Verb. Predicate and its types

A verb is an independent part of speech that combines words denoting an action and answering the question what to do? what to do? This meaning is expressed in the categories of aspect, voice, tense, person, gender and mood. In a sentence, verbs act mainly as predicates.

Predicate and its types

Predicate - main member sentences associated with the subject and answering the questions: what does an object (or person) do?, what happens to it?, what is it like?, what is it?, who is it? etc. The predicate denotes the action or state of objects and persons that are expressed by the subject. The predicate is most often expressed by a verb that agrees with the subject, but often the predicate is expressed by other parts of speech.

1. Simple verbal predicate

A simple verbal predicate is a predicate expressed by one verb in any mood:

The wind is shaking the grass!

The sun disappeared behind a cloud.

I will go to the forest.

He would go to town.

Write me a letter right away!

2. Compound verb predicate

A compound verbal predicate consists of a copular part and an indefinite form of the verb. Answers questions: What does it do? what to do? what did you do? The ligamentous part can be:

phase verb (start, continue, become, quit);
modal word (wants, ready, forced, maybe unable).

He wants to go to college.

I couldn't meet them for a long time.

You must study.

He was a fun-loving guy.

I was unable to think about it.

3. Compound nominal predicate

A compound nominal predicate is a predicate that consists of a nominal part and a linking verb.

The most common is the linking verb to be, less common, but other linking verbs are possible.

The connective in the sentence can be omitted.

When parsing, the predicate is indicated by two horizontal lines.

Predicative expressed in different ways:

- adjective: the weather was good;
- noun: a book is a faithful friend;
- comparative degree adjective: his character is harder than steel;
- a short turn of the passive participle: the grass is cut;
- short adjective: the evening is quiet;
- adverb: the error was obvious;
- numeral: twice two is four;
- pronoun: this notebook is mine;
- a syntactically integral phrase: he sat in a puddle.

Constant and inconstant signs of a verb

Variable signs:

Mood.

Genus (except present time).

In modern Russian, the initial (dictionary) form of a verb is considered to be the infinitive, otherwise called the indefinite form (according to the old terminology, the indefinite mood) of the verb. It is formed by means of the ending -т (after roots on consonants often -ti (for example, “to go”); with roots on g and к it merges, giving -ch).

Constant signs:

The imperfect form denotes an action in its flow, without indicating the boundary of the action (answers the question of what to do?) (draw, sing).

The perfect form denotes an action limited by a limit (answers the question of what to do?) (draw, sing).

There are verbs that do not have paired forms of another type:

belong, walk around (imperfect form only);

burst out, stride, find yourself (only perfect appearance).

There are verbs that combine the meaning of imperfect and perfect forms - bi-type verbs (command, promise, wound).

Conjugation of verbs

1. Conjugation is the change of verbs in the present and future simple tense according to persons and numbers (similar to declension for nouns). Conjugations (conjugation as a category) are also called groups of verbs, the endings of which, when changed in the present and future simple tenses, change equally in persons and numbers.

There are two conjugations (two categories of verbs): I and II, respectively. And

The conjugation is determined as follows - if the verb is in the 3rd person form plural the stressed ending is -ut, -yut, then this is a verb of the first conjugation. If the stressed ending is -at, -yat, then this is a verb of the second conjugation.

Note

Only if the endings of the 3rd person plural are unstressed, apply next appointment. It should be borne in mind that it is not effective for verbs with the mentioned stressed endings: from checking with the technique described below the verb sew, it follows that it is II conjugation, and from checking as described above, it is I conjugation.

2. II conjugation includes those verbs with an unstressed personal ending that have:

The infinitive ends in -it (to carry, saw, spend, etc.), except for the verbs shave, lay, and the rare verbs izozhditsya (“to be founded, to be built”) and zybytsya (“to hesitate, to swing, to be covered with ripples”). (The verbs izozhditsya and zybytsya are used only in the 3rd person singular and plural form, other forms are not used.).

3. Exceptional verbs in which the infinitive ends in -et (look, see, hate, offend, depend, endure, twirl) and in -at (drive, hold, hear, breathe).

All other verbs with unstressed personal endings belong to the I conjugation.

4. It should be remembered that prefixed verbs formed from non-prefixed ones belong to the same type of conjugation as non-prefixed verbs (drive - catch up - overtake - drive out, etc. - II conjugation). Verbs with -sya (-s) belong to the same type of conjugation as without -sya (-s) (gonat - chase - II conjugation).

5. In the Russian language there are also heteroconjugated verbs, in which some forms are formed according to I conjugation, and others - according to II. These include:

want - in the singular it changes according to the I conjugation (want - want - wants), and in the plural - according to the II (want - want - want);

run, which has all forms, like those of verbs of the second conjugation (run - run - run - run - run), except for the 3rd person plural. numbers - run (according to I conjugation);

honor - changes according to the II conjugation (honor - honor - honor - honor), except for the 3rd person plural. numbers (honor), although there is also a form honour, which is now used less often than honour;

dawn (“dawn, light up a little”) - used only in the form of the 3rd person singular (breezhit - II conjugation) and plural (breezhut - I conjugation): Dawn dawns a little; The stars are faintly shining in the sky.

6. The verbs eat, bother, give, create (and their prefix derivatives: overeat, seize, surrender, give, betray, recreate, etc.) have a system of endings that is uncharacteristic for verbs of conjugations I and II (archaic).

7. The verb to be is also peculiar. Rarely preserved from it in modern Russian language common forms 3rd person singular and plural present tense is the essence. Here is an example of the use of these forms: “A straight line is the shortest distance between two points”; “The most common general abstractions accepted by almost all historians are: freedom, equality, enlightenment, progress, civilization, culture” (Leo Tolstoy). The future tense is formed from another root: I will - you will - there will be - we will - you will - there will be.

