Glucose. Structure, physical, chemical properties

Molecule structure.

When studying the composition of glucose, it was found that it simplest formula CH 2 O, a molar mass 180 g/mol. From this we can conclude that the molecular formula of glucose is C 6 H 12 O 6.

To establish the structural formula of a glucose molecule, you need to know it Chemical properties. It has been experimentally proven that one mole of glucose reacts with five moles of acetic acid to form an ester. This means that there are five hydroxyl groups in a glucose molecule. Since glucose with an ammonia solution of silver oxide gives a “silver mirror” reaction, its molecule must also contain an aldehyde group.

It has also been experimentally proven that glucose has an unbranched carbon chain.

Based on these data, the structure of the glucose molecule can be expressed as follows:

Biological significance glucose and its use.

Glucose is a necessary component of food, one of the main participants in metabolism in the body, it is very nutritious and easily digestible. During its oxidation, more than a third of the energy resource used in the body is released - fats, but the role of fats and glucose in the energy of different organs is different. The heart uses fatty acids as fuel. Skeletal muscles need glucose to “start”, but nerve cells, including brain cells, work only on glucose. Their need is 20-30% of the generated energy. Nerve cells need energy every second, and the body receives glucose when eating. Glucose is easily absorbed by the body, so it is used in medicine as a strengthening remedy. Specific oligosaccharides determine blood type. In confectionery for making marmalade, caramel, gingerbread, etc. Great importance have glucose fermentation processes. So, for example, when pickling cabbage, cucumbers, and milk, lactic acid fermentation of glucose occurs, as well as when ensiling feed. In practice, alcoholic fermentation of glucose is also used, for example, in the production of beer. Cellulose is the starting material for the production of silk, cotton wool, and paper.
Carbohydrates are indeed the most common organic substances on Earth, without which the existence of living organisms is impossible.
In a living organism, during metabolism, glucose is oxidized, releasing a large amount of energy:

Application.

Glucose refers to carbohydrates and is one of the products metabolism human and animal bodies. In metabolism, glucose is mainly energy value. With the complete breakdown of 1 g of glucose, 17.15 kJ (4.1 kcal) of heat is released. The energy released during this process ensures the activity of the body's cells. The energy value of glucose is especially high for such intensively functioning organs as the central nervous system, heart, and muscles. In this regard, glucose is widely used as tonic with many chronic diseases accompanied by physical exhaustion.

Glucose increases the liver’s ability to neutralize various poisons, which largely explains the antitoxic properties of glucose. In addition, in case of poisoning, the use of large quantities of glucose solutions is accompanied by a decrease in the concentration of poisons in the blood due to an increase in the mass of fluid circulating in the vessels and increased urination.

1.Polysaccharides (glycans) are molecules of polymeric carbohydrates connected by a long chain, united together by a glycosidic bond, and upon hydrolysis they become integral part monosaccharides or oligosaccharides

2. Physical properties of starch. It is a white powder, insoluble in cold water. hot water swells to form a paste.

.Being in nature

Starch, the main source of reserve energy in plant cells, is formed in plants during photosynthesis and accumulates in tubers, roots, seeds: 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O light, chlorophyll→ C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2

nC 6 H 12 O 6 → (C 6 H 10 O 5) n + nH 2 O

glucose starch

Contained in potato tubers, grains of wheat, rice, corn. Glycogen (animal starch) is formed in the liver and muscles of animals.

.Biological role.

Starch is one of the products of photosynthesis, the main nutrient reserve of plants. Starch is the main carbohydrate in human food.

