Chelyabinsk-40, Tomsk-7, Krasnoyarsk-26, Salsk-7. What do these numbers assigned to the regional centers of the USSR mean? Cities closed type in the USSR - secret places not marked on any map. How did these cities live? Soviet time, and what has changed for them now.
ZATO in the USSR
Why some cities in the USSR had a unique status is easily explained: there were objects of national importance from the energy, space or military industries. Only those who had the right to access classified information could know about the existence of a ZATO (closed administrative-territorial entity). Everything happened there under the strictest secrecy - from scientific tests with the Ebola virus to the birth of the first Soviet nuclear bomb. It sounds scary, but in fact, the life of the population of closed cities in the USSR could only be envied.
It was simply impossible to enter the closed city - only with a one-time pass or travel order, which was checked at the checkpoint. Only persons registered in a closed city or village had permanent passes. The numbering of bus routes, houses and institutions in ZATOs was not carried out from the beginning, but continued what was introduced in the regional cities to which ZATOs belonged. The population of cities with security patrols at the entrance, behind barbed wire and walls, the height of which depended on the degree of secrecy of the city, was forced to secrecy, being assigned to the nearest regional centers.
Residents of the closed city also could not talk about their place of residence - they gave a non-disclosure agreement, and its violation could lead to liability, even criminal liability. Outside the city, residents were encouraged to slightly distort reality when communicating with other citizens using their own “legend.” For example, if a person lived in the secret Chelyabinsk-70 (now Snezhinsk), in answer to the question about his place of residence, he discarded the number that carried secrets and, one might say, practically did not lie.
For patience and endurance, keepers of state secrets were entitled to certain bonuses in the form of benefits and privileges. Sounds good for that time: scarce goods unavailable to other citizens of the country, 20% salary increase regardless of the field of activity, prosperous social sphere, medicine and education. The improved standard of living compensated for the inconvenience.
ZATO in the Russian Federation
After the collapse of the USSR, the fog of secrecy cleared a little: the list of ZATOs was declassified, and their list was approved by a special Russian law. The cities received separate names (previously they were only numbered). Many of the ZATOs are open to the public today, despite the special protection regime. All you need to do is get an invitation from a local resident, who must also be your relative (which naturally needs to be proven).
Today, there are 23 closed cities in Russia: 10 “nuclear” (Rosatom), 13 belong to the Ministry of Defense, which is in charge of another 32 ZATOs with villages. Secret cities in Russia are concentrated mainly in the Ural region, Chelyabinsk, Krasnoyarsk territories and the Moscow region.
The total population of ZATO is more than a million people: almost every 100th citizen of the Russian Federation today lives in a closed city or village and can openly declare this. Only the activities of industrial enterprises and military facilities in an isolated territory remain a state secret - it is better for residents to remain silent about this.
Zagorsk-6 and Zagorsk-7
The well-known Sergiev Posad near Moscow, which is more likely associated with pilgrimage than with science, was called Zagorsk until 1991 and included several small closed towns. In Zagorsk-6 the Virology Center of the Research Institute of Microbiology was located, and in Zagorsk-7 the Central Institute of Physics and Technology of the USSR Ministry of Defense. In Zagorsk-6, bacteriological weapons were manufactured, and in Zagorsk-7, opened in 2001, radioactive weapons were manufactured.
It was in Zagorsk-6 that weapons were created based on the smallpox virus, which was brought to the USSR by tourists from India in 1959. In addition, they developed deadly weapons based on South American and South African viruses, and also tested the famous Ebola virus. It is not surprising that the city is closed to this day. Interestingly, only people with the most crystalline biography could work at Zagorsk enterprises - not only personal, but also of all their relatives.
Now in Zagorsk-6, which is popularly called “six”, there are more than 6,000 residents. For the most part, former military men and members of their families, virtually cut off from the world, have a pretty hard life. They complain about their status as “hostages,” about food shortages and unstable cellular communications. The roads are rarely cleaned, and housing and communal services problems are practically not addressed. Traveling units independently decide which entrepreneurs to allow into the territory and which not. The choice of food products is quite limited, and therefore residents of the village travel ten kilometers to shops with a wide range of goods.