8. It should be remembered that verbs are conjugated (changed according to persons and numbers) only in the present and simple future tense. If the form of the future is complex (in imperfective verbs), then only auxiliary to be, and the main verb is in the infinitive. Verbs in the past tense are not conjugated (they do not change according to persons), but they change according to gender in the third person singular: he took, she took, it took.

Conjugated and inconjugated forms of the verb, infinitive

Verbs, depending on the ability or inability to change in persons, numbers, moods and tenses, have inconjugated forms (infinitive - indefinite form of the verb) participles and gerunds; conjugated forms include all other forms.

1. The infinitive is the initial form of the verb, with which all other forms of the verb are lexically and word-formatively connected. Verbs in the infinitive name the process itself, without attributing it to any person or time. The indefinite form of the verb is characterized by the suffixes -t, -ti (revenge, buy), some verbs in the infinitive end in -ch (to lie down).

The concept of verb classes

The bases of the indefinite form and the present tense, as a rule, differ in affixes or sound composition: read-t - chitaj-ut (read), call-t - call-ut. The relationship between the indefinite form stem and the present tense stem determines the division of verbs into classes.

Classes of verbs characterized by the relationship of these stems, which is also characteristic of newly formed verbs, are called productive, for example, verbs like sit down - sit down (cf. land, lunar). The same verbs, on the basis of which new verbs are not created, belong to unproductive classes, for example, verbs such as prick - prick, pollut - weed, etc.

There are five productive verb classes:

The 1st class combines verbs with the indefinite form stem in -а(ть) and with the present tense stem in -aj: read - chitaj-ut (read).

2nd class - verbs with an indefinite stem in -e(t) and with a present tense stem in -ej: zhale-t - zhalej-ut (regret).

3rd class - verbs with the stem of the indefinite form in -ova (-eva) (ть) and with the stem of the present tense in -yj: advise - advisej-ut (advise), grief-t - burnj-ut (grieve).

4th grade - verbs with the stem of the indefinite form in -nu(t) and with the stem of the present (future simple) tense in -n-: jump - jump-ut.

5th grade - verbs with the indefinite form ending in -и(т) and with the third person plural ending. part of the present tense -at, -yat: mo-li-t - mo-yat.

Unproductive classes usually combine a small number of verbs.

Their classification is made difficult by the presence small features in small groups of verbs, and sometimes in individual verbs (for example, eat, go). The number of unproductive classes is gradually decreasing, as they are exposed to the influence of productive classes (for example, the forms meow instead of meow come into use, purr instead of purr, rinse instead of rinse, wave instead of wave by analogy with verbs of the 1st productive class). In print one can find parallel use of both forms, although many of the new forms are still outside the codified literary language.

Sometimes the forms differ in shades of meaning: the train is moving (set in motion) and the train is moving (is in motion).

Impersonal verbs

Impersonal verbs are verbs that name actions or states that occur as if by themselves, without the participation of the actor. For example: chill, feel sick, feel unwell, dawn, dawn, get cold, evening, dusk, etc. Such verbs denote states of man or nature.

They do not change by person and are not combined with personal pronouns, but are used as predicates in impersonal sentences, and a subject is impossible with them.

Impersonal verbs have only the infinitive form (dawn, chill), a form that coincides with the 3rd person singular (dawn, chill), and a neuter singular form (dawn, chill).

Group impersonal verbs is replenished by personal verbs by adding the postfix -sya to them: can’t read, can’t sleep, can’t believe, breathes easily, lives, etc.

Quite often, personal verbs are used to mean impersonal. Wed: Lilac smells (personal verb) good and Smells (personal verb in an impersonal meaning) of hay over the meadows (A. Maikov); The wind bends the trees to the ground and makes me sleepy; Something is getting dark in the distance and it gets dark early in winter.

Inconstant verb sign - what is it? Answer to asked question you will find in the materials of the presented article. In addition, we will tell you what forms this part of speech has, how it declines, etc.

General information

Before understanding what constants and inconsistent symptoms verbs exist, it should be said about what this part of speech generally represents.

A verb is a part of speech that denotes the state or action of an object and answers the questions “what to do?” and “what should I do?”

Verb forms

Each verb has the following forms:

Initial. It is sometimes called the infinitive or indefinite form. Such verbs end in -ti, -t or -ch, that is, in formative suffixes (for example: guard, bloom, bathe, etc.). The indefinite only names a state or action and does not indicate a number, time or person. This is the so-called immutable form. It has only permanent characteristics.
Conjugated forms, that is, not being an infinitive. As a rule, they have constant and inconstant signs of a verb.
Participle.
Participle.

So, in order to correctly compose the text of a letter, you should know that the presented part of speech has:

fickle;
constant signs of the verb.

Let's look at them in more detail.

Inconstant verb features

Non-permanent forms include:

number;
mood;
face;
time.

It should be especially noted that each of these signs has its own characteristics.

Mood

All verbs have 3 mood forms. This sign shows how talking man evaluates the action. In other words, with the help of such a form one can find out whether he considers it desirable, possible or real under any particular condition.

Time

The term “non-constant verb features” speaks for itself. That is, this part of speech changes over time. However, this only applies to verbs in

So, let's look in more detail at how this part of speech changes over time:

Present tense. Formally, it is expressed as -у, -yu, -eat, -et, -ut, -ete, etc. (For example: walking, thinking, doing, dreaming, carrying etc.). It should be especially noted that the present tense denotes a process that is taking place at the moment. Moreover, he himself may not be in the present, but in the past or future. Here's an example: She runs ahead of me. She thought she was running ahead of me. She'll run ahead again.
Future tense. As you know, it denotes a process that will happen very soon. For example: I'll go for a walk in the evening. It should also be noted that verbs of the perfect and imperfect forms also have a future tense. Although in these cases it is expressed differently ( I will read - I will read, I will sing - I will sing, I will walk - I will walk etc.).
Past tense. This tense denotes an action that has already passed (for example: walked, did, thought). This form is formed by adding the suffix -l-.