3. 1) Under the action of enzymes or when heated with acids (hydrogen ions serve as a catalyst), starch, like all complex carbohydrates, undergoes hydrolysis. In this case, soluble starch is formed first, then less complex substances - dextrins. The final product of hydrolysis is glucose. The overall reaction equation can be expressed as follows:

There is a gradual breakdown of macromolecules. Hydrolysis of starch is its important chemical property.
-glucose. The process of starch formation can be expressed as follows (polycondensation reaction): a2) Starch does not give the “silver mirror” reaction, but the products of its hydrolysis do. Starch macromolecules consist of many cyclic molecules

3) A characteristic reaction is the interaction of starch with iodine solutions. If an iodine solution is added to a cooled starch paste, a blue color appears. When the paste is heated, it disappears, and when cooled, it appears again. This property is used when determining starch in food products. For example, if a drop of iodine is applied to a cut potato or a slice of white bread, a blue color appears.

4.cellulose structure

Cellulose is a substance widely distributed in plant

world. It is included as annual plants, and perennial, in particular - in the composition of tree species.

Modern theory the structure of cellulose answers the following basic questions:

Structure of cellulose macromolecules: chemical structure elementary unit and macromolecule as a whole; conformation of the macromolecule and its units.

Molecular weight of cellulose and its polydispersity.

Cellulose structure: equilibrium phase state of cellulose (amorphous or crystalline); types of bonds between macromolecules; supramolecular structure; structural heterogeneity of cellulose; structural modifications of cellulose.

2) The structure of the cellulose macromolecule can be represented by the formula

5.hydrolysis of cellulose

С6Н10О5)n +nH2O=nC6H12O6 beta-glucose

Acetate fibers- one of the main types of artificial fibers; obtained from cellulose acetate. Depending on the type of feedstock, triacetate fiber (from triacetyl cellulose) and acetate fibers themselves are distinguished

Viscose- (from Late Lat. viscosus- chilly) highly viscous concentrated solution of cellulose xanthate in a dilute NaOH solution.

7. CELLULOSE is the main part of plant walls. (Figure “Natural materials containing cellulose” - slide 7, lesson 21). Relatively pure cellulose are fibers from cotton, jute and hemp. Wood contains from 40 to 50% cellulose, straw - 30%. Plant cellulose serves as a nutrient for herbivores, whose bodies contain enzymes that break down fiber.
From cellulose (many are made artificial fibers, polymer films, plastics, smokeless powder, varnishes. A large amount of cellulose is used to make paper. Glucose is obtained by saccharification of cellulose; used for the production of ethyl alcohol. Ethanol, n

The main source of energy for humans is glucose, which enters the body along with carbohydrates and performs many vital functions for the full functioning of the human body. Many people believe that glucose has negative impact, leads to obesity, but from a medical point of view, it is an essential substance that covers the energy needs of the body.

In medicine, glucose can be found under the term “dectose” or “grape sugar”; it must be present in the blood (erythrocytes) and provide the brain cells with the necessary energy. However, glucose can be dangerous for the human body both in excess and in deficiency. Let's try to become more familiar with glucose, its properties, characteristics, indications, contraindications and other important aspects.

What is glucose? General information?

Glucose is a simple carbohydrate that is well absorbed by the body, easily soluble in water, but practically insoluble in alcohol solutions. In medicine, glucose is produced in the form of a hypertonic or isotonic solution, which is widely used for the complex treatment of many diseases. Glucose itself is a white powder with colorless crystals that has a slightly sweet taste and no odor.

About 60% of glucose enters the human body along with food in the form of complex chemical compounds, among which are polysaccharide starch, sucrose, cellulose, dextrin and a large number of polysaccharides of animal origin, which take an active part in many metabolic processes.

After carbohydrates enter the gastrointestinal tract, they are broken down into glucose, fructose, and galactose. Some of the glucose is absorbed into the bloodstream and spent on energy needs. The other part is stored in fat reserves. After the process of digestion of food, the reverse process begins in which fats and glycogen begin to turn into glucose. Thus, there is a constant concentration of glucose in the blood. The glucose content in the blood during normal functioning of the body is considered to be from 3.3 to 5.5 mmol/l.

If the level of glucose in the blood decreases, then a person feels a feeling of hunger, decreases energetic forces, there is a feeling of weakness. A systematic decrease in blood glucose can lead to internal disorders and diseases of various localizations.

