Buildings but also for institutions. Public buildings and structures - classification

Department of Industrial and Civil Structures

A.A. KARAMYSHEV

ARCHITECTURAL AND CONSTRUCTION DESIGN OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS.

Educational and methodological manual

For course project No. 2

Approved by the methodological commission of the PGS faculty

Gomel 2014

REVIEWERS: Art. teacher of the Department of Architecture V.I. Chirkov, st. teacher of the department “Building structures, foundations and foundations” M.V. Bespalova.

Karamyshev A.A.

Administrative and public buildings: educational method. allowance/A.A. Karamyshev; Ministry of Education Rep. Belarus, Belorussian. state University of Transport – Gomel: BelSUT, 2012. – 40 p.

Dedicated to the design of administrative and public buildings located in large and large cities. Issues of technology and architectural and planning solutions are covered in detail. The basic principles of forming a prefabricated frame for one-story and multi-story public buildings are outlined. A review of the main planning elements is made in accordance with regulatory requirements. Sufficient illustrative material is provided. Intended for students of the faculties of PGS and FBO as a guide when completing coursework and dissertations.

© Karamyshev A.A., 2014

© Design. EE "BelGUT", 2012

INTRODUCTION

In the total volume of housing and civil construction, public buildings make up a significant part, the costs for them reach up to 50% of the total urban planning costs for a residential area. Public buildings belong to the service sector and their internal environment serves for various life processes: upbringing and education, public services, culture, sports, etc. All these social and biological processes require appropriate conditions for implementation. The successful functioning of the internal environment of buildings is facilitated by their special spatial organization and the implementation of special measures to protect the living space and the person himself from the adverse effects of climate. Architecture spatially organizes the everyday and work processes of people, therefore the main and primary quality of buildings is their compliance with the function, the activity for which they are intended. The functional characteristics of a building are diverse not only because they reflect the complexity and diverse needs of people and society, the natural features of the area and the level of scientific and technological development. Ideas about the suitability of a building for its purpose and its convenience change significantly over time, therefore the degree of adaptability of buildings to new requirements and their flexibility are one of the most important functional qualities.

Public buildings and their complexes are an artificial environment in which one or more processes of social life of people take place; This is a space limited by building structures, intended for short-term or long-term stay of people in it and protecting them from the effects of natural factors. The main factor, the basis for the space-planning solution of public buildings and structures, is the functional purpose, that is, the social human activity for which the building is being built. Any process as a single cycle is characterized by features that depend on its functional and technological nature, the number of people involved in it, the necessary amenities, equipment, furniture and, in general, on the organization of the internal space.

Designing a public building is a multifaceted creative process based on uniform state norms and standards. The purpose of this textbook is to help the student acquire a body of knowledge about the relationship between design and architectural form in the field of designing complex public buildings (complexes) taking into account urban planning principles.

The manual contains the basics of designing public buildings and their design features, and is intended to teach students to create an expressive, attractive appearance of a public building, using appropriate modern engineering structures.

The textbook is intended for students of the specialty “Industrial and Civil Engineering” in the discipline “Architecture of Civil and Industrial Buildings” to complete a course project in the discipline.

During the development of the project, the design standards of public buildings, special sanitary and fire safety requirements for them are studied. In addition, familiarization with the features of engineering equipment of public buildings is carried out.

Public buildings of various subjects are offered as an assignment for the development of a course project. A specific assignment is issued by the lead teacher at the beginning of the semester.

PUBLIC BUILDINGS - REQUIREMENTS AND CLASSIFICATION

Public buildings include buildings intended for all types of human activity: schools, kindergartens, nurseries, hospitals, shops, etc.; as well as buildings of state or great cultural significance: theaters, museums, government buildings, palaces of culture, sports facilities.

In terms of number of floors, civil and public buildings are distinguished depending on the location of the floor to the sidewalk or blind area:

A floor whose floor is located not lower than the sidewalk or blind area is called an above-ground floor;

A floor whose floor is located below the sidewalk or blind area, but not more than half the height of the room, is called a basement or semi-basement;

A floor whose floor is more than half below the sidewalk or blind area is called a basement;

The floor built into the attic space is called attic.

