What is the oldest road in Russia. Rivers - the ancient roads of Russia

COMPLETED: 10th grade student

MOU SOSH with. 1-Berezovka

Maryin Ivan

SUPERVISOR:

Kochetkova Natalia Nikolaevna,

Teacher of Russian language and literature

PETROVSK 2007

In Russia along the roads to all ends

In the last century bells sounded.

In the rain and blizzard, the troikas rushed,

Three people were brought...

From a folk song

In the village of Vyra, Gatchinsky district Leningrad region there is the "House of the stationmaster" - the country's first museum of literary heroes, created according to the story by A. S. Pushkin " Stationmaster», archival documents and materials of the Central Museum of Communications. This is a monument to the past road life in Russia.

The museum opened in October 1972 in the preserved building of the Vyra post station. The history of the station began in 1800, when it was transferred from the neighboring village of Rozhdestvena for convenience. In Pushkin's time, the Belarusian postal route passed here, and Vyra was the third village from St. Petersburg. She served a run of 25 miles Gatchina - Vyra. Here travelers changed horses. All postal stations were then divided into four categories. Vyra was a village of the third category (55 horses, no hotel, tavern, all wooden buildings). The neighboring station in the Lizard, of the second category, had 60 horses, a hotel, stone buildings. There were no stations of the first category on the route.

Gradually, postal stations were built up, overgrown with auxiliary services. By the forties of the last century, the Vyra station was already a whole complex of buildings: two stone buildings connected along the facade by a wall with a gate and a gate, two wooden stables, a smithy, a barn, a well bordered a paved courtyard, forming a closed square, which was connected to the tract by an access road .

Life was in full swing here: troikas drove in and out, coachmen bustled about, grooms led away lathered horses and brought out fresh ones. The caretaker in a uniform frock coat shouted at the slow ones, the passers-by brushed off their fur coats, hurrying into the warmth. The ringing of bells, the snoring of horses, the creaking of skids... How familiar was this picture to Russian people of the 19th century! Traveling through postal taverns, slow, with a long wait at the stations, turned into an event for Pushkin's contemporaries and, of course, was reflected in literature. The theme of the road can be found in the works of A. N. Radishchev and N. M. Karamzin, P. A. Vyazemsky and F. I. Glinka, A. S. Pushkin and M. Yu. Lermontov:

Here comes the daring trio

To Kazan by an expensive pillar,

And a bell, a gift from Valdai,

Buzzing sadly under the arc.

F. I. Glinka

The troika rushes, the troika jumps,

Dust curls from under the hooves;

The bell cries loudly

And laughs and squeals.

P. A. Vyazemsky

The bell rings, and the troika rushes,

Behind her, dust, winding a column;

The evening chime gradually lasts,

Dead silence all around!

N. Anordist

Here comes the postal troika

Along Mother Volga in winter,

The coachman, humming dejectedly, shakes his violent head.

Dust is spinning, curling

On the road between the fields

Whirlwind rushes and rushes

Three greyhound horses.

V. P. Chuevsky

Pushkin traveled a lot. About 34 thousand miles he drove along the roads of Russia. The poet loved to travel, and if in verse he complained about boredom and the depressing monotony of road views (“Wilderness and snow ... Towards me / Only striped miles / Caught alone ...”), then this was only a poetic complaint, literary grief, not related to the lively pleasure with which he set off on his journey. Pushkin was extremely easy-going, and he liked to ride alone - the coachman does not count. Light, sociable, he joyfully entrusted himself to a long road loneliness. He was not bored even with the well-known every turn, every bump, every booth, barrier, milestone, the Moscow tract. Thoughts, images are crowded, inexhaustible inner fullness transforms the environment, makes it a participant in intense mental work. He loved the road - it was good to think in the carriage, but he was also bored, languid, desperate ...

This is not only in winter road”, but also in the “Road Complaints”, and in the poem:

Silver in the field

The snow is wavy and pockmarked,

The moon is shining, the troika is rushing

On the pole road.

Sing: in the hours of road boredom,

On the road, in the dark of night

Sweet are my native sounds

The ringing song of the remote ...