Birthplace of the atomic bomb: Arzamas-16 (now the closed nuclear center Sarov)
In this city, on the site of the village of Sarova in Nizhny Novgorod region The first development of the Soviet atomic bomb under the secret name KB-11 was underway. The nuclear center was one of the most closed cities and turned into a nuclear prison for the local population: until the mid-50s, it was impossible to leave the city even during vacation, with the exception of business trips. It was under serious protection: rows of barbed wire, a control strip, modern means tracking, vehicle inspection.
The imprisonment was compensated by an average salary of 200 rubles and an abundance of goods on the shelves: sausage and cheese, red and black caviar. Residents regional centers I never dreamed of this. Today on the first Soviet nuclear bomb can be viewed at the Nuclear Weapons Museum. Today the city's population is almost 90 thousand people. The city's scientific achievements are reminded of in the museum, where you can see replicas of equipment and nuclear weapons.
Sarov is a city of contrasts. Scientific institutes are adjacent here to the famous shrine - the Diveyevo Monastery, which founded Venerable Seraphim Sarovsky. Closedness was characteristic of these places long before the activities of Soviet scientists: under the monastery there are entire underground cities- catacombs and corridors where the monks found peace and solitude.
Sverdlovsk-45 (now Lesnoy)
The city was located around a plant that enriched uranium, where, according to some sources, Gulag prisoners worked at the foot of Mount Shaitan. They say that there were tragic incidents: the construction of the city claimed the lives of several dozen people who died during blasting operations.
In terms of commodity abundance, the city was inferior to Arzamas-16, but it was famous for its comfort and convenience, which was the envy of residents of nearby cities. According to rumors, residents of the secret city were even attacked at the border by envious neighbors. In 1960, it was near Sverdlovsk-45 that an American U-2 spy plane was shot down, and its pilot Powers was captured.
Now the city of Lesnoy is under the auspices of Rosatom and is also open to prying eyes. You can get to it by bus from Yekaterinburg, which goes to the neighboring town of Nizhnyaya Tura.
Novouralsk (Sverdlovsk-44)
The city enterprise OJSC Ural Electrochemical Plant produces highly enriched uranium. The city is also famous for its natural wealth: Hanging Stone Rock and Seven Brothers Mountain. This mountain owes its name either to Ermak or to the persecuted Old Believers. According to legend, Ermak turned seven sorcerers who prevented him from conquering Siberia into stone idols. The second legend says that during Soviet times a raid was announced on Old Believers hiding in the Ural forests. Seven of them, in an attempt to escape persecution, fled to the mountains, where they were chained to stone by fear.
True, in order to admire the legendary beauty, you will have to overcome many difficulties: you can get into the city only through the forest near the village of Belorechka.
Peaceful. "City of Strollers"
The military town in the Arkhangelsk region became closed only in 1966 thanks to the Plesetsk test cosmodrome. Residents of a well-maintained and comfortable city were lucky - they could breathe freely and not feel imprisoned. Mirny was not fenced with barbed wire, and document checks were carried out only on travel roads. The city never paid for its openness, except that unexpected mushroom pickers and illegal immigrants came running to buy scarce goods.
It is interesting that Mirny received the name “city of strollers” due to the fact that graduates of military academies sought to quickly start a family and children in this prosperous place in order to settle for a long time.
Chelyabinsk-65 (now Ozersk)
Despite all the privileges, life in some closed cities was a great risk due to the close proximity of dangerous objects. In 1957, in Chelyabinsk-65, the secrecy of which is due to the enterprise for the production of radioactive isotopes, there was a large leak of radioactive waste, which endangered the lives of 270 thousand people.
At the Mayak production association, where a plutonium charge for atomic bombs was created for the first time in the USSR, one of the containers in which high-level waste was stored exploded. After the explosion, a column of smoke and dust rose up to a kilometer high. The dust shimmered orange-red and settled on buildings and people.