Basic requirements for buildings:

Functional feasibility (full compliance with the purpose of the building);

Strength;

Sustainability;

Durability;

Fire resistance (in Belarus there are 8 degrees of fire resistance);

Operational requirements - creation of working and living conditions in the building;

Cost-effectiveness (depends on the rational choice of materials and work methods);

Architectural and artistic requirements.

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Classification of civil buildings.

Civil buildings by appointment are divided into residential and public. Residential buildings include apartment-type buildings; dormitories; hotels; boarding houses, etc.

In number public includes buildings intended for all types of social and everyday life of people. Public buildings serving the everyday needs of people include kindergartens, nurseries, schools, shops, cafes, canteens, consumer services, etc. Public buildings that are occasionally visited include theaters and cinemas, museums, large restaurants, stadiums, palaces of culture and sports.

By number of floors civil buildings are distinguished:

- low-rise (up to 2 floors);

- medium-rise (3-5 floors);

- increased number of storeys (6-9 floors);

- multi-storey (10-25 floors);

- high-rise (more than 25 floors).

Buildings are classified according to the main material of the walls: stone, concrete, reinforced concrete, metal, wood.

By construction method : from small-sized elements; from large-sized elements; monolithic.

According to fire resistance buildings are divided into five degrees:

Class I includes buildings whose load-bearing and enclosing structures are made of stone, concrete or reinforced concrete using sheet and slab non-combustible materials.

In buildings of II degree it is allowed to use unprotected steel roof structures.

In grade III buildings, load-bearing and enclosing structures are made of stone, concrete and reinforced concrete materials using low-combustible materials.

Fire resistance degree IV includes wooden buildings protected from fire and high temperatures (plaster, sheet or slab non-combustible materials).

The structures of Grade Y buildings are not subject to requirements for fire resistance limits and fire spread limits.

Buildings are classified in terms of durability , which is determined by the service life of the main structural elements. Buildings are divided into three degrees of durability: I degree – service life more than 100 years; II – within 50-100 years; III – less than 20 years.

Depending on purpose and significance buildings are divided into four capital classes. Each class has its own degree of durability, fire resistance, livability, quality of finish and degree of equipment with engineering and sanitary systems. The first class includes buildings that meet increased requirements; for the second - average, for the third and fourth - average, reduced and minimum requirements. First class buildings are not limited in number of floors; The maximum number of storeys for buildings of the second class is 9, third – 5, fourth – 2.

Public buildings are included in the service sector. They are used for educational, educational, medical, cultural and other activities. All these processes require certain conditions. RF (latest edition) is a key regulatory act containing regulations that facilities must comply with. Various sets of rules specify the provisions. One of them is SP 118.13330.2012 "Public buildings and structures". This document came into force on January 1, 2013. The act establishes standards for. In this article, let's look at some general principles for drawing up a site plan.

Relevance of the issue

Design of residential and public buildings- a special field of activity. The effective functioning of the internal environment of an object is ensured through spatial organization and the implementation of special measures aimed at protecting people from the adverse influence of external factors. The primary quality of a structure is its compliance with the activities that will be carried out in it. The functional characteristics are varied. They reflect not only the complexity and diversity of human needs, but also the scientific and technical level and the characteristics of the area. Purpose of the building defines key architectural parameters. At the same time, ideas about the suitability of an object for the purposes for which it is used are constantly changing over time. The emergence of new types of structures ensures the emergence of structures and materials. They, in turn, contribute to the introduction of new architectural ensembles into practice. This dialectical unity is the most important condition for the progressive development of the construction sector. The artistic and functional goals of architecture are embodied in specific forms. They provide strength, durability, reliability of objects and their parts. Purpose of the building determines its design features. The internal structure of the facility must allow the planned activities to be carried out without any difficulties.