He had a chance to visit hundreds of postal stations, to meet with many caretakers. At least 13 times he visited the Vyra station, which was connected by popular belief with the story "The Stationmaster".

The legend that it was here that the events described in Pushkin's story took place was partly caused by the poet himself. Hussar Minsky travels from Smolensk to St. Petersburg by the Belorussian highway, through Vyra. The station is located near St. Petersburg - the caretaker goes to look for his daughter on foot. The name of the stationmaster - Samson Vyrin - is derived from the name of the village and the postal station. It is known from archival documents that a superintendent and his daughter actually served at the Vyra station for many years. Was the prototype of Pushkin's Samson Vyrin a specific Vyra caretaker, or did the poet create a generalized image of 1649 "existing martyrs" of the fourteenth class, who then served the postal routes of vast Russia? ..

The story was written in 1830 in Boldino. It does not contain the name of the station, and the village is not named either. But, perhaps, the poet remembered in the Boldino silence the small village of Vyra, cozy house postal station, small-hearted of its inhabitants, whom I met more than once on the way to Mikhailovskoye, Pskov, Chisinau ...

The museum recreates the atmosphere typical for the postal stations of Pushkin's time. From the small passage, lit by a lantern with a candle, is the entrance to the "clean half" for those passing by, the interior of which reproduces the "humble, but tidy abode" of the stationmaster and his daughter.

An illustration of Pushkin's story is the decree "For those traveling at the post office", which reads: "Station guards who do not have class ranks are upholstered in a fence, use the 14th class at the highest will." According to the rules, travelers had to show the road inspector, according to which the horses were issued, observing the "Table of Ranks".

Pushkin in 1820 had the rank of 10th class - collegiate secretary - and could only get two horses.

In the red corner of the house-museum is the caretaker's desk. On it is a bronze candlestick, an inkwell with a goose quill, a book for recording travellers. Nearby is a book by A. S. Pushkin dated May 5, 1820, which says: “... the collegiate secretary A. Pushkin was sent for the needs of service to the chief trustee of the southern region of Russia, Lieutenant General Inzov ...”

The atmosphere of the "pure half" resurrects Pushkin's line in memory. It seems that now the owner of fifty will come in from the street, fresh and cheerful, in a long green frock coat, with three medals on faded ribbons and will say my familiar: “Hey! Put the samovar on and go for the cream, ”and a blue-eyed beauty will come out from behind the partition ...

And here is that room “behind the partition” ... This is the light of a girl from the bourgeois class. Sofa, dowry chest, handicraft table with fingers, chest of drawers. Here is the dress that Dunya was sewing when Captain Minsky arrived, a toilette, a knitting box. On the chest of drawers is a portrait of Samson Vyrin and Minsky, next to it, on the wall - Dunya. “Oh, Dunya, Dunya! What a girl she was! It used to be that whoever passes by, everyone will praise, no one will condemn. She held on: what to cook, she had time for everything.

Literature

The stationmaster's house. - L., 1985.

Russian songs and romances. - M., 1989.

‹ A. S. Pushkin. Childhood Up Pushkin's lyrics as a reflection of the poet's personality ›

A. S. Pushkin Abstracts and

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There is an opinion that in Russia in ancient times there were no more or less convenient overland routes. In historical novels, the messenger is often the most unfortunate person in the world: he travels without a path or road along an animal path, and nightingale-robbers sit in the trees and dream of taking away his hat with a princely letter.

Russian chronicles and research by scientists prove the groundlessness of such assertions.

The clearing of paths and the construction of bridges across the rivers are repeatedly reported in the annals. Below we will talk about the concerns of the Kievan Grand Dukes about the improvement of roads. Now let's try to find out whether people traveled fast in the old days.

In 1021, the Polotsk prince Bryachislav came near Novgorod, took it and, having captured the Novgorodians with all their property, moved back to Polotsk. Upon learning of this, Grand Duke Yaroslav the Wise, without delay, set out with a squad from Kiev, on the seventh day he caught up with Bryachislav on the Sudomyr River and won.

