Emotional-evaluative vocabulary and context
Pokorskaya O.A., teacher of Russian language and literature
KSU "Secondary school No. 1 named after. N.G. Chernyshevsky"
A large place in the 5th grade textbook on the updated content of education is given to the topic “Emotionally charged words.” Several formative and summative works ask students to either find these words in sentences, text, or retell the text using this vocabulary. In the textbook Z.K. Sabitova is given a small rule on this topic. I would like to expand the range of knowledge about emotionally charged words.
The vocabulary of the Russian language includes words that are known and understandable to everyone. They can be used both orally and writing. These are common words. Among them, stylistically neutral words stand out, which only name objects, signs, quantities, but do not evaluate them in any way: autumn, sister, laugh, etc. In common words, words with a bright emotional connotation are distinguished. By using these words, the speaker expresses a positive or negative attitude towards objects, signs, and actions. For example, house (neutral meaning) house ( positive value) little house (negative value).
The emotional coloring of words can reflect both a public assessment of phenomena and reality, and a personal one:
brother, little brother (kind, affectionate attitude) talker, rude (expression of contempt, condemnation) granny, mommy (expression of love and affection).
Words expressing attitudes towards objects, signs, actions, etc. are called emotionally charged.
Stylistic usage vocabulary with suffixes of subjective assessment is very diverse; with the help of this vocabulary, the texts convey semantic shades of a wide range: diminutive, affectionate (-enk-, -ushk-, -ishk-, -ek-, -ik-): river, winter, son ; disdain, contempt, irony (-an-, -yan-): loudmouth, brawler, etc. A grammatical emotional attitude towards objects and phenomena can also be expressed using the prefix: kind, despicable. Let us dwell in more detail on the interaction of text and words with suffixes of subjective assessment.
Words with named morphemes evoke in the reader an idea of the dimensions of the realities being described, i.e. they have diminutive , For example:
Vanya opened his eyes and saw... in the mirror a familiar boy with fair hair head , large ears...tiny flaxen bangs …
Formations with named morphemes can also have endearing meaning. In this case lexical meaning words are not associated with the meaning of size, volume, magnitude. For example,
...So all the grass-ants were entwined,
Yes, the azure flowers fell off...
Organic merger diminutive and affectionate meanings is clearly manifested in the following excerpt from Andersen’s fairy tale “The Snow Queen”: “In big city, where there are so many houses and people that not everyone manages to fence themselves off at least a small place for a kindergarten... two poor children lived..."
The verbal environment can give a noun with an evaluative suffix meaning of irony , contempt. For example: ...The whimsical old woman just laughed several times, to the extreme insult of the wardrobemaid, forced her to repeat how, they say, he (Gerasim) bent you down with his heavy with a pen , and the next day she sent Gerasim a ruble. (I.S. Turgenev). Noun pen here neither diminutive nor affectionate matters, since the definition of heavy is next to it. In addition, in the story of I.S. Turgenev's "Mumu" more than once emphasizes that the janitor's hand is large and heavy. In this case the word pen clearly expressed irony.
It must be remembered that in speech a rude word can receive a shade of tenderness and affection, and an affectionate word can receive a shade of contempt. For example: “He Sissy“- the boys teased him. (Hint of contempt). - Great, lad!- “Step by!” (A touch of tenderness).
Thus, it is important for the teacher to know that in many cases the true meaning of vocabulary with these morphemes is revealed in interaction with the text.
Emotionally charged words are listed in dictionaries with special notes: simple. (colloquial), high. (high, solemn), iron. (ironic), bran. (expletive), colloquial (colloquial).
By explaining all the material to the children, you can diversify the work in the lesson. For example, it is not easy to find emotionally charged words in a text, but also to determine what they mean. This work can be carried out not only on a specific exercise in the textbook, but also on works studied in literature lessons. Children act as language researchers and are interested in words.
Examples from exercises in the Russian language and from the texts of studied works: A) Sleep, my little sparrows , sleep, my son , sleep, my bell native. (Diminutive meaning). B) What about fortune telling? Magician, you are deceitful, crazy old man . (dismissive meaning). IN) Mommy , I missed you like the poppy sunbeam. (affectionate meaning). D) How elephant destroyed everything around. (Irony, disdain)
You can give a ready-made text with the task: write down emotionally charged words in two columns: in the first column, words that characterize the subject from a positive or negative side, in the second, words formed using prefixes and suffixes. At the same time, explain the meaning of words with missing spellings. Work can be done in groups.