Design of public buildings

It is a complex, multi-level creative process. carried out on the basis of state regulations. General includes a comprehensive solution to various engineering and architectural issues:

1. Welfare services for personnel.
2. Rational placement of the object and its elements on the site designated for this purpose. In this case, planning is carried out taking into account the requirements contained in Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation (latest edition), technological requirements, as well as relative altitude location.
3. Improvement of the surrounding area.
4. Transport, economic, engineering and technical support.
5. Territory protection.

Blueprints

Design of public buildings includes drawing up various schemes:

1. Situational plan. It is compiled on a scale of 1:10,000 (or 25,000).
2. Layout plan (location of structures on the ground). It has a scale of 1:500, 1:2000, 1:1000.

The latter includes plans:

1. Relief organizations.
2. Earth masses.
3. Engineering networks (summary diagram).
4. Landscaping.

The development of drawings is carried out to the minimum required volume. Their level of detail reflects the technical solutions adopted and corresponds to a specific design stage.

Situational diagram

It reflects the state of the territories adjacent to the area planned for construction, as well as its changes associated with preparatory activities on the ground. The situational scheme determines the rational placement, transport, external engineering, economic, and production connections of the enterprise with other objects, including auxiliary ones, as well as areas for personnel resettlement, the road network, and the boundaries of the sanitary protection zone. The plan reflects the permissible territorial development of the structure for the future. It contains information about the intended use of the areas adjacent to the facility.

Key principles

When drawing up master plans, it is necessary to reflect:

1. Zoning.
2. Differentiation of cargo transport and human flows.
3. Blocking.
4. Placement of facilities intended to serve employees.
5. Ensuring the priority of construction and future development of the territory.
6. Unification of parameters and modularity of building and planning components.
7. Entrances and entrances to the site.
8. and methods of forming an architectural composition.
9. Driveways and roads.

Space-planning solutions

The organizational chart of an object is determined by its location and interconnection:

• planning core;
• structural nodes vertically and horizontally.

The first is the room (one or more) that is most important in terms of its functions and dimensions. A structural node is a block of interconnected areas that play a structure-forming role in the formation of the composition of an object. These elements include:

1. Entrance groups. These include dressing rooms, lobbies, vestibules.
2. Groups of main rooms. They are auditoriums, halls, etc.
3. Groups of auxiliary and utility areas, bathrooms.

Public building premises, forming structural nodes, ensure the entry of people from the external space, the preparation of the internal environment of the object for the implementation of basic functions, the performance of auxiliary and main tasks, the movement of visitors and personnel.

Entry group

It includes various elements. In accordance with the purpose of the building, the evacuation and loading system, the following are created:

1. Combined outputs and inputs. This planning solution is considered the most common.
2. Disconnected outputs and inputs. Such elements are installed in museums, shops, and so on.
3. Separate exits and entrances for women and men. This solution is used in sports complexes, bathhouses, etc.

Characteristics of elements

The entrance group is considered a mandatory part for many public buildings. It includes utility areas, a vestibule, vestibules, and a wardrobe. The latter is designed for storing clothes. It is located near the entrance, but at a small distance from the path of people. The main elements with which the wardrobe is associated are a freight elevator, stairs, halls, etc. It is considered an organic part of the lobby, which, in turn, can be one or two levels. The common space must be free to accommodate the required number of people. In this regard, regardless of the structural structure of the object, the lobby is planned to be framed. At the same time, a freight elevator, escalators, stairs, etc. should be conveniently connected to it. The vestibule is the space between the inner and outer doors. It can also be an extension to a small building. It provides protection from precipitation, temperature changes, etc. When designing vestibules, the free movement of people should be taken into account. In this regard, their depth is no less than one and a half width of one door leaf.

Ceiling height: standard

The distance from the floor to the upper ceiling is determined according to SNiP. It depends on the purpose of the building and the volume of human flow. The main parameters are as follows:

1. In public buildings and living rooms of sanatoriums, the distance from the floor to the upper ceiling is at least 3 m. For objects with living spaces of a different type, separate rules apply.
2. In bath and health complexes designed for 100 people. and more, the distance to the upper ceiling from the floor is not less than 3.3 m.
3. The ceiling height in dry cleaners and laundries is 3.6 meters or more.