The Sudomir River in the Pskov region is about halfway between Novgorod and Polotsk. From Kiev to it eight hundred kilometers. The princely squad rode this distance in seven days, with average speed 110-115 kilometers per day.

Already at the beginning of the XI century. on Novgorod road messengers from Kiev and back galloped day and night. Under 1015 chronicles confirm this fact. We know that Grand Duke Vladimir Svyatoslavovich died in Kiev in the summer of that year. A message about this was sent to his son in Novgorod. “On the same night,” the chronicle says, “message came to Yaroslav from Predslava about his father’s death.” If the road between Kiev and Novgorod were a pothole on a pothole, it is unlikely that there would be those who would like to travel along it at night. Only the satisfactory condition of the road allowed the messenger to race along it in the dark. It should be noted that the message about the death of Vladimir was not delivered to Novgorod in one day. It's just that on that night, about which the chronicler writes, in the courtyard of some Paramon, the Novgorodians killed the Varangians. How long the messenger traveled is unknown. Two more examples. This time about driving along the South Russian roads in the mud.

The Tale of Bygone Years tells about the Russian campaign in the Polovtsian steppes in 1111. On the second Sunday of Lent (February 26), the princely squads left Kiev on a sledge and on Friday stood on the banks of the Sula. The next morning they continued the campaign and in the evening they watered the horses from the Khorol River. Under the hot rays of the sun, the winter path collapsed, the road became impassable. At Khorol, the “litter sleigh” continued on foot. By Sunday evening we reached Pselos. The whole way from Kiev to Psel is about 300 kilometers, so the combatants traveled a little less than forty in a day.

Every year the Russian princes went to war against each other, fought, reconciled and quarreled again. As a result of one of these quarrels, the servants of the Grand Duke Svyatopolk Izyaslavich in 1097 blinded the Terebovl prince Vasilko Rostislavich in Belgorod near Kiev, put him on a cart and took him to Vladimir-Volynsky. “Let's go with him quickly along an uneven path,” the chronicler reports, “for there was an “uneven” month - chest, that is, November. They arrived in the city on the sixth day. From Kiev to Vladimir-Volynsky about 500 kilometers. But even on an uneven path, they were overcome in six days. There were no special reasons for the haste; nevertheless, the drivers covered more than 80 kilometers per day.

However, 80 kilometers per day is not so hot even for the 11th century. Russian princes at that time traveled faster.

In his Teaching to Children, Prince Vladimir Monomakh says that he traveled from Chernigov to Kiev about a hundred times to visit his father. Monomakh sat on the "Chernigov table" for fifteen years from 1079 to 1093, so a hundred trips over such a period is not so much, about once or two months. But further, Vladimir reports that he “traveled this distance in the afternoon until vespers” - “he traveled one day before vespers,” i.e., 10–12 hours.

How did the prince ride? From Kiev to Chernigov a little more than 140 kilometers. It was tiring to travel such a path even lightly, without stopping. Somewhere along the way, the riders had to make a stop, rest, feed the horses or change them. The most probable place for a halt could be Gorodets on Ostra (now Oster), known since 988. It lay about halfway between Kiev and Chernigov. Here, at the princely or inn, travelers could stop for a rest.

Inns have been known in Russia since the 11th century. The memory of this is preserved in the name of one of the cities of the present Chernihiv region - Priluki, or, as it is called in the annals, Priluki. In some lists of The Tale of Bygone Years, he is also called Perevolochna- a city near the portage, transfer. Therefore, out of all possible interpretations the words pryluky the most correct haven, shelter, inn. In the annals, Pryluk was first mentioned under 1092.

In the same "Instruction" Vladimir Monomakh says: "Vseslav Smolensk burned, and I rushed with the Chernigovites on horseback with lead horses." He didn’t go, didn’t go, but rushed off! "Leaders" were called horses that galloped next to the rider "on the reins." Usually 2-3 horses were used for fast riding. Changing from one to another, a person could travel long distances without long stops.

The princes and their messengers could stay not only in inns, but also in princely villages. According to chronicle information, there were many of them throughout the Russian land. Many of them are widely known. These are Berestovo and Predslavino near Kiev, Rakoma near Novgorod, Bogolyubovo and Moscow in the Suzdal land.