The radiation accident in the Urals posed a number of completely new tasks for science and practice: it was necessary to develop measures for radiation protection of the population. The specialists of this enterprise underwent a strict multi-stage selection process, and if they successfully arrived at the secret facility, they could not even correspond with their relatives for several years, let alone meet.
Today more than 85 thousand people live in Ozersk. The city still makes its contribution to the domestic industry: more than 750 enterprises operate on its territory.
Severomorsk
The city of Severomorsk, the former village of Vaenga, in the Murmansk region is a large Russian naval base, which is located on the shores of the Kola Bay in the Barents Sea. Construction of the naval base began in the mid-30s, and the city became closed after the collapse of the USSR, in 1996.
Fans of sailors and naval history will especially like it here: the giant North Sea sailor Alyosha on the main square, the monument to the torpedo boat TK-12, which sank four enemy ships during the Second World War, and the K-21 Submarine Museum.
In winter, from early December to mid-January, in Severomorsk, beyond the Arctic Circle, you can admire a real polar night. However, you should be wary of the local climate: icy winds and high humidity It's not that easy to adapt.
Snezhinsk - the birthplace of the hydrogen bomb
On the territory of the youngest closed city in the USSR, Snezhinsk, there is the Russian Nuclear Center - the Institute of Technical Physics named after E. I. Zababakhin.
The first visitor to the Snezhinsk nuclear center with the rank of Minister of Foreign Affairs was US Secretary of State Baker in 1992, and in 2000, Vladimir Putin made his first trip here as president.
The world's largest thermonuclear bomb, known as the "Kuzkina Mother" or "Tsar Bomba", was created in Snezhinsk. The Soviet superbomb was tested on October 30, 1961. "Kuzkina Mat" worked at an altitude of 4 kilometers above the ground, and the flash from the explosion amounted to 1% of the "power" of the sun. The blast wave circled the globe three times. The Tsar Bomba charge, to which it is dedicated separate chapter Guinness Book of Records was 51.5 megatons. For comparison: the largest American H-bomb, which wiped out Bikini Island from the face of the Earth in March 1954, had a yield of “only” 25 megatons.
Some believe that there is an underground city or even an underground metro in Snezhinsk. The bravest ones carry out digger underground walks, and for those who like more traditional holiday, not far from the city there is a sanatorium where you can ski on the slopes of the Cherry Mountains, and in the summer you can swim in the lakes and sunbathe.
They are under guard. After the breakup Soviet Union they ceased to be invisible, thanks to which we can learn a lot of interesting information about them.
Secret cities of Russia
As of today, there are 23 closed cities in the Russian Federation. However, their true role in the state still remains a mystery.
An interesting fact is that in Soviet times, closed cities (CG) were not included on any map in the world. Residents of such cities were assigned to nearby regional centers.
The numbering of transport routes, administrative and private buildings was not carried out from the beginning, but continued from the regional cities to which the ZATOs were classified.
To get there, visitors were carefully searched by government officials. It was also necessary to have a one-time pass and an appropriate entry permit.
When entering the territory of ZATO Russia, a person signed a non-disclosure agreement regarding any information.
Privileges for residents of SG
For obvious reasons, living in closed cities was not entirely convenient. That is why the state compensated for various inconveniences with benefits and increased comfort of life for those who became part of the secret mechanism of the powerful Soviet empire.
The stores sold scarce goods, and the level of medicine and education here was much higher than in ordinary cities.
In addition to this, residents of closed cities received a salary increase of 20%.
To get into any ZATO today, a person must be a relative of one of the local residents, who is obliged to first write an application for his entry.
However, there are some closed cities, around which there are neither walls nor numerous guards. It all depends on the level of secrecy.
It should be understood that traveling to some closed cities in Russia is much more difficult than crossing the state border illegally.
An interesting fact is that in total about 1 million live in ZATOs.