In some auxiliary rooms and corridors, in accordance with technological requirements and space-planning solutions, a smaller distance is allowed. However, the ceiling height should not be lower than 1.9 m. Subject to compliance with functional and technical rules, the distance to the upper floor of the attic floors can be reduced under an inclined upper floor. Moreover, the area of ​​such a section cannot be more than 40% of the S of the entire room. On the lowest part of the inclined plane, the height is at least 1.2 m, if the slope is 30 degrees, if 45 - 0.8 m, 60 degrees - not limited. In office and other administrative rooms, the distance to the upper ceiling is at least 3 m. Meanwhile, the standards allow for some exceptions. They can be small offices that are not located in administrative buildings. The distance to the upper ceiling in them is allowed to be set according to the parameters provided for other types of buildings (residential, in particular).

Additionally

Special attention should be paid to the technical floor. The distance to the upper ceiling is set individually in each case. Various factors are taken into account. Technical floor is a space in which utility networks, auxiliary equipment and other technical means are located. When determining the required distance from the floor to the top, the specifics of their installation, as well as operating conditions, should be taken into account. The ceiling height in areas where service workers move to the lower elements of the protruding parts must be at least 1.8 m. If the space is planned to be used exclusively for placing utilities in the form of pipelines or for insulating them from non-combustible materials, the minimum distance to the upper ceiling is 1.6 m.

Conclusion

Public buildings serve different functions. Among them:

1. Creating conditions for interaction between people and serving the population.
2. Providing for episodic, regular, everyday needs of citizens. In particular, we are talking about leisure activities, spiritual development, cultural enlightenment, education, etc.

The functional structure of buildings includes three components: recreational and health, industrial and household. Any space inside an object must meet the goals of the activity that is carried out in it as fully as possible.

The planning structure, composition, interconnection and parameters of the premises of a public building are determined by the requirements of the functional and technological process taking place in this building. In a modern public building, there are usually several processes. Among them, there is a main one, which determines the purpose of the building, and secondary processes that have an auxiliary purpose (for example, in an educational institution, the main process is the educational lesson, and the auxiliary ones are administrative and economic activities, catering, medical care, cultural leisure, etc.) . The main function forms the main room, the auxiliary function forms the composition and parameters of the auxiliary and auxiliary rooms.

Public buildings according to the space-planning organization of the functional and technological process can be combined into the following groups:

• a) with a large main hall and a number of small auxiliary volumes (theatres, concert halls, cinemas, indoor sports arenas, circuses, etc.);
• b) with a number of repeated small main volumes with the same functions (schools, hospitals, administrative institutions, etc.);
• c) with several functionally connected main halls (exhibition pavilions, museums, art galleries, etc.);
• d) mixed type, consisting of halls and small groups (higher educational institutions, libraries, clubs, leisure centers, design and research institutes, etc.).

The development of a space-planning solution for a public building is carried out taking into account functional, physical-technical, structural, architectural, artistic and economic requirements.

At the beginning of the design, all functional processes occurring in the building are brought into a specific system, presented graphically in the form of a functional diagram of the building for this purpose (Fig. 14.1). The diagram shows all groups of premises and their planning relationships - direct, immediate or indirect, with the help of other premises, corridors, halls, stairs. The quality of the architectural design of a building is largely determined by the rationality of the spatial organization of the functional diagram.

The room parameters of a public building are determined by the functional space required for the functional process (or its elements) in this room. At the same time, the average anthropometric indicators of a person, his movements in space, the dimensions of furniture and equipment, etc. are taken into account. On this basis, scientifically based dimensions of the space required for this process are established and linked to an enlarged modular grid of dimensions.

The approximate total area of ​​the main premises of a public building is determined by multiplying the area per unit of capacity (indicated in the design standards) by the capacity of the building.

The capacity of buildings is determined by capacity indicators, which are different for different types of buildings. For example, for cinemas, concert and universal halls, clubs, the calculated indicator is the number of spectator seats, for schools, vocational schools, secondary and higher educational institutions - the number of students, for hospitals - the number of beds, for libraries - the number of books, for shops - the number of workers ( shopping) places, for canteens - the number of seats, etc.