Obviously, the princely messengers, using the setups in the villages, could travel along the roads at the same speed as the princes. Confirmation of this can be found in the Suzdal Chronicle.

The old Yuryevskaya road runs along the outskirts of Vladimir, which is rarely visited by tourists. A deep ancient ravine - Erofeevsky descent leads it beyond the city limits. Here we are embraced by the vast expanse of fields, the blue and green islands of the forest. Soft ridges leave the road to the north-west. The silhouette of Vladimir is shrinking and receding. The road is surrounded by the boundless expanses of the "opolya" - the oldest granary of North-Eastern Russia. These lands date back to the 12th century. were granted by Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky to Vladimir Assumption Cathedral. The gray-haired antiquity emanates from the names of the villages of Opole: Teremets, Empty Yaroslavl, Yanovets, Volosovo, Stary Dvor.

And once on the old Yuryev road ...

But let's put the events in the order in which they happened.

On April 21, 1216, the Novgorod and Suzdal troops met on the Lipetsk field in the vicinity of Yuryev-Polsky. The brutal slaughter ended in the defeat of the combined forces of Yaroslav Pereslavsky and Yuri Vladimirsky. The princes fled. It happened in the morning. And around noon, from the walls of Vladimir, they noticed a horseman galloping at full speed on the old Yuryev road. At first, the inhabitants mistook him for a messenger carrying the news of victory. “Mnesha is a prince of a messenger with a message fleeing to the city.” In reality, it was Prince Yuri. In less than four hours, "he ran to Volodimer about noon on the fourth horse, and strangled three." On the fifth horse, having lost his golden helmet along the way, Prince Yaroslav rode to Pereslavl.

Each of the fugitives rode about 70 kilometers: Yuri a little less, Yaroslav a little more. They changed horses after about 15 kilometers.

All chronicles telling about this event agree on one thing: the princes drove seven horses. But which of the princes "souled" more horses, and which less - consensus no . And this is very important in terms of mail history. The writer knew that between Pereslavl and Vladimir there were eight such points where an official could get horses. The total number of camps converged, and how they were located, the compilers of some chronicles might not know.

So what was the way from Pereslavl to Vladimir? The messenger's road passed, skirting the impenetrable Berendeevo swamp, through the treeless expanses of Opole. Now it is for the most part country roads, usually called "other trackless roads" on maps. equating to modern name settlements, the route of the messenger looked like this: Pereslavl - Nikulskoye - Ryazantsevo - Simy - Soroguzhin - Yuryev - Fedorovskoye - Stary Dvor - Novoaleksandrovo - Vladimir.

Let us return to the chronicle story about the murder of princes Boris and Gleb and try to describe the paths of the messengers mentioned in it. Z. Khodakovsky's book "Ways of Communication in Ancient Russia", published over a hundred years ago, will help us with this. Now a bibliographic rarity, the book tells about the location of ancient Russian settlements, the time of their occurrence, the roads connecting them. Using the instructions of 3. Khodakovsky, we will try to restore the paths of the messengers.

The first to leave was a messenger from Grand Duke Svyatopolk to Murom. At first, his path ran along the Chernihiv road already known to us. Having crossed the Dnieper near Kiev in a boat (the bridge across the river was built by Yaroslav Vladimirovich a few years later), he went along the Desna to Oster, and then to Chernigov. From here, having said goodbye to the Desna, for some time he raced through the black earth fields to the North, until his road led him to the banks of the Sozh. New places flashed by: Gomiy (Gomel), Slavgorod, the mouth of the Vikhra. Along the Vikhra, through Mstislavl, the messenger galloped to Smolensk, which, as you know, stands on the Dnieper. The messenger could get here, all the time following the course of the Dnieper, but then he would have to stay on the road for several days longer, since the river makes many loops in its course.