List of secret cities in Russia that are worth visiting
Now let's list secret cities, which can be visited by almost anyone.
Seversk
Seversk is considered one of the largest closed cities. The reason for its appearance was the mining of uranium and plutonium. For this purpose, special chemical plants were built in Seversk.
The Siberian Nuclear Power Plant is also located here. In 1993, a serious accident occurred in the city, as a result of which about 2,000 people received a huge dose of radiation.
Sarov
The city of Sarov in 1966 received the name Arzamas-16. It bore this name until 1991. Sarov became closed in 1947, when nuclear tests began here under the leadership of I.V. Kurchatov. For these purposes, a unique complex was built.
It was in Arzamas-16 that Soviet scientists first created the atomic bomb, thanks to which the USSR was able to demonstrate its military and intellectual power to Western countries, maintaining global parity of power.
About 90 thousand people live in Sarov. Here you can visit museums containing replicas of various nuclear weapons.
Near the city is the famous Sarov Hermitage. Once upon a time, Seraphim of Sarov, revered in Orthodoxy, lived in this place. Interestingly, under the desert there are underground cities where monks used to live, trying to hide from the bustle of the world.
Ozersk
This closed city, located in the Chelyabinsk region, is one of the first where they began to develop plutonium charges for atomic bombs. In the fall of 1945, plutonium processing plants began to be built here.
This project was listed under the name “Program No. 1” and was strictly classified. Many were sent here construction crews in order to erect the necessary buildings and install the appropriate equipment as quickly as possible.
Houses, medical and cultural institutions were built at an accelerated pace for workers.
In 1954, at the chemical plant named after. Mendeleev, the 6th reactor was successfully launched. Since that time, the village began to be called Chelyabinsk-40. In 1966, the number 40 was changed to 65.
Currently, Ozersk occupies an area exceeding 200 km², with a population of about 85,000 people. It houses 750 different businesses.
Snezhinsk
IN Soviet period Snezhinsk was kept secret to protect the Russian nuclear center. It is this closed city that is the birthplace of the hydrogen bomb.
Today in Snezhinsk you can see many tunnels and various strange buildings. There are rumors that there may be a subway and other similar structures underground.
That is why digger excursions are organized here for tourists, which are in great demand.
Trekhgorny
Previously, this closed city was called Zlatoust-36. The main enterprise of the Closed Administrative Unit is the Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Instrument-Making Plant". It produces equipment for Russian nuclear power plants, and also create ammunition.
Zheleznogorsk
The closed city of Zheleznogorsk is located in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The city was given secret status because of the mining chemical plant operating there, where plutonium-239 was mined.
Also in Zheleznogorsk there is an enterprise where satellites are produced. Mostly prisoners were involved in the construction of this city.
The plant began operating in 1958. In terms of military security, the project had great value not only for Russia, but for the entire Soviet Union.
As a result, the reactors were installed in a granite mountain monolith at a depth of 300 m.
The designs and arrangements of the underground tunnels used for transportation were comparable in scale to the Moscow metro systems.
The height in some underground rooms exceeded 50 m. The plant could easily withstand even a nuclear bombardment.
Zelenogorsk
Previously, the ZATO was called Zaozerny-13, and later Krasnoyarsk-45. The city received secret status after an Electrochemical Plant was built there to produce enriched uranium and isotopes.
After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the company began to produce some household appliances, as well as components for plastic windows.
Today about 70 thousand people live in Zelenogorsk. The operating Krasnoyarskaya State District Power Plant is also located there.
Zarechny
This closed city was built on the site of a swamp in the wilderness. It was built according to a special project. The leading enterprise of the city is PA “Start”, which produces different kinds ammunition.
There is also an Institute that produces security technical devices. Today, there are more than 600 plants and factories in Zarechny.
Invisible cities now
Due to the collapse of the USSR, most of Russia's ZATOs found themselves in difficult conditions. Due to the cessation of funding and lack of demand for products, living in closed cities has become almost impossible.