In accordance with the functional organization, a rational planning scheme of a public building is adopted: hall, corridor, enfilade, combined. There is also a pavilion scheme, which provides for the placement of premises (or groups of premises) in separate buildings - pavilions, combined compositionally into a single complex.

The planning solution of internal spaces determines the nature of the overall compositional scheme of a public building - compact, linear (extended) or dissected. A compact composition is based on a hall and mixed grouping of premises, a linear one is based on a corridor and enfilade grouping, and a dissected one involves a pavilion system.

The space-planning solution of the building as a whole, as well as its individual elements, parts, premises, the building structures and materials used must meet fire safety requirements in accordance with SNiP 21-01-97*. According to the standards, all elements and materials are classified according to fire hazard and fire resistance.

In accordance with the classification, building materials are divided into combustible (G) and non-combustible (NG). In turn, combustibles are divided into groups by flammability (B), by flame spread over the surface (RP), by smoke-forming ability (D) and by the toxicity of combustion products (T).

Building structures are characterized by fire resistance and fire hazard. Evacuation stairs and staircases are classified and have a standard designation.

Buildings and premises (groups of premises) are divided into five classes according to functional fire hazard: F1, F2, FZ, F4, F5, with separate types of buildings identified within each class. For example, preschool institutions are classified as class F1.1, schools - as class F4.1, industrial buildings - as class F5.1.

Particular attention is paid to ensuring the safety of emergency evacuation of people when designing evacuation routes, evacuation and emergency exits.

Exits are emergency exits if they lead to:

• from the premises of the first floor to the outside directly or through the vestibule (foyer), corridor, staircase;
• from the premises of any floor (except the first) directly to the staircase or to the 3rd type staircase (external open), or through a corridor or hall (foyer) having the same exits;
• to an adjacent room (except for class F5 rooms of categories A and B) on the same floor, provided with the exits indicated above.

Detailed requirements for the installation of these paths in buildings for various purposes are set out in the relevant sections of SNiP.

The main function corresponds to the main room (or group of rooms) of a public building, which forms its compositional core. When developing the overall composition of a building, the spatial (horizontal and vertical) relationships of the core with the structural nodes are determined. The structural units in a public building are:

• entrance group (vestibules, lobbies, dressing rooms);
• a group of auxiliary and utility rooms, sanitary facilities;
• horizontal communications (corridors, halls, galleries, foyers);
• vertical communications (stairs, elevators, escalators).

Entry group

It should provide convenient access to the building for all groups of people, including the elderly and disabled. Tambours are gateway-type entrance devices that are used to equip entrances in all public buildings for year-round use. In buildings intended to directly serve the population, the installation of a vestibule must provide free and convenient access for people with disabilities. The vestibule performs the function of thermal protection of the internal space (lobby) at negative outdoor temperatures. It is designed in the form of one airlock with two consecutive doors in buildings erected in climatic regions IV and III and two airlocks with three doors in II and I regions. At the same time, the heat-protective functions of the vestibule are ensured by the complete closing of the first door before opening the next one. A thermal curtain can be installed in the vestibule. The minimum depth of the vestibule is taken equal to the width of the door leaves plus 0.3 m. At the same time, the depth of the gateway (vestibule) is determined not only by the ease of use at the entrance and exit, but also by the possibility of entry and exit of disabled people in wheelchairs and must be at least 1 .5 m. The width of the gateway from the same conditions is at least 2.2 m. The width of the doorway of the entrance to the building is taken to be at least 1.31 m. The lower part of the entrance door leaf to a height of 0.3 m from the floor is protected by a strip of impact-resistant material. The thresholds at the entrance doors are made rounded with a height of 0.025 m.

In front of the entrance (vestibule), a porch or platform measuring at least 1.5 x 1.5 m is arranged outside. Inside the building, a platform measuring 1.2 x 1.5 m is also provided in front of the front door. The presence of these platforms allows a disabled person in a wheelchair to maneuver when opening the doors " "towards you" and "away from you". The height of the porch (platform) is at least 0.15 m from the level of the sidewalk in front of the building. At the same time, the steps of the porch must be duplicated by a ramp 1.2 m wide with a slope of 8%. External stairs and ramps must have handrails that are installed on both sides at a height of 0.9 m. A canopy with drainage is installed above the porch (platform) in front of the entrance to the building.