In addition to providing the body with energy, glucose is involved in the synthesis of lipids, nucleic acids, amino acids, enzymes and other useful substances.

In order for glucose to be well absorbed by the body, some cells require a pancreatic hormone (insulin), without which glucose will not be able to penetrate the cells. If there is a deficiency of insulin, then most of the glucose is not broken down but remains in the blood, which leads to their gradual death and the development of diabetes mellitus.

The role of glucose in the human body

Glucose takes an active part in many processes of the human body:

• participates in important metabolic processes;
• considered the main source of energy;
• stimulates the functioning of the cardiovascular system;
• used in medicinal purposes for the treatment of many diseases: liver pathology, central disease nervous system, various infections, intoxication of the body and other diseases. Glucose is contained in many cough preparations and blood substitutes;
• provides nutrition to brain cells;
• eliminates the feeling of hunger;
• relieves stress, normalizes the functioning of the nervous system.

In addition to the above benefits of glucose in the human body, it improves mental and physical performance, normalizes the functioning of internal organs and improves overall health.

Glucose - indications and contraindications for use

Glucose is often prescribed by doctors in various fields of medicine; it is available in several pharmaceutical forms: tablets, solution for intravenous administration, 40 each; 200 or 400 mil. Main indications for prescribing glucose:

• liver pathologies: hepatitis, hypoglycemia, liver dystrophy, liver atrophy;
• pulmonary edema;
• treatment of chronic alcoholism, drug addiction or other intoxications of the body;
• collapse and anaphylactic shock;
• decompensation of cardiac functionality;
• infectious diseases;

Glucose for the treatment of the above diseases is often used in complex treatment with other drugs.

Contraindications - for whom glucose is dangerous

Besides positive qualities glucose, it, like any drug, has several contraindications:

• diabetes;
• hyperglycemia;
• anuria;
• severe stages of dehydration;
• increased sensitivity to glucose.

If glucose is contraindicated for the patient, then the doctor prescribes an isotonic sodium chloride solution.

What foods contain glucose?

The main source of glucose is food, which must be fully supplied to the human body, providing it with the necessary substances. A large amount of glucose is found in natural juices of fruits and berries. Contains large amounts of glucose:

• grapes of different varieties;
• cherry, sweet cherry;
• raspberries;
• Strawberry wild-strawberry;
• plum;
• watermelon;
• carrots, white cabbage.

Considering that glucose is a complex carbohydrate, it is not found in animal products. A small amount of it is found in eggs, fermented milk products, bee honey, and some seafood.

When is glucose prescribed?

Doctors often prescribe glucose preparations in the form of intravenous infections for various disorders and ailments of the body:

• physical exhaustion of the body;
• restoration of energy balance – typical for athletes;
• medical indicators during pregnancy - oxygen starvation of the fetus, chronic fatigue;
• hypoglycemia - decreased blood sugar levels;
• infectious diseases of various etiologies and localizations;
• liver diseases;
• hemorrhagic diathesis - increased bleeding;
• shock, collapse - a sharp decrease in blood pressure.

The dose of the drug and the course of treatment are prescribed by the doctor individually for each patient, depending on the diagnosis and characteristics of the body.

Glucose fermentation

Fermentation or fermentation is a complex biochemical process during which complex organic substances break down into simpler ones.

Fermentation with the participation of glucose occurs under the influence of certain microorganisms, bacteria or yeast, this allows you to obtain a different product. During fermentation, sucrose is converted into glucose and fructose, and other ingredients are added.

For example, to make beer, malt and hops are added, vodka - cane sugar followed by distillation, and wine - grape juice and natural yeast. If the fermentation process occurs at all stages, then dry wine or light beer is obtained, but if fermentation is stopped prematurely, then sweet wine and dark beer are obtained.

The fermentation process consists of 12 stages, in which you must adhere to all the rules and regulations for the preparation of a particular drink. Therefore, such procedures must be carried out by specialists with certain skills and knowledge.