Number

Inconstant signs of a verb are those signs that, if necessary, can change the word in right time, face, etc. The number is also a fickle sign. It could be:

The only one: I'm doing, I'm waiting, I'm going, I'm going, I'm going etc.
Plural: do, wait, go, let's go, let's go etc.

Face

In the future and present forms, all verbs change according to the following persons:

The 1st person indicates that the process is carried out by the speaker: I sing, we sing;
The 2nd person indicates that the action is performed by the listener: you are silent, you are silent;
The 3rd person indicates that the action is carried out by a person not participating in the dialogue: it, he, she goes, they go.

It should also be noted that some verbs name any action or state that occurs without the participation of a specific person, as if by itself. Such verbs are called impersonal. Here's an example: Chills. It's getting light. It's getting dark.

Genus

What other inconstant features of a verb exist? Of course, this includes gender. However, this form is inherent only to verbs in the singular, conditional mood and:

Now you know how fickle morphological characteristics verbs exist and how this part of speech changes in accordance with them. However, it should be noted that, in addition to non-permanent ones, there are also permanent forms. Let's look at them in more detail.

Verb signs are constant

If someone turns to you and asks: “Name the inconstant features of a verb,” then you will probably do it without hesitation. But what do you say if they want to hear from you a list and differences permanent signs verb?

So, these forms include:

transitivity;
repayment;
conjugation.

View

Absolutely all verbs are imperfect or perfect. This sign shows exactly how the action proceeds. As you know, all verbs of the perfect form answer next question: "what to do?". In addition, they indicate the result of an action, its completion, beginning or end (for example, what to do? - stand up).

May change in the past ( what did you do? - got up) and future simple tense ( what will they do? - will stand up). This feature does not have a present tense form.

The imperfect answer the following question: “what to do?” In addition, when denoting an action, they do not indicate its result, completion, beginning or end: get up. Such verbs have a past ( what they were doing? - got up), the present ( what are they doing? - get up) and future complex tense ( what will you do? - I'll get up). Also, the imperfective form has an infinitive form of the verb ( what will it do? - will get up, will dance etc.).

It should be especially noted that in the Russian language there is a small number of two-aspect verbs. Such words, depending on the context, can become either perfect or imperfect ( order, marry, explore, execute, arrest, marry, attack, examine etc.).

Here's an example:

Rumors spread throughout the city that the king himself would execute his enemies. In this case, the verb “execute” answers the question “what does it do?” and has an imperfect appearance.
Rumors spread throughout the city that the king himself would execute several rebels. In this case, the verb “execute” answers the question “what will he do?” and looks perfect.

Repayment

Constant characteristics also include such a form as recurrence. Thus, verbs that have the postfix -sya or -sya are called reflexive. For example: fight, swear etc. The rest are non-refundable. For example: beat, scold, think etc.

Transitivity

All verbs are divided into intransitive and transitive. The latter denote a process that transfers to another subject. Its name can be expressed:

All other verbs are considered intransitive ( play in the forest, believe in justice etc.).

Conjugation

You know what inconstant feature of a verb can be used to write beautiful stylistic writing. However, this is not enough to compose a competent text. After all, it is very important to know how verbs are written in one conjugation or another.

As you know, with this form the endings of verbs change. In turn, conjugations depend on the person and number of a word.

So, to compose a competent letter, you need to remember that:

Verbs of the 1st conjugation have the endings: -eat (-eesh), -у (-yu), -et (-yot), -ete (-yote), -em (-yom) and -ut (-yut). Here's an example: work, want, howl, eat, run etc.
Verbs of the 2nd conjugation have the endings: -ish, -u (-yu), im, -it, -at (-yat) or -ite. Here's an example: grow, feed, love, pass, destroy etc.

1. Verb mood

1. 1 Indicative denotes an action that happened in the past, is happening in the present and will happen in the future. Verbs in indicative form. n. change:

From time to time;

In the present tense - by persons and numbers;

In the past tense - by gender (only in singular) and number;

In the future tense - by persons and numbers.

Example: In the meadows shine dew peas, what It happens only early in the morning.

1. 2 Subjunctive (conditional) mood denotes a desired action that can occur when certain conditions. Verbs do not change tenses, but they have forms of gender (only in singular) and number.

Formed: Ch. past vr. withdrew n. + particle WOULD (B).

Examples: I would play now something. This is for anyone it would seem possible.

1. 3 Imperative mood expresses an incentive to action, an order, a request, advice. The action may or may not happen. Examples: live (live), learn (learn), believe (believe), read (read), let him come.

The imperative mood is formed using:

Sometimes, to soften the form of the order, led to verbs. n. the particle KA is added: bring it, give it.

Attention! The form led. n. may coincide in sound with the form of the 2nd l., pl. hour, present or bud. vr. will express n.: You speak that you saw him?

2. Verb tenses

At times, verbs change only in the indicative mood.

3. Number of verbs

Determined by the question to the verb.

4. FaceVerbHeads

The person of the verb indicates who is participating in the speech. The face can only be identified in Ch. in the form of present and bud. vr. in will express. n. and at ch. led n.

Face	1st	2nd	3rd
Unit h.	I'm glad Yu sya	You're glad eat Xia	He (she, it) is happy no Xia
Mn. h.	We are glad eat Xia	You're welcome yeah sya	They are happy ut Xia

Impersonal verbs- these are verbs denoting an action that occurs on its own; they are called natural phenomena, human states. They do not change in person or number, and are not combined with Im.p. Impersonal verbs include verbs.