Badger...knock.
From the baskets... a muzzle with a black nose, curious eyes and erect ears appeared. It was a badger...nok. The animal's face was very funny. There were wide black stripes from the nose to the ears. The badger got out of the basket onto the sofa. How entertaining he is!
In addition to such work in class and at home, you can give children the task of writing a miniature essay using emotionally charged words. For example, “The Story of a Little Kitten.”
It is important to remember that by naming words, a person expresses his attitude towards objects or phenomena. This happens due to the emotional coloring of words.
Bibliography
Wulfson R.E. Emotional-evaluative vocabulary. Magazine "Russian Language" 1991, No. 4
TsOR. Education. Training - Znaika TV. Znayka TV.
Ustinova M.I. Neutral and emotionally charged words. Pedagogical magazine "First of September".
Emotional-evaluative vocabulary
Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language. - M:. "Flint", "Science". Edited by M.N. Kozhina. 2003 .
See what “Emotional-evaluative vocabulary” is in other dictionaries:
emotional-evaluative word- A lexical unit that includes an element of evaluation: rain, little white, etc. Words with emotional connotations can include a variety of shades: ironic, disapproving, contemptuous, affectionate, solemnly upbeat, etc...
- are lexical units (unambiguous words or individual values polysemantic words), characterized by the ability to evoke a special stylistic impression out of context. This ability is due to the fact that in the meaning of these words... ...
- (subjective modality, text modality, text expressiveness) – a text category that reflects the emotional-volitional attitude of the author of the text when achieving a specific communicative goal, psychological position... ... Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language
- – certain relatively stable thematic, compositional and stylistic types of works (M.M. Bakhtin), functioning in the media mass media. Usually there are three groups of genres: informational (note, report, interview... Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language
information model of artistic speech- I. Communication situation: 1) communication with many people through works of art; 2) the main functions of speech: aesthetic and communicative; 3) the main tasks of speech: using artistic fiction, to draw a living, imaginative picture; hand over … Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
An analytical genre that presents the results of a study of an event or problem. Stylistic features of the genre: 1) logical presentation; 2) the presence of reasoning, unfolding from the main thesis to its justification through the chain... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
An analytical genre that presents the results of a study of an event or problem. Stylistic features of the genre: 1) logical presentation; 2) the presence of reasoning, unfolding from the main thesis to its justification through... ... General linguistics. Sociolinguistics: Dictionary-reference book
information model of journalistic style- I. Typical communication situation: 1) communication with many people through newspapers, magazines, speeches at rallies, meetings; 2) the main functions of speech: influencing and informative; 3) main tasks: to influence the masses, to form among them... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
terms and concepts of linguistic stylistics- are not limited to basic categories and concepts such as style, coloring, stylistic resources, etc. If we take the minimum set of terminological units, we will see that, according to the most conservative estimates, 200 stylistic terms are distinguished.... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
Emotionally expressive coloring of words
Many words not only define concepts, but also express the speaker’s attitude towards them, a special kind of evaluativeness. For example, admiring the beauty white flower, you can call it snow-white, white, lily. These words are emotionally charged: a positive assessment distinguishes them from the stylistically neutral definition of white. The emotional connotation of a word can also express a negative assessment of what is called a witness: blond, whitish. Therefore, emotional vocabulary is also called evaluative (emotional-evaluative).
At the same time, it should be noted that the concepts of emotionality and evaluation are not identical, although they are closely related. Some emotional words (such as interjections) do not contain evaluation; and there are words in which evaluation is the essence of their semantic structure, but they do not belong to emotional vocabulary: good, bad, joy, anger, love, suffer.
A feature of emotional-evaluative vocabulary is that the emotional coloring is “superimposed” on the lexical meaning of the word, but is not reduced to it: the denotative meaning of the word is complicated by the connotative one.
The emotional vocabulary can be divided into three groups.
- 1. Words with a clear connotative meaning, containing an assessment of facts, phenomena, signs, giving an unambiguous description of people: inspire, admirable, daring, unsurpassed, pioneer, destined, herald, self-sacrifice, irresponsible, grumbler, double-dealer, businessman, antediluvian, mischief, defame, fraud, sycophant, windbag, slob. Such words, as a rule, are unambiguous; expressive emotionality prevents the development of figurative meanings in them.