The level of glucose in the blood has a great influence on human health, so doctors recommend periodically taking laboratory blood tests to check the level of sugar in the blood, this will help monitor the internal environment of the body.

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Glucose: about the harm it brings to the body. Why is it dangerous in excess quantities?

Glucose has been on everyone's lips for a long time. However, there is nothing strange here, because it is an excellent natural sugar substitute, and today everything natural is highly valued. The most glucose is in grape juice (hence the name grape sugar). It is not only found in food, but is also produced by the body independently.

Yes, undoubtedly this monosaccharide is very useful, but still in excessive quantities it can cause great harm to the human body and become a catalyst for serious diseases. Elevated blood glucose levels are called hyperglycemia.

This disorder is characterized by the following symptoms:

Hyperhidrosis (as excessive sweating is called);

Tachycardia (rapid heartbeat);

Chronic fatigue syndrome;

The appearance of diabetic signs (type 2 diabetes);

Seemingly causeless weight loss;

Numbness in the fingers and toes

Severe “malicious” diarrhea;

Various fungal infections;

Development of shortness of breath;

The appearance of pain in the chest;

Problems with the immune system, long-healing wounds.

Hyperglycemia also causes renal failure and impairs the functioning of the peripheral nervous system. In especially severe cases, you can even fall into a coma.

To protect yourself from hyperglycemia, you need to eat less sweet and fatty foods, because they contain large amounts of glucose and other carbohydrates.

Why is a lack of glucose dangerous?

Hypoglycemia is the name given to a lack of glucose. The harm to the body from this disorder is very great. The brain, for which glucose is the main source of energy, suffers the most. Memory problems begin, it becomes difficult to concentrate, study, and solve basic problems. In general, the negative impact of the disorder extends to all cognitive functions.

There can be several causes of hypoglycemia: either the carbohydrate enters the bloodstream in insufficient quantities, or moves too quickly from it into the cells. In the first case, the culprits of the disorder may be irregular meals, therapeutic fasting, specific diets. Strangely enough, too rapid “leaving” of glucose from the blood often occurs in diabetics. As soon as they forget to “seize” their insulin with something, all is lost - their glucose level will drop catastrophically. The fact is that if the hormone is administered artificially, it moves from the blood into the cells too quickly. This is why hypoglycemia occurs in a diabetic. True, not for long.

Pancreatic tumor (insulinoma)- another reason for lack of glucose. This tumor produces insulin uncontrollably, causing the level of grape sugar in the blood to drop below normal.

The main symptoms of hypoglycemia include:

Severe causeless irritability;

Tachycardia;

Cold sweat (especially at night);

Migraine;

Pallor of the skin;

Confusion;

Severe dizziness, fainting.

The person’s coordination of movements is also impaired.

To “raise” your blood sugar levels, you simply need to eat something rich in glucose. Chocolate or cake are perfect.

Glucose: about contraindications. Who should not use it and why?

Glucose is especially dangerous for diabetics, whose bodies do not produce enough insulin. As soon as they eat something sweet (candy, even a regular banana), the carbohydrate concentration rises to critical levels. Therefore, they have to follow a strict low-glucose diet. This is the only way diabetics can protect their heart, blood vessels and nerve cells from serious diseases.

Besides people with diabetes, there are many other different groups of people who would benefit from not consuming too much glucose. Contraindications, for example, apply to the elderly and the elderly, since this substance greatly disrupts their metabolism.

It should also not be abused by people prone to obesity. It is better for them not to do this, because the excess monosaccharide turns into triglyceride - a dangerous substance similar in its properties to cholesterol. Because of it, the cardiovascular system suffers, and ischemic disease, pressure rises.

However, no one should abuse glucose, otherwise:

Insulin will be produced in excess, which means the risk of developing diabetes will increase sharply;

The content of cholesterol in the blood will increase, a substance that causes atherosclerosis;

Thrombophlebitis may begin to develop.

