I have questions about why there are only 4 races on Earth? Why are they so different from each other? How do different races have skin colors that correspond to their area of ​​residence?

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First of all, we will examine the settlement map of the “Modern Races of the World”. In this analysis we will not deliberately accept the position of either monogenism or polygenism. The purpose of our analysis and the entire study as a whole is precisely to understand exactly how the emergence of humanity occurred and its development, including the development of writing. Therefore, we cannot and will not rely in advance on any dogma - be it scientific or religious.

Why are there four different races on Earth? Naturally, four types of different races could not have come from Adam and Eve....

So, under the letter “A” on the map are races that, according to modern research, are ancient. These races include four:
Equatorial Negroid races (hereinafter referred to as “Negroid race” or “Negroids”);
Equatorial Australoid races (hereinafter referred to as the “Australoid race” or “Australoids”);
Caucasoid races (hereinafter referred to as “Caucasoids”);
Mongoloid races (hereinafter referred to as “Mongoloids”).

2. Analysis of modern mutual settlement of races.

The modern mutual settlement of the four main races is extremely interesting.

The Negroid races are settled exclusively in a limited area, located from the center of Africa to its southern part. There is no Negroid race anywhere outside of Africa. In addition, it is precisely the areas of settlement of the Negroid race that are currently the “suppliers” of Stone Age culture - in South Africa there are still areas within which the population still exists in a primitive communal way of life.

We are talking about the archaeological culture of Wilton (Wilton) of the late Stone Age, widespread in South and East Africa. In some areas it was replaced by the Neolithic with ground axes, but in most areas it existed until modern times: arrowheads made of stone and bone, clay dishes, beads made from ostrich egg shells; people of the Wilton culture lived in grottoes and in the open air, and hunted; agriculture and domestic animals were absent.

It is also interesting that on other continents there are no centers of settlement of the Negroid race. This, naturally, points to the fact that the birthplace of the Negroid race was originally precisely in that part of Africa that is located south of the center of the continent. It is worth noting that here we are not considering the later “migration” of Negroids to the American continent and their modern entry through the regions of France into the territory of Eurasia, since this is a completely insignificant effect in the long historical process.

Australoid races are settled exclusively in a limited area, located entirely in the north of Australia, as well as in extremely small fluctuations in India and on some isolated islands. The islands are so insignificantly populated by the Australoid race that they can be neglected when making estimates of the entire center of distribution of the Australoid race. The northern part of Australia can quite reasonably be considered this hotspot. It should be noted here that Australoids, like Negroids, for a reason unknown to today’s science, are located exclusively within one general area. Stone Age cultures are also found among the Australoid race. More precisely, those Australoid cultures that have not experienced the influence of Caucasians are predominantly in the Stone Age.

Caucasoid races are settled in the territory located in the European part of Eurasia, including the Kola Peninsula, as well as in Siberia, the Urals, along the Yenisei, along the Amur, in the upper reaches of the Lena, in Asia, around the Caspian, Black, Red and Mediterranean seas, in northern Africa , on the Arabian Peninsula, in India, on two American continents, in southern Australia.

In this part of the analysis, we should look at the area of ​​settlement of Caucasians in more detail.

Firstly, for obvious reasons, we will exclude from historical estimates the territory of distribution of Caucasians in the Americas, since these territories were occupied by them in not so distant historical times. The latest “experience” of Caucasians does not affect the history of the original settlement of peoples. The history of the settlement of humanity in general took place long before the American conquests of the Caucasians and without taking them into account.

Secondly, like the two previous races in the description, the territory of distribution of Caucasoids (from this point onwards, by “territory of distribution of Caucasians” we will understand only its Eurasian part and the northern part of Africa) is also clearly marked by the area of ​​their settlement. However, unlike the Negroid and Australoid races, the Caucasian race has achieved the highest flowering of culture, science, art, etc. among existing races. The Stone Age within the habitat of the Caucasian race was completed in the vast majority of areas between 30 and 40 thousand years BC. All modern scientific achievements of the most advanced nature were accomplished by the Caucasian race. One can, of course, mention and argue with this statement, referring to the achievements of China, Japan and Korea, but let’s be honest, all their achievements are purely secondary and use, we must give credit, successfully, but still use the primary achievements of Caucasians.

Mongoloid races are settled exclusively in a limited area, located entirely in the northeast and east of Eurasia and on both American continents. Among the Mongoloid race, as well as among the Negroid and Australoid races, Stone Age cultures are still found to this day.
3. On the application of Organism laws

The first thing that catches the eye of an inquisitive researcher looking at a map of the distribution of races is that the distribution areas of the races do not intersect each other in such a way that this concerns any noticeable territories. And, although at mutual borders the contacting races produce a product of their intersection, called “transitional races,” the formation of such mixtures is classified by time and is purely secondary and much later than the formation of the ancient races themselves.

In large part, this process of mutual penetration of ancient races resembles diffusion in the physics of materials. We apply the laws of Organism to the description of races and peoples, which are more unified and give us the right and opportunity to operate with the same ease and accuracy, both materials and peoples, and races. Therefore, the mutual penetration of peoples - the diffusion of peoples and races - is completely subject to Law 3.8. (numbering of laws, as is customary in) Organisms, which says: “Everything moves.”

Namely, not a single race (now we will not talk about the originality of one or the other) under any circumstances will remain motionless in any “frozen” state. We will not be able, following this law, to find at least one race or people that would arise in a certain territory at the moment of “minus infinity” and would remain within this territory until “plus infinity”.

And from this it follows that it is possible to develop laws of movement of populations of organisms (peoples).
4. Laws of movement of populations of organisms
Any people, any race, as, incidentally, not only real, but also mythical (vanished civilizations), always has a point of its origin that is different from the one under consideration and as earlier;
Any nation, any race is represented not by the absolute values ​​of its numbers and its certain area, but by a system (matrix) of n-dimensional vectors describing:
directions of settlement on the Earth's surface (two dimensions);
time intervals of such settlement (one dimension);
…n. values ​​of mass transfer of information about the people (one complex dimension; this includes, as well as numerical strength, as well as national, cultural, educational, religious and other parameters).
5. Interesting observations

From the first law of population movement and taking into account a careful examination of the map of modern distribution of races, we can deduce the following observations.

Firstly, even at present historical times, all four ancient races are extremely isolated in their areas of distribution. Let us recall that we do not consider hereinafter the colonization of the Americas by Negroids, Caucasians and Mongoloids. These four races have the so-called cores of their ranges, which in no case coincide, that is, none of the races in the center of their range coincides with the similar parameters of any other race.

Secondly, the central “points” (areas) of ancient racial regions even today remain quite “pure” in composition. Moreover, mixing of races occurs exclusively at the borders of neighboring races. Never - by mixing races that were not historically located in the same neighborhood. That is, we do not observe any mixtures of the Mongoloid and Negroid races, since between them is the Caucasoid race, which, in turn, mixes with both the Negroids and the Mongoloids precisely in the places of contact with them.

Thirdly, if the central points of settlement of races are determined by a simple geometric calculation, then it turns out that these points are located at the same distance from each other, equal to 6000 (plus or minus 500) kilometers:

Negroid point - 5° S, 20° E;

Caucasoid point – p. Batumi, the easternmost point of the Black Sea (41°N, 42°E);

Mongoloid point – ss. Aldan and Tomkot in the upper reaches of the Aldan River, a tributary of the Lena (58° N, 126° E);

Australoid point - 5° S, 122° E.

Moreover, the points of the central areas of settlement of the Mongoloid race on both American continents are also equidistant (and at approximately the same distance).

An interesting fact: if all four central points of settlement of races, as well as three points located in South, Central and North America, are connected, you will get a line resembling the bucket of the Ursa Major constellation, but inverted relative to its current position.
6. Conclusions

An assessment of the distribution areas of races allows us to draw a number of conclusions and assumptions.
6.1. Conclusion 1:

Does not seem legal or justified possible theory, suggesting the birth and settlement of modern races from one common point.

We are currently observing precisely the process that leads to the mutual homogenization of races. Like, for example, the experiment with water, when in cold water pour in some hot water. We understand that after some finite and quite calculated time, hot water will mix with cold water, and temperature averaging will occur. After which the water, in general, will become somewhat warmer than the cold water before mixing, and somewhat colder than the hot water before mixing.

The situation is the same now with the four old races - we are currently observing precisely the process of their mixing, when the races mutually penetrate each other, like cold and hot water, forming mestizo races in the places of their contact.

If the four races had formed from one center, then we would not now be observing mixing. Because in order for four to be formed from one entity, a process of separation and mutual dispersion, isolation, and accumulation of differences must occur. And the mutual crossbreeding that is now happening serves as clear evidence reverse process– mutual diffusion of four races. The inflection point that would separate the earlier process of separation of races from the later process of their mixing has not yet been found. Convincing evidence of the objective existence of some moment in history from which the process of separation of races would be replaced by their unification has not been found. Therefore, the process of historical mixing of races should be considered a completely objective and normal process.

This means that initially the four ancient races had to be inevitably divided and isolated from each other. We will leave the question of the force that could take over such a process open for now.

This assumption of ours is convincingly confirmed by the race distribution map itself. As we previously revealed, there are four conventional points of initial settlement of the four ancient races. These points, by strange chance, are located in a sequence that has a clearly defined series of patterns:

firstly, each border of mutual contact of races serves as a division of only two races and nowhere as a division of three or four;

secondly, the distances between such points, by a strange coincidence, are almost the same and equal to about 6000 kilometers.

The processes of development of territorial spaces by races can be compared to the formation of a pattern on frosty glass - from one point the pattern spreads in different directions.

