Previously, we learned how to determine verb conjugations by their personal endings. Let's talk in more detail about writing personal endings of verbs, as well as about using a soft sign after sibilants at the end of a verb.

Spelling personal verb endings

WITH stressed endings of verbs all clear. The letter under stress is a test letter:

Words bale eat , bale look , track look and so on - stressed endings. They are written the same way they are pronounced (heard).

IN unstressed endings of verbs spelling letters e And And are determined by the indefinite form of these verbs:

Verbs ending in –it belong to the II conjugation: remember it ,smooth it .

All other verbs belong to the I conjugation, namely verbs in the indefinite form ending in

-at, -at,

-yat, -yt

-et, -et.

But there are verbs - exceptions related to II conjugation that need to be remembered. The easiest way to remember them is with the help of a rhyme:

Drive, hold, look and see,

Breathe, hear, hate,

And depend and twist,

And offend and endure,

You will remember, friends,

They cannot be conjugated with -e.

Let's make a table of unstressed endings of verbs:

I conjugation	II conjugation
-e- -ut, -ut (3rd person plural)	-And- -at, -yat (3rd person plural)
2 verbs – exceptions to-it: shave, lay verbs in infinitive form,with endings in At, -ot, -ut,-yat, -yat, -yt wash stake etc .	verbs in infinitive form –it : serving it, destroy etc. 7 verbs - exceptions to-there are : view eat, hate, watch, stuck eat, twist, offend, endure 4 verbs – exceptions to –at: gn eat, hold, breathe, hear

There are differently conjugated verbs, for example, the verbs - to run and to want. Let's look at their endings:

I want oh, I'm running

You want eat, run

he wants yeah, he's running

We want them, let's run

You are hot come on, run

They want yat, run

There are verbs in the Russian language that are not used in the 1st person singular.

For example, verb win. Instead of the first person singular, they say:

I want to win or I'll try to win .

So, in order to check the correct spelling of the ending of a verb, you should reason as follows:

1. Determine the ending of the verb (stressed or unstressed).

If it is shock, then this is a test. If it’s unstressed, we discuss further.

2. We put the verb in the indefinite form and check its ending:

If the verb ends in -it, then it is a verb of the second conjugation - we write -i at the end, and if the verb is in the 3rd person plural, then we write –at or –yat.

3. Check whether the verb is included in the list of exceptions on –at And -there are.

If included, then this is a verb of the second conjugation, at the end we write -And:

hate eat - hate - hate .

If it is not included, then this is a verb of the first conjugation, at the end we write -e, and if the verb is in the 3rd person plural, then we write –ut or -yut.

For example:

Twist..sew.

This verb is in the future tense, 2nd person and singular:

1. The ending is unstressed.
2. In an indefinite form - tighten- ending –it– this is the II conjugation, at the end we write -And : twist look .

Depend..t.

This verb is in the present tense, 3rd person, plural:

1. The ending is unstressed.
2. In an indefinite form - stuck eat - ending -there are.
3. The verb is included in the list of exceptions - this is II conjugation, verb in the 3rd person, plural, ending -yat: stuck yat .

Spelling a soft sign after hissing verb endings

Verbs of the present and future tense in the 2nd person, singular ending in sibilant –sh. In this case, after –sh is written soft sign:

beige eat, shout, sing .

A soft sign is written before –xia:

look oh, you're curling up .

It should be remembered that to use a soft sign after sibilants, you do not need to determine the form of the verbs, since:

A soft sign after sibilants at the end of verbs is written ALWAYS, it is preserved before –xia And -those:

you scream

take care - take care

cut - cut.

The verb is one of the most difficult parts of speech in the Russian language to learn and write. The most difficult spelling in this topic is the spelling of verb endings in unstressed position. Their correct spelling depends on such a concept as conjugation.

What is conjugation?

Conjugation is a linguistic term for changing the person and number of a verb. In other words, this is the set of personal endings that a word acquires when changing person and number. Fortunately for students, there are only two types of conjugation in the Russian language. Whatever verb out of several million existing ones is taken as an example, when changed it will acquire inflections:

• U/YU, EAT, ET in the singular and EAT, ETE, UT/YUT in the plural.
• U/YU, ISH, IT, in the singular and IM, IT, AT/YAT in the plural.

