Hyphen with adjectives. Compound adjectives

They write together complex names adjectives:

1. Formed from compound nouns written together, for example: plumbing(water pipes), agricultural(farmer, agriculture), Novosibirsk(Novosibirsk).

2. Formed from combinations of words that are subordinate in meaning to one another, for example: railway (Railway), national economic(National economy), natural science(natural Sciences), complex(complex in the way of subordination), rail rolling(rolling rails), nationwide(common for the people), marshy scrub(forming protection for fields), metal-cutting(cutting metal); This also includes those denoting a single concept of formation (including terminological ones) from an adverb and an adjective (or participle), for example: rarely used, nearby,burning, dear, freshly baked, clairvoyant, potent,wild, evergreen, plain-dyed.

Note. Complex adjectives, which include adverbs, should not be mixed with phrases consisting of an adverb and an adjective (or participle) and written separately, for example: diametrically opposed, exactly the opposite, purely Russian, childishly naive, poorly hidden, clearly expressed.

3. Used as terms and formed from two or three bases, regardless of the nature of the latter, for example: thoracoabdominal(block), Indo-European(languages), Old High German(language), bicarbonate(gas); Also - deaf-mute.

Compound adjectives are written with a hyphen:

1. Formed from nouns written with a hyphen, from personal names - combinations of first and last names, as well as from names of settlements, which are combinations of first and last names, first names and patronymics, for example: diesel engine, social democratic, Buryat-Mongolian, northeastern, Alma-Ata, Orekhovo-Zuevsky,Nizhne-Maslovsky, Ust-Abakansky, Romain-Rolandovsky, Walter Scott, Leo Tolstoy, Erofey-Pavlovichsky.

Note 1. The adjective is written together Moskvoretsky.

Note 2. Adjectives formed from proper names, written with a hyphen, and having a prefix that is not present in the noun, are written together, for example: Priamudarya, Zaissyk-Kul.

2. Formed from two or more bases denoting equal concepts, for example: interest-free, convex-concave, party-komsomol, gardening,meat and dairy, English-Japanese, Russian-German-French(dictionary), blue-white-red(flag).

3. Formed from two bases and denoting: a) quality with an additional shade, for example: boomingly loud, bitter-salty; b) shades of colors, for example: pale pink, bright blue,dark blond, black-brown, slate blue, golden yellow, ash gray, bottle green, lemon yellow, yellow-red.

4. Included in geographical proper names and starting with eastern , western ,north- And north- , south And south- , For example: West-Kazakhstan region, East China Sea, Union of South Africa.

Note 1. Adjectives formed from two or more stems that do not fit into listed rules, are written with a hyphen, for example: literary and artistic(almanac), political-mass(Job), vocabulary-technical(Department), podzolic-marsh, loose-lumpy-dusty, elongated-lanceolate.

Note 2. Words are also written with a hyphen, first integral part which are myself- , herself- , For example: self-friend, himself-third, on your own, she-heel.

Each of us has at least once had the opportunity to check how to write such adjectives as “popular science”, “zootechnical”, “two-story”, “blue-green”. To make a mistake means to make a serious mistake in knowledge native language. However, it is not always clear how the presence or absence of a hyphen is determined.

Adjectives consisting of two, and sometimes even three stems at once are called complex. If you remember simple rules, then you no longer have to use search engines to check the next phrase.

When is a hyphen placed between parts of a compound adjective?

The Russian language provides four cases in which the constituent parts of an adjective are separated by a line.

If the two underlying words are heterogeneous in meaning. For example, “popular science” - the parts of the adjective do not complement each other, but describe two different concepts.
If the adjective comes from a compound noun, which, in turn, is written with a hyphen. For example, “northeast” - since the original noun “northeast” contains a hyphen, the adjective derived from it must also be equipped with a hyphen.
If both parts of a complex adjective describe some quality of the object - “blue-green”, “sweet and sour”.
If a word consists of two equal parts, and the hyphen between them can be replaced without loss by the conjunction “and”. For example, “literary and artistic concept” - one can say that the concept is “literary and artistic”, the essence will remain the same.

In what cases is a complex adjective written together?

Remembering in which cases a hyphen is not necessary is also quite easy.