A verb, like any verb, has signs by which its characterization is made. They represent grammatical categories, which are inherent verb forms. Let's consider the constant and inconstant signs of the verb, studied as part of the school curriculum.

A verb is understood as a linguistic verbal category with its inherent syntactic and morphological properties, which denotes the state or actions of the subject in question. Part of speech answers the questions “what to do”, “what to do”.

When studying in mandatory forms considered:

Initial. Found under the name indefinite. Another name is the infinitive. They end in -ch, -t, -ti. The endings listed refer to formative suffixes. Within school curriculum they are often seen as endings. Examples: protect, carry, roll. The indefinite verb form is characterized by naming an action or state. There is no indication of a specific person, time or date. Such features allow us to classify it as unchangeable. The main feature that distinguishes the infinitive from other categories is the presence of constant properties.
Personal. This category includes all existing categories other than the infinitive. They have personal endings.
Participle. Some scientists classify participles as a separate part of speech.
Involved. In some programs, similar to the gerund, it is distinguished as separate part speech.

Students gain knowledge about what morphological features a verb has in Russian language lessons. Exactly 5th grade in general education high school it is generally accepted optimal period to master the basics of morphology.

As part of the 5th grade curriculum, the student receives basic knowledge about constant and inconstant features of a verb. They also acquire practical skills in parsing a word as a part of speech.

A thorough mastery of the basics of spelling in the Russian language is impossible without knowledge of the morphological properties that characterize the verb as a part of speech.

There is the following classification:

Constant morphological characteristics. Distinctive feature– cannot be modified regardless of the presence of other parts of speech or other influencing factors.
Variable morphological features of the verb. In some literary sources they are called mutable. Marked by the ability to change depending on general meaning sentences or single phrases.

Permanent

Grammatical categories that accompany the characteristics of verb forms are called constant morphological features. Regardless of the semantic meaning given to the phrase, they cannot be changed.

Among the constant morphological features inherent in the verb, the following categories are found:

View. There are perfective and imperfective verbs. The first group is characterized by a completed action and the question “what to do.” For example: run away, read. The second group names the unfinished action and answers the question “what to do”: see, multiply.
Returnability. Serves to describe a potential state (swears) or an ongoing action performed by the subject in relation to himself (washes himself), as well as an action occurring in relation to two or more objects that are in close relationship (make peace). A special feature is the presence of the postfix -sya/sya. There is a division into reflexive (wash, undress) and non-reflexive (plant, give water) verbs.
Transitivity. It is a category that characterizes the possibility of directed action. A special feature is the ability to add an add-on. It is customary to distinguish between transitive (wash fruit, eat cake) and intransitive (go, be).
Conjugation type. It is a category according to which the conjugation mechanism for persons and numbers is determined. There are 2 (ending in -it) and 1 conjugation (all others). There are also different conjugated verb forms.

Consideration of the constant morphological features of the verb is impossible without characterizing the non-constant ones.

Fickle

The grammatical categories inherent in conjugated verbs and participles belong to non-constant features. This group is characterized by the ability to change under the influence semantic load, which is contained in the phrase.

What non-permanent signs are usually identified:

Mood. Expresses the relation of action to reality. It is customary to distinguish between the conditional (the peculiarity is the particle “would”: I would see, I would read, I would go), the imperative (do, look, hear) and indicative (I am resting, you understand) moods.
Number. Is a category that determines the number of described subjects involved in the action. Inherent in verbs and participles. There is a division into singular (runs, walks, read) and plural (wore, walk, painted) numbers.
Time. Contains an indication of the time period when the action took place relative to the moment of speech. Characteristic of the indicative mood. It is customary to distinguish between the present (I watch, I eat), the past (I watched, I ate) and the future (I will watch, I will eat) tenses.
Face. Gives an idea of who is performing the action. Characteristic for the imperative and indicative mood of the future and present tense. Classified into 1 (draw, read, let's go), 2 (eat, think, swim) and 3 (stroking, watching) faces.
Genus. Characterized by the gender of the person performing the action. Inherent in participles, conditional and indicative verbs in the past tense. There are feminine (decorated, cleaned up, would have screamed), masculine (dirty, swept, would have eaten), neuter (cleaned up, galloped off, would have needed) gender.

Parsing order

Among the practical skills provided curriculum, students must know how to parse a word.

For a verb, there is the following procedure for morphological analysis:

The part of speech, the infinitive, is determined.
The verb form is highlighted.
The conjugation is determined.
The time is revealed.
The number is being specified.

Depending on whether the person belongs to the future or present tense, the definition of a person becomes available. Gender is chosen for past tense verb forms. Last step in analysis - definition as a member of a sentence, that is, a syntactic role in a specific sentence.

Useful video

Let's sum it up

Knowledge of such concepts as constant and non-constant morphological within the Russian language is necessary in order to successfully pass the final exam at school and subsequently enter a university where Russian is included in the list of entrance tests.

The meaning of the verb, its morphological features and syntactic function

Verb - is an independent part of speech that denotes an action, state or attitude and answers questions what to do? what to do?: work, clean, get sick, be afraid, want, be wealthy. All forms verb have morphological characteristics of type (they can be perfect or imperfect) and transitivity (they can be transitive or intransitive). Among the verb forms there are differences conjugated(change according to moods, tenses, persons or genders, as well as numbers) and unconjugated(initial form verb, participles and gerunds).

In a sentence, conjugated verbal forms play the role of a predicate (they have special forms of predication - forms of mood and tense), non-conjugated verbal forms can also be other members of the sentence. For example: Mermaid swam along the blue river, illuminated full moon... (M. Lermontov); So thought a young rake, flying in the dust on postage... (A. Pushkin).