Let's conjugate the verb sleep: I sleep, we sleep, you sleep, you sleep, he sleeps, they sleep. Its endings, when changed, show that it belongs to the second conjugation. Another word - live. I live, we live, you live, you live, he lives, they live. Therefore, it is a first conjugation verb.

Prefix you- and verb conjugation

Verbs that have a prefix belong to the same conjugation as the non-prefixed verbs with the same root. This information is very important for words with the prefix You-, which has the property of “pulling off” the emphasis. For example, to determine the conjugation of a word will fly out, you need to remove the prefix, and you get a verb flies with a stressed personal ending, which refers to the second conjugation.

Thus, the endings of verbs in personal forms that are under stress indicate that they belong to one or another conjugation. But what to do if the accent is not the ending, but the stem of the word? Indeed, in this case the desired letter is not clearly heard, it is in weak position, and you can make a mistake. A rule comes to the rescue.

How to determine the conjugation if the personal ending is unstressed?

To determine which of the two types of conjugation available in the Russian language a verb belongs to, if the stress falls not on the ending, but on the stem, you need to form the initial form of the word. This form is called an infinitive and you can ask questions to it what to do?(perfect form) and what to do?(imperfect species). Next, you should look at what the resulting word ends with and apply the rule. In other words, unstressed endings Verbs can only be written correctly if their conjugation is determined.

The 2nd conjugation includes verbs that have unstressed personal endings, which in the infinitive form end in -it.

The 1st conjugation includes verbs with personal endings in unstressed position, which in the infinitive end in any letters except -it. These could be combinations -et, -at, -ot, -t, -ch and many others.

For example, the word dreaming. The emphasis falls not on the ending, but on the stem of the word. To determine the conjugation, we put the verb in the infinitive form: what to do? - dream. Ends with - at. This means that this verb belongs to 1 conjugation, and, changing in persons and numbers, it will take the corresponding endings.

You're sawing. Let's form the initial form - to nag. At the end of the word - it, therefore, it is a second conjugation verb, and the set of personal endings will be appropriate.

So, in order to correctly write vowels at the endings of verbs in unstressed position, you need to put the word in the infinitive form and, depending on what it ends in, determine the conjugation. It seems simple. But if in the Russian language there weren’t a dozen exceptions for every rule, it would not be considered one of the most difficult languages ​​in the world to learn. And in simple rule There are also insidious exception words about conjugation.

Exception verbs

Exceptions are those words that do not obey general rule. There are 14 exception verbs in the conjugation rule that must be remembered in order to avoid spelling errors.

There are 7 words in -et, which, changing in person and number, take on the endings of verbs of 2 conjugations: these are words offend, depend,endure, hate, watch,twirl,see. For example, the word tolerate accepts the following endings: I tolerate, we tolerate, you tolerate, you tolerate, he tolerates, they tolerate.

4 verbs in - at, which are also not conjugated in accordance with the rule and have personal endings of 2 conjugations: drive, hear, hold, breathe. I hear, we hear, you hear, you hear, he hears, they hear.

And finally, 3 verbs starting with - it - lay,shave And rest on- have personal endings for verbs of 1st conjugation: I am laying, we are laying, you are laying, you are laying, he is laying, they are laying.

The endings of these 14 verbs need to be known by heart, because they do not follow the general rule.

Variably conjugated verbs

It is noteworthy that in the Russian language there are 2 interesting verbs, which are called heteroconjugated, because, when the person and number change, they acquire the endings of the first conjugation in some forms, and the second in others, without obeying any rules. Fortunately, their personal endings are stressed, so there are no errors in their spelling. But they still need to be remembered. These are verbs want And run. When they are conjugated, the following picture is obtained.

Want: I want, we want, you want, you want, he wants, they want(in the singular the verb changes according to type 1 conjugation, in the plural - according to type 2). Run: I'm running, we're running, you're running, you're running, he's running, they're running(in the 3rd person plural form the verb has the ending of the 2nd conjugation, in all other forms - the endings characteristic of the 1st conjugation).