If the first part is a numeral. For example, “two-story” or “three-digit.” Also, a hyphen is not placed if the first part is an adverb ending in “o” and “e”. The words “sedentary” and “highly flammable” would be examples.
If the adjective comes from compound noun, also written without a hyphen - for example, the word “semi-annual”, formed from “half-year”.
When the first or second part of an adjective cannot be used on its own. For example, in the word "broad-chested", the first part has descriptive meaning only when combined with the second part.

In addition, most scientific and lexical terms are written together. No hyphen is used in phrases with subordinating connection within a sentence - for example, “blood vessel,” that is, “a vessel that carries blood.”

Compound adjectives are parts of speech created by combining two words. They can be converted back into a phrase, the components of which will either have grammatical relationships or simply adjoin each other. In the latter case, words can be related to each other only by meaning.

Ways of education

In the Russian language there are complex adjectives consisting of two elements, which in their original form are words related to each other by grammatical agreement. For example:

Russian-speaking population (Russian language);
general historical method (general history);
comprehensive school (general education);
seriously ill patient (seriously ill patient);
one-way traffic (one side).

Adjectives can be formed from nouns that are related to each other in this way grammatical meaning, like management. For example:

metalworking machine (metal processing);
forest protection sign (forest protection);
house-building company (house construction);
car rental company (car rental);
petty bourgeois thinking (petty bourgeoisie).

Compound adjectives can come from words that do not have any grammatical relationship and names of geographical objects. For example:

easily wounded person (easily wounded);
sharpened knife (sharpen sharply);
Nizhny Tagil plant (Nizhny Tagil);
North Ossetian branch (North Ossetia);
Bolshevyazemsky Museum (Bolshiye Vyazemy).

Integrated spelling of terms

Spelling compound adjectives may be different. It depends on the method of formation and the area of vocabulary to which these words relate. In the scientific, technical and medical literature there are often terms derived from two words. For example: oxygen-containing, ancient Slavic, spinal, thermal insulating, chromate, private, alkaline earth. Among these words there are also those that cannot be converted into a phrase. For example: equestrian; herbivorous. The continuous spelling of complex adjectives of this category cannot raise doubts, since they consist of elements, one of which (and in some cases both) cannot be used separately. It should also be remembered that adjectives are always written together, starting with elements such as general-, late-, upper-, ancient-, lower-. It is also impossible to write separately words on terminological topics that begin with high-, wide-, low-, deep-, small-, narrow-, many-, small-, strong-, acute-, steep-, dense- and so on. For example:

potent sleeping pills;
highly developed country;
large-scale actions;
highly specialized production;
densely populated area.

Separate writing of terms

The spelling of complex adjectives is influenced by the presence of explanatory words in the sentence. More precisely, if they are present, only the spelling of individual words can be correct. For example:

densely populated area (an area densely populated by foreigners);
little-studied problems (a problem little studied by science).

When spelling, you also need to pay attention to word order. Compound adjectives almost always precede the noun they refer to. And a free phrase, examples of which were discussed above, usually follows it. For example:

quick-drying paint (paint that dries quickly in the open air);
pungent (a solution that smells pungent when high temperature air);
an easily achievable goal (a goal that is easily achievable for a person who has special knowledge);
perishable milk (milk that quickly spoils without prior pasteurization).

It should also be remembered that Difficult words, like all others, have only one accent. There are two of them in phrases.

Compound adjectives are also words whose first component is quarter-. For example: quarter-final, quarter-blood.

Hyphen in adjectives and nouns

Hyphen and continuous writing complex adjectives - a section of spelling, ignorance of which often leads to spelling errors. In order to avoid them, you just need to remember a few simple rules.

You need to know that adjectives are always written with a hyphen if they are formed from nouns with a hyphen. For example:

social democratic party (social democracy);
south-eastern district (southeast);
Karachay-Cherkess population (Karachay-Cherkessia);
New York Park (New York);
prime ministerial corps (prime minister).

But if such complex adjectives have a prefix, they are written together. For example:

anti-social democratic views;
Syrdarya city.

Personality

Words created from proper names are always written with a hyphen. Whereas you need to know that in such cases there must certainly be a hyphen between the main elements of the adjective. For example:

Ilfo-Petrovsky characters;
Main-Read novel;
Robin Hood's exploits;
Potap-Potapychev portfolio;
Ivan-Groznovsky time.