Obviously, the races, each in its own way, but the general type of settlement of the races was quite the same - from the so-called point of distribution of each race, it spread in different directions, gradually developing new territories. After quite an estimated time, the races sown 6000 kilometers from each other met at the boundaries of their ranges. Thus began the process of their mixing and the emergence of various mestizo races.

The process of building and expanding the areas of races fully falls within the definition of the concept of “organismic center of organization” when there are patterns that describe such a distribution of races.

The natural and most objective conclusion suggests itself about the existence of four separate centers of origin of four different – ​​ancient – ​​races, located at an equal distance from each other. Moreover, the distances and points of “seeding” of the races were chosen in such a way that if we tried to repeat such “seeding”, we would end up with the same option. Consequently, the Earth was inhabited by someone or something from 4 different areas of our Galaxy or our Universe....
6.2. Conclusion 2:

Perhaps the original placement of races was artificial.

A number of random coincidences in distances and equidistance between races leads us to believe that this was not accidental. Law 3.10. Organisms says: ordered chaos acquires intelligence. It is interesting to trace the work of this law in the reverse cause-and-effect direction. The expression 1+1=2 and the expression 2=1+1 are equally true. And, therefore, the cause-and-effect relationship in their members works in both directions equally.

By analogy with this, law 3.10. we can reformulate this way: (3.10.-1) intelligence is an acquisition due to the ordering of chaos. The circumstance when out of three segments connecting four seemingly random points, all three segments are equal to the same value cannot be called anything other than a manifestation of intelligence. To ensure that the distances match, you need to measure them accordingly.

In addition, and this circumstance is no less interesting and mysterious, the “miraculous” distance we identified between the points of origin of races is, for some strange and inexplicable reason, equal to the radius of planet Earth. Why?

By connecting the four points of sowing races and the center of the Earth (and they are all located at the same distance), we get a quadrangular equilateral pyramid, with its apex directed towards the center of the Earth.

Why? Where do clear geometric shapes come from in a seemingly chaotic world?
6.3. Conclusion 3:

About the initial maximum isolation of races.

Let's begin our consideration of the mutually pairwise settlement of races with the Negroid-Caucasian pair. Firstly, Negroids no longer come into contact with any other race. Secondly, between the Negroids and Caucasians lies the region of central Africa, which is characterized by an abundant spread of lifeless deserts. That is, initially the arrangement of Negroids relative to Caucasians ensured that these two races would have the least amount of contact with each other. There is some intent here. And also an additional argument against the theory of monogenism - at least in terms of the Negroid-Caucasian couple.

Similar features also exist in the Caucasoid-Mongoloid pair. The same distance between the conditional centers of race formation is 6000 kilometers. The same natural barrier to the mutual penetration of races is the extremely frosty northern regions and the Mongolian deserts.

The Mongoloid-Australoid pair also provides for maximum use of terrain conditions, preventing the mutual penetration of these races, which are approximately the same 6,000 kilometers apart.

Only in last decades With the development of means of transport and communications, the mutual penetration of races became not only possible, but also became widespread.

Naturally, in the course of our research these conclusions may be revised.
Final conclusion:

It can be seen that there were four race seeding points. They are equidistant both from each other and from the center of planet Earth. Races have only mutual-pair contacts. The process of mixing races is a process of the last two centuries, before which the races were isolated. If there was an intention in the original settlement of races, then it was this: to settle the races so that they would be as for a long time did not come into contact with each other.

This was probably an experiment to solve the problem of which race would best adapt to earthly conditions. And also, which race will be more progressive in its development....

Source - razrusitelmifov.ucoz.ru

Raceogenesis - process of origin and development human races ov groups within the biological species Homo sapiens. Findings of skulls of Late Paleolithic people indicate that the main features of the main racial divisions of humanity that currently exist were already expressed quite clearly in the Late Paleolithic era, although, apparently, still less than at present. They more or less exactly coincided with the boundaries of the continents. Race is a biological concept and has no social or psychological meaning.

Factors of race formation :

Climatic
Geographic isolation is a natural or artificially created isolation of population areas that prevents free crossing and usually leads to the formation of a new species or its death.
Miscegenation is the physical mixing (sexual intercourse with the subsequent appearance of genetically mixed offspring) of different populations of people belonging to both close and different, especially distant, ethnic groups and races.

Theories :
1) Polycentrism- Each race has its own center. The theory was put forward in 1938 by F. Weidenreich. The hypothesis of parallel evolution of paleoanthropes (or even archanthropes) to neoanthropes on different continents of the Old World. Modern large races of humans are derived from different types of paleoanthropes (or even archanthropes). Contradicts some modern provisions of the theory of animal evolution. Extreme versions of the hypothesis are refuted by the unity of the gene pool of humanity and archaeological data, which generally confirm monocentrism with the very likely partial assimilation of Neanderthals.
2) Monocentrism- the doctrine of the origin of modern man (Homo sapiens, neoanthrope), who had not yet differentiated into races from one region of the globe from one form of ancient man. Many Soviet anthropologists took a position of monocentrism. The Soviet scientist Ya. Ya. Roginsky expanded the concept of monocentrism and introduced new concepts - broad monocentrism, or dicentrism, according to which the area of ​​origin of the neoanthrope was relatively large (extending beyond Africa). A complex of modern studies confirms the narrow monocentrism of human African origin.

Classification of races :

The Caucasoid race was formed primarily in Europe. The most characteristic feature of the Caucasian race - a protruding nose - can be explained by the relatively harsh climate of Europe at the end of the Quaternary period, when it was necessary to protect the human body from hypothermia. The strong protrusion of the nasal cavity lengthened the path of air to the respiratory tract and contributed to its warming. Caucasian hair is straight or wavy, usually soft (especially in northern groups). The brow ridges are often large, the eye opening is always wide, although the palpebral fissure may be small, the nose is usually large and protrudes sharply, the bridge of the nose is high, the thickness of the lips is small or medium, the growth of the beard and mustache is strong. The hand and foot are wide. Skin, hair and eye color varies from very light shades in northern groups to very dark in southern and eastern populations.
Mongoloid (Asian-American) race - in Asia. The Mongoloid race developed in areas with a hot but dry continental climate in semi-desert and steppe landscapes, where the wind drives clouds of sand. As a result, the face of representatives of the Mongoloid race is covered with a layer of fat that is significantly greater than the layer of fat on the face of representatives of other races. The eyes are characterized by a narrow cut and the presence of a special fold in the inner corner of the eye - the epicanthus. Representatives have black, coarse, straight hair; dark eyes; dark, often yellowish skin; poor development of tertiary hairline; strong protrusion of cheekbones; flattened face.
Negroid (African) race. Representatives of the Negroid race inhabited Africa and Australia. The habitat of Negroids is characterized by high temperature and high humidity, which could lead to the appearance of dark skin, curly hair, a wide nose, and thick lips. Thus, the dark color of the skin is explained by the presence in the outer layers of the skin of a greater amount of melanin than in other races, a pigment that protects the skin from burns. Curly hair creates an air layer around the head that protects against overheating. A wide nose with large nostrils and thick lips with an extensive surface of the mucous membrane increase heat transfer, as do a larger number of sweat glands per unit of body surface. The high height and elongated shape of the skull also helps protect against overheating.

The identification of large branches within large races dates back to the Mesolithic era. Within the Caucasoid race there are northern and southern branches, within the Mongoloid race - Asian and American, the Negroid trunk is divided into African and Australian. The formation of mixed-race types in mixed zones dates back to this time. The overwhelming majority of modern racial types have been formed over the last two to three millennia.

The emergence of modern racial complexes

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Man at the present stage is represented by one species - Homo sapiens. However, this species is heterogeneous and consists of many small transitional biological groups - races. The difference between races is expressed by morphological characteristics: hair type and color, skin color, eye shape, shape of the nose, lips, face and head, proportions of the body and limbs. Scientists distinguish four main races - Negroid, Australoid, Caucasoid and Mongoloid. Sometimes the first two are combined into Australo-Negroid.

Races of people

The Australian-Negroid race is characterized by dark skin color, curly or wavy hair, a wide and slightly protruding nose, thick lips and dark eyes. This race is stationed in Africa, Australia and the Pacific Islands.

The Caucasian race has light, although sometimes dark, skin, straight or wavy hair, well-developed facial hair in men, a narrow protruding nose, and thin lips. Its representatives are settled in Europe, North Africa, Western Asia and Northern India.

The Mongoloid race has dark or light skin, straight, often coarse hair, a flattened face with prominent cheekbones, medium-width lips and nose, and a characteristic eye shape. Inhabits the entire territory of Asia and the territory of both Americas.

How did such a striking diversity of the human race come about, so clearly different in appearance? Among experts, there are two theories of the origin of human races - the theory of monocentrism and polycentrism.

Theory of monocentrism

The theory of monocentrism recognizes the common origin of all races, their emergence from a common ancestor. Apparently, the formation of races began 80 - 40 thousand years ago and was associated with the settlement of people around the planet. This is where the clarity ends and the realm of speculation begins. In ancient times, small groups that settled over vast territories found themselves in a certain isolation. The originality of these groups could quickly reach the taxonomic level of large races due to purely biological processes- genetic drift, founder effect and the like. Racial characteristics arose under the direct influence of the environment and were adaptive in nature. For example, the Mongoloid race was formed in a steppe climate with bright sun and constant winds carrying dust and sand. In such conditions, an individual with an oblique and narrow eye shape will have an advantage, which will prevent their injury and excess sunlight. However, the stability of such groups over time will be low due to the small number of their representatives.

Or another option. Perhaps the emergence of modern races with a huge range and numbers was associated with the appearance in some of the small populations of significant advantages, not of a biological, but of a social nature. Maybe - more developed agriculture or cattle breeding, or the presence of metallurgy, or at least some kind of state, the presence of some kind of army... These groups displaced and exterminated small isolated populations with a primitive type of organization. Signs of an advanced population quickly spread in space and numbers, ultimately creating the modern racial picture.