Lobbies

Lobbies are usually located at the main entrance to the building, but in large centers, complexes, and extended buildings there may be several lobbies with equal entrances. In entertainment buildings (theatres, cinemas, etc.), a separate box office lobby is designed.

A dressing room can be located in the lobby. The area of ​​the lobby is determined depending on the capacity, operating mode of the public building, as well as the maximum area between fire walls (given in the design standards). The lobby area is taken at the rate of at least 0.20-0.25 m2 per visitor (or working in an administrative building), but not less than 18 m2.

Dressing rooms

Designed for storing outerwear of employees and visitors and equipped with open hangers (regular floor, hanging or cantilever type) with an area of ​​0.1 m2 and 0.08 m2, respectively.

The dressing room is designed, as a rule, with a depth of no more than 6 m. For issuing and receiving clothes, a barrier 0.6-0.7 m wide is installed at the rate of 1 shoulder strap, m for 30-50 places. A passage 0.8-1.0 m wide is provided between the barrier and the hangers, and in front of the barrier there is a free area 3-4 m wide for visitors to approach.

The floor level of the lobby (with a dressing room) must be no less than 0.15 m higher than the level of the sidewalk in front of the entrance. The architecture of the lobby, its spatial, plastic solution depends on the purpose, social and urban planning significance of the building.

Utility and auxiliary rooms have different sizes: from small, with an area of ​​3-8 m2 and a height of 2.4-3.6 m (storerooms, technical rooms, etc.) to very large ones, with an area of ​​150, 200 or more m2 and up to 6 m high (store warehouses, storage facilities, museum storerooms, etc.).

Sanitary facilities

All public buildings and structures are equipped with them in accordance with the requirements of building codes and regulations (SNiP). The sanitary facilities include the following premises: latrines, washrooms, showers, and bathtubs. The composition of premises, the type and quantity of their equipment are established by design standards and depend on the purpose and capacity of the public building.

Sanitary units in the building are located mainly on the main routes of people's movement - in the lobbies, near the staircases, in the corridors. When placing bathrooms on floors, they should be placed one above the other vertically. For aesthetic reasons, it is not recommended to locate bathrooms near the outer walls of the main façade of a public building. Bathrooms do not necessarily require natural light, so they can be located in the depths of the building. For some public buildings, such as kindergartens, hospitals, etc., the location of bathrooms is determined by regulations.

The maximum distance from the restrooms to the most remote place where people are staying should not exceed 75 m. Entrances to the restrooms are provided through a gateway in which washbasins and electric towels are located. Restrooms are equipped with toilets located in closed cabins measuring 1.2x0.8 m. Men's restrooms are also equipped with urinals in a number, usually equal to the number of cabins.

For disabled people in wheelchairs, the size of the restrooms is determined based on the conditions for placing the wheelchair. The cabin is designed with increased dimensions of 2.2x2.2 m and is equipped with a toilet, washbasin and special handrails (Fig. 14.2).

Showers and baths are designed mainly as part of the bathrooms of medical, sports, health, preschool institutions, boarding schools, as well as some other public institutions. The shower rooms are separated from the corridor or adjacent room by a gateway - a pre-shower room, a space intended for wiping the body.

Showers and pre-shower rooms are not allowed to be located near the external walls of the building.

Group showers are usually equipped with open shower cabins with dimensions of 0.9 x 0.9 m, fenced on three sides by partitions no less than 1.8 m high from the floor level. The width of the passage between the rows of booths is 1.5 m, between the row of booths and the wall (partition) 1.2 m.

Enclosed shower cabins of a general type (for the elderly and disabled) and for people with disabilities in wheelchairs should also be provided. Closed cabins of the general type are designed with a size of 1.8x0.9 m, cabins for disabled people in wheelchairs are 2.1x1.7 m. The cabin for disabled people in wheelchairs is equipped with a bathtub, washbasin and special handrails. Entrances to closed cabins are designed from rooms separate from the showers. Cabin doors must open outward. Examples of showers are shown in Fig. 14.2(3).