Algorithm for choosing verb endings

So, the spelling of verb endings follows a fairly simple and logical rule; it is important to simply understand it. To correctly write the endings of verbs, you need to be able to determine their conjugation. To do this, you should use a clear algorithm.

1. See where the emphasis falls: on the ending or on the stem of the word (don’t forget about the insidious prefix You: if it exists, it is necessary to determine the conjugation by an unprefixed synonym).

2. If the emphasis falls on the personal ending, then the conjugation is determined from it, in accordance with the rule.

3. If the base is stressed, then it is necessary to put the verb in the infinitive form. The last three letters of the formed form will be important.

• The verb ends in -it (except for three exceptions), which means it is of the second conjugation. Here we also include 7 verbs ending in - there, and 4 verbs -at.
• A verb in its initial form ends in any other letters (except for the 11 verbs listed above), which means it is conjugated according to the type of first conjugation. Let's add here 3 exception verbs in -it.

4. Verbs want And run- differently conjugated, they cannot be attributed to either the first or the second conjugation, and this feature just needs to be remembered.

Let's sum it up

Spelling verb endings requires knowledge of the rules and the application of a clear algorithm. The main thing is to correctly determine which of the two conjugations the word belongs to, and depending on this, write the desired letter in the unstressed personal ending. Verbs are insidious, among them there are many exceptions that do not want to obey the general rules, but paying attention to the word and applying a simple rule will help you avoid many mistakes!

What personal ending should be written for this or that part of speech? This question arises quite often among schoolchildren, but only if the last syllable of a word is in an unstressed position. After all, it is in such situations that it is very difficult to hear the letter that should be written at the end. This is especially true for verbs.

General information

This or that personal ending of verbs depends entirely on what conjugation the word belongs to. Knowing how to correctly identify it, you will never ask yourself a similar question again.

Personal standing in shock position

With stressed endings (personal) of verbs everything is always clear. After all, a letter standing in this position is heard as clearly as possible and is a test letter. Here are some examples: watch, seethe, create etc. As you can see, all the endings of these words are stressed, that is, they are written exactly the same way as they are heard (pronounced).

Spelling of unstressed personal endings of verbs

If the endings of verbs are in an unstressed position, then determining the correct spelling of a particular letter becomes problematic. That is why it is necessary to refer to the corresponding rule. It says that all verbs in the Russian language belong either to the first conjugation or to the second.

Conjugation first

All verbs in the infinitive form ending in -ot, -at, -et, -yat, -ity and -ut belong to the 1st conjugation: melt, dig, get wet etc. The personal ending of these words in an unstressed position has the letter “e”.

Here's an example: melting, melting, getting wet, getting wet, getting wet, getting wet, melting etc. However, in the 3rd person plural. number verbs of the 1st conjugation have the following endings: -ut or -yut. For example, dig, get wet, melt etc.

Second conjugation

All verbs that are in the infinitive and ending in -it should be classified as the 2nd conjugation: nag, be proud, pray etc. The personal endings of these words in an unstressed position have the letter “and”.

Here's an example: sawing, sawing, sawing, sawing, proud, proud, begging, begging, begging etc. However, in the 3rd person plural. number verbs of the 2nd conjugation have the following endings: -at or -yat. For example: sawing, proud, begging etc.

Exceptions to the rules

Now you know which vowels should be written in the personal endings of verbs if they are in an unstressed position. To do this, you only need to determine the conjugation by putting this part of speech in an indefinite form. However, this rule has its exceptions. Let's look at them in more detail:

• Shave, lay. that these words have -it at the end, they should still be classified as the 1st conjugation, since this is an exception. Accordingly, their personal endings will have the vowel letter “e” (-yut, -ut). Here's an example: spread, spread, spread, spread etc.
• To endure, to offend, to see, to depend, to watch, to turn, to hate, to breathe, to hear, to drive, to hold. Despite the fact that these words have -et and -at at the end, they still belong to the second conjugation, since this is an exception. Accordingly, their personal endings will have the vowel letter “and” (-yat, -at). Here's an example: offend, see, dependent, look, twirl, hate, breathe, drive, hold etc.

Exception words should be memorized and remembered, since many schoolchildren make mistakes in them.