In addition, due to the abuse of this carbohydrate, allergies to various foods and medications appear.

Glucose: about the beneficial properties of the monosaccharide

This monosaccharide is very important for all of us, since a person receives the bulk of his energy from foods rich in it. In addition, glucose is the body’s “strategic” energy reserve, which is located in the liver and muscles. It plays a huge role in the process of thermoregulation and the functioning of the respiratory apparatus. Thanks to it, our muscles can contract and our hearts can beat. This monosaccharide is also very important for normal operation central nervous system, since it is the main source of energy for nerve cells.

Due to its low calorie content, glucose is very well absorbed and quickly oxidized.

We can talk endlessly about glucose and the beneficial properties it has. For example, thanks to her:

Mood improves, stress becomes easier to bear;

Muscle tissue is regenerated. That's why soon after physical activity It is advisable to have a snack to replenish your reserves of healthy carbohydrates.

Overall performance increases, since it is the excess grape sugar in the muscles that helps us work physically for a long time;

The transmission of nerve impulses accelerates, mental abilities improve: it becomes easier to remember information, concentrate, and solve various problems. Glucose even helps mentally retarded people, as well as patients with dementia (senile dementia), to partially restore the lost cognitive functions of their brain.

Glucose is also a component of various medicines that help with poisoning and liver diseases. The carbohydrate is often used in blood substitutes.

What foods are high in glucose?

There is especially a lot of carbohydrate in:

Vinograd;

A variety of juices;

Carrots;

Milk (especially in milk, curdled milk, kefir).

It is also rich in honey, corn and legumes.

You literally cannot live a day without glucose, but you still need to be careful with foods that contain a lot of it - otherwise you will be in trouble. Eat such food wisely and then diseases will bypass you.

zhenskoe-mnenie.ru

What is glucose?

Glucose is a type of simple sugar (monosaccharide). The name comes from the ancient Greek word for “sweet.” It is also called grape sugar or descrose. In nature, this substance is found in the juice of many berries and fruits. Glucose is also one of the main products of photosynthesis.

Glucose molecules are part of more complex sugars: polysaccharides (cellulose, starch, glycogen) and some disaccharides (maltose, lactose and sucrose). And it is the end product of hydrolysis (breakdown) of most complex sugars. For example, disaccharides, when they enter our stomach, quickly break down into glucose and fructose.

Properties of glucose

IN pure form This substance is in the form of crystals, without a distinct color or odor, sweet in taste and highly soluble in water. There are substances that are sweeter than glucose, for example, sucrose is as much as 2 times sweeter!

What are the benefits of glucose?

Glucose is the main and most universal source of energy for metabolic processes in the human and animal bodies. Even our brain is in dire need of glucose and begins to actively send signals in the form of a feeling of hunger when it is deficient. The body of humans and animals stores it in the form of glycogen, and plants store it in the form of starch. We get more than half of all biological energy from glucose conversion processes! To do this, our body undergoes hydrolysis, as a result of which one molecule of glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvic acid (a scary name, but a very important substance). And this is where the fun begins!

Different conversions of glucose into energy

Further transformation of glucose occurs in different ways, depending on the conditions under which it occurs:

1. Aerobic pathway. When there is enough oxygen, pyruvic acid is converted into a special enzyme that participates in the Krebs cycle (the process of catabolism and the formation of various substances).
2. Anaerobic pathway. If there is not enough oxygen, the breakdown of pyruvic acid is accompanied by the release of lactate (lactic acid). According to popular opinion, it is because of lactate that we have R±RѕR»SЏS‚ RјS‹S€S†S‹ RїRѕSЃР»Рµ S‚ренировки. (Actually this is not true).

Blood glucose levels are regulated by a special hormone - insulin.