Adjectives containing two equal concepts

The spelling of compound adjectives depends on semantic load, which is carried by each of the components. And if one word contains elements that have equal concepts, they are written with a hyphen. For example:

cultural and entertainment center;
reporting and examination concert;
cardiovascular disease;
propaganda event;
English-German dictionary;
workers' and peasants' movement;
Russian-Turkish war;
artistic and journalistic genre;
Distillery;
electronic-automatic method.

Adjectives formed from parts with heterogeneous features

Hyphenation of compound adjectives is applicable when the word consists of elements that can be converted into nouns or other parts of speech that are not homogeneous members speech. The first part of such adjectives is often such bases as mass-, national-, military-, scientific-, educational-. For example:

Research Institute;
folk arts and crafts;
Navy;
Training and Consulting Center.

Adjectives denoting a connotation of quality

If an adjective means any property, and to give it a certain shade is added additional element, applies hyphenated spelling. The same rule applies to writing complex adjectives denoting colors and shades. For example:

sweet and sour sauce;
masculine and stern appearance;
anxious and obsessive thoughts;
a good-natured, friendly smile;
pale pink lips;
bright red dress.

Spelling terms with a hyphen

Many terminological adjectives are written with a hyphen. For example:

cereals and legumes;
gastrohepatic collection;
magnetically soft materials;
stone-concrete foundation;
filling and drain valve.

Complex adjectives are not written together if their first part is borrowed from foreign language with the suffix “-iko”. When writing words of this type, a hyphen is used. For example:

historical and ethnographic;
critical-journalistic;
medical and health;
political and legal;
chemical-technological.

Hyphenated and continuous spellings of compound adjectives are found in the same definitions. Spelling in such cases depends on the context. For example:

courageous-stern appearance (severe and courageous);
courageously stern appearance (masculine severity).

Adjectives often consist of elements that are individually synonymous. And their synonymy is a sure basis for hyphenated spelling. For example:

naive and childish reasoning;
solemnly sublime vocabulary;
arrogant and contemptuous attitude.

Russian language 6 class Date ________

Subject : HYPHENED AND CONTINUOUS SPELLING

COMPLEX ADJECTIVES

Goals: educational: introduce the conditions for using a hyphen in complex adjectives, distinguishing between combined and separate spellings of words;

developing: develop the ability to correctly write complex adjectives;

educational: shape the culture verbal communication.

Lesson type: combined

Methods: informational and developmental, creative and reproductive,

control method, visual

Equipment: cards for individual work

illustrative material

LESSON PLAN

I. Organizing time

Greetings. Student concentration.

Parsing offers

Snowflakes - one of the most beautiful , complex And absolutely unique creations nature , her centuries-old secret .

IV. Preparing to study the topic

Pay attention to how the word is spelledcenturies-old.

Replace this word with a combination of words. What can be concluded?

Announcement of the topic, goals, objectives of the lesson. Familiarization with the work plan.

V. Assimilation of new knowledge

1. Reading spelling ______________________

2. Drawing up a diagram:

with a hyphen: together:

1. color can be replaced with a phrase

bright blue railway (railway)

dark red heavy duty (large load)

2. you can put AND

bitter-salty

3. cardinal directions

northeastern

4. repetition of words

good-excellent

VI. Primary knowledge test

– In what cases will it be attached? Are they written together, and in which ones - with a hyphen?

1. Choose adjectives that are formed from a combination of words subordinate to one another.

Green-eyed girl musical and entertainment broadcast, Central Urals direction, ski resort, ancient Russian language, lavender suit, water transport artery, south-eastern shore, iron foundry.

*********************************************************************

Green-eyed (green eyes) girl,Central Urals (Middle Urals) direction.

Ski (skiing) resort,Old Russian (Ancient Rus') language.

Water transport (water transport) artery,iron foundry (cast iron) workshop.

2.Choose adjectives that are written with a hyphen.

Light (blue), fruit (berry), steel (foundry), life (joyful),parachute (landing), explosive (dangerous), scientific (popular),potatoes (harvest),sanitary (hygienic), ten (year old), northwestern).

************************************************************

Light blue (color)

Fruit and berry (you can insert and)

Parachute landing (you can insert and)

Popular science (you can insert and)

Sanitary (can be inserted and)

Northwestern (from northwest).

3.Choose adjectives that are written together.