Scientists and designers received extremely low salaries for their work, and many were left without work. In 1995, 20% of the population of secret cities were unemployed.
All this led to a “brain drain”. Leading specialists were forced to work in other countries just to feed themselves and their families.
Of course, closed cities in Russia even today have significant differences from ordinary populated areas. They, as before, have well-developed systems of education, medicine and culture.
In the end, it should be added that one should distinguish ZATOs from closed military towns (ZVG), which include military towns located in populated areas.
Did you like the post? Press any button:
These cities were not on the maps. Their residents signed non-disclosure agreements. Before you are the most secret cities of the USSR.
Classified as "secret"
Soviet ZATOs received their status in connection with the location there of objects of national importance related to the energy, military or space spheres. It was practically impossible for an ordinary citizen to get there, and not only because of the strict access control regime, but also due to the secrecy of the location of the settlement. Residents of closed cities were ordered to keep their place of residence strictly secret, and even more so not to disclose information about secret objects.
Such cities were not on the map, they did not have a unique name and most often bore the name of the regional center with the addition of a number, for example, Krasnoyarsk-26 or Penza-19. What was unusual in ZATO was the numbering of houses and schools. It started with big numbers, continuing the numbering of the locality to which the residents of the secret city were “assigned”.
The population of some ZATOs, due to the proximity of dangerous objects, was at risk. Disasters also happened. Thus, a large leak of radioactive waste that occurred in Chelyabinsk-65 in 1957 endangered the lives of at least 270 thousand people.
However, living in a closed city had its advantages. As a rule, the level of improvement there was noticeably higher than in many cities in the country: this applies to the service sector, social conditions, and everyday life. Such cities were very well supplied, scarce goods could be obtained there, and the crime rate there was practically reduced to zero. For the costs of “secrecy”, residents of ZATOs received an additional bonus to the base salary.
Zagorsk-6 and Zagorsk-7
Sergiev Posad, which was called Zagorsk until 1991, is known not only for its unique monasteries and temples, but also for its closed towns. In Zagorsk-6 the Virology Center of the Research Institute of Microbiology was located, and in Zagorsk-7 the Central Institute of Physics and Technology of the USSR Ministry of Defense.
Behind the official names, the essence is a little lost: in the first, in Soviet times, they were developing bacteriological weapons, and in the second, radioactive weapons.
Once in 1959, a group of guests from India brought smallpox to the USSR, and our scientists decided to use this fact for the benefit of their homeland. In a short time, a bacteriological weapon was created based on the smallpox virus, and its strain called “India-1” was placed in Zagorsk-6.
Later, endangering themselves and the population, scientists at the research institute developed deadly weapons based on South American and African viruses. By the way, this is where tests were carried out with the Ebola hemorrhagic fever virus.
It was difficult to get a job in Zagorsk-6, even in a “civilian” specialty - the impeccable purity of the biography of the applicant and his relatives was required, almost to the 7th generation. This is not surprising, since attempts have been made to get to our bacteriological weapons more than once.
In the military stores of Zagorsk-7, where it was easier to get to, there was always a good choice goods. Residents from neighboring villages noted the stark contrast to the half-empty shelves of local stores. Sometimes they created lists to centrally purchase food. But if it was not officially possible to enter the town, then they climbed over the fence.
The status of a closed city was removed from Zagorsk-7 on January 1, 2001, and Zagorsk-6 is closed to this day.
Arzamas-16
After the Americans used atomic weapons, the question arose about the first Soviet atomic bomb. They decided to build a secret facility for its development, called KB-11, on the site of the village of Sarova, which later turned into Arzamas-16 (other names Kremlev, Arzamas-75, Gorky-130).
The secret city, built on the border of the Gorky region and the Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, was quickly put under enhanced security and surrounded along the entire perimeter by two rows of barbed wire and a control strip laid between them. Until the mid-1950s, everyone lived here in an atmosphere of extreme secrecy. KB-11 employees, including family members, could not leave the restricted area even during the holiday period. An exception was made only for business trips.