Use of pure glucose

In medicine, glucose is used to relieve intoxication of the body, because it has a universal antitoxic effect. And with its help, endocrinologists can determine the presence and type of diabetes mellitus in a patient; for this, a stress test is performed with the introduction of a high amount of glucose into the body. Determining blood glucose is a mandatory step in diagnosing diabetes mellitus.

Normal blood glucose level

Approximate blood glucose levels are normal for different ages:

• in children under 14 years of age - 3.3–5.5 mmol/l
• in adults from 14 to 60 years old - 3.5–5.8 mmol/l

As you age and during pregnancy, your blood glucose levels may increase. If, according to the results of the analysis, your sugar levels are significantly exceeded, then consult a doctor immediately!

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Chemical composition

Glucose is a monosaccharide with a hexose. The composition includes starch, glycogen, cellulose, lactose, sucrose and maltose. Once in the stomach, grape sugar is broken down into fructose.

The crystallized substance is colorless, but with a pronounced sweet taste. Glucose can dissolve in water, especially in zinc chloride and sulfuric acid.

This makes it possible to create medical preparations based on grape sugar to compensate for its deficiency. Compared to fructose and sucrose, this monosaccharide is less sweet.

Significance in the life of animals and humans

Why is glucose so important in the body and why is it needed? In nature, this chemical is involved in the process of photosynthesis.

This is because glucose is able to bind and transport energy to cells. In the body of living beings, glucose, thanks to the energy produced, plays important role in metabolic processes. Main benefits of glucose:

• Grape sugar is an energy fuel, thanks to which cells are able to function smoothly.
• 70% of glucose enters the human body through complex carbohydrates, which, when entering the gastrointestinal tract, are broken down into fructose, galactose and dextrose. Otherwise, the body produces this chemical, using its own stored reserves.
• Glucose penetrates into the cell, saturates it with energy, due to which intracellular reactions develop. Metabolic oxidation and biochemical reactions occur.

Many cells in the body are capable of producing grape sugar on their own, but not the brain. An important organ cannot synthesize glucose, so it receives nutrition directly through the blood.

The level of glucose in the blood, for normal functioning of the brain, should not be lower than 3.0 mmol/l.

Excess and Deficiency

Glucose cannot be absorbed without insulin, a hormone produced in the pancreas.

If there is a deficiency of insulin in the body, then glucose is not able to penetrate the cells. It remains unprocessed in the human blood and is enclosed in an eternal cycle.

As a rule, with a lack of grape sugar, cells weaken, starve and die. This relationship is studied in detail in medicine. Now this condition is considered a serious disease and is called diabetes mellitus.

In the absence of insulin and glucose, not all cells die, but only those that are not able to independently absorb the monosaccharide. There are also insulin-independent cells. Glucose is absorbed in them without insulin.

These include brain tissue, muscles, and red blood cells. These cells are nourished by incoming carbohydrates. You can notice that during fasting or poor nutrition a person’s mental capacity, weakness, anemia (anemia) appears.

According to statistics, glucose deficiency occurs in only 20%, the remaining percentage is due to excess hormone and monosaccharide. This phenomenon is directly related to overeating. The body is not able to break down carbohydrates that come in large quantities, which is why it simply begins to store glucose and other monosaccharides.

If glucose is stored in the body for a long time, it is converted into glycogen, which is stored in the liver and muscles. In this situation, the body falls into stressful state when there is too much glucose.

Since the body cannot independently remove large amounts of grape sugar, it simply stores it in adipose tissue, due to which a person rapidly gains weight. excess weight. This whole process requires a large amount of energy (breakdown, transformation of glucose, deposition), so there is a constant feeling of hunger and a person consumes carbohydrates 3 times more.

For this reason, it is important to consume glucose correctly. Not only in diets, but also in proper nutrition It is recommended to include complex carbohydrates in the diet, which break down slowly and evenly saturate the cells. By using simple carbohydrates, grape sugar begins to be released in large quantities, which immediately fills the adipose tissue. Simple and complex carbohydrates:

1. Simple: milk, confectionery, honey, sugar, preserves and jams, carbonated drinks, white bread, sweet vegetables and fruits, syrups.
2. Complex: found in beans (peas, beans, lentils), cereals, beets, potatoes, carrots, nuts, seeds, pasta, cereals and grains, black and rye bread, pumpkin.