- 2. Polysemantic words, neutral in their basic meaning, receiving a qualitative-emotional connotation when used figuratively. So, about a person of a certain character we can say: hat, rag, mattress, oak, elephant, bear, snake, eagle, crow, rooster, parrot; V figurative meaning verbs are also used: saw, hiss, sing, gnaw, dig, yawn, blink and etc.
- 3. Words with suffixes of subjective assessment, conveying various shades of feelings: son, daughter, granny, sunshine, neat, close- positive emotions; beard, fellow, bureaucrat- negative. Their evaluative meanings are determined not by nominative properties, but by word formation, since affixes impart emotional coloring to such forms.
The emotionality of speech is often conveyed by particularly expressive vocabulary. Expressiveness(expression) (lat. expressio) - means expressiveness, the power of manifestation of feelings and experiences. There are many words in the Russian language that add an element of expression to their nominative meaning. For example, instead of the word good when we are delighted with something, we say wonderful, wonderful, delightful, wonderful; one might say I do not like, but it’s not difficult to find stronger, more colorful words I hate, I despise, I disgust. In all these cases, the semantic structure of the word is complicated by connotation.
Often one neutral word has several expressive synonyms that differ in the degree of emotional tension; compare: misfortune - grief, disaster, catastrophe; violent - uncontrollable, indomitable, frantic, furious. Vivid expression highlights solemn words ( herald, accomplishments, unforgettable), rhetorical ( comrade, aspirations, proclaim), poetic ( azure, invisible, silent, chant). Expressive colors and humorous words ( blessed, newly minted), ironic ( deign, Don Juan, vaunted), familiar (good-looking, cute, poke around, whisper) Expressive shades delimit disapproving words ( mannered, pretentious, ambitious, pedant), dismissive ( paint, petty), contemptuous ( to whisper, toady), derogatory (skirt, wimp), vulgar ( grabber, lucky), expletives ( boor, fool). All these nuances of the expressive coloring of words are reflected in the stylistic notes for them in explanatory dictionaries.
The expression of a word is often layered on its emotional-evaluative meaning, with some words predominant by expression, and others by emotionality. Therefore, it is often not possible to distinguish between emotional and expressive coloring, and then they talk about emotionally expressive vocabulary ( expressive-evaluative).
Words that are similar in the nature of expressiveness are classified into: 1) vocabulary expressing positive assessment of the called concepts, and 2) vocabulary expressing negative assessment of the named concepts. The first group will include words that are lofty, affectionate, and partly humorous; in the second - ironic, disapproving, abusive, contemptuous, vulgar, etc.
The emotional and expressive coloring of a word is influenced by its meaning. Thus, we received sharply negative assessments of words such as fascism, Stalinism, repression. A positive assessment was attached to the words progressive, peace-loving, anti-war. Even different meanings The same word can differ noticeably in stylistic coloring: in one meaning the word appears as solemn, lofty: Wait, prince. Finally, I hear the speech not of a boy, but husband (P.), in another - as ironic, mocking: G. Polevoy proved that the venerable editor enjoys the fame of a scientist husband (P.).
The development of expressive shades in the semantics of a word is also facilitated by its metaphorization. Thus, stylistically neutral words used as metaphors receive vivid expression: burn At work, fall from fatigue, choke in conditions of totalitarianism, flaming look, blue dream, flying gait etc. The context finally reveals the expressive coloring of words: in it, units that are stylistically neutral can become emotionally charged, tall ones - contemptuous, affectionate ones - ironic, and even a swear word ( scoundrel, fool) may sound approving.
Expression in Russian means “emotionality.” Consequently, expressive vocabulary is an emotionally charged set of expressions aimed at conveying internal state a person who speaks or writes. It concerns exclusively the artistic style of speech, which is very close to the colloquial style in oral statements. But at the same time art style has several significant limitations compared to The author can say a lot, but not everything, if he wants to remain within the framework of literary norms.
Expressive coloring of speech
Many concepts contained in the Russian language mean not only the material or spiritual object itself, but also its assessment from the speaker’s position. For example, the word “Armenian” is simply a fact that indicates a person’s nationality. But if it is replaced with the word “khach”, then a predominantly negative assessment of a person of this nationality will be expressed. This word is not only expressive, but also colloquial; it does not correspond to literary norms.
The difference between colloquial expressions and expressive ones
Colloquial expressions are for the most part characteristic of people who live in a certain territory, have common hobbies, and may also be in the same age group. This is somewhat similar to dialects, although they are characteristic not of a specific ethnic group, but of a subcultural one. For the most part, colloquial expressions are expressive, but cannot be reduced to them.