Differently conjugated words

Knowing the spelling of unstressed personal endings of verbs, you can quickly and easily compose a literate text. However, it should be noted that in school curriculum The discipline "Russian language" is given to Special attention not only conjugations and exception words, but also lexical units that are differently conjugated. These include the following: want, run. Why are they called that? The fact is that in different persons these words can have both the ending of the first conjugation and the second:

• he runs, he wants;
• you run, you want;
• I run, I want;
• they run, they want;
• you run, you want;
• we run, we want.

Let's sum it up

To determine one or another spelling of personal endings of verbs, it is recommended to follow the scheme described below:

1. Determine in what position the ending of the verb is (stressed or unstressed). If it is in shock, then it should not be checked. If in unstressed, it is necessary to continue the analysis.
2. Put the verb into the infinitive (or the so-called indefinite form), and then check its ending. If the word ends in -it, then it is conjugated. Therefore, it is necessary to write the letter “and” at the end (in the third person plural - -at or -yat). Otherwise, it is necessary to continue the discussion.
3. You need to check if it is included given verb to the list of exception words starting with -at or -et. If included, then it also belongs to the second conjugation, that is, the ending should be written “and”. If not included, then the first conjugation. At the end you should write “e” (in the 3rd person plural we write -yut or -ut).

The spelling of personal endings for verbs of the present or future simple (if the verb is perfect) tense differs depending on the type of conjugation:

Verbs I conjugation have the endings: -у (-у), -ест, -ет, -ем, -еte, -ут(-ут): I carry, I carry, I carry, I carry, I carry, I carry;

Verbs II conjugation have the endings -у(-ь), -ish, -it, -im, -ite, -at(-yat): I’m sitting, sitting, sitting, sitting, sitting, sitting.

The conjugation of verbs is determined in two ways: but by the personal ending, if it is stressed: sing - I sp. (sing - sing "t); sit - II sp. (sit - sitting "t) and by the suffix of an indefinite form (infinitive), if the personal ending is unstressed.

Among the verbs with an unstressed personal ending, the second conjugation includes verbs ending in it (it) in the indefinite form: wither, cook, ride, sting, mince, gimp, mow, circle, feast on, beckon, measure, pray, dress up, be unwell , please, nurse, foam.

Exceptions: shave (shave, shave, shave, shave, shave, shave), build (used only in two forms: build - build) - have endings of the first conjugation; four verbs for at (ate): drive, hold, breathe, hear and seven verbs for eat (eat): see, twirl, depend, hate, offend, look, endure - have endings of the second conjugation.

The remaining verbs ending in the indefinite form in at, et, ut, as well as verbs in ot with unstressed personal endings belong to the I conjugation. Here are some of them: mutter, recover, warm, enslave, harden, click, waver, prick, sway, blush, babble, babble, grind, adore, darken, solder, cry, flog, count , pour, melt, trample, pull, whisper.

The verbs want, run, disdain refer to heterogeneously conjugated , i.e. they have endings of I and II conjugations. Thus, the verb want in the singular changes according to the I conjugation (you want, wants), and in the plural - according to the II (want, want, want); the verb to run in the 3rd person plural has the ending -ut (run), in the rest - the endings of the second conjugation: run, run, run, run; the verb to brezzhit has only two forms: the 3rd person singular - brezhit (II conjugation) and the 3rd person plural - brezhut (I conjugation).

The verbs lay and lay and their derivatives: lay out - lay out, lay out - lay out, spread - lay out, perestl'at - re-lay out, etc. - have personal endings of the first conjugation: stelesh, stelet, stele, stele, stele.

Verbs like recover, become frosty, become disgusted, become disgusted, become moldy change in literary language according to the first conjugation: you will recover, you will recover, you will recover, you will recover, you will recover.

In the indefinite form and past tense of the verbs bayat, bleat, winnow, repent, bark, cherish, toil, hope, soar, sow, melt (not to be confused with the verb to melt), find fault, tea, smell the suffix -yat is written, so they change according to the first conjugation: melting (but: melting from melting), melting, melting, melting, melting.

From the verb to torture, forms of both I and II conjugations are used: I torment, torment, torment, torment, torment, torment and torment, torment, torment, torment, torment. The II conjugation forms are preferred, and the I conjugation forms are considered colloquial, they go back to the obsolete verb to torture.

