and any other house must be selected in accordance with established regulations and standards. This is the only way to build a reliable and most stable structure.
Foundation for a house and its height: goals and purpose
The foundation for a house performs a very important function. It is the basis of a wooden, brick and any other house or utility structure. It is this that bears the entire main load during operation. The foundation for a house connects what should be underground during construction and the upper, above-ground part of the building. That is why it should be correct, and higher does not mean better. Usually it's the other way around.
The foundation for a house protects walls from the negative effects of moisture. It can simultaneously perform the functions of a plinth. Such a monolithic design is much better than 2 separate ones.
The height of the foundation for a wooden or any other house is also important because during operation a house or other economic structure can undergo significant shrinkage. The foundation, in turn, can prevent the destruction of a house, especially a wooden one.
A columnar foundation is very suitable for a wooden house. It is designed specifically to ensure that the lower part of the structure does not come into contact with the soil and the soil does not have a negative impact on the building.
It turns out that to calculate the minimum height of the foundation of a house above ground level, the following factors must be taken into account:
- The material from which the house is built.
- Features and type of soil.
- Does the project include the absence or presence of a basement?
- What is the level of snow cover in the winter season.
- Precipitation at other times of the year.
- Availability of groundwater.
- Soil freezing depth level.
- And much more.
According to GOSTs and SNiPs, the height of the foundation for a house above ground level must be at least 20 cm. However, this is the minimum. In practice, this value is much higher. That is, the minimum is 35-40 cm. If the foundation for the house and the building itself are built on clay soil, then the height can reach 80-90 cm. For sandy soils, 50 cm is usually enough. When calculating the height of the foundation for a house, it is necessary to take into account the type of supporting structure .
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Strip foundation and its height
This is a relatively inexpensive and very popular type of base. Its only drawback, however very significant, is the dependence of construction time on the time of year, because... The tape cannot be left during the period of soil freezing, i.e. in winter. In this case, it is necessarily insulated with heat-insulating materials: sawdust, expanded clay, slag wool. It is best to try to avoid such freezing at all. And you can’t start building a belt on frozen ground.
The height of such a foundation for a house directly depends on the type of soil, soil, the possibility of freezing and the groundwater level. The optimal height is considered to be about 0.8-1 m, however, on rocky surfaces, the depth may be completely absent, which is why the height can be reduced. If there is a need for greater depth, then in order to save the main material, be it slag, rubble stone or brick, sand cushions are used. The height of such pillows under the foundation cannot and should not exceed 45-50% of the height of the very foundation of the house.
Strip foundations are used when building a house with a basement or when the walls of the future structure are very heavy. This type of foundation is also used when building a house without a basement on non-heaving soil. Moreover, the height of the base in this case will be relatively small. Where the soil is heaving and freezes deeply, the construction of such a foundation is not financially profitable.
Pieces of bricks, gravel, rubble, etc. are suitable for filling. The bottom of the foundation pit must be thoroughly compacted. The filler is laid in layers.
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The height of the strip foundation depending on the construction method
A strip foundation for a house is a wall that is evenly loaded with the walls being built above it. This foundation has proven itself well in the construction of heavy buildings. When constructing lightweight structures, for example, a wooden house, it is practically not used, because in most cases this is not profitable.
Belt structures are divided into monolithic and prefabricated. To build such a foundation, concrete and reinforced concrete are used. Reinforced concrete foundation is characterized by higher strength, because includes a reinforcement cage. When constructing multi-storey buildings, prefabricated reinforcement elements are almost always used, usually reinforced concrete slabs. However, if the house is built on heaving soil, then the construction of a prefabricated foundation will be extremely dangerous, because The connections of the blocks are fragile, and when the ground freezes, such a foundation can shift quite significantly. In such cases, it is more advisable to use a monolithic structure. Its frame consists of reinforcement tied with wire or connected by welding.
As already mentioned, the top of the strip foundation for a house simultaneously serves as a plinth. In order to protect the base from the effects of surface water and rain, it is necessary to make a blind area immediately after construction.
There are 2 ways to build such a foundation. In the first method, a trench is dug in the ground, the side walls of which are lined with roofing felt. After that, sand and gravel are poured to the bottom and concrete is poured.
The second method is used when building a house with a large basement. At the same time, a large pit is prepared, formwork is arranged and concrete solution is poured into it. When using this method, the height of the strip base is 30 cm above the ground surface. Be sure to provide good hydro- and vapor barrier. The part of the foundation protruding above the ground can be made of brickwork. The outside is insulated.
The strength and durability of the house depends on how well the construction is done. It is better to initially build with high quality and in compliance with technology than to repair in the future, spending a lot of money on it.
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Columnar foundation and its height
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Foundation on screw piles and its height
Screw piles are also quite often used in construction. All thanks to the fact that such a foundation for a house can be installed at any time of the year, despite weather conditions and freezing. This design is strong, can withstand fairly heavy loads, and does not respond to the quality and properties of the soil and the presence of groundwater. Installing piles takes little effort and time. The construction of such a foundation is impossible only on stony and rocky rocks.
So, for a wooden house, piles 2.5 m high with an external diameter of 108 mm and a steel thickness of 4 mm should be used. When building on stilts, many important factors must be taken into account, which determine the final cost of production and installation. Therefore, it is not recommended to perform the calculation yourself without the appropriate skills. Moreover, it is better not to try to install a foundation on screw piles if you do not know how to do it correctly. Any inaccuracy will adversely affect the durability and reliability of a wooden house and put the health and lives of residents at risk.