The same word "khach" is colloquial. But it also has an expressive coloring. However, even ordinary word can be emotional in context. For example, if the ordinary word “Armenian” is used in a negative context, then it becomes synonymous with the word “khach”, although more literary. Colloquial expressions are very often a subtype of expressive vocabulary. But, for example, the word “blond” is quite literary, although it refers to emotionally charged expressions.
Are emotional and evaluative vocabulary the same thing?
In general, these are synonyms. Because expressive vocabulary always expresses a certain attitude of the speaker towards something. But in some cases, emotional words do not contain evaluation due to their contextuality. For example, people say “ah” both when something good and bad has happened in their life.
It also does not include words whose lexical meaning already contains an evaluation. The use of expressive vocabulary is the use of words that have an emotional component, and not containing only emotion. So, we need to draw one conclusion. A word becomes evaluative when an emotional component is superimposed on it by creating a certain context. At the same time, independence is preserved.
Using expressive vocabulary in life
In life, a person uses a lot of value judgments, the main links of which are emotional expressions. Expressive vocabulary is used in all areas of life, even in business. Examples - statements by Russian diplomats regarding other countries. Even the President recently used an expressive expression, which, after all, is also colloquial, at a recent conference.
Any word can be made expressive if you choose the right context for it. For example, take the sentence: “these citizens, if you can call them that, did not choose the best power.” If we take the word “citizens” out of context, this is the most common expression of a person’s belonging to a particular country. But the part “if you can call them that” adds expressive coloring to this concept in the above sentence. The author immediately expresses his assessment regarding the actions of people living in a certain country. Now we should give a small classification of emotionally charged expressions.
Unambiguous words with a clear evaluative meaning
In some terms, the emotional connotation is so pronounced that whatever the context, it will still be clear what kind of assessment the one who writes or speaks wants to give. It is incredibly difficult to use such words in any other meaning. For example, how can you say the word "henpecked" in a positive or neutral context. Typically, such expressions are used only if a person wants to express a negative attitude. Otherwise, softer words and phrases like " good husband" and others.
“Henpecked” is a characteristic word. There are also terms containing an assessment of the action. Such are, for example, the words “to disgrace”, “to cheat”. The first means a person who made another feel shame, and the second implies deception. This word, by the way, also has a predominantly negative connotation.
Polysemantic words that take on emotional overtones when used as metaphors
It happens that only when a word is used as a metaphor, expressive vocabulary is formed. Examples - nag your husband (reference to the previous word), sing to your boss, miss the bus. In general, the word “sawing” means dividing wood into several parts using special tool. But if you use it as a metaphor, then literally it will turn out to be something like “divide your husband into several parts.” That is, even with a literal interpretation of this metaphor, it is unlikely that anything positive will be found. So here's an example of a clearly expressive expression.
The use of expressive vocabulary creates the opportunity to express one’s attitude to certain phenomena or events. True, recognizing the expressive component of such metaphors requires the slightest intellectual effort if a person has not encountered such expressions before.
Words with emotional evaluation suffixes
This type of expression is very interesting because it can have different shades, which depend on the context. Expressively colored vocabulary of this type can have both a positive assessment (neatly), a negative assessment (baby), and a contextual assessment (buddy). For example, the latter can mean both tender feelings for a friend and an ironic statement towards an enemy.
What do suffixes have to do with it? But because with their help you can give a word a different assessment. For example, take the common word "table". If you add the suffix “ik” to it, you get “table”, and this is a positive assessment. If you add the suffix “isch”, you get “capital”, which carries a predominantly negative connotation.
conclusions
Expressive-emotional vocabulary occupies a fairly serious position in our speech. If it did not exist, it would be impossible to fully express a person’s feelings. And in technologies for creating artificial intelligence, at this stage they have learned to force robots to convey emotions only through emotionally charged expressions.
Also, expressive vocabulary allows you to better express your own thoughts during online correspondence, when there is only a possibility and non-verbal language is not read. Of course, the latter plays an incredibly serious role in communication, but without the use of expressive vocabulary, even the most artistic nature would not show anything.
In order to talk about the elements of evaluative vocabulary, we need to understand what vocabulary is.
IN " Explanatory dictionary» S.I. Ozhegov we find the following definition: "Vocabulary is vocabulary language, its style, sphere, as well as individual works.”
Vocabulary is divided into the following types: high, low, emotional, bookish, colloquial, colloquial.