Use of glucose

For several decades now, humanity has learned to obtain glucose in large quantities. For this purpose, cellulose and starch hydrolysis are used. In medicine, glucose-based drugs are classified as metabolic and detoxifying.

They are able to restore and improve metabolism, and also have a beneficial effect on redox processes. The main form of release is a freeze-dried combination and a liquid solution.

Who benefits from glucose?

The monosaccharide does not always enter the body with food, especially if the diet is poor and not combined. Indications for use of glucose:

• During pregnancy and suspected low fetal weight. Regular consumption of glucose affects the baby's weight in the womb.
• When the body is intoxicated. For example, chemicals such as arsenic, acids, phosgene, carbon monoxide. Glucose is also prescribed for drug overdose and poisoning.
• For collapse and hypertensive crisis.
• After poisoning as a restorative agent. Especially with dehydration due to diarrhea, vomiting or in the postoperative period.
• For hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar. Suitable for diabetes, check regularly using glucometers and analyzers.
• Liver diseases, intestinal pathologies due to infections, and hemorrhagic diathesis.
• Used as a restorative remedy after long-term infectious diseases.

Release form

There are three forms of glucose release:

1. Intravenous solution. Prescribed to increase osmotic blood pressure, as a diuretic, to dilate blood vessels, to relieve tissue swelling and remove excess fluid, to restore the metabolic process in the liver, and also as nutrition for the myocardium and heart valves. It is produced in the form of dried grape sugar, which dissolves in concentrates with different percentages.
2. Pills. Prescribed to improve general condition, physical and intellectual activity. Acts as a sedative and vasodilator. One tablet contains at least 0.5 grams of dry glucose.
3. Solutions for infusions (droppers, systems). Prescribed to restore water-electrolyte and acid-base balance. Also used in dry form with a concentrated solution.

How to check your blood sugar levels, watch the video:

Contraindications and side effects

Glucose is not prescribed to persons suffering from diabetes mellitus and pathologies that increase blood sugar levels. If prescribed incorrectly or self-medicated, acute heart failure, loss of appetite and disruption of the insular apparatus may occur.

Also, glucose should not be administered intramuscularly, as this can cause necrosis of subcutaneous fat. With rapid administration liquid solution Hyperglucosuria, hypervolemia, osmotic diuresis and hyperglycemia may occur.

Unusual uses of glucose

In the form of syrup, grape sugar is added to the dough when baking bread. Because of this, bread can be stored for a long time at home without becoming stale or drying out.

You can also make this bread at home, but using glucose in ampoules. Liquid candied grape sugar is added to baked goods, such as muffins or cakes.

Glucose provides confectionery products with softness and long-lasting freshness. Dextrose is also an excellent preservative.

Eye baths, or rinses, with a dextrose-based solution. This method helps to get rid of vascularized corneal opacification, especially after keratitis. The baths are used according to strict instructions to prevent delamination of the corneal layer. Glucose is also dropped into the eye, used as homemade drops or in diluted form.

Used for finishing textiles. A weak glucose solution is used as a fertilizer for wilting plants. To do this, purchase grape sugar in an ampoule or dry form and add it to water (1 ampoule: 1 liter). Flowers are regularly watered with this water as they dry. Thanks to this, the plants will become green, strong and healthy again.

Dry glucose syrup is added to baby food. Also used during diets. It is important to monitor your health at any age, so it is recommended to pay attention to the amount of monosaccharides that come into food along with easily digestible carbohydrates.

With a deficiency or excess of glucose, disruptions occur in the cardiovascular, endocrine, and nervous systems, while brain activity is significantly reduced, metabolic processes are disrupted, and immunity deteriorates. Help your body by using only healthy foods such as fruits, honey, dried fruits, vegetables and cereals. Limit yourself from unnecessary calories that come into your body through waffles, cookies, pastries and cakes.