Infinitive

The initial (dictionary) form of the verb is infinitive, or infinitive(from Latin infiniti - vus - “uncertain”). The infinitive denotes an action regardless of mood, tense, person, number, that is, without its connection with the actor (subject).

The infinitive is an unchangeable form of the verb, which has only constant morphological features of the verb: aspect, transitivity/intransitivity, reflexivity/nonreflexivity, type of conjugation. (If the conjugated verb forms have an unstressed ending, then the type of conjugation is determined by the infinitive.)

The formal indicators of the infinitive are suffixes -t, -t(at school they are usually considered as graduations). Suffix -th comes after vowels (watch, think, sing), A -ti- after consonants (carry, carry, weave). Some verbs end in the infinitive with -ch: bake, protect, flow, be able and etc.; historically in -whose merged infinitive indicator -ti and the final root sound [G] or [To]: shape type “bake”, “take care” as a result of phonetic changes transformed into "oven", "preserve" and so on.

In a sentence, the infinitive can be any part of the sentence. For example: 1) Be in love others - heavy cross... (B. Pasternak); 2) He [Startsev] decided to go to the Turkins(for what purpose?) see what kind of people they are (A. Chekhov); 3) I acted carelessly, indulging in the sweet habit of seeing and hearing you every day (A. Pushkin); 4) The cleanest shirts orders captain put on!_ (B. Okudzhava).

Note. Example (2) - with verbs of motion (leave, come in etc.) or stopping movement (stop, stay, sit down etc.) the infinitive is a circumstance of the goal (names the goal of movement or cessation of movement): Sometimes he stopped in the sands(for what purpose?) relax (K. Paustovsky).

Example (4) - the infinitive is not included in the predicate and is an addition in the sentence if it denotes the action of another person (object) other than the one named as the subject.

Verb Basics

The verb has two basics: infinitive stem And basis of present/simple future tense.(Sometimes it also stands out past tense basis but for most verbs it coincides with the stem of the infinitive.) Some verb forms are formed from basics infinitive, and the other part is from basics present/simple future tense. These two basics Many verbs are different.

To highlight the base of the infinitive, you need to separate the formative suffix of the infinitive: carried- you, pussy- yea, speak up- oh, read- ugh, rice- t.

To highlight the basis of the present/simple future tense, you need to separate the personal ending from the form of the present/simple future tense (usually the 3rd person plural form is taken): carried- ut, write- ut, dialect- yat, read j - ut, pucyj - ut.

To highlight basis past tense, you need to discard the formative suffix -l- and the ending from the past tense form (you can use any form except the masculine singular form, since it can contain a zero suffix, which makes it difficult to isolate basics): carried- l-a, pisa- l-ah, speak- l-a, read- l-a, rice- l-a.

There are verbs that have the same basics infinitive and present/simple future tense, and the past tense stem differs from them: eid- here you go- ut, w- l-a. basics different: I'll get wet- ugh, wet- ut, wet- l-a; tere- tb, tr- ut, ter- l-a. There are verbs that have all three basics match up: carried- you, carried- ut, carried- la.

Verb forms that are formed from the stem of the infinitive	Verb forms that are formed from the stem of the present/simple future tense
1. Forms of the past tense of the indicative mood: carried, wrote, spoke, read, drew.	1. Forms of the present and simple future tense of the indicative mood: I'm carrying it, I'll write it, I say, 4 umaj- y (spelling - reading), pucyj- y(I draw).
2. Forms of conditional mood: would carry, write, speak, read, draw.	2. Forms of the imperative mood: carry, write, speak, read) (read), rice) (draw).
3. Active participles past tense: carrying, writing, speaking, reading, drawing.	3. Active present participles: carrying, writing, speaking, reading j-ush-y (reader),pucyj-ush-y (drawing).
4. Passive participles past tense: carried away, written, drawn-nn-yp.	4. Present passive participles: nes-ohm-y, talk-i.ch-y, chitauem-y (readable), pucyj-um-y (drawable).
5. Perfect participles: writing, speaking, reading, drawing.	5. Imperfect participles: I'm not saying, I read" ja (reading)pucyj- a(drawing).

Verb type

Verbs in Russian belong to one of two types: to imperfect or to perfect.

Verbs perfect form answer the question what to do? and denote an action limited in its duration, having an internal limit, completeness. Perfect Verbs can denote an action that has ended (or will end) having achieved a result (learn, draw), an action that has begun (or will begin), and this very beginning of the action is understood as its boundary, limit (play, sing), one-time action (push, shout, jump- verbs with suffix -Well).

Verbs imperfect form answer the question what to do? and denote an action without instructions

to its limit, without limiting its course in time, the action is long or repeated (teach, draw, play, shout).

Imperfect and perfect verbs form species pairs. The species pair consists of imperfective verb and a perfective verb, having the same lexical meaning and differing only in meaning kind: read- read, write - write, build- build.

Imperfect verbs are formed from perfective verbs using suffixes:

1) -iva-, -yva-: consider- examine, question- ask, sign- sign;

2) -va: open- open, give- give, put on- put on shoes;

3) -a-(-s): save- save, grow up- grow up.

Perfective verbs are formed from imperfective verbs in various ways:

1) using view attachments on-, with-, pro-, you-, on- and etc,: treat- cure, bake- bake, make- do, write - write, read- read, build- build, teach- learn etc. (But more often, with the help of a prefix, perfective verbs are formed, which differ from imperfective verbs not only in the meaning of the aspect, but also in a change in the lexical meaning; such verbs do not form an aspectual pair: read- reread, recount, read out etc.);

2) using a suffix -well-: get used to it- get used to it, nod- nod, jump- jump.