The verb to measure and its derivatives to measure, measure, measure, etc. - change according to the second conjugation: measure, measure, measure, measure, measure, measure; the forms I measure, you measure, measures, we measure, you measure, they measure are formed from the colloquial verb to measure and are considered non-literary.

In many verbs, the prefix takes on the stress, resulting in difficulty in writing. In these cases, it is recommended to check the dubious ending with a non-prefix word: reprimand - say (pronounce - talk), get enough sleep - sleep (get enough sleep - sleep), cut your hair - cut your hair (cut - cut).

There are similar-sounding forms of the 2nd person plural of the imperative mood and forms of the 2nd person plural of the present or future (for perfective verbs) of the indicative tense such as knock and knock. The imperative mood is formed using the suffix -i- (2nd letter, singular) and the ending -te (plural): sit, write, jump; in the indicative mood, the verb has an ending depending on the conjugation: -ete or -ite. Therefore, for verbs of the first conjugation, the indicated forms differ; cf.: Write more carefully! (imperative mood) and you write carefully, so the work is easy to read (indicative mood), and for verbs of the second conjugation such forms coincide in writing; cf.: Hold your pen correctly! (imperative mood) and If you hold your pen correctly, your handwriting will turn out beautiful (indicative mood).

Tasks. In which row in both words is the letter U (Y) written in place of the gap?

1) smart people don’t boast...fighting the wind

2) resplendent in health, brothers, pile up firewood

3) fields stretching...to the horizon, they are offended...

4) they hate everyone..t, the final banner

In all variants, verbs and participles refer to the present tense, which means that it is necessary to determine the conjugation by placing or forming an infinitive. Option #1. Do not boast..tsya - to boast, verb in -IT, does not apply to exceptions, second conjugation, insert - I. Fighting - to fight, first conjugation, insert - Yu. Option No. 2. Pysh..shiy - puff, first conjugation, U. Kol..t - prick, first conjugation, Yu. Option No. 3. Spreading... spreading - spread out, first conjugation, Yu. Offended..tsya - offend, exception, second conjugation, I. Option No. 4. Hate...t - to hate, exception, second conjugation, Ya. Re..re.. to roar (see Hint), first conjugation, Yu. Thus, correct option №2.

1) overtaking..sh, meaning..my

2) assign..sh, shift..my

3) wiped, adjusted

4) withered..sew, reformed..

In which row is the letter I missing in both words?

1) bed...wash, top...

2) output..sh, verified..

3) hope...unsure

4) limit..sh, aud..my

In which row is the letter E missing in both words?

1) hesitating..hesitating, exploring..my

2) gon..sh, placed

3) suffered..sew, glued..

4) shaving, dozing...

Spelling verb endings

1. Depending on the personal endings, verbs are divided into two large groups: for verbs of I and II conjugations.

The II conjugation includes:

· verbs in -it (except verbs shave, lay, rest, which belong to the I conjugation),

· 7 verbs for -there are (twirl, see, depend, hate, offend, watch, endure),

· 4 verbs per -at (drive, breathe, hold, hear).

All other verbs belong to the I conjugation.

Personal endings of verbs in the present or future past tense:

2. There are several mixed verbs , not related to either of the two conjugations: want, run, eat, create, give .

units 1 person I read, I take 2nd person read, take 3rd person reads, takes plural 1 person read, take 2nd person read, take 3rd person read, take

Want Want wants we want want to want

I'm running you're running runs let's run run are running

we eat eat are eating

I'll create you will create will create let's create let's create will create

give it will give we'll give give it they will give

3. If the verb has a prefix un- (obes-) is transitive, then it is conjugated according to the II conjugation, and if intransitive, then according to the I conjugation (for example, compare the conjugation of verbs weaken (someone)) And become weak (oneself)).

4. In verbs of the first conjugation, the ending is written in the form of the future tense -yeah , and in the form of the imperative mood - the ending -ite (You will send this letter tomorrow. - Send this document urgently.)

b (soft sign) in verb forms Oh.