From Smolensk it was possible to drive to Murom in the same way as the Minsk highway passes now. But then, at the beginning of the 11th century, this road did not yet exist, it arose a century and a half later. Therefore, the messenger went northeast to Zubtsov on the Volga. The chronicle says that Gleb also rode along the Volga. His horse injured his leg at the mouth of the river Tma (not far from modern Kalinin). Our messenger also rushed here. Here he turned to the south-east and drove along the road corresponding to the modern Leningrad highway, to the ancient settlement of Lyalova. Further, making his way through the thicket of the Lyalovsky forests, along the Klyazma, the messenger reached the place where the city of Vladimir now stands. From here, once again turning to the southeast, he rushed to the inheritance of Prince Gleb, the city of Murom.

The messenger of Predslava left Kiev a little later than the Grand Duke's herald. Before Smolensk, their paths coincided. From here, the first one turned almost exactly north towards Velizh and further along the rivers Zapadnaya Dvina and Torope rode to the city of Toropets. From Toropets, he went to the Kunya River, along it and along the Lovat reached Veliky Novgorod.

It is impossible to say exactly how the messenger of Prince Yaroslav Vladimirovich rode, because at that time there were two ways from Novgorod to North-Eastern Russia. One, longer, - through Toropets - Shatry - Kholmets to Zubtsov. Another, shorter and more well-trodden, ran through Valdai, Vyshny Volochek and Torzhok. Further, from Tver, the path of the Novgorod messenger coincided with the road along which the messenger from Kiev rode from Svyatopolk. Somewhere on the last leg of the journey, Prince Yaroslav's messenger learns that Gleb is not in Murom. How the messenger found out about this is unknown. Maybe he was informed about the departure of the prince at one of the inns. Let's not guess. In general, despite the fact that Prince Gleb was “driving fast,” the messenger overtook him on the Smyadyn River, a tributary of the Dnieper.

Since most land roads passed along the banks of rivers and streams, it is possible that the messengers used boats and other means of transportation on water. The princes of Kiev bought horses from the Polovtsians. Russian chronicles of the XII century. they call the herd of princes Igor and Svyatoslav 3000 herd mares and a thousand horses. However, according to foreign authors Mauritius and Leo Deacon, the Russians were bad riders and did not like to ride horses. At the very least, they preferred to fight on foot. Therefore, the possibility is not ruled out that sometimes messengers preferred a horse to a shuttle carved from an oak trunk.

Horse messengers had to cross the rivers not where they please, but in a strictly defined place. On transportation, they usually took a tax in favor of the prince - “myt” from those passing by. The maintenance of ferries on the rivers was considered a very profitable business, and the locals tried not to miss the transfers from their hands. If, for some reason, the princes transferred the crossing to another place, then the old carriers usually also moved there. This is confirmed by the charter of the Uglich Prince Andrei Vasilyevich the Great to the Trinity-Sergius Monastery in 1467–1474. It mentions a transport across the Mologu River near the village of Priseki ("and ... lete dei Mologu are transported under Priseci"). The prince ordered to arrange a crossing near Gorodets, where it was allowed to install their rafts and Prisetsky residents (“and the village Prisetsky near Gorodetsky on Moloz keep their raft on the transport”).

The distance between the main Russian cities in days of travel in antiquity was precisely known. The traveler al-Idrisi wrote in his book “Entertainment of the Weary Traveler in the Regions”: “There are four crossings from Kuyaba to Arsa and four days from Arsa to Slavia.” Here the Arabic names of the cities Kuyaba, Arsa and Slava correspond to the Russian ones Kiev, Smolensk and Novgorod. Thus, the testimony of the chronicler and the traveler agreed - to Novgorod from Kiev, 7-8 days of travel.

The above examples testify, first of all, to a more or less satisfactory condition of the roads. ancient Russia. In the XI-XIII centuries. most big cities of the Kievan state were connected by reliable routes, along which it was possible to travel quickly and in summer heat, and in the autumn thaw. Even then, there was a system of maintaining roads in order, supplying the messenger with everything necessary on the way. This system is bullshit.

Volok (based on a drawing by the Swedish geographer Olaf Magnus)

RUSSIA in the IX-beginning of the XII century.