Some verbs that make up an aspectual pair may differ only in the place of stress: scatter- scatter, chop- slice.

Separate aspect pairs are made up of verbs with different roots: speak- say, search- find, put- put, take- take.

Some verbs are single-species. They do not form a species pair and are either only perfect form (to find yourself, rush, sleep, scream etc.), or only imperfect form (prevail, be present, sit, be).

There are also bispecies verbs that combine meaning with perfect and imperfect forms. Their appearance is determined from the context: marry, execute, wound, order, as well as verbs with suffixes -ova(t), -irova(t): influence, use, automate, asphalt, telegraph etc. For example: The guns are firing from the pier, they are ordering the ship to land (what are they doing?) (A. Pushkin); Would you like me to order (what will I do?) bring the rug? (N. Gogol).

Verb type influences the formation of its forms (primarily forms of time): in imperfect verbs in the indicative mood there are forms of all three tenses (and in the future tense they have complex shape) and a complete set of tense forms of participles; at perfective verbs There are no forms of the present tense in the indicative mood (the form of the future tense is simple) and present participles.

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Vary verbs transitive and intransitive.

Transitional Verbs denote an action that is directly aimed at an object. They may carry a direct complement in accusative case without preposition, answering a question who?"/what?", write an article, knit a sweater, sing a song.

Instead of the accusative case, the object of a transitive verb can also be in the genitive case without a preposition:

1) if there is a negative particle Not before a transitive verb: understood the problem- did not understand the task; read the novel- haven't read the novel; Waste time- don't waste time;

2) if the action does not transfer to the entire object, but only to part of it: drank water(all the water in question) - drank water(Part), bring firewood- bring firewood.

When determining transitivity/intransitivity of verbs It is also necessary to take into account the meaning of the noun in the form of the accusative case - it must name the object of the action. Wed: stand for an hour (in line) or live for a week (at sea), where the verbs are not transitive, although they are followed by nouns in the accusative case without a preposition: All night long(V.p. with the meaning of time, not object) thundered(intransitive verb) a neighboring ravine, a stream, bubbling, ran towards the stream (A. Fet).

Verbs that cannot have a direct object are intransitive: to engage(how?) sports, understand(in what?) in music, refuse(from what?) from help.

Note. Transitivity/intransitivity closely related to lexical meaning verb: in one meaning verb can be transitive, and in the other - intransitive. Wed: I'm telling the truth (I'm telling- “I express” is a transitive verb). The child is already speaking (speaking- “talks” - intransitive verb); Tomorrow I will go alone, I will teach(intransitive verb) at school and I will give my whole life to those who may need it (A. Chekhov); learn lessons(transitive verb).

Reflexive verbs

TO reflexive verbs include verbs with a postfix -sya, -sya. All reflexive verbs are intransitive. They are formed both from transitive verbs (distinguish - differ, please- rejoice, dress- dress), and from intransitives (knock- knock, blacken- turn black). From ordinary derivational suffixes -xia differs in that it is attached to verb forms after endings (knocking, knocking). Suffix -xia is added after consonants, and -s- after vowels (studied- studied); in participle forms and after vowels it is added -sya, and not -s: differing - differing.

When joining transitive verbs, the suffix -xia turns them into intransitive: dresses whom?/what?- gets dressed. Joining intransitive verbs, -xia enhances the meaning of intransitivity: turns white- turns white.

Suffix -xia also serves to form impersonal forms from personal verbs: I am not sleeping- I can't sleep, I want- I would like to.

Among verbs with suffix -xia there are also those that do not have parallel forms without this suffix: laugh, hope, bow, fight and etc.

Verb conjugations

Conjugation - this is a change in the verb by persons and numbers. (Term conjugated forms the verb is used in a broader sense than the term conjugation . The conjugated forms of the verb include all forms except the infinitive, participles and gerunds, i.e. forms of all moods.)

Depending on the personal endings in the Russian language, it is customary to distinguish two conjugations - I and II, which differ from each other by vowel sounds in the endings: carry, sing, speak, remain silent, carry, sing, speak, remain silent, carry, sing, speak, remain silent, carry, sing, speak, remain silent, carry, sing, speak, remain silent

I conjugation		II conjugation

If the ending is stressed, conjugation determined by the end: you call, you lead - I conjugation, you're burning, you're sleeping- II conjugation.

But most verbs conjugation has no emphasis on personal endings. In such cases conjugation is determined by the infinitive (by the vowel that comes before the infinitive suffix).

Ko II conjugation These include those verbs with an unstressed personal ending in which 1) the infinitive ends in -i-t (carry, saw, spend etc.), except for verbs shave, lay, rare verbs rest on(“to be founded, to be built”) and be ruffled(“to waver, to sway, to swell”). (Verbs rest on And be ruffled are used only in the 3rd person unit form. and plural numbers, other forms are not used.); 2) exception verbs whose infinitive ends in -e-t (look, see, hate, offend, depend, endure, twirl) and on -a-th (drive, hold, hear, breathe).

All other verbs with unstressed personal endings belong to I conjugation.

It should be remembered that prefixed verbs formed from unprefixed verbs belong to the same type conjugations, as without prefixes (drive- catch up- overtake- kick out etc. - II conjugation). Verbs with -sya (s) belong to the same type of conjugation as without -sya (-s) (drive- chase- II conjugation).

In the Russian language there are also differently conjugated verbs, in which some forms are formed according to I conjugation, and others - according to II. These include: 1) want- in the singular it changes according to I conjugation (Want- Want- wants), and in the plural - according to II (we want- want to- want); 2) run, which has all forms like verbs of II conjugation (running- you're running- runs- let's run- run), except 3rd person plural. numbers - are running(according to I conjugation); 3) honor- varies according to II conjugation (honor- honors- we honor- honor), except 3rd person plural. numbers (honor) although there is a form honor which is now used less frequently than honor; 4) disdain(“dawn, glow a little”) - used only in the 3rd person singular form (it's dawning- II conjugation) and plural (they are dawning- I conjugation): Dawn is just breaking; The stars are faintly shining in the sky.