1. b (soft sign) is written:

· V infinitive (write, bake, want, wash ),

· V 2nd person singular endings choose, wash, do, wash ),

· V imperative mood (fix it, hide ), BUT lie down, lie down,

· V return particle , which comes after the vowel ( bent, turned around, I'll be back );

2. b (soft sign) is not written:

· V 3rd person singular form present or simple future tense ( washed, done ).

Spelling verb suffixes

1. In the indefinite form, verbs most often have the following suffixes: -A- (hear, do); -I- (sow, bark); -e- (to see, to offend); -And- (nursing, nagging).

Remember: 1) a suffix is ​​never written after the vowel letters of the root in the infinitive -e- . In this position, only the suffix can be stressed -I- or -And- (stand, water, milk). In unstressed position the suffix -I- written in verbs winnow, start, repent, bark, cherish, toil, hope, soar, sow, melt, tea, smell, and the suffix -And- - in verbs build, cost, rest, double, triple, glue;

2) after soft consonants (except h ) in unstressed position suffix -I- written in verbs bow, cough, and the suffix -e- - in verbs see, offend, depend, hate, freeze;

3) in suffixes of past tense verb forms the same vowel is retained as in the infinitive. For example: get welle th - get welle l, laI blah blah blahI l, glueAnd t-kleAnd l.

2. Suffixes -yva- (-iva-), -ova- (-eva-).

In verbs with the suffix -yva- (-iva-) (always unstressed), meaning imperfective (sometimes also multiple actions), written before the letters s or i , For example: roll up, smear, see; overwhelm, talk over, jump up, hear, twist, beg, insist .

Verbs with suffix -yva- (- willow - ) should be distinguished in writing from verbs with the suffix - ova - (- Eve- ). Verbs of these two types form the present tense differently: verbs in -ovate (-eat ) have the form of the 1st person on -yy (-yuyu ) (Without -ov-, -ev - ), For example: I talk - to talk, I manage - to manage, I envy - to envy, I confess - to confess, I preach - to preach, I scourge - to scourge, I grieve - to grieve; verbs have the same - to come (-ive ) the 1st person form ends in -I'm (-Ivayu) (with saving -ыв -, -ive- ), For example: inspecting - inspecting, deploying - deploying, reconnaissance - reconnaissance, visiting - visiting .

3. Vowels before -va - . In imperfective verbs with a suffix -va- , having the form of the 1st person on -va-yu , unstressed vowels before V are checked according to the general rule, for example: overcome(overcome), outdated(outdated), wash down(write down), singing(sing), sow (seed), idea (get started), harden (freeze), outpost (catch).

However, in the following verbs - va-t b(in 1st person -va-yu) is written with a special suffix -Eve- with a letter e in place of an untested unstressed vowel: overshadow, prolong, corrupt(eclipse, prolong, corrupt), get stuck, get stuck(get stuck, get stuck); overwhelm, exhort, intend, doubt .

4. -e(t), -i(t). The verbs differ -eat And -it b. Verbs to -eat (in 1st person -by her ) – intransitive I conjugations – have the meaning ‘to become something, acquire a characteristic’, for example: become weak, become weak‘become powerless, lose strength’, to numb, to harden‘become harsh’. Verbs to - it (in 1st person And absent) – transitive II conjugations – have the meaning ‘to make something, to endow with a characteristic’, for example: weaken, weaken‘to make someone powerless, to deprive someone of strength’, anesthetize, neutralize, numb, weaken. Compare the same stressed suffixes in verbs like ( By)white And ( By)whiteness, (O)weakness , (once)have fun.

5. -ene(t), – eni(t). The acquisition of some characteristic, the transition to another state is also expressed in intransitive verbs I conjugation on -nope , in which there is an unstressed vowel before n transmitted by letter e : freeze, ossify, stiffen, become numb, traverse, turf, become bloody, glazed over, frenzied, dumbfounded, numb. Correlative transitive verbs of II conjugation in -eni-t, denoting endowment with a characteristic, are also written with the letter e : freeze, numb, ossify, bloody, frenzied, numb and so on.

Writing verbs in - go crazy And -enit does not agree with the spelling of the corresponding relative adjectives, in which (if any) is written in the suffix before n letter I : ice, bone, blood, grass, wood and so on.

Exception: in verbs scarlet And purple(option: crimson thread) the letter is written I , as in adjective scarlet.

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