The first page of The Tale of Bygone Years and a fragment of text from this book

Collection of tribute (from a painting by N. Roerich)

Overseas guests (from a painting by N. Roerich)

Money Kievan Rus X-XI centuries Zlatnik and silver coin of Vladimir I

Messenger. Clan upon clan rose (from a painting by N. Roerich)

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Are the roads good in Russia? Very. You just need to know how to move on them. According to legend, Rus is the God of river rapids (until 1998). Later, in the same dictionary of Dahl's "Living Great Russian Language", he was called the monster of the Dnieper rapids. Why Dneprovsky? Are there many rapid rivers in Russia?

And then, there are very quiet rivers, along which it is a pleasure to walk. Not the same, of course, as on rapids on rafts. Try to move in the taiga, swampy and lacustrine, not along the rivers. You will immediately understand that cars here are an extra burden, and boats are the most necessary thing. Maintaining these roads is very cheap and profitable. The main thing is to do nothing and protect the forest, especially along the coast.

But what really has always been expensive in Russia is the roads. That's why they called it this way: the road is something that costs a lot. And why build them, so that guests from behind the cordon would be more pleasant? But after all, they have such a nature, once in the taiga, they will begin to demand crackers, chips, toast, a coffee machine and a bidet, surprisingly for squirrels. And they look at the Russians like they are monsters. However, we never object. It is not accepted by us.

Only now to build roads so that it would be easier for foreigners to conquer Russia - excuse me. The Russians built their ships in such a way that they could navigate both the seas and the rivers. The water guides us. Therefore, in ancient times, gray-haired, and now our paths are the same. But historians and politicians have a close interest in only one of them. In the Middle Ages it was known as the route "from the Varangians to the Greeks".

Humanities are indifferent to the path “from the Varangians to the Arabs” of the same time, not like “from the Varangians to the Greeks”. Significant path. It is interesting that who the Greeks are - they remember in the world, and who the Vikings are - decisively, they forgot. In general, we call mittens like that in the North. They are warmer than gloves. Neither the Arabs nor the Greeks, of course, wear the Vikings. But the Russians can take them off, put them on and make them. The journey "from the Varangians to the Greeks" began in the northern fortress of the Rus.

In the North we have many fortresses, modern and ancient. For instance, Staraya Ladoga, on the Volkhov, next to Lake Ladoga. The fortress withstood more than one siege by the Swedish and allied troops of Western well-wishers (the first was in 1164), but remained undefeated. They manipulated her only through contracts, according to vague political reasons. This time in the history of Russia is called so - troubled.

Fortress military glory Russians - Oreshek, at the source of the Neva. The grandson of Alexander Nevsky, Prince Yuri Danilovich founded it in 1323. To the Great Patriotic war 350 fighters from the garrison of the fortress held back the Nazis for 500 days, protecting the Road of Life, until the blockade of Leningrad was lifted. The enemy could not cross the Neva. In 1702, Peter the Great renamed Oreshek into Shlisselburg or Shlyusenburg, the people corrected it - Shlyushin.

Serdobol in the North Lake Ladoga- now Sortavala, out of respect for the Finns. The fortress on Solovki - only betrayal opened the way for unwanted guests there. Vyborg, built by Gostomysl, Novgorod prince of the pre-Rurik times. We will not remember Ust-Narova at the mouth of the wayward river Norova. Narva is now abroad. Why do Russians need cities? It seems that two are enough for them: the city and Novgorod.

We now have three Novgorodovs: Veliky, Nizhny and Scythian Naples - modern Simferopol, out of respect for the Greeks. A, Old city, know where? You won't guess, in Oldenburg, in Lower Saxony, out of respect for the Germans. In the surviving medieval texts, the Byzantine emperor, Constantine Porphyrogenitus, insists, however, that the fortress from which the Russians began their journey to Constantinople was called Nevograd.

We have one beautiful city in the north, which the descendants cannot divide between Peter and Lenin. Neva would reconcile everyone, maybe? The most difficult thing on this path was to go through the rapids. And who was waiting for the Russians there? Incredibly, their ancestor, Rus, is the God of the river rapids, or the monster of the Dnieper rapids, if someone so likes it. Mysterious people.