But here, too, not everything is so smooth. Among modern races there are those about which it cannot be said that they have the above advantages, however, they are quite homogeneous. An example would be the Australoid race. Before the first Caucasians appeared on the continent, the aborigines of Australia had the most primitive culture on the planet, but this did not prevent them from being one of the most homogeneous races. Until now, no one has been able to clearly and distinctly identify any variants from the Australoid race.

If we accept on faith the single African origin of sapiens, then the process of race formation should begin with the dispersal and isolation of various groups. Then how can one explain that skulls belonging to different races are found in one place? Of course, there was intermarriage and individual variability, but then how did significant racial differences between groups persist? The reasons for racial stability are also unclear. It is clear that the aborigines of Australia, who were in natural isolation for 42 - 48 thousand years, retained their racial appearance. But what can be said about the same stability of racial characteristics among the populations of Central China and Egypt? It has been preserved since Neolithic times (about five thousand years), although it is reliably known that significant population movements, foreign conquests, and sharp changes in population took place here. In a word, there are a lot of questions, the answers to which cannot yet be put together into a general scheme.

Polycentrism theory

The theory of polycentrism speaks of the emergence of races independently of each other, from different ancestors and in different places. One gets the feeling that the very existence of such an assumption causes sharp rejection and irritation on the part of official science. But they themselves admit that there are no facts that reliably speak in favor of monocentrism. So why not expand the scope of the search for truth? Maybe because the idea of ​​the independent appearance of four races in different geographical centers (on different ancient continents), separated (as if on purpose) by natural barriers (the lifeless deserts of Africa, Mongolia, Asia, mountain ranges and the ocean) suggests a certain artificiality of such an appearance ?

That perhaps such separate appearances and isolation, making contacts impossible until a certain time, had some purpose? Well, something like not putting all your eggs in one basket. In each individual territory, a person appeared, so to speak, of the most optimal option, with the necessary for survival in precisely such natural conditions, with the initially necessary properties reflected in his appearance. Mixing different races became possible when humanity reached such a level of development that it was able to overcome the barriers that separated them.

Theories of the origin of races. And what does the Bible say about this?

But why, why and who might need it? However, the questions are rhetorical. Although in their emergence, as well as in the theory of polycentrism itself, there is nothing heretical in relation to official science. If you remember, for a long time the Earth was flat and swam on a turtle in the Ocean or stood on three elephants, but now it is no longer surprising or indignant that it is spherical and that it somehow hangs there in the void.

No, we do not advocate the creation of races by an unknown person for an unknown purpose, it just seems to us that we need to look in different directions. Science is most often driven by those who are capable of extravagant, at first glance, hypotheses...

However, the latest data from molecular biology seem to speak in favor of the theory of monocentrism. According to the results obtained during the study of DNA of representatives of different races, the first division of a single African branch into Australonegroid and Caucasoid-Mongoloid occurred 100 - 40 thousand years ago. The second stage was the division of the Caucasoid-Mongoloid branch into the western (Caucasoids) and eastern (Mongoloids). With the further improvement of scientific analysis methods, the likelihood of finally getting an answer to why we are so different increases.

The emergence of human races

Specialists in hominid evolution believe that during anthropogenesis the intensity of biological evolution decreased (the phenomenon of self-elimination of natural selection). However, it is very likely that among our ancestors, who already belonged to modern humans, natural selection still retained a certain significance until the late Paleolithic. It was during the Late Paleolithic era, when our ancestors intensively settled across the continents (in accordance with the monocentrism hypothesis), that during the selection process many racial characteristics characteristic of the equatorial, Caucasian and Mongoloid races were formed.

It is assumed that the characteristic racial characteristics of ancient Negroid and Australoid populations developed in Africa and South Asia under conditions of a hot and humid climate and pronounced insolation. Many traits of the equatorial races could have had adaptive significance. Anthropologists point to intensely pigmented skin with a lot of melanin, black hair and dark eyes, and curly hair. Perhaps the transverse, wide-open nasal openings of the wide nose and the strong development of the lip mucosa in most Negroids and Australoids had adaptive significance.

Of the racial characteristics characteristic of Caucasians, the action of selection can explain the depigmentation of the skin, hair and irises. In northern Europe, those with recessive mutations of genes that determine these traits had the greatest chance of survival and reproduction. This was facilitated by the conditions of the Ice Age and post-glacial time, with a predominance of a cool or even cold, humid climate with significant cloudiness and reduced insolation. Among the northern continental Mongoloids of Siberia there is also some tendency towards depigmentation of hair, eyes and especially skin.

If the Australoid races were probably formed in the tropics of Southeast Asia, the Negroid races - in a similar zone of Africa, and the Caucasoid races - in the temperate climatic zone of the Mediterranean, Eastern Europe and Western Asia, then the region of origin of the Mongoloid races should be sought in the semi-desert and steppe regions of Central Asia , where, since the end of the Ice Age, a sharply continental dry climate dominated with large daily and seasonal temperature fluctuations, strong winds, often turning into real dust storms, during which masses of sand were transported, irritating and blinding the eyes. The narrow shape of the eyes of the Mongoloids, the strong development of the fold of the upper eyelid and epicanthus served as protection against these harmful factors.

The decline in the role of natural selection in human evolution began, as expected, back in the era of the primitive communal system, probably during the transition from the Paleolithic to the Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age), i.e. 16-12 thousand years before the present day. The cultural environment created as a result of collective labor by our ancestors reduced the need for bodily adaptation in the process of raceogenesis. The combination of specific conditions of different regions in the process of raceogenesis determined the specifics of the action of natural selection. The main characteristics of Australians developed during the stage of their ancestors in Southeast Asia, and when they moved to Australia they changed only slightly.

When the equatorial populations settled in southern Africa (Kalahari Desert), a unique Bushman (South African) race developed, combining the characteristics of Negroids and some Mongoloid features (yellowish skin tone, developed fold of the upper eyelid, epicanthus, low nose bridge). Perhaps here, in conditions similar to those in Central Asia, natural selection contributed to some favorable mutations.

America was populated at about the same time as Australia, mainly by ancient Mongoloids from Northeast Asia, who had not yet developed many of the characteristic features of these races (narrow eye shape, epicanthus, low nose bridge). When ancient people settled various climatic zones of America, biological adaptation apparently no longer played a significant role, so such sharp racial differences did not arise here as in Eurasia and Africa. Although some groups of Indians in California and the tropical zone of South America have a number of “equatorial” characteristics, such as dark skin, curly hair, a wide nose, thick lips, which indicates a certain result of the action of natural selection. According to N.N. Cheboksarov, the complex processes of race formation in the Late Paleolithic were not reduced to the action of natural selection. Based on a number of complex areal characteristics (blood groups, dental characteristics, skin patterns), it can be seen that humanity can be divided into two large groups populations: western and eastern. The first group includes African Negroids and Caucasians, the second group includes Mongoloids, including American Indians. The Australoid populations of Southeast Asia and Oceania occupy an intermediate position. Perhaps this phenomenon indicates the initial division of humanity into two branches - Western and Eastern. How can we explain what we observe? The process of sapientization, i.e.

the formation of modern humans must have preceded race formation, which was accompanied by the involvement of ancient pre-sapient human populations. Groups of ancient sapiens, which later formed the basis of large races of humanity, inherited many of the neutral features of more ancient hominids. Supporters of this view of protohistory (see: Polycentrism) identify on the geographical map at least two centers for the formation of races (for Negroids and Caucasians and for Mongoloids).

Factors of race formation. The long-term impact of external natural conditions on humans, which lasted for thousands of years, in conditions of underdeveloped forms of labor and society in the Upper Paleolithic (40-30 thousand years ago), could not but cause biological reactions of the body associated with its anatomical changes. At the same time, changes in the parts of the body bordering with the environment were hereditarily fixed. These changes were adaptive and formed the core of racial characteristics. In consolidating the signs important role natural selection had to play.

Modern man has not completely freed himself from the direct influence of the external environment, despite its active development. For medicine important issue is the impact on the human body of rapid changes in environmental conditions, therefore great importance is attached to acclimatization and regional pathology associated with endemic (local) diseases.

In the early stages of the existence of Homo sapiens, the development of racial characteristics and their consolidation occurred under the combined action of selection, isolation and miscegenation. In the future, the importance of selection decreased, racial formation occurred less dependent on the environment, being increasingly determined by socio-economic factors.

Isolation and miscegenation in their interaction became significant factors in the formation of race in humans. These are specifically human factors of race formation in the conditions of social development.

In the early stages, individual consanguineous groups were few in number and had little contact with each other. At this stage, racial characteristics could be genetically fixed in isolated endogamous genera.

In a long-isolated ethnic group, due to genetic drift, characteristics may develop that differ from neighboring groups. Thus, in isolates of highlanders, differences arose in eye color and in the concentration of blood groups. The racial types of Eskimos, Fuegians, and Bushmen appeared in conditions of isolation.

The numerical increase in clan groups and tribes, their settlement over a larger territory led to the expansion of the areolas of racial types. With the development of society, isolation between clan and tribal groups decreased and mixing between them increased. Mixing of races led to the formation of new races, and on the other hand, to the gradual smoothing out of racial differences. In the case of isolation of a mixed racial group, the characteristics of the racial type were reinforced.

The further development of mankind, which led to the formation of peoples, and then nations, and the ever-increasing communication within these formations and between them led to even greater mixing, no longer between individual ethnic groups, but on a broader scale. Under these conditions, the factor of miscegenation ceases to play a race-forming role. It leads to the leveling of racial types. The formation of nations and large multinational states leads to a very large racial mixing of humanity. Future humanity will be less and less racially diverse and will become more homogeneous in physical type.