Later, when the city grew, residents had the opportunity to travel to the regional center on a specialized bus, and also receive relatives after they received a special pass.
Residents of Arzamas-16, unlike many fellow citizens, learned what real socialism is.
The average salary, which was always paid on time, was about 200 rubles. The store shelves of the closed city were bursting with abundance: a dozen varieties of sausages and cheeses, red and black caviar, and other delicacies. Residents of neighboring Gorky never dreamed of this.
Now the nuclear center of Sarov, former Arzamas-16, is still a closed city.
Sverdlovsk-45
Another city “born by order” was built around plant No. 814, which was engaged in uranium enrichment. At the foot of Mount Shaitan, north of Sverdlovsk, Gulag prisoners and, according to some sources, Moscow students worked tirelessly for several years.
Sverdlovsk-45 was immediately conceived as a city, and therefore was built very compactly. It was distinguished by the orderliness and characteristic “squareness” of the buildings: it was impossible to get lost there. “Little Peter,” one of the city’s guests once put it, although to others his spiritual provincialism reminded him of patriarchal Moscow.
By Soviet standards, life was very good in Svedlovsk-45, although it was inferior in supply to the same Arzamas-16. There was never a crowd or flow of cars, and the air was always clean. Residents of the closed city constantly had conflicts with the population of neighboring Nizhnyaya Tura, who were jealous of their well-being. It happened that they would waylay townspeople leaving the watch and beat them, purely out of envy.
It is interesting that if one of the residents of Sverdlovsk-45 committed a crime, then there was no way back to the city, despite the fact that his family remained there.
The city's secret facilities often attracted the attention of foreign intelligence. So, in 1960, an American U-2 spy plane was shot down not far from it, and its pilot was captured.
Svedlovsk-45, now Lesnoy, is still closed to casual visitors.
Peaceful
Mirny, originally a military town in the Arkhangelsk region, was transformed into a closed city in 1966 due to the nearby Plesetsk test cosmodrome. But the level of closure of Mirny turned out to be lower than that of many other Soviet ZATOs: the city was not fenced with barbed wire, and document checks were carried out only on access roads.
Thanks to its relative accessibility, there have been many cases where a lost mushroom picker or an illegal immigrant who had entered the city to buy a scarce commodity suddenly turned up near secret facilities. If no malicious intent was seen in the actions of such people, they were quickly released.
Many residents of Mirny call the Soviet period nothing more than a fairy tale. “A sea of toys, beautiful clothes and shoes,” one of the city residents recalls her visits to Children’s World. In Soviet times, Mirny acquired the reputation of a “city of strollers.” The fact is that every summer graduates of military academies came there, and in order to cling to a prosperous place, they quickly got married and had children.
Mirny still retains its status as a closed city.
Closed administrative-territorial entities (CLATEs) began to appear in our country during the work on the creation of nuclear weapons in 1946-1953. In Soviet times they were strictly classified. They did not exist on the maps, they could not be talked about (residents signed a non-disclosure agreement). Letters for residents of ZATO came to the mailbox. For secrecy, closed cities were considered microdistricts of regional centers (called, for example, Chelyabinsk-40, Sverdlovsk-45). Along the perimeter such settlements surrounded by fences with barbed wire and security, you can only get inside through a checkpoint.
In Soviet times, residents of prohibitions lived quite freely. They did not have such a shortage as in the country as a whole. But if something happened, problems arose with the security forces.
The list of closed cities became known after the collapse of the USSR, it was approved separate law, adopted in 1992 and amended several times. At the same time, “mailboxes” got their own names.
Now closed cities have appeared on maps, but you can still get into them only with passes. Most residents of ZATO like to live behind barbed wire and every time they get home through security posts, after an inspection. The advantages include the absence of strangers and low level crime.
Russian ZATOs have different departmental affiliations: some belong to Rosatom, others to the Ministry of Defense, and others to Roscosmos.