Communication rooms

Horizontal and vertical communications are determined by the space-planning solution of a public building; with their help, the interconnection of premises is carried out. To connect rooms within one level (floor), horizontal communications are used - corridors, galleries, recreation areas, passages, etc. To connect rooms at different levels, vertical communications are used - stairs, elevators, ramps, escalators. Distribution and connecting communication nodes are floor-by-floor staircase and elevator halls.

Communication rooms are designed for the movement of people and are the main routes for evacuating people from a building in extreme conditions. Corridors should have a clear layout that allows visitors to the building to navigate freely. Therefore, corridors should be mostly straight with a minimum number of turns and ledges.

Corridors

There are main and secondary, through and dead-end corridors. In some cases, corridors also perform additional functions - waiting, resting, walking (for example, in hospitals, clinics). In accordance with this, the planning solution is changed and the corridors are transformed into foyers, waiting rooms, lobbies, and recreation areas. For example, recreations are corridors equipped with natural light and expanded to 2.8-3.2 m. Recreational functions are also performed by “light pockets” arranged along the length of the corridor. Foyers and lobbies are usually arranged in auditoriums in the form of wide corridors or compact rooms with an aspect ratio of 1:2. The main corridors are along which the main flow of visitors moves to the stairs and exits from the building.

Corridors require natural light. Corridors lined with rooms on both sides and illuminated from one end have a maximum length of 24 m, from two ends - 48 m. In longer corridors, light breaks (“light pockets”) are installed for natural lighting. The distance from the window at the end of the corridor to the “pocket” is no more than 30 m, the distance along the length of the corridor between the “pockets” is 24 m.

The width of the corridors is determined depending on the intensity of the human flow and its density (the ratio of the number of evacuees from the premises to the area of ​​the evacuation route) and must comply with evacuation requirements in accordance with SNiP. The smallest width of the main corridors is assumed to be 1.5 m, secondary - 1.2 m. It should be noted that the width of the corridors, calculated according to evacuation requirements, may be different for buildings of different purposes and the degree of their fire resistance.

The maximum distance from the exit from the premises on the floor to the emergency exit is established by SNiP. These distances for some public buildings are given in table. 14.1.

Stairs and ramps

Vertical communications are such structural elements as stairs and ramps, as well as various mechanical lifting means - elevators, escalators, lifts. The staircase consists of flights of stairs and landings - floor and interfloor. The material for stairs in public buildings is reinforced concrete (precast or monolithic) or steel structures.

The march is a supporting structure made of inclined beams (stringers) on which the steps are supported. In modern construction, these two main elements of the staircase can be separate or a single structure. In mass construction, prefabricated reinforced concrete stairs are used from small-sized elements (consisting of prefabricated steps and stringers) and from large-sized elements (prefabricated flights and landings). Z-shaped marches with half-platforms have become widespread in public buildings made of reinforced concrete frames.

According to their functional purpose and general architectural design, staircases are divided into entrance, main, auxiliary, service, emergency, and fire staircases. The main staircases are designed for the movement of the main flow of visitors. They are located in the lobby and connect it with the main (main) premises; in buildings of I and II degrees of fire resistance, the main staircases can be made open and emphatically ceremonial, wide, with rich decoration. In this case, the required number of evacuation stairs must be provided.

Main staircases are mainly used for entertainment, sports, exhibition, large shopping, etc. buildings. In other cases, a building may have several equivalent main staircases.

Auxiliary stairs are built for additional communication between floors. Service staircases are used mainly by the staff of public institutions and they are located at the service entrances to the building.

The main and especially auxiliary staircases serve as escape routes for people from the building.

In accordance with the requirements of fire safety standards, the evacuation staircase must be fireproof and enclosed in an isolated volume of fireproof structures - a staircase.

In a building, from the floor above the first, there must be at least two emergency exits to the staircases, while 50% of the stairs must have natural light.