A special problem is the study of the significance of sexual selection in the emergence of racial differences. Charles Darwin gave the following arguments in favor of the theory of the dominant significance of sexual selection in raceogenesis. Racial characteristics could not be created by natural selection due to their uselessness. On the other hand, racial characteristics are features of a person’s appearance that attract attention. The standard of beauty among backward peoples is their own anthropological type. The most energetic and strong men of the tribe, according to Charles Darwin, by selecting the most beautiful women as wives, formed the type of tribe. Aside from his attention remains the question of the reasons for the emergence of racial characteristics, which, in the process of sexual selection, stabilized in the anthropological type.

Finally, it is impossible to transfer the neutrality of racial characteristics in modern humans to the Late Paleolithic, when they had adaptive significance. Sexual selection could only strengthen traits that arose earlier. Finally, the group form of marriage in the primitive communal system could interfere with sexual selection.

Ideal figure - how to get it

The exit of Donina is definitely not dated, geneticists are still calling for a date of 80 thousand years ago, paleoanthropological and archaeological data talk about the reliable appearance of sapiens beyond the borders of Africa until just before the hour of 45 thousand years ago. a little earlier. In any event, all non-African races would be found guilty for about five tens of thousands of deaths. The problem, however, is that the existing non-African sapiens are already noticeably different and will not always be similar to Negroids. Perhaps, due to the inheritance of racial-formative processes, which came from 80 to 45 thousand years ago - in the interim, hypothetically transferred, rather than grounded with real finds. Thus, the Monocentric appearance of the species does not allow a strict delineation of the appearance of races until later than the Upper Paleolithic, since the population spread, perhaps, until the beginning.

In another way, the later addition of races can be grounded, resulting from the discovery of the population intelligence of races. A well-known origin, a race is a population or (more often) a group of a population that has a long history of origin in the singing area and is disrupted by a set of biological declines of signs (or simply - a gene ethical integrity). From this you can create a new breed that today is so called “great” races - the populations simply multiplied greatly, which were spared with the place of life - climate, resources, resources (not my idea).

At the Gliby, the Davnini, if the process was transplanted, the small number of small groups could have convexly reached (I wanted it, through the genetic-automatic process, the type of genetic drift I to the alignment of the altitude) to the Taxonic Rivnya "of the great" races. However, the chronological stability of such races is small due to their small numbers. And these very different races could be silent in the surrounding territories. If we find such disparities in skulls, we perceive this as “Upper Paleolithic craniological polymorphism.” The addition of current “great” races, which have a great range and numbers, may be associated with the subtraction of certain obvious advantages from the first fractional populations. Such advances are unlikely to be biological; rather, they are to blame for being social and technological.

The first and most obvious thing that comes to mind is the emergence of a vegetable dominion, agriculture, animal husbandry, a centralized state with a seemingly organized army, probably metallurgy, living near the great long-lived settlements of the region, villages and villages.

And all these “reaches of civilization” appear to be lost in the Holocene. Groups that rejected overinsurance were able to successfully overcome and overcome many different populations with a primitive type of organization that we know from history. The number of races was quickly felt, and the racial signs of the “stuck” populations quickly expanded in the vastness and numbers, creating a current racial picture. This scenario is explained by the later - Holocene - addition of races and appears to be reliable, but not ALE. The difficulty lies in the fact that among the current races there is a significant racial homogeneity that has developed without any overindulgence at the “peaks of civilization.”

Of course, in the first place there are Australian aborigines. Before contact with the Europeans, they were the most primitive culture on the planet (due to the conflicting Tasmanians) and were at the same time one of the most homogeneous races. The best thing to say about their homogeneity is the fact that until now no one has been able to clearly and objectively see all the different variants in the Australian race. Descriptions of the Murray and Carpentarian types, however, when their reality is known, differ from each other very weakly; However, the third - barrenoid - type has more obvious specificity; however, it is practically impossible to draw a geographic distinction between these types. The great racial homogeneity of the Australian aborigines, miraculously, was ensured, in addition to the presence of sharp geographical barriers, just by the low level of social stratification.

The aborigines did not have tribes in any known sense. The love connections were interconnected by nearby vessels, and in general the system of love contacts covered virtually the entire continent, smoothing out racial differences.

Hypotheses of the origin of races. (Monophyly, polycintrism and dicintrism).

Barriers between groups were actually less linguistic, and yet no one on the planet was concerned with the way they laid love (I don’t want to say that the Aborigines did not establish themselves among their own groups, except that they did not have tribes, castes, rich and poor , "higher" and "lower").

Other examples of a wide range of racially homogeneous populations, which may represent a low level of civilization, can serve as the Bushmen and Hottentots of Western Africa, the Melanesians, as well as the Indians of both Americas. Of course, it can be noted that in Australia and Africa there are no significant geographical barriers, isolation could hardly be tolerated, people came to America quite recently and therefore racial differentiation has gone far, and the Melanesians, somehow, They sat down to the ranks of the virtual dominion. However, there is a butt of the worst kind. In India, the high ancient culture and civilization of today have absorbed a wide range of racial variants as a result of a single caste-based isolation. There are a variety of geographical differences (moreover, between one populated area!) and potentially equal sociocultural equals of races that have thousands of fates in practically complete isolation. Thus, the assumption about the connections between the current racial picture and the sociocultural, royal and civilizational aspects of demography, at a minimum, faces a lot of difficulties and faults.

ORIGIN OF RACES
(alternative history: comparison of scientific and esoteric versions)
Novikov L.B., Apatity, 2010

The origin of races is one of the most difficult questions of modern history. More recently, humanity was divided into four large races: Negroid, Caucasoid, Mongoloid and Australoid. Later, only three main races began to be distinguished, which were called “large” - Negroid, Caucasoid and Mongoloid - through the mixing of which (crossbreeding) transitional forms were formed. Classical anthropology has suggested that American Indians were part of the large Mongoloid race, which later received genetic confirmation.
Anthropologists believe that the division of people into races concerns only one type of people - Homo sapiens. The races themselves are characterized by common hereditary characteristics associated with a unity of origin.
All people living today belong to one species - Homo sapiens; any marriages within this species produce fertile offspring. People within the same race share most of their genes. They have characteristics and therefore genes common to all or almost all members of the same race; individuals of other races do not have them. The number of such signs is small. One of them, for example, a vertical fold of the upper eyelid, is found among Mongoloids. Other characteristics, such as skin color, are determined only by the degree of gene activity. The third group of characteristics is also detected in representatives of all races; it is distinguished by diversity in the structure of genes (gene polymorphism), which is externally manifested by variability in height, body proportions and physiological characteristics of representatives of different races.
It is believed that races were formed as a result of the selection of individuals with similar characteristics under the influence of adaptation mechanisms to certain conditions environment. The formation of different races took place under different conditions. For effective raceogenesis, a necessary condition was their significant reproductive isolation from each other. It is believed that such a dividing factor could be a glacier, which contributed to the isolation of Caucasians, Mongoloids and Negroids in different parts Sveta. But, since all modern people belong to the same species (Homo sapiens), and mixed marriages between them produce fertile offspring without genetic negative consequences, therefore the birth of modern man, as historians believe, took place in the same territory.
Most modern primates have dark skin pigmentation, and they are distributed in the same way as humans - on almost all continents except Europe. From observations of skin color in monkeys, modern scientists conclude that “the populations of ancient man also consisted of dark-skinned individuals, especially considering that the first people arose in Africa.” The relationship between the geographic localization of a human population and the skin pigmentation of its members is not currently confirmed in two cases - for Eskimos* and African pygmies**. Both populations, especially the latter, consist of dark-skinned individuals, although they live in conditions of low UV radiation (Eskimos in arctic latitudes, and pygmies - under the canopy of a tropical rainforest), and therefore, according to all scientific conclusions, they should have lightened, but nothing do not brighten up, undermining the authority of modern evolutionary anthropology.

*Eskimos (Inuit) are a group of peoples in Alaska (in the USA - 38 thousand people), northern Canada (28 thousand people), the island of Greenland (Greenlanders, 47 thousand people) and in Russia (Magadan region and Wrangel Island, 1 ,7 thousand people by 1992-1995).
**Pygmies (Pachaeas, Cubitals) are a group of peoples in Central Africa with a total number of about 390 thousand people (as of 1995). Many pygmies maintain a nomadic lifestyle, archaic structure and traditional beliefs. In Greek mythology, they are represented by a tribe of dwarfs who lived south of Egypt and were closely associated with the cult of the fertility god Nile.