Uncharacteristic for verbs I and II conjugations verbs have an ending system (archaic) eat, bother, give, create(and their prefix derivatives: overeat, overeat, hand over, give away, betray, recreate and etc.).

	eat f-e-e eats	I'll give you give you give
	eat eat eat eat	give it, they'll give it to them

Verb be also unique. From him, rarely used forms of the 3rd person singular have been preserved in modern Russian. and plural numbers of the present tense - There is And essence: A straight line is the shortest distance between two points; The most common general abstractions accepted by almost all historians are: freedom, equality, enlightenment, progress, civilization, culture (L. Tolstoy), and the future tense is formed from another root: will- you will- will- we will- you will- there will be.

It should be remembered that verbs are conjugated (changed according to persons and numbers) only in the present and simple future tense. If the form of the future is complex (in imperfective verbs), then only the auxiliary verb is conjugated be, and the main verb is taken in the infinitive. Verbs in the past tense are not conjugated (they do not change according to persons).

Verb mood

Verbs change according to mood. Form moods shows how the action relates to reality: whether the action is real (taking place in reality), or unreal (desired, required, possible under certain conditions).

In Russian, verbs have forms of three moods: indicative, conditional (subjunctive) and imperative.

Verbs in indicative mood denote a real action that is happening, has happened or will actually happen in a certain time (present, past or future). Verbs in the indicative mood change over time: I'm doing(present time) was studying(past tense), I'll study(Future tense).

Verbs in conditional mood do not indicate real actions, but desired, possible ones. Conditional forms are formed from an infinitive stem (or past tense stem) with the help of a suffix -l-(followed by an ending with the meaning of number and in the singular - gender) and particles would (b)(which can come before the verb, after it, or can be torn away from it). For example: If I were a poet, I would live like a goldfinch and would not whistle in a cage, but on a branch at dawn (Yu. Moritz).

IN conditional verbs vary by number and gender (there is no tense or person in this mood): would have passed, would have passed, would have passed, would have passed.

Verbs in imperative mood denote an incentive to action (request, order), that is, they denote not a real action, but a required one. Verbs in the imperative mood change according to numbers and persons (there is also no time in this mood).

The most common forms are the 2nd person singular and plural, which express the motivation for action of the interlocutor (interlocutors).

Form 2 faces unit. numbers are formed from the stem of the present/simple future tense using a suffix -And- or without a suffix (in this case, the stem of the verb in the imperative mood coincides with the stem of the present/simple future tense): talk, see, write, hold, work(the basis of the present tense is pa6 omaj- ym), rest (rest)-ut), remember (rememberj-ut), cut (cut), stand up (will stand up).

2nd person plural form numbers are formed from the 2nd person singular form. numbers using endings -those: speak- \those\, hold- \those\, for-remember- \those\ And etc.

Forms 3rd person unit. and many more numbers express the motivation to action of one or those who are not participating in the dialogue. They are formed using particles let, let, yes + shapes 3rd person unit. or more indicative numbers: let them go, let them go, long live, long liveetc.: Yes they know descendants Orthodox lands dear past fate (A. Pushkin).

1st person plural form numbers expresses an impulse to joint action, in which the speaker himself is a participant. It is formed using particles come on, come on + infinitive of imperfective verbs (Let's, let's + sing, dance, play) or 4- form of 1st person plural. indicative numbers of perfective verbs (come on, let's + sing, dance, play): Let's talk compliment each other... (B. Okudzhava); Let's drop words are like a garden- amber and zest... (B. Pasternak); Comrade life, Let's quickly let's trample, trample According to the five-year plan, the days are left... (V. Mayakovsky).

Mood forms can be used not only in their own direct meaning, but also in figurative meaning, that is, in the meaning characteristic of another mood.

For example, the imperative form can; have the meanings of the conditional mood (1) and indicative mood (2): 1) Do not be It’s God’s will, we wouldn’t give up Moscow (M. Lermontov);2) Since he told him Tell:“I see, Azamat, that you really liked this horse” (M. Lermontov).

Verb in the indicative mood can be used in the imperative sense: However, it is already dark in the field; hurry up! went, went, Andryushka! (A. Pushkin); The commandant walked around his army, telling the soldiers: “Well, kids, let's wait today for Mother Empress and we will prove to the whole world that we are brave and sworn people” (A. Pushkin).

The conditional form can have an imperative meaning: Daddy, you I'd like to talk to Alexandra, she is behaving desperately (M. Gorky).

Verb tense

In the indicative mood, verbs change tenses. Forms of time express the relationship of action to the moment of speech. In the Russian language there are forms of three tenses: present, past and future. The number of tense forms and the way they are formed depends on the type of verb. Imperfective verbs have three forms of tense, and their future form is complex. Perfective verbs have only two forms of tense (they do not have a present tense), the future form is simple.

Form present time shows that the action coincides with the moment of speech or is carried out constantly, regularly repeated: Full steam ahead rushes train, wheels twirls steam locomotive... (B. Pasternak); Oh how murderous we are we love you How V in the violent blindness of passions we are most likely we're ruining whatever is dearer to our hearts! (F. Tyutchev).

Only imperfective verbs have present tense forms. They are formed with the help of endings that are attached to the base of the present tense and indicate at the same time not only the time, but also the person and number. The set of endings depends on the conjugation.

Form past tense shows that the action precedes the moment of speech: We all learned a little something and somehow... (A. Pushkin).