There are currently 44 closed cities in Russia.
According to statistics, almost every hundredth resident of Russia lives in ZATO (ZATO does not include ordinary military towns).
Now about each closed city of the Urals in more detail.
Closed cities of the Sverdlovsk region
Lesnoy (Sverdlovsk-45)
Year of foundation: 1947.
The population is 50 thousand people.
Specialization - disposal, assembly of nuclear weapons, production of stable isotopes. Reports to Rosatom.
It was created as plant No. 418 (or base No. 9) for electromagnetic separation of isotopes. Built by Gulag prisoners. Began work in 1950. In 1951, construction began here of the second plant in the USSR for the serial production of atomic bombs with a capacity of 60 units per year (plant No. 418).
Modern name(city of Lesnoy) received in 1994. Now the main plant of Lesnoy is called the Elektrokhimpribor plant. From ZATO Sverdlovsk region It is guarded most strictly: several nearby fences, towers with guards, seriously equipped checkpoints.
Novouralsk (Sverdlovsk-44)
Year of foundation: 1941.
The population is 83 thousand people.
Specialization - separation production of uranium isotopes. Reports to Rosatom.
It began in 1941 with a light alloy plant. In 1946, construction began on “Combine No. 813” for the production of highly enriched uranium. The highly enriched uranium produced here was used to create the first Soviet uranium atomic bomb. Now the leading enterprise of the closed city is called the Ural Electrochemical Plant.
Rosatom is considering the issue of opening the city of Novouralsk.
Svobodny settlement (Nizhny Tagil-39)
Year of foundation: 1960.
The population is 8 thousand people.
The 42nd Tagil Missile Division of the Strategic Missile Forces is located here.
Uralsky village (Kosulino-1)
Year of foundation: 1960.
The population is 2.4 thousand people.
The 21st Arsenal is located here. The modern name was given in 1994.
Closed cities of the Chelyabinsk region
Ozersk (Chelyabinsk-65, formerly Chelyabinsk-40)
Year of foundation: 1945.
The population is 80.5 thousand people.
Specialization - storage and reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel, production and processing of nuclear materials for military purposes. Reports to Rosatom.
Ozersk is considered the firstborn of the country's nuclear industry, since the plutonium charge for the atomic bomb was created here. Created by I.V. Kurchatov. The company is PA Mayak.
On September 29, 1957, a tank containing high-level waste exploded at the Mayak plant. As a result, a large area became contaminated, called the East Ural Radioactive Trace (EURT). The East Ural Radiation Reserve was created at the head of the trail.
The name was given for the abundance of lakes around. Ozersk received city status in 1954. Since 1994, it has been officially listed with a declassified name, which it received in 1954 (protocol of the Presidium of the RSFSR Armed Forces dated March 17, 1954).
Snezhinsk (Chelyabinsk-50, Chelyabinsk-70)
Year of foundation: 1957.
The population is 49 thousand people.
Specialization - development of nuclear weapons. Reports to Rosatom.
Of all ten cities of Rosatom, Snezhinsk, thanks to its lakes and picturesque views, is considered the most beautiful. It originated on the shores of Lake Sinara.
The enterprise “Russian Federal Nuclear Center - All-Russian Research Institute of Technical Physics named after Academician E.I.” operates here. Zababakhina"
Trekhgorny (Zlatoust-20, Zlatoust-36)
Year of foundation: 1952.
The population is 33 thousand people.
Specialization - development of devices and systems for nuclear power plants and nuclear weapons. Reports to Rosatom.
It originated in 1952 from Plant No. 933 for the production of atomic bombs. The first aviation atomic bombs produced here in 1955. Now this enterprise “Instrument-Making Plant” produces instruments for nuclear power plants.
In 1993, Zlatoust-36 was named the city of Trekhgorny.
Settlement Lokomotivny (formerly Solnechny, Kartaly-6)
Year of foundation: 1965.
The population is 8.5 thousand people.