According to the accepted point of view, the first primates appeared in the Cretaceous period, just over 70 million years ago, during the reign of dinosaurs. Dryopithecus is considered the common ancestor of both humans and modern apes - chimpanzees and gorillas. Dryopithecus lived in East Africa approximately 24-22 million years ago, and about 9-12 million years BC. V Western Europe Darwin's Dryopithecus appeared. Australopithecus is the first humanoid creature after Dryopithecus; its early individuals lived from 4-5 to 1 million years ago. Homo habilis (handy man) appeared around 2.6-3 million years BC. Homo Erectus (homo erectus) is even younger, settled in Africa 1.9 million years ago, and in Europe between 1 million and 500 thousand years BC. Pithecanthropus supposedly lived from 1.7 million to 500 thousand years ago. The existence of Neanderthals is estimated no earlier than 200 thousand years, and Cro-Magnons - no earlier than 40 thousand years BC. It is assumed that the first racial differences among people could have appeared no earlier than 100 thousand years BC, i.e. even before the appearance of the Cro-Magnons, but not earlier than the Neanderthals.
Caucasians, i.e. those whom we call the white man, or Aryan, were identified at the boundary of the Pleistocene and Holocene, i.e. about 12,000 years ago, when serious climate changes occurred on the planet, which were reflected in the mythology of different peoples as the World sweat. And when the ancestors of modern European peoples began to populate the territory of modern Europe, about 5,000 years ago, they met the Cro-Magnon giants who lived in the wilderness.
According to K. Kolontaev, the appearance of the Aryan race occurred even earlier, at the end of the Ice Age (30-20 thousand years BC), on the territory of the so-called Arctida, which was glacial plains covered with soil from river sediments, and occupied most of the Arctic Ocean floor from Norway to Chukotka. This territory was then land covered with ice and belonged to the Eurasian continent. On these soils there were giant tundra-type pastures, on which herds of mammoths, deer, musk oxen, and woolly rhinoceroses grazed, which contributed to the development of hunting tribes. Their traces were found far beyond the Arctic Circle - on the Spitsbergen archipelago and about. Wrangel. It was here that the formation of a linguistic and racial Aryan community began among the hunting tribes. Information about polar nights, northern lights and the north in general is constantly found in ancient Greek, ancient Indian and Celtic mythologies.
As V.N. writes Demin, Russian oceanographers and paleontologists found that in the 30-15th millennium BC. The Arctic climate was quite mild, and the Arctic Ocean was warm, despite the presence of glaciers on the continent. American and Canadian scientists came to approximately the same conclusions, believing that during the Wisconsin glaciation in the center of the Arctic Ocean there was a temperate climate zone favorable for flora and fauna that could not exist in the circumpolar and polar territories of North America.
The anthropological appearance of the Caucasians was not similar to the massive and “rough” Cro-Magnons*, who carried the traits of Mongoloid and Negroid. Most likely, A. Belov believes, Caucasians appeared on Earth later than the Cro-Magnons and their descendants. This allowed the author to assume that Caucasians are the youngest race on Earth.

*Cro-Magnons, who unexpectedly populated Europe about 40,000 years ago, were not like the Neanderthals and carried a touch of “hidden Negroid”, elements of Mongoloid and Australoid. According to A. Belov, most likely, the three large races - Negroids, Mongoloids and Australoids - descend from a common ancestor, and this ancestor could have been an Upper Paleolithic man - the Cro-Magnon.
Other authors believe that the ancestors of the Cro-Magnons - the “proto-Cro-Magnons” - penetrated the Middle East and Southern Europe during the last glaciation, about 100 thousand years ago. Currently, they are classified as fossil humans of the modern species (neoanthropes) of the late Paleolithic era and as possible ancestors of the Caucasian race.
L.N. Gumilev directly points out that the Caucasoid anthropological race of the first order can be traced in Central Asia and Siberia from the Upper Paleolithic and genetically goes back to the Cro-Magnon type, being a special branch that developed in parallel with the races of Europe and the Middle East.

Another approach to studying the first racial differences among people is based on the analysis of ancient literary sources.
According to the Tale of Bygone Years, the division of people into races occurred in the post-Flood time. V.N. Demin, referring to this source, quotes: “After the flood, the three sons of Noah divided the earth, Shem, Ham, Japheth.” Subsequently, Japheth (Yaphet) became the ancestor of the bulk of European peoples, including the Slavic-Russian tribes.
It is known that in the Bible (book of Genesis, 10) the Cimmerians, Medes, Greeks and other peoples of non-Semitic origin descended from Japhet, while the Jews and other Semites were descended from another son of Noah - Shem, or, in extreme cases, from Ham, as hostile to Judas -yam Phoenicians. According to E.P. Blavatsky, Indo-Europeans also belong to the Japhethian race.
Be that as it may, in this case we are no longer talking about races, but about nations and peoples. A. Belov shares the same opinion, speaking on this matter as follows: “Very ancient indications have been preserved that the sons of Noah and their wives were the progenitors of three races of humanity... As for the three races, this, of course, is a very vague question.”
From the perspective of population genetics, if Noah and his wife were not mixed race, then they could only produce one racial type of people. If they or the wives of their sons were mestizos, then the division of people into races occurred even before Noah or during the time of Noah, but in any case, independently of him.
According to E.P. Blavatsky, Noah's triple offspring has always been a major difficulty in the study of ethnology. "In an attempt to reconcile the post-Flood races with a genealogical descent from Shem, Ham and Japheth, Christian orientalists set themselves a task that was impossible to achieve. The biblical Noah's Ark became the bed of Procrustes, to which they had to adapt everything. Therefore, attention was diverted from reliable sources of information concerning the origin of man, and a purely local allegory has been falsely accepted as an historical fact from an inspired source." And in general, “in the Old Testament,” as H. P. Blavatsky writes, “there is no true history, and the little historical information that can be collected there is found only in the imprudent revelations of the prophets.”

In the old days, the Indo-Aryans themselves divided people according to skin color into three groups: white-skinned, red-skinned and black-skinned. Obviously, this also expressed a certain worldview of the ancient Aryans. Although racial mixing was sometimes allowed, a person could lose his belonging to one caste or another. In a similar way, ancient tradition, as historians assess it, divides the descendants (!) of the Atlanteans into white-skins (Caucasians), red-skins (Phoenicians) and blacks (Ethiopians) and inhabitants of North Africa. Obviously, as A. Belov writes, these three groups of descendants of the Atlanteans were formed during cross-breeding with the local population of the Earth, and suggests that the Caucasians could have formed back in the antediluvian period, their origin could be associated with the legendary antediluvian civilizations: Atlantis and Hyperborea.
Moving on to esoteric philosophy, first of all it should be noted that historians do not confirm in any way the existence of Lemurians and Atlanteans, and esotericists categorically deny the origin of man from apes. This is the main difference between the historical and the esoteric view of the origin of man and the races.
E.P. Blavatsky insists that anthropoid apes appeared as a result of the “sinful” connection of the Atlanteans with animals, possibly with ancient primates. The ancient non-Aryan myth from the Ramayana about the creation of apes confirms the correctness of Blavatsky’s views. On the same occasion, E.I. Roerich writes: “The anthropoid species of monkeys originated, according to all ancient esoteric Teachings, from the copulation of man with female animals. Such a generation, having received a divine spark, still remained an animal.”
Today we can say that we do not know the genotype of the Atlanteans and therefore cannot even predict how much their genome coincided with the genome of ancient monkeys, and whether this crossing could have produced offspring, not to mention the fact that historians still deny the existence of the Atlanteans, believing that all spiritual heritage (including the doctrine of the gods and the Spirit, oral tales and myths about creation) was inherited by Stone Age man precisely from monkeys or some other type of hominid.
According to E.P. Blavatsky ("The Secret Doctrine", 1937, vol. 2, p. 495), "... the Aryans had already existed for 200,000 years when the first great Island or Continent [of the Atlanteans] was sunk..." If you pay attention on the age of the Aryan race itself, to which H. P. Blavatsky assigns 1 million years, then this period is in no way consistent with modern theories origin of man.
However, there are indications of archaeological evidence that man could be older than modern anthropology believes. So, L.V. Antonova writes: “There are quite a lot of little-known facts about amazing finds that science has never recognized.” To confirm the authenticity of his words, the author draws attention to archaeological finds in the Italian town of Savona, on the southern slope of the Alps. A skeleton was found near Savon that looked like a modern man. Geologists determined the age of the formation - approximately 3-4 million years, and archaeologists came to the conclusion that the skeleton, without a doubt, could be “contemporary with the strata in which it was discovered.” The position in which the skeleton was found indicated that the person could not have been buried, but most likely drowned and was thrown ashore near the rock. If, nevertheless, burial had taken place, then the upper and lower strata of the soil would have been mixed. And here archaeologists were faced with the fact that the upper layers and the lower layer of soil were clearly separated from each other. In addition, the cavities of human bones, both large and small, were filled with compacted Pliocene clay, which could only have happened if the clay, filling these cavities, was still in a semi-liquid state, and this could have been during the Pliocene (1 ,8-6 million years ago). By the time the skeleton was found, the clay was already dry and hard. The author gives several more such examples, from which it follows that in the territories of modern Italy and France there lived people whose age could be 3-4 million years. Moreover, a collection of mammal bones from Sansan was presented, which showed clear signs of artificial influence. The bones belonged to the Middle Miocene era (i.e. about 10-15 million years!). Thus, it became possible to believe that intelligent human beings could have lived on Earth much earlier than official science suggests. A Pliocene human skull was discovered in Cala Veras County, California, North America. The cranial cavities were filled with hardened sandy material, and this could only have happened when this material was in a semi-liquid state, which has not been the case since deposition upper layers gravel. Etc. In conclusion, L.V. Antonova writes: “The reluctance of scientists to admit the obvious leads to the fact that Charles Darwin’s evolutionary concept, despite its dubiousness, continues to exist” to this day. If the above facts are ever recognized, it will turn out that ape will no longer be considered a direct ancestor of man.
To be fair, it should be noted that an increasing number of modern scientists are moving away from traditional historical views and are embracing esotericism.
Thus, E. Muldashev, citing various sources, reports that some of the Atlanteans were yellow, some were black, some were brown and some were red. In the later stages of its existence, Atlantis was inhabited mainly by its yellow and black inhabitants, who fought among themselves. At first, the Atlanteans used agglutinative speech, which is now retained by some native tribes of South America. But later inflectional (highly developed) speech developed, which is the basis of modern languages. The inflectional speech of the Atlanteans served as the root basis for Sanskrit, which is now the secret language of the Initiates. The reason for the outbreak of wars among the Atlanteans was, according to E. Muldashev, the emergence of different languages ​​among them, which led to misunderstanding and distrust of each other. Their faith was also different. The later Atlanteans had a division of gods into solar gods (they were worshiped by the yellow-faced Atlanteans) and lunar gods, who were worshiped by the black-faced Atlanteans.
Atlanta, according to E.P. Blavatsky, "represented the fourth race of people mentioned in the Popol Vuh, whose vision was unlimited and who knew everything at once. It is possible that they were what we now call "natural mediums" who neither struggled nor suffered to acquire knowledge... Atlantean adepts from birth blindly followed the suggestions of the great and unknown "Dragon", King Tevetat... Tevetat neither studied nor acquired knowledge, but... knew without being initiated. Thus, under the influence of the evil suggestions of his demon The Tevetata race of Atlanteans became a nation of black magicians. As a result, war was declared... The clash ended with the plunging of Atlantis into the abyss of the ocean, which found its imitations in the stories of the Babylonians and the Flood of Moses..."
It is difficult to imagine that all the Atlanteans died in the flood, and the survivors gathered together and went single file to drown themselves in the ocean, following their brothers. Most likely, they tried to adapt to new climatic conditions, but were unable to and gradually degraded, turning into those people whom modern science calls Cro-Magnons. They inherited magic, most of the secrets of which they, however, lost. And modern people inherited from the Atlanteans the ability for mediumship.
Babylonian historian Berossus (c.350-280 BC), a priest-astrologer who wrote the history of Babylonia, including prehistoric times, relying on ancient sources that had already died then, divided the intelligent creatures inhabiting the Earth into three categories: giants, ordinary people and creatures who lived in the sea, who taught people arts and crafts. At first the giants were kind and glorious. But gradually they degenerated and began to oppress people. “Eating human flesh,” writes Berossus, “they expelled the fetuses of women to prepare food. They cohabited forniciously with their own mothers, sisters, daughters, boys, animals; they did not respect the gods and committed all sorts of lawlessness.” The gods, for their wickedness and malice, clouded their minds, and in the end they decided to destroy the wicked by sending flood waters onto the Earth. Everyone died except Noah [biblical Noah] and his family. From him came the new human race.
From the records of Berossus it becomes clear that the Atlanteans began to degrade even before the flood and the destruction of Atlantis, and people already existed during the time of their dominance.
In early Scandinavian mythology, giants (jotuns) were knowledgeable in the secrets of the universe, since, like the aesir (i.e., gods), they were involved in the time of its creation and constantly threatened the world of the gods, which is why they were forced to compete with them in wisdom , thereby confirming its superiority. This competition was difficult for the gods: after all, the very name “Jötun” meant “Strong in deception, entanglement.” Along with the giants and gods, there already existed people whom the gods protected from the encroachment of the Jotuns. Thus, Scandinavian mythology confirms the authenticity of Berossus’ statement.
Later, the giants began to be referred to as trolls who lived inside the mountains, where they kept their treasures. They turned into ugly creatures with huge physical strength and they were stupid. Unlike their predecessors (Jötuns), trolls, as a rule, harmed people, stole their livestock and were prone to cannibalism. In the later Germanic-Scandinavian tradition, trolls became associated with various demonic creatures, including gnomes [i.e. completely degenerated]. The same thing, by the way, happened with the Cro-Magnons.
The Atlantean race was preceded by the Lemurians - the third root race of people, who were divided into early and late. The early Lemurians were bisexual hermaphrodites, among whom some began to accumulate male characteristics, others - female ones, as a result of which the separation of the sexes occurred and sexual reproduction appeared. They had a "third eye"*, which performed the function spiritual vision. This eye could “see” in the range of waves of the subtle world, i.e. in the world of psychic energy. Gradually it went deep into the skull and turned into the pineal gland. The early Lemurians communicated with each other by transmitting thoughts (telepathy). Human memory, carried through millions of years, has preserved their unusual appearance in the form of images of the esoteric gods of India.