In ancient times, waterways of communication were well developed in Russia. There were many rivers and lakes on the territory of the country, through which it was possible to deliver goods, transport passengers, and keep the defense. Even after roads began to be laid, they remained in second place after water transport.

Ancient straight road

No one can name the exact date of the appearance of this ancient road in Russia. The approximate period of its appearance refers to the 6th-9th centuries. It began in Suzdal and extended to the Moscow River. It was about 220 miles long. In the 12th century it was extended to Kiev. This happened thanks to Vladimir Monomakh. In the 12th-13th centuries, the road was of great economic, cultural and military importance, in addition, it was protected from enemy attacks by dense forests and city buildings. However, in 1238, the attack of Batu turned this road into a canvas for the free movement of Russia's wealth to the Horde.

Development of roads in Russia

In the 17-18 centuries, the construction and development of overland roads in Russia began. Moscow was the center of the road network. Roads led from it in all directions: to Arkhangelsk, Veliky Ustyug, Kiev, Nizhny Novgorod, Ryazan, Rzhev, Kashin, Vyazma, Tver, etc. Over time, similar road networks began to emanate from all major cities.

With the growth of the possessions of the Russian Empire, the rise of the economy and the significant development of road networks, governing bodies were created - "Orders". In 1516, the Yamskaya Prikaz appeared, which became the main body of state control over postal and cargo transportation until 1730.

In 1597, after the annexation of Siberia to Russia, it became necessary to extend far beyond the northern borders of the country. The first road leading to Siberia was the Babinovskaya road, but it lost its significance due to the new overland route laid in 1763 -

Siberian tract

A dirt road with separate log decks began to be built under Peter I in 1705. The first road paved with gravel appeared in 1817, and 3 years later the first stagecoach drove along it. In 1834 it was named the Moscow Highway.

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“There are five hundred versts on the straight road,
Oh, she’s about a thousand.”
(Epic "Ilya Muromets and the Nightingale the Robber")

They say that all roads go from Moscow and start from the Kremlin. The ancient straight road is an exception to this rule. It began in the fortified Suzdal and made its way to the west - southwest in those days when Moscow did not yet exist. First, she crossed fields and copses, and after the Koloksha River she walked along the northern edges of dense forests that reached the Moscow River. These forests have partially survived to this day: in the Vladimir region, in the Noginsk district of the Moscow region, the Izmailovsky massif, Losiny Ostrov, Sokolniki.

The length of the road is about 220 miles. The road was the only possible way. She is a thousand years old. It appeared at the dawn of the settlement of northeastern Russia by the Slavs. They came here from the northwestern Novgorod lands. Historians (Karamzin, Solovyov, and others) claim that this happened in the 6th-9th centuries. The settlers moved by waterways. Overcoming rivers and portages, they reached the upper reaches of the Volga, along its tributaries they penetrated into the depths of impenetrable dense forests, where they found vast open spaces, fertile fields, the longed-for dream of the Slavic farmers.

Those places were called Zalessky. One of their settlements, on the shore of Lake Nero, was first mentioned in the annals of the 9th century - the city of Rostov. Further, to the southeast, in the fields of Zalessky, is the city of Suzdal. According to archaeological data, its fortifications date back to the 10th century.

These settlers, who developed new lands and hunting grounds around the cities, gradually paved the way from east to west, south of their original path. Archaeological maps show that in the interfluve of Moscow and Klyazma, among the burial grounds of local Vyatichi Slavs discovered there, there is also a burial ground of Slovenes who came from Suzdal. The cemetery is also marked in the middle part of the road. There are no Vyatichi burials in those places; they did not inhabit the lands east of the Klyazma. This proves the gradual development of land to the west of Suzdal.

On the same map, the border of contact between the western and Slavic tribes that came from the east is plotted. It is interesting that the eastern tribes brought with them the “okaying” dialect, while the Vyatichi dialect was “aking”. The difference in dialects has survived to our time. The border is a strip in which villages are located, chaotically mixed, but entirely “okay” or “okay”.