A characteristic feature of the expression of evaluation is the possibility of strengthening or weakening the sign “good” or the sign “bad”.
In fact, a person knows the world through assessment, and almost all objects can become objects of assessment. Evaluation is recognized as one of the most important aspects intellectual activity human and, undoubtedly, is reflected in language. For the first time, the range of problems associated with the study of assessment was outlined by Aristotle. Subsequently, these issues were illuminated from the point of view of various research approaches.
Considering the assessment from the point of view of language, all components of its structure can be divided into mandatory and optional. The main elements of evaluation are its subject (the one who evaluates), the object (what is evaluated), as well as the evaluative element itself.
Emotionally and expressively colored words are distinguished as part of the evaluative vocabulary. Expression- means expressiveness (from Latin expressio - expression). Expressive vocabulary includes words that enhance the expressiveness of speech. Words that convey the speaker's attitude to their meaning belong to emotional vocabulary. Emotional vocabulary expresses various feelings. There are quite a few words in the Russian language that have a strong emotional connotation. This is easy to verify by comparing words with similar meanings: blond, fair-haired, whitish, little white, white-haired, lily-haired; handsome, charming. Charming, delightful, cute; eloquent, talkative; proclaim, blurt out, blurt out, etc. By comparing them, we try to choose the most expressive words that can convey our thoughts more convincingly. For example, you can say I do not like, but you can find stronger words: I hate, I despise, I disgust. In these cases, the lexical meaning of the word is complicated by special expression.
Evaluative vocabulary requires careful attention. Inappropriate use of emotionally and expressively charged words can give speech a comical sound. Which often happens in student essays.
By combining words that are similar in expression into lexical groups, we can distinguish:
1) words expressing a positive assessment of the named concepts;
2) words expressing their negative assessment.
The first group will include words that are lofty, affectionate, and partly humorous; in the second - ironic, disapproving, abusive, etc. The emotional and expressive coloring of words is clearly manifested when comparing synonyms:
The development of emotionally expressive shades in a word is facilitated by its metaphorization. Thus, stylistically neutral words receive vivid expression: burn(At work), fall(from fatigue) choke(V unfavorable conditions), flaming(look), blue(dream), flying(gait), etc. The context ultimately determines the expressive coloring: neutral words can be perceived as lofty and solemn; High vocabulary in other conditions takes on a mockingly ironic tone; sometimes even a swear word can sound affectionate, and an affectionate word can sound contemptuous. The appearance of additional expressive shades in a word, depending on the context, significantly expands the visual possibilities of vocabulary.
The study of emotional-evaluative and expressive vocabulary turns us to highlighting various types speech depending on the nature of the speaker’s influence on the listeners, the situation of their communication, their relationship to each other and a number of other factors. “It’s enough to imagine,” wrote A.N. Gvozdev, - that the speaker wants to make people laugh or touch, to arouse the listeners’ favor or their negative attitude towards the subject of speech, so that it becomes clear how different language means, mainly creating different expressive colors.” With this approach to the selection of linguistic means, several types of speech can be outlined: solemn(rhetorical), official(cold), intimate and affectionate, playful. They are opposed to speech neutral, using linguistic means devoid of any stylistic coloring. This classification of speech types, dating back to the “poeticists” of ancient antiquity, is not rejected by modern stylists.
The emotional and expressive coloring of the word, layered on the functional, complements its stylistic characteristics. Words that are neutral in an emotionally expressive sense usually belong to commonly used vocabulary (although this is not necessary: terms, for example, in an emotionally expressive sense, are usually neutral, but have a clear functional definition). Emotionally expressive words are distributed between book, colloquial and colloquial vocabulary.
Thus, we came to the conclusion that:
1. The ability to divide everything in the world into “good” - “bad”, “beautiful” - “ugly”, i.e. to give an assessment is instilled in us from childhood. But it is very important not only to be able to evaluate things, actions, deeds, etc., but you also need to know how to do it correctly, to enrich your vocabulary.
2. Emotionally expressive vocabulary is not so well studied; there are difficulties in typing it; in many ways, perception is based on subconscious level, at the level of emotions, therefore this vocabulary is used to a greater extent in oral speech, where not only the speech apparatus is involved, but also facial expressions and gestures.
3. I would like to note once again what a fine line lies when using expressively colored vocabulary between a good joke and an evil, offensive ridicule and how important it is to always feel this line so as not to violate the basic principle verbal communication- the principle of politeness.