* The fact that the “third eye” is not an invention of esotericists is evidenced by data from natural science and biology. Thus, in New Zealand there lives an ancient species of lizards called tuataria. They retained several features from their distant ancestors, the cotylosaurs; one such sign is the presence of a third eye at the top of the skull. Hatteria looks like a lizard known in fossil form from the Triassic period (280-250 million years ago).

The late Lemurians, or Lemur-Atlanteans, were the most highly developed people. Their “third eye” went inside the skull, but did not stop functioning. Through the “third eye” they had a connection with the Universal Information Space of the Earth. They were a highly intelligent and intellectually developed race of people. Their skin color was yellow or red. They developed monosyllabic speech, which is still in use among modern people in the Southeast region of the Earth.
In the memories of the Dravidians of India, original legends have been preserved, which trace myths about the flood and a certain ancestral home that they abandoned in ancient times from the sunken continent of Lemuria or Gondwana. Their myths are conveyed mainly by esotericists. Historians prefer to remain silent. But so that people do not have the wrong idea that these myths could be the invention of one people, an example should be given of the legends of the Irish Celts, whom historians consider a younger people in relation to the Dravidians. So, the Irish Celts have a myth about a family of gods called Tuatha De Danaan, which meant “tribe of the goddess Danu.” Arriving in Ireland, the Tuatha were forced to fight in two great battles. In the first of them they fought with the former invaders of the island, the Fir Bolg clan, and in the second - with the Fomorians, monsters that lived in the water. In the first battle, the gods of the Tuatha Dé Danaan inflicted a crushing defeat on the Fir Bolg clan, and they were forced to cede to them supreme power in Ireland. However, King Nuada, who lost an arm in this battle, was forced to abdicate the throne. Instead, Bres was elected king, whose reign was unsuccessful, and Nuada again took the throne. Bres, meanwhile, fled to the Fomorians and gathered an army against the Tuatha. Lugh became the new head of the Tuatha Dé Danaan, since Nuada himself abdicated the throne in his favor. After this there was a second great battle, in which the Tuatha De Danaan, led by Lugh, and the hordes of Fomorians led by Bres met on the battlefield. The outcome of the battle was decided by the duel between Lugh and the giant Balor. Lugh won, hitting Balor with a stone from his sling directly in his only eye, so that the stone, piercing right through the giant’s head, killed several more Fomorian warriors. However, the Tuatha Dé Danaan themselves were subsequently defeated by the troops of Mil Espain (the ancestor of the first rulers of Ireland), after which the former gods took possession of the underground part of Ireland.
It seems that the given Irish myth covers history long period time, which included the struggle of the Atlanteans with the Lemurians and the Celts with the Atlanteans for possession of the island.
Descendants of the late Lemurians E.P. Blavatsky considers the flat-headed aborigines of Australia to have evolved towards savagery on the Australian mainland, isolated since ancient times.
If we recall the Neanderthals, who could have been an endangered, degrading branch of the Lemurians and who left behind the so-called Mousterian culture in Europe, then modern science admits some anthropological similarity with them to the Eskimos, who retain the Eskimo language and, most importantly, about than stated above, dark color skin
Modern people the Lemurians inherited extrasensory perception abilities (among a select few), and the Neanderthals inherited the Stone Age with Mousterian culture.
Papus schematically outlines the esoteric idea of ​​geological changes and the change of races on Earth in the following, simplified form: “The continents were formed sequentially, in such a way that at the moment of the full flourishing of the civilization of one, a new one was born. On our planet, several civilizations succeeded one another in the next ok.
1. The colossal civilization of Atlantis, created by the red race that inhabited the now defunct continent, which, according to some researchers, was located on the site of the present Pacific Ocean, and according to other sources - the Atlantic Ocean.
2. At the moment of full development of the red race, the continent of Africa appeared, reproducing the black race as the highest limit of evolution. When there was a revolution that swallowed Atlantis, called by all religions the global flood, civilization quickly passed into the hands of the black race, to which the surviving remnants of the red race transferred the main essence of their civilization.
3. Finally, when the black race reached the apogee of its civilization, a new continent appeared - Europe and Asia with a new race, white, which subsequently took the leading place on the planet."
“The original legends come from the red race,” explains Papus, “and if you remember that the name Adam means red earth, you will understand why Kabbalists have been teaching science since Adam. This legend is based on messages from the races of Atlantis and Africa to the European race. Oceania and America represent the remains of Atlantis and an even more ancient continent - Lemuria."
From this excursion into the esoteric anthropogenesis of the ancient Aryans and Kabbalah, it follows that the yellow and red races of people are the most ancient on Earth, the black race is younger, and the white race is the youngest. There is no place for monkeys in them. In "The Secret Doctrine" H.P. Blavatsky has an interesting expression: “Esotericism..., in fact, belongs to the Third and Fourth Root Races, the descendants of which we find in the Seed of the Fifth Race, the early Aryans” (vol. 1, p. 162). This means that the DNA sequences they inherited from the Lemurians and Atlanteans may be preserved in the genome of modern Indo-Europeans.
As Papus writes: “The death of Atlantis transferred the scepter of power to the black race, which soon conquered the entire populated Earth. The white race was emerging at that time in the vicinity of the North Pole.”
Thus, from historical facts, diluted with the mythology of ancient peoples, we received a vivid picture of what could have happened in ancient times. Now all that remains is to prove whose point of view is really correct: traditionally historical or esoteric? At least we did not keep anything silent and tried to reflect the problem in its entirety.