But let's get back to the road that reached the Moscow River. She went to where, perhaps, the Suzdal people had already been before, getting on the water; where the straight road and waterway from Suzdal. It was a dead end. Then there was the land occupied by the union of Slavic tribes, not subject to Kievan Rus. They occupied vast forest areas, which included the upper reaches of the Oka, Moscow, Ugra, Don and their tributaries. All this was called the “Land of the Vyatichi”, and the forests were called “Bryn”. They were considered impassable. That is why North-Eastern Russia Kiev princes called Zalesskaya.

Vladimir Monomakh in his "Instruction" to children wrote that he went to Zalessky Rus "through the Vyatichi". Monomakh went through the Bryn forests directly, with battles, overcoming the resistance of the local "princes". It happened in 1101-102, when he arrived in the Zalessky land.

We believe that the prince knew about the existence of the road from Suzdal to the Moscow River and knew the place where it went. So it can be assumed that the road was already known in the 11th century, but only thanks to Monomakh it received an extension to Kiev at the very beginning of the 12th century.

And by the beginning of the XII century, Vladimir Monomakh made his way to the same places (between the Moscow and Klyazma rivers) from Kiev. It is known that the son of Monomakh, Yuri (nicknamed Dolgoruky), Prince of Suzdal, already freely used this route to Kiev. The XII century is characterized by the fact that Yuri Vladimirovich, expanding and strengthening the Rostov-Suzdal inheritance, began to resettle many Slavs from the southwestern and western lands of Kievan Rus to his lands. The people willingly left to the northeast, fleeing from the raids of the steppes and from princely strife. Settlers received land, benefits and the right to found settlements. They not only widened the road, but also built many new settlements, cities and fortifications here.

In the 12th-13th centuries, the road turned into a busy economic, political and military artery of North-Eastern Russia. It was the first Russian internal road protected from raids by impenetrable forests and fortified cities.

In the winter of 1238, countless hordes of Batu penetrated the ice of frozen rivers into the heart of Zalesskaya Rus, ruining and subduing it on long years. The road turned into a path along which the wealth of Russia flowed into the Horde.

In the meantime, oppressed Russia was gradually gathering strength. In the XIV century a special role was played by the “protector of the Russian land” Sergius, hegumen of Radonezh. On instructions and of his own free will, he proceeded to Russia, successfully settling the feuds of the appanage princes and rallying them around the Grand Duke of Moscow. He foresaw the threat of a new invasion of the Horde. Do not forget the church affairs. Among the many monasteries he founded are the famous modern Trinity-Sergius Lavra, and two monasteries set right on ancient road: Kirzhachsky and Stromynsky. It was he who gave the name to the road - Stromynskaya.

The Stromynsky Monastery was founded in 1380 by a vow and at the expense of Grand Duke Dimitri Ivanovich, the future Donskoy. That summer, the Horde Khan Mamai gathered a huge army and slowly moved to Russia, hoping to unite with the allies and repeat the defeat of sovereign and scattered principalities, as in the time of Batu. Demetrius managed to gather an army, was blessed by St. Sergius and vowed to build a monastery if he returned healthy. With that, he moved towards Mamai. He defeated the enemy utterly (“Mamaev’s Battle”), but he himself suffered heavy losses. In fulfillment of the vow, Dmitry Donskoy founded the Dormition Dubensky Monastery on Stromyn. And Sergius of Radonezh picked up the place and arranged the monastery.

Stromynka, as the people called her, first united the scattered specific principalities, and then allowed them to be united into single state under the leadership of Moscow.

But Moscow needed other such roads to solve problems in the east. On the verge of the XV-XVI centuries, a direct route to Vladimir, Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan was built, called the Great Vladimir Road, which also became historical, but the second one.

The Vladimirskaya road deprived Stromynka of its former significance, and it was neglected for almost three centuries. At the end of the 18th century, the cotton industry arose and rapidly developed in the city of Shuya, the village of Ivanovo and the surrounding area. The entire cargo turnover was taken by Stromynka and a branch from it in Yuryev Polsky. Revival - lasted about a hundred years, until at the end of the 19th century it was built Railway Alexandrov-Ivanovo.

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