The floor area in a building located between fire walls (firewalls) depends on the number of floors and the degree of fire resistance of the building is given in table. 14.2.

Emergency exits on the floor should be located dispersedly. Escape stairs must have the same number of steps in each flight. The minimum number of steps in a march is 3, the maximum is 18 (in preschool institutions 16). Spiral stairs and those with winder steps cannot be used as evacuation stairs.

Doors in staircases and escape routes must open in the direction of exit from the building. The minimum clear door width is 0.9 m, height is 2 m. Sliding and revolving doors and turnstiles should not be located on escape routes.

The width of the flight of stairs must be no less than the width of the door to the staircase and is taken to be no less than 1.2 m and no more than 2.4 m. The width of the landing is no less than the width of the flight. Prefabricated platforms have a standard width of 1.0; 1.3; 1.6; 1.9 m. A gap of at least 0.10 m is provided between the marches for the passage of a fire hose. The height of the handrail is 0.9 m from the tread level. If the flight width is more than 1.5 m, it is advisable to install handrails on both sides. In buildings of preschool institutions and schools with first grades, flights of stairs must have a fence with a height of at least 1.2 m. In this case, horizontal division of the fence is not allowed, and vertical elements of the fence are installed with a clearance of no more than 100 mm.

Ramps are flat structures connecting floor levels of different heights. They are installed outside and inside the building on the routes of people's movement. Ramps are made with a slope:

• 1:8 (outdoor) and 1:6 (indoor) - for general use
• 1:12 - for the movement of disabled people in wheelchairs
• 1:20 - in hospitals, medical institutions

Due to the fact that ramps, due to the small slope, acquire a significant length, their use inside the building should be limited.

Handrails (railings) are installed along both sides of all internal stairs and ramps at a height of 0.9 m from the floor level and at a distance of 0.05 m from the wall. The handrail on the inside of the stairs must be continuous; its final parts are made longer than the flight of stairs (ramp) by 0.3 m.

Elevators and lifts

Elevators, lifts, and escalators are mechanical means of vertical communication between floors. They are not considered as routes and means of escape. Elevators, according to their purpose, are divided into passenger, hospital, freight (including light-duty) and special. In public buildings, the number of passenger elevators is calculated, but not less than two. One of the elevators must have a cabin with a depth of at least 2.1 m to transport a person on a stretcher.

In multi-storey public buildings that are constantly visited by people, passenger elevators are provided:

• in buildings with a height of 2 floors and above - for people with disabilities in wheelchairs, as well as higher educational institutions, research institutes, etc. when the difference in floor elevations of the first and last floors is 13.2 m or more;
• in management buildings, credit and financial buildings, etc., as well as dispensaries and sanatoriums - 3 floors and above;
• In the buildings of hospitals, outpatient clinics, clinics, maternity hospitals, a hospital elevator is installed at a height of 2 floors and above.

In multi-storey public buildings, passenger elevators with a lifting capacity of 1000 and 1600 kg are used, with a capacity of 12 - 20 people, respectively. Freight elevators are used with a cabin lifting capacity of 500-5000 kg, light lifts - up to 100 kg (shop, library, kitchen, etc.). The dimensions of the elevator cabin are 1.4 x 2.1 m, allowing disabled people in wheelchairs to use the elevator.

In a multi-storey public building, elevators, depending on their number and planning solution, are placed singly or in groups. Elevators are interlocked with stairwells. Groups of elevators are located in special elevator halls. The width of the hall is determined by the arrangement of elevators: for a single-row arrangement - 2.2 m, for a double-row arrangement - from 3.3 to 5 m.

The speed of the cabin of a regular passenger elevator is 0.9 -1.4 m/sec, high-speed - 2, 2.8 and 4 m/sec, hospital elevator - 0.5 m/sec. The elevator cabin, with the help of a lifting mechanism, moves in an elevator shaft made of fireproof materials (brick, concrete, metal). The elevator machine room with the lifting mechanism is usually located above the shaft. The height of the machine room is at least 2.1 m.

The distance from the elevator to the door of the most remote room with people present should not exceed 60 m.

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