Literature:
1. Blavatsky E.P. Secret Doctrine. In 5 books. M., KMP "Lilac", - 1993.
2. Kaidanov L.Z. Population genetics. M.: Higher School.-1996.-320 S.
5. Demin V.N. Secrets of the Russian people. In search of the origins of Russia.-M.: Veche, 1997. - 560 p.
9. Belov A. The Way of the Aryans. In search of an ancestral home. M.: Amrita-Rus, 2008.-224 p.
10. Kolontaev K. Aryan trace. Nature and Man (“Light”), 1999.-N 12.-p. 66-69.
16. Muldashev E.R. From whom did we come? M: AIF-Print.-2001.-446 P.
17. Gumilyov L.N. Searches for a fictional kingdom. M.: Di Dick, 1994.-480 pp.
27. Gladky V.D. Ancient world. Encyclopedic Dictionary. M.: ZAO Publishing House Tsentrpoligraf, 2001.-975 p.
62. Vogel F., Motulski A. Human genetics. In 3 volumes. M: Mir, 1989.
68. Blavatsky E.P.. Isis Unveiled. The key to the secrets of ancient and modern science and theosophy. In 2 volumes. M.: Russian Theosophical Society, 1992.
69. Roerich E.I. Three keys. M.: Eksmo, 2009.- 496 p.
80. New illustrated encyclopedia. Book 20. Che-Yaya. M.: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2002. - 256 p.
82. New illustrated encyclopedia. Book 14. Pe-Pr.. M.: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2002. - 255 p.
96. Tyurin A. Ethics of ethnogenetics. Neva, 1992.-№4.-p.223-246.
97. Geographical atlas. Ed. 4. M.: Main Directorate of Geodesy and Cartography under the Council of Ministers of the USSR, 1980.-238 p.
101. New illustrated encyclopedia. Book 15. Pr-Ro. - M.: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2002. - 256 p.
104. Celtic mythology. Encyclopedia. M.: Eksmo, 2002.-640 p.
109. Temkin E., Erman V. Myths of Ancient India. 4th edition, add. M.: JSC "RIK Rusanova"; Astrel Publishing House LLC; VST Publishing House LLC, 2002.-624 p.
111. Large universal encyclopedia. T.5. GIB-DEN. M.: AST; Astrel; 2010.-797 p.
114. Petrukhin V.Ya. Myths of ancient Scandinavia. M.: Astrel Publishing House LLC; LLC "AST Publishing House", 2002.-464 p.
118. Willi K., Dethier V. Biology. Per. from English M.: Mir, 1975.- 822 p.
121. Brem A. Life of animals. M.: Eksmo, 2002.-960 p.
135. Papus. Kabbalah, or the Science of God, the Universe and Man. M.: Lockeed-Press, 2003.-319 p.
142. Papus. Occultism. Initial information. M.: Lockeed-Press, 2003.-336 p.
145. Antonova L.V. Amazing archeology. M.: ENAS, 2008, 304 p. (What the textbooks were silent about).

Countries and peoples. Questions and answers Kukanova Yu. V.

What science studies race?

What science studies race?

Anthropology studies the origins of man, his existence and development. The name of this science comes from the words “anthropos” and “logos”, which can be translated as “man” and “science”, respectively.

Many centuries ago, people began to pay attention to the differences in the lifestyle and customs of other peoples, which they were able to see and learn. The ancient sages and philosophers learned a lot of such information from travelers, merchants and sailors.

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (RA) by the author TSB

From book Newest book facts. Volume 1 [Astronomy and astrophysics. Geography and other earth sciences. Biology and Medicine] author

Which planet in the solar system is closest to the star and which is the most distant? Of the planets in the solar system, Mercury is located closest to the luminary. The average radius of this planet's orbit is 57.9 million kilometers, and at perihelion it is only 100,000 miles away from the Sun.

From the book 3333 tricky questions and answers author Kondrashov Anatoly Pavlovich

From the book I Explore the World. Wonders of the world author Solomko Natalia Zorevna

What does the science of genetics study? Genetics is the science of heredity and variability of living organisms and methods of controlling them. Depending on the object of study, plant genetics, animal genetics, microorganism genetics, human genetics, etc. are distinguished, and in

From the book The Newest Book of Facts. Volume 1. Astronomy and astrophysics. Geography and other earth sciences. Biology and medicine author Kondrashov Anatoly Pavlovich

Which planet in the solar system is the largest and which is the smallest? The largest planet in the solar system is Jupiter. It has a diameter of 142,984 kilometers (11.21 Earth diameters) and a mass of 1898.8 sextillion tons (317.83 Earth masses). Everyone could fit inside Jupiter

From the book Countries and Peoples. Questions and answers author Kukanova Yu. V.

Zimbabwe - the greatness of the black race And today, when more than a century has passed since the discovery of Great Zimbabwe by European archaeologists in the Limpopo River valley, the veil of secrecy over the remains of the complex in the river valley has not been fully revealed. When the German explorer of Africa Karl

From the book Disasters of the Body [The influence of stars, deformation of the skull, giants, dwarfs, fat men, hairy men, freaks...] author Kudryashov Viktor Evgenievich

From the book I Explore the World. Secrets of man author Sergeev B.F.

From the book Universal Encyclopedic Reference author Isaeva E. L.

From the author's book

From the author's book

What races of people inhabit the Earth? People differ from each other in skin color, facial features and many other characteristics. The population of our planet is divided into three large races. Caucasians have fair skin, wavy or straight soft hair, narrow lips and a protruding nose.

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What are transitional races? Over many centuries of human history, races have mixed many times. From marriages between representatives of different races, children were born who carried the appearance features of both parents. So, for example, mestizos are descendants of Indians and Europeans,

From the author's book

Races of Dwarfs Almost all ancient mythologies remember dwarf people. The Greeks called them myrmidons and believed that dwarfs originated from ants nesting in the holy oak tree. Ulysses led their army to the gates of Troy. The Aegean priest, given their small stature, came to the idea of

From the author's book

Races of freaks Ancient people believed in the existence of entire races of freaks. Historians of that time talk about tribes of sirens, centaurs, faunas, sphinxes and countless tribes of dwarfs and giants. All historians ancient Greece believed in the existence of a mythical race of people with

From the author's book

Human races The Sovereign of All Rus', the twelve-year-old Tsar Peter II, upon his accession to the throne, immediately, long before the official coronation, ordered his subjects that in letters and requests addressed to him, “the lowest slave” should be placed before the signature of the giver. No more and

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Races Australian (Australoid) Asian-American (Mongoloid) Americanoid, American Arctic Armenoid Atlanto-Baltic Balkan-Caucasian White Sea-Baltic Bushmen Veddoid Grimaldian Far Eastern Eurasian

There are already about 6 billion people on Earth. None of them, and not

there can be two completely identical people; even twins who developed from

one egg, despite their great similarity appearance, And

internal structure, always differ from each other in some small features

friend. The science that studies changes in a person's physical type is known as

under the name of “anthropology” (Greek, “anthropos” - man). Particularly noticeable

bodily differences between territorial groups of people distant from each other

from each other and living in different natural-geographical environments.

The division of the species Homo Sapiens into races occurred two and a half centuries ago.

The origin of the term "race" is not precisely established; it's possible that he

is a modification of the Arabic word "ras" (head, beginning,

root). There is also an opinion that this term is associated with the Italian razza, which

means "tribe". The word "race" is approximately as it is used

now, found already in the French scientist Francois Bernier, who

Races are historically established groupings (population groups) of people

of different numbers, characterized by similar morphological and physiological properties, as well as the commonality of the territories they occupy.

Developing under the influence of historical factors and belonging to one species

(H.sapiens), a race is different from a people, or ethnic group, which, having

a certain territory of settlement, may contain several racial

complexes. A number of peoples may belong to the same race and

speakers of many languages. Most scientists agree that

there are 3 major races, which in turn split into more

small. Currently, according to various scientists, there are 34 – 40

race Races differ from each other in 30-40 elements. Racial characteristics

are hereditary and adaptive to living conditions.

The purpose of my work is to systematize and deepen knowledge about

human races.

Races and their origins.

The science of race is called Race Studies. Race studies studies racial

features (morphological), origin, formation, history.

1.1. History of human races.

People knew about the existence of races even before our era. At the same time they took

and the first attempts to explain their origin. For example, in ancient myths

Greeks, the emergence of people with black skin was explained by the carelessness of their son

god Helios Phaethon, who came so close to the sun chariot

The land that burned the white people standing on it. Greek philosophers in

In explanations of the causes of the emergence of races, climate was given great importance. IN

according to biblical history the ancestors of white, yellow and black

the races were the sons of Noah - Yaphet, beloved by God, Shem and Ham cursed by God

respectively.

The desire to systematize ideas about the physical types of peoples,

inhabiting the globe, date back to the 17th century, when, based on differences

people in their facial structure, skin color, hair, eyes, as well as features of language and

cultural traditions, the French doctor F. Bernier for the first time in 1684

divided humanity into (three races - Caucasian, Negroid and

Mongoloid). A similar classification was proposed by C. Linnaeus, who, recognizing

humanity as a single species, identified an additional (fourth)

pacy - Laplandian (population of the northern regions of Sweden and Finland). In 1775

year J. Blumenbach divided the human race into five Caucasian

(white), Mongolian (yellow), Ethiopian (black), American, (red)

and Malay (brown), and in 1889 the Russian scientist I.E. Deniker - on

six main and more than twenty additional races.

Based on the results of studying blood antigens (serological

differences) W. Boyd in 1953 identified five races in humanity.

Despite the presence of modern scientific classifications, in our time it is very

There is a widespread division of humanity into Caucasians, Negroids,

Mongoloids and Australoids.

1.2. Hypotheses about the origin of races.

Ideas about the origin of races and the primary centers of race formation

reflected in several hypotheses.