The 59th Karta Division of the Strategic Missile Forces, disbanded in 2005, was located here. The current name of the village was given in 1992.
Closed cities of the Perm region
Village Zvezdny (Perm-76)
Year of foundation: 1961.
The population is 9 thousand people.
The 52nd Tarnopol-Berlin missile division of the Strategic Missile Forces, created on the basis of the Bershet military camp, was located here. Belongs to the Ministry of Defense.
On December 2, 2002, the 52nd Missile Division was reduced, and on its basis, the 1328th base for reloading and storing elements of the BZHRK (combat railway missile systems) of the Strategic Missile Forces was created. There is a division museum. Now the village has been opened.
Closed cities of the Republic of Bashkortostan
Mezhgorye (Beloretsk-15, Beloretsk-16)
Year of foundation: 1979.
The population is 16 thousand people.
The closed city of Mezhgorye consists of two parts, 20 kilometers apart. The 9th TsUMO, the 129th Directorate of Orders and Logistics for Special Objects (Mezhgorye-1) and the 1110th OUESO (Beloretsk-16) are located here. It is believed that here, on the territory of the South Ural Nature Reserve, in Mount Yamantau, a bunker was built for the state elite.
Closed cities of the Orenburg region
Village Komarovsky (Dombarovsky-3)
The population is 9.6 thousand people.
The 13th Red Banner Missile Division of the Strategic Missile Forces is located in the village. Belongs to the Ministry of Defense.
The village is named after cosmonaut V.M. Komarov, who died tragically in the Orenburg region.
- (ZATO) cities and towns in the USSR closed to the public and Russian Federation. Urban planning of the USSR and Russia Documentation Urban planning code · Land use and development rules · General plan · Planning project ... Wikipedia
Cemeteries are closed- Closed cemeteries - cemeteries in which only family burials are carried out, as well as burials in established family (tribal) and service plots within the existing boundaries of cemeteries... Source: DECISION of the Moscow Government dated... ... Official terminology
The request for "site" is redirected here. See also other meanings. Website (from the English Website: web web and site “place”) on a computer network united under one domain name or IP address) a collection of documents of a private person or ... ... Wikipedia
- (ZATO) urban district within which the industrial enterprises for the development, production, storage and disposal of weapons of mass destruction, processing of radioactive and other materials, military and other facilities, for... ... Wikipedia
Closed administrative territorial entities (ZATOs) are cities and towns closed to free access in the USSR and the Russian Federation. Urban planning of the USSR and Russia Documentation Urban planning code · Land use rules and... ... Wikipedia
Closed administrative territorial entities (ZATOs) are cities and towns closed to free access in the USSR and the Russian Federation. Urban planning of the USSR and Russia Documentation Urban planning code · Land use rules and... ... Wikipedia
In the Ural economic area. Formed in 1934 Sq. 87.9 thousand km², adm. center – Chelyabinsk; etc. big cities: Magnitogorsk, Zlatoust, Miass, Troitsk. Located at the junction of the Ural mountains... Geographical encyclopedia
CHELYABINSK REGION, subject of the Russian Federation; located on Southern Urals and in the Trans-Urals, part of the Ural economic region. Pl. 87.9 thousand km2. Population 3681.0 thousand people. (1998). Center of Chelyabinsk. Dr. major cities Magnitogorsk, ... ... Russian history
In Russian federation. 87.9 thousand km2. Population 3681.0 thousand people (1998), urban 81.3%. 30 cities, 30 urban villages. Center Chelyabinsk. Located in the Southern Urals and Trans-Urals; in the east is the West Siberian Plain. Average... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Books
- Brainstorming, S. L. Leskov. The author talks with Russian scientists about the origins of our problems and the prospects for modernization, as well as how to attract young people to build a knowledge economy. The essays introduce readers to...
- Binary code – 7. Doomsday Clock, Arthur Zadikyan. My dear reader, we went through the levels of a top-secret organization, the Polygon facility, closed cities, secret laboratories, secret clubs, combat and the virtual world. Now the new one...