Guest (host) hosts, pain (quencher), vegetable(animal) world, thirty(degree) freezing, literary (artistic) circle, railway (road) station, green(golden fields), dark (chestnut) hair, ancient (Russian) language, Russian(English) dictionary, three-room apartment, steam whistle.

Selective dictation

* Write out complex words from the text and explain their spelling.

Interesting facts about snowflakes.

Snowflakes are very beautiful and interesting material created by nature. Each of us tried to see these beauties. But this is very difficult, since they immediately melt

1. doesn't happen pentagonal or heptagonal snowflakes. All snowflakes are strictly hexagonal form.

2. in one cubic meter There are 350 million snowflakes in the snow.

3. snowflakes light-pre-light , its weight is only about a milligram, sometimes 2, 3 mg.

4. the most overweight the snowflake was discovered in 1887. Its diameter was 38 cm. The size of an ordinary snowflake is on average 5 mm.

5. snowflakes - air purifiers , they clean the air from dust and fumes. That's why it's easy to breathe during snowfall .

6. snowflakes only seem to us white-white due to the refraction of light at the edges of the crystals, but in fact they are completely transparent, as they consist of 95% air and 5% water.

7. snowflakes – vaporous substances, they are formed not from water, but from water vapor. Zamor O The symbol of a melted snowflake will not revive her.

8. And one more interesting fact. Beautiful six-rayed artificial snowflakes can be obtained in a special installation. On the island of Honshu there is a Museum of Snow and Ice named after the Japanese scientist Ukihiro Nakaya, who was the first to create an artificial snowflake. There is also a machine for making snowflakes.

This is such a snowflake, interesting and still not fully studied.

Lesson summary

Homework_____________________________________

III. Adjectives

§ 80. Complex adjectives are written together:

1. Formed from compound nouns written together, for example: plumbing(water pipes), agricultural(farmer, agriculture), Novosibirsk(Novosibirsk).

2. Formed from combinations of words that are subordinate in meaning to one another, for example: railway(Railway), national economic(National economy), natural science(natural Sciences), complex(complex in the way of subordination), rail rolling(rolling rails), nationwide(common for the people), marshy scrub(forming protection for fields), metal-cutting(cutting metal); This also includes those denoting a single concept of formation (including terminological ones) from an adverb and an adjective (or participle), for example: little-used, nearby, vital, deeply respected, freshly baked, clairvoyant, potent, wild-growing, evergreen, plain-colored.

Note. Complex adjectives, which include adverbs, should not be mixed with phrases consisting of an adverb and an adjective (or participle) and written separately, for example: diametrically opposed, directly opposite, purely Russian, childishly naive, poorly hidden, clearly expressed.

§ 81. Compound adjectives are written with a hyphen:

1. Formed from nouns written with a hyphen, from personal names - combinations of first and last names, as well as from names settlements, which are combinations of first and last names, first names and patronymics, for example: diesel engine, social democratic, Buryat-Mongolian, North-Eastern, Alma-Ata, Orekhovo-Zuevsky, Nizhne-Maslovsky, Ust-Abakansky, Romain-Rolandovsky, Walter-Scott, Lev-Tolstovsky, Erofei-Pavlovichsky.

Note 1. The adjective is written together Moskvoretsky.

Note 2. Adjectives formed from proper names, written with a hyphen, and having a prefix that is not present in the noun, are written together, for example: Priamudarya, Zaissykkul.

2. Formed from two or more bases denoting equal concepts, for example: interest-free, convex-concave, party-Komsomol, gardening, meat and dairy, English-Japanese, Russian-German-French(dictionary), blue-white-red(flag).

3. Formed from two bases and denoting: a) quality with an additional shade, for example: rolling-loud, bitter-salty; b) shades of colors, for example: pale pink, bright blue, dark brown, black-brown, bluish blue, golden yellow, ash gray, bottle green, lemon yellow, yellow-red.

4. Included in geographical proper names and starting with east, west, north And north, south And south-, For example: West Kazakhstan region, East China Sea, Union of South Africa.

Note 1. Adjectives formed from two or more stems that do not fit the listed rules are written with a hyphen, for example: literary and artistic(almanac), political-mass(Job), vocabulary-technical(Department), podzolic-marsh, loose-lumpy-silty, elongated-lanceolate.

Note 2. Words are also written with a hyphen, the first component of which is myself-, myself- , For example: self-friend, self-third, self-heel, self-heel.