In accordance with the hypothesis of polycentrism, or polyphyly, the author of which

is F. Weidenreich (1947), there were four centers of racial formation - in

Europe or Western Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, East Asia, South-

East Asia and the Greater Sunda Islands. In Europe or Western Asia

a center of race formation emerged, where, on the basis of European and Central Asian

Neanderthals gave rise to Caucasians. In Africa from African Neanderthals

Negroids were formed, in East Asia Sinanthropes gave rise to Mongoloids,

and in Southeast Asia and the Greater Sunda Islands the development

Pithecanthropus and Javan Neanderthals led to the formation

Australoids. Therefore, Caucasoids, Negroids, Mongoloids and Australoids

have their own centers of race formation. The main thing in raceogenesis was

mutations and natural selection. However, this hypothesis is controversial. In-

First, there are no known cases in evolution when identical evolutionary

the results were reproduced several times. Moreover, evolutionary

changes are always new. Secondly, there is scientific evidence that every race

has its own center of race formation, does not exist. Within

hypotheses of polycentrism were later proposed by G.F. Debets (1950) and N. Thoma (I960)

two variants of the origin of races. According to the first option, the center of race formation

Caucasoids and African Negroids existed in Western Asia, while

the center of race formation of the Mongoloids and Australoids was confined to the Eastern and

South-East Asia. Caucasians moved within the European

continent and adjacent regions of Western Asia.

According to the second option, Caucasians, African Negroids and Australians

constitute one trunk of race formation, while Asian Mongoloids and

Americanoids are another.

In accordance with the monocentrism hypothesis, or. monophyly (Ya.Ya.Roginsky,

1949), which is based on the recognition of a common origin, social

mental development, as well as the same level of physical and

mental development of all races, the latter arose from one ancestor, on

one territory. But the latter was measured in many thousands of square

kilometers It is assumed that the formation of races occurred in territories

Eastern Mediterranean, Western and possibly South Asia.

2. The mechanism of race formation.

There are four stages of race formation (V.P. Alekseev, 1985) At the first

stage, the formation of primary foci of race formation took place

(territories in which this process occurs) and the main racial

trunks, western (Caucasoids, Negroids and Australoids) and eastern

(Asian Mongoloids and Mongoloids and Americanoids). Chronologically this

falls on the Lower or Middle Paleolithic era (about 200,000 years

back), i.e. coincides with the emergence of modern man.

Consequently, the main racial combinations in the western and eastern regions

of the Old World took shape simultaneously with the formation of the characteristics inherent

modern man, as well as with the resettlement of part of humanity to the New

Light. At the second stage, secondary foci were identified

race formation and the formation of branches within the main racial trunks.

Chronologically, this stage falls on the Upper Paleolithic and partially Mesolithic

(about 15,000 - 20,000 years ago).

At the third stage of race formation, the formation of local races took place. By

time is the eve of the Mesolithic and Neolithic (about 10,000 - 12,000 years ago).

At the fourth stage, Quaternary centers of race formation arose and

populations with deep racial differentiation similar to

with modern. This began in the Bronze and Early Iron Ages, i.e. in IV-III

millennia BC.

2.1. Factors of raceogenesis.

Among the factors of raceogenesis, the largest role belongs to natural selection,

especially in the early stages of race formation. Responsible for skin color

skin cells containing a pigment called melanin. All people for

with the exception of albinos, they have melanin in their skin cells, the amount of which

determined genetically. In particular, the formation of pigment is determined

the presence of a gene that controls tyrosinase, which catalyzes

conversion of tyrosine to melanin. However, in addition to tyrosinase on skin pigmentation

another enzyme is influenced, for which another gene is responsible,

melanin. When this enzyme is synthesized, melanin is formed in small

quantities and the skin is white. On the contrary, when it is absent (not

synthesized), then melanin is formed in large quantities and the skin is

meaning and melanin, a stimulating hormone. Thus, in color control

At least three pairs of genes are involved in the skin.

The importance of skin color as a racial characteristic is explained by the connection between

sunlight and the production of vitamin D, which is necessary for

maintaining calcium balance in the body. Excess of this vitamin

is accompanied by the deposition of calcium in the bones and leads to their fragility, then

how calcium deficiency results in rickets. Meanwhile the quantity

Vitamin D synthesized normally is controlled by the dose of sunlight

irradiation that penetrates cells located deeper than the melanin layer.

The more melanin in the skin, the less light it transmits. Before the period

when methods were developed to artificially fortify food with vitamin D,

people were dependent on sunlight for vitamin D production. To

Vitamin D was synthesized in optimal quantities, i.e. sufficient for

to maintain a normal calcium balance, people with fair skin should

live at a certain geographical latitude far from the equator, where

solar radiation is weaker. On the contrary, people with black skin had to

be closer to the equator. As you can see, the territorial distribution of people

with different skin pigmentation is a function of latitude.

Skin lightening in Caucasians facilitates the penetration of sunlight

deep in human tissue, which accelerates the synthesis of antirachitic vitamin

D, which is usually synthesized slowly under conditions of insufficient solar

radiation. Migration of people with intensely pigmented skin to distant places

from the equator to latitudes, and people with insufficiently pigmented skin - to

tropical latitudes could lead to vitamin D deficiency in the former and excess in

second with the ensuing consequences. Thus, in the past, skin color had

selective significance for natural selection.

The significantly protruding narrow nose of Caucasians lengthens the nasopharyngeal

path through which cold air is heated, which protects against

hypothermia of the larynx and lungs. The development of mucous membranes contributes to greater

heat transfer. Curly hair better protects the head from overheating, so

how to create an air layer. Elongated high head too

heats up less than wide and low. There is no doubt that these signs

are adaptive. Thus, as a result of mutations and natural

selection, many racial characteristics arose as an adaptation to conditions

geographical habitat.

Factors of raceogenesis also include genetic drift, isolation and mixing

populations.

Drift of genes that control traits can change genetic

population structure. It is estimated that as a result of genetic drift, the appearance

populations can change over 50 generations, i.e. about 1250 years old.

The essence of genetic drift is that in isolated

In populations where almost all marriages are endogamous, the chances of

meetings in allelic pairs of recessive genes, the level of

heterozygosity and the concentration of recessives in the homozygous group increases

condition.

In populations (demes) where marriages take place over many generations

predominantly within one’s own group, may occur over time

noticeable changes in racial characteristics that lead to

initially similar populations turn out to be different. Emergence

such differences, which are not adaptive in nature, are the result

shifts in the frequency of appearance of individual signs. They lead to

some features may completely disappear, while others may become very

wide use.

Isolation of populations manifested itself in various forms and volumes. For example,

geographical isolation of primitive groups in the Paleolithic era

was accompanied by differentiation of their genetic composition, interruption

contacts with other groups. Various geographical barriers

influenced not only the genetic differentiation of populations, but also

to the concentration of cultural traditions.

Mixing of populations was important in the distant past and is even more important

During the formation of young races. In the distant past, more progressive forms

met with archaic ones, which led not only to the extermination of the latter, but also

to miscegenation. Among the “young” races, the most characteristic is

North American colored race (black population of the USA), which

arose as a result of the mixing of the forest Negroid race with the Bantu races, and

also northwestern European, alpine, Mediterranean and,

possibly by other races The South African colored race arose from

Bantu, Bushmen and Hottentots. Currently in Hawaii

a new racial group is formed due to the miscegenation of Caucasians,

Mongoloids and Polynesians.

At the present stage, the future of races is determined by a number of those operating in our

time factors. The world population continues to grow,

Its migration is increasing, and the frequency of interracial marriages is increasing.

It is assumed that due to the last two factors in the distant future

A single race of humanity will begin to form. At the same time it is possible

another consequence of interracial marriages associated with the formation of new

populations with their own specific combinations of genes.

2.2 The role of environmental conditions on the formation of races.

The influence of natural conditions on the development of human races is undoubtedly.

Initially in ancient humanity it was probably stronger, in

the process of formation of modern stories was told weaker, although still

pores in some signs, for example in skin pigmentation,

appears with sufficient clarity. The influence of the entire complex set

living conditions were obviously of utmost importance for the emergence,

formation, weakening and even disappearance of racial characteristics.

When settling around the Earth, people found themselves in different natural conditions. But these

conditions that so strongly influence species and subspecies of animals could not also

and act with the same intensity on races qualitatively different from them

humanity, increasingly using nature and transforming it into

process of social labor.

In the evolution of different human groups there are many racial characteristics,

undoubtedly had a certain adaptive significance, but later in

have lost it to a significant extent due to the increasing role of factors

social character and gradual weakening, and almost complete

termination of natural selection. Initially great value

for the development of races had settlement in new areas, thanks to which many

groups of people, having found themselves in different natural conditions, existed for a long time

separately from each other. Their diet was differentiated accordingly.

Later, however, as the human population increased, more and more

contact between racial groups increased, which led to the process of their

mixing with each other.

3. Raceogenesis and genetics.

Previously, there was an idea according to which every individual

bears characteristics of a certain race. It was called typological

concept of race. This name is associated with a very clear and practically only

the only task of racial analysis is to determine the racial type

individual. The typological concept of race was based on the hypothesis

inheritance of racial characteristics, according to which they are transmitted from

generation to generation as a whole complex. This means that racial properties

hereditarily linked, genes for racial characteristics are located in one or

several close chromosomes and any racial trait physiologically

inextricably linked with everyone else. But the physiological relationship between

racial characteristics are actually either completely absent or very

weak. What is indicated by the low correlation coefficients between racial

signs. There is a group of scientists who claim an independent

inheritance of racial characteristics, their first basic postulate is that the individual is not

is a bearer of racial properties. The second postulate is population and race (as

a group of populations) is not a sum, but a collection of individuals;

There are certain patterns of variability within a population and race.

Racial variability is group, not individual, and makes sense

talk starting from the population level. Similar morphologically and

genetically the populations that form a particular racial community are related

among themselves not by chance, but due to origin or some other

historical reasons. Race, any racial community consists of individual

historically organized elements, but these, however, are not individuals (as

thought before), but populations. The mosaic of racial variability consists of

mosaics of population variability. Both of them together create everything

the wealth of variability of the human species. Each population began to be studied

not as a sum of individuals, but as a combination unique in its specificity

group properties. The population concept is based on the achievements

population genetics, the latest biometrics, mathematical theory of evolution

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