One of the most common blunders is unscrewing the pile to adjust the height. The thing is that the high capacity of the pile is ensured by screwing, in which the interturn spaces of the soil are not loosened, but rather compacted under the influence of the pile blade. Therefore, when the pile is screwed in and out again, a layer of loose earth is formed under it, as a result it can sink to the height of the screw-out under the influence of the load.
Another gross mistake is screwing a pile into a hole dug in advance for some purpose. To ensure sufficient load-bearing capacity, the installation depth of the pile in the bedrock (main) soil must be at least 60-80 cm. This is a conditional value that can vary upward and depends on specific conditions. For example, a screw pile 250 cm long for making a foundation must be screwed into the ground to a depth of at least 150 cm. If the top layer of soil is unstable (peat), then the screw pile is extended to the required length and then screwed until this unstable soil will not be passed. That is, the pile must have horizontal stability.
The height of the base is one of the parameters that is of great importance when building a house. This is the lower part of the building, erected on a foundation and performing important functions related to retaining heat indoors. The plinth is necessary in order to protect the walls from the effects of groundwater; it prevents the formation of fungus and mold on the walls, and increases the resistance of the building to low temperatures. Thanks to the presence of the base, the heat exchange between the interior and the street increases.
In order for this part of the house to meet all the requirements and contribute to the solution of the assigned tasks, it is necessary during construction not only to choose high-quality and reliable material, but also to take into account the height of the basement being built.
How to determine the height of the plinth
One of the types of base is recessed The effectiveness of the protective functions performed by the base of a house directly depends on its height and type:
- The protruding base requires additional finishing and the construction of a canopy that protects the structure from precipitation and moisture accumulation. It becomes a decoration of the facade of any building.
- The sinking one is the most durable. In this option, the junction of the base and the walls of the house is completely protected from moisture, which guarantees increased safety of the foundation and protection of the waterproofing layer. When constructing this type, there is no need to construct mandatory water outlets.
- Level with the wall. The least popular type of base. It requires the construction of a canopy, and when additional finishing is carried out it becomes protruding.
The choice of the height of the basement being built is influenced by the type of foundation, the depth of groundwater, and climatic conditions in the area where construction is taking place. In addition, the presence of a basement floor (basement) is important.
When starting work on the construction of a basement, it is worth considering that the higher it is, the less likely it is that the interior will suffer from moisture penetration. Construction begins directly from the foundation of the house, and at the joints with the walls of the building, proper waterproofing is required to prevent possible penetration of moisture through the capillaries of the porous material into the walls of the building.
The base is flush with the wall The impact on the base is comprehensive, since it can withstand constant load from the walls. And in cases where the house does not have a basement and the floor is located on the ground, the base is also subject to the pressure of the earth buried inside the entire perimeter of the house.
If, in order to determine the width of the future basement, it is necessary to accurately determine the choice of material from which the walls of the house will be built, and its type depends on the quality of the foundation, then the height will depend on the presence of a basement, temperature conditions, weather conditions and the amount of natural precipitation characteristic of that area where construction is taking place. These parameters vary greatly in different areas, so there are no strict guidelines for determining the height of the plinth.
Minimum height
The construction of the base begins directly from the foundation, and it is raised to a height of at least 40 centimeters. It is believed that this is the minimum height of the base of the house.
High base of the house This height is optimal in the presence of a strip foundation, although a base of this height is erected on another basis, based on the average per decade level of snow falling annually in a given area. A basement of this height is erected only in cases where the house does not have a basement.
In some areas, the height of the base of the house is lower than this indicator. In particularly arid zones, the construction of a brick structure is allowed to a height of only 20 centimeters. But even here there is a risk of excessive moisture in the walls of the house when ordinary rainwater gets on them. In most cases, a properly constructed blind area can change the situation. Although, with a low base height, as well as with improper construction of the foundation, the walls of the house may suffer from capillary wetting of the walls with groundwater. This will lead to destruction of the material from the inside and a significant reduction in the life of the building.
Standard height
Standard height plinth The basement floor requires a significant increase in the height of the base itself. Now, to the main functions that this design is designed to perform, it is also added to ensure the installation of engineering systems in the technical room, which include pumps or valves. In some cases, when choosing the height of the base, they are guided by the height of the ceilings of the basement.
The features of the construction of the foundation of the house remain important. If the foundation level coincides with the ground level, then the height of the base cannot be less than 70 centimeters, and sometimes it reaches one meter. The standard height for the construction of a country house reaches 50 or 70 centimeters. It is this value that is considered optimal for most areas with varied climatic conditions and different depths of groundwater.
So, to determine the height of the base when building a country house, you need to take into account:
- depth of groundwater;
- amount of precipitation;
- presence of a basement;
- the need to organize a technical room in the basement;
- view of the furnished foundation of the house.
Features of waterproofing and insulation at different heights
The effectiveness of the strip base will be reduced to zero if there are no ventilation ducts in it. These are holes, the distance between which should not exceed 3 meters. They are installed around the entire perimeter, ensuring high-quality air circulation. Internal walls and partitions are no exception. These openings can only be closed with ventilation grilles. In the video you will see how to properly insulate and waterproof the basement of a house.
The use of any plugs is strictly prohibited, since the humidity present in the basement space leads to the formation of mold and mildew. When building a brick plinth, to organize ventilation ducts, it is enough to leave gaps in the masonry; in other options, pipes are used that are fixed between the blocks. The jumpers can be sheet steel or ordinary reinforcement.
Reliable protection of the base from groundwater is provided by waterproofing material. This can be roofing felt or another type of rolled waterproofing, such as:
- glass ruberoid;
- rubemast;
- euroruberoid.
Lay it in two layers directly on the foundation, applying bitumen mastic or heated bitumen to it. A layer of adhesive is applied between the layers of waterproofing material to ensure a strong connection.