Past tense forms are formed from the infinitive stem using a suffix -l-, followed by an ending with the meaning of the number and in units. number - kind: sang, sang, sang, sang.

Some verbs have a suffix -l- absent in the masculine form: drove, rubbed, grew, shored, froze and etc.

Past verb tense go is formed from another base, different from the base of an indefinite form: go- walked, walked, walked, walked.

Form future tense indicates that the action will occur after the moment of speech: The cold will come, the leaves will fall off- and it will be ice- water (G. Ivanov).

Both imperfective and perfective verbs have future tense forms, but they are formed differently.

Shapes of the future verb tenses perfective forms are formed from the base of the simple future tense using the same endings as the forms of the present verb tenses imperfect form (this form is called form simple future tense): I will write, I will tell, I will bring.

Shapes of the future verb tenses imperfections are formed by joining forms will, will, will, will, will, will to the infinitive of an imperfective verb (this form is called the form complex future tense): I will write, I will tell, I will carry.

Forms of tense can be used not only in their basic meaning, but also in a figurative meaning characteristic of forms of other tenses.

Present tense forms can denote an action preceding the moment of speech (the use of present tense forms in a story about the past is called present historical): Only, you understand, I'm going out from the world, look- my horses are worth quietly near Ivan Mikhailovich (I. Bunin).

Present tense forms can also denote an action following the moment of speech (future tense meaning): I'm all ready, I'm after lunch I'm sending things. The Baron and I tomorrow let's get married tomorrow we're leaving to the brick factory, and the day after tomorrow I’m already at school, begins new life (A. Chekhov).

Past tense forms can be used to mean future tense: Run, run! Otherwise I died (K. Fedin).

Future tense forms can have past tense meaning: Gerasim looked and looked, and suddenly he laughed (I. Turgenev).

Person, number and gender of the verb

Forms verb faces express the relationship of the action indicated by the verb to the speaking person.

There are three different verb faces: first, second and third.

Form first faces the only one numbers denotes the speaker's action: I'll sing, I'll come in.

Form first faces plural numbers denotes the action of a group of people, which includes the speaker: Let's eat, let's go.

Form second faces singular indicates the action of the interlocutor: eat, come in.

Form second faces plural denotes the action of a group of people, which includes the interlocutor: sing, come in.

Forms third faces singular and plural denote the actions of one or those who do not participate in the dialogue, i.e. is not a speaker or interlocutor: sings, comes in, sings, comes in.

Category faces And numbers Verbs They have only the present and future tenses of the indicative mood and the imperative mood. Verbs in the past tense and in the conditional mood have no category faces, but vary according to numbers And childbirth:(I, you, he) led\ \ - male genus, (me, you, she) led\a\- female genus, (me, you, it) vel-\o\- average genus, (we you they) vel-\and\- plural number.

Not all Russian verbs have a full set of personal forms.

In Russian there are so-called insufficient And redundant Verbs.

Insufficient verbs do not have a full set of forms for one reason or another. Some verbs do not have a 1st form faces units numbers, since they are difficult for pronunciations:win, convince, convince, dissuade, find, feel, outshine, dare etc. In cases where it is still necessary to use the 1st form the faces of these verbs, resort to a descriptive method; I have to win, I want to convince, I can find myself.

A number of verbs do not use the 1st and 2nd forms faces singular and plural numbers for semantic reasons (these verbs name processes occurring in nature or in the animal world): calve, whelp, rust, dawn, turn white, brighten, resound(about sound) flare up and so on.

In modern Russian, the opposite phenomenon also occurs, when some verbs form forms faces present (or simple future) tense is two different ways: splash- splashes / splashes, drips- drips/drips, splash- splashes/splashes, poke- pokes/pokes, wave- waves/waves and etc.

Impersonal verbs

Impersonal verbs - these are verbs that name actions or states that occur as if by themselves, without the participation of the actor: to shiver, to feel sick, to be unwell, to get light, to dawn, to get cold, to evening, to get dark etc. They denote the states of man or nature.

These verbs do not change for persons and do not combine with personal pronouns. They are used as predicates impersonal offers, and the subject with them is impossible.

Impersonal verbs have only the infinitive form (dawn, chill), form coinciding with the 3rd person singular form (it’s dawning, it’s chilling), and the neuter singular form (it was getting light, it was chilly).

Group impersonal verbs is replenished by personal verbs by adding a postfix to them -sya: I can’t read, I can’t sleep, I can’t believe it, easily breathe, live etc.

Quite often, personal verbs are used to mean impersonal. Wed: Lilac smells(personal verb) good o And Smells(personal verb in impersonal meaning) hay over the meadows (A. Maikov); The wind bends the trees to the ground and makes me sleepy; Something is getting dark in the distance And It gets dark early in winter.

Morphological analysis of the verb includes the identification of four constant features (aspect, reflexivity, transitivity, conjugation) and five unstable ones (mood, tense, person, number, gender). The number of permanent verb features can be increased by including features such as verb class and stem type.

Scheme morphological analysis verb. I. Part of speech. 1. Initial form (indefinite form). 2. Permanent signs: 2) repayment; 3) transitivity-intransitivity; 4) conjugation. 3. Variable signs: 1) inclination; 2) time (if any); 3) face (if any); 5) gender (if any). III. Syntax function. Listen carefully, standing in the forest or among an awakened flowering field... (I. Sokolov-Mikitov)	Sample morphological analysis of a verb. I. Listen- verb, denotes action: (what do you do?) listen. II. Morphological characteristics. 1.The initial form is to listen. 2. Permanent signs: 1) perfect form; 2) returnable; 3) intransitive; 4) I conjugation. 3. Variable signs: 1) imperative mood; 3) 2nd person; 4) plural; III. In a sentence it is a simple verbal predicate.