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Glucose is a white or colorless, odorless, sweet-tasting substance that is soluble in water. Cane sugar is approximately 25% sweeter than glucose. Glucose is the most important carbohydrate for humans. Scientists are still wondering why glucose and not some other monosaccharide, for example, fructose. Fructose - benefits and harms natural product , so widely distributed in living organisms.

One reason for this may be that it is less likely than other sugars to react nonspecifically with the amino groups of proteins. Such reactions reduce or destroy the functions of many enzymes. However, some complications of diabetes (associated with high blood glucose levels) are likely caused by reactions that glucose has with proteins and lipids. These complications include blindness, renal failure and peripheral neuropathy.

What is glucose needed for?

Glucose is a key source of energy for humans, as well as plants and animals. In addition, it is the main food for the brain and in many ways it is this sugar that affects many mental processes. When glucose levels are low, processes that require mental effort (for example, self-control, making difficult decisions, etc.) may be impaired.

In addition, glucose is used in the production of some food products. A five or ten percent glucose solution is used for intravenous feeding of patients who for some reason cannot take food by mouth.

How is glucose used?

If more glucose enters the body than necessary, the excess is stored as glycogen in the liver and as fat in adipose tissue. In the blood of an adult there is, on average, 5-6 g of glucose (or a teaspoon). This volume is enough to provide the body with energy for approximately 15 minutes. Therefore, blood glucose levels are constantly maintained by glycogen stored in the liver.

Sources of glucose are fruits, flower nectar, various plants, their juice, and blood.

Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood glucose levels. High glucose levels may indicate diabetes or prediabetes. Glucose is present in urine only when its level in the blood is significantly higher than normal - this can be the case with diabetes.

In healthy people, even when consuming large quantities of carbohydrate-rich foods, glucose is oxidized and converted into glycogen quickly and its blood levels never become so high that glucose enters the urine.

In addition to diabetes, blood glucose levels may be elevated due to the following conditions:

In addition, some medicines have an effect on glucose levels. Taking the following medications may cause high blood glucose levels:

• Atypical antipsychotics, especially olanzapine, quetiapine and risperidone
• Beta blockers (eg, propranolol)
• Corticosteroids
• Dextrose
• Adrenalin
• Estrogens
• Glucagon
• Isoniazid
• Lithium
• Oral contraceptives (birth control pills)
• Phenothiazines
• Phenytoin
• Salicylates
• Thiazide diuretics
• Triamterene
• Tricyclic antidepressants

Among the drugs that lower glucose levels:

• Acetaminophen
• Alcohol
• Anabolic steroid
• Clofibrate
• Disopyramide
• Gemfibrozil
• Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAO)
• Pentamidine
• Sulfonylureas (eg glipizide, glibenclamide and glimepiride).

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Glucose acts as fuel in the body. It is the main source of energy for cells, and the cells' ability to function normally is largely determined by their ability to metabolize glucose. It enters the body with food. Food products are broken down into molecules in the gastrointestinal tract, after which glucose and some other breakdown products are absorbed, and undigested residues (toxins) are eliminated through the excretory system.

In order for glucose to be absorbed in the body, some cells need a pancreatic hormone - insulin. Insulin is usually compared to the key that opens the door to the cell for glucose, and without which it will not be able to enter there. If there is no insulin, most of the glucose remains in the blood in an undigested form, and the cells starve and weaken, and then die from starvation. This condition is called diabetes mellitus.

Some body cells are insulin-independent. This means that they absorb glucose directly, without insulin. The tissues of the brain, red blood cells and muscles are made up of insulin-independent cells - which is why, if there is insufficient supply of glucose to the body (that is, during hunger), a person soon begins to experience difficulties with mental activity, becomes anemic and weak.

However, much more often modern people They are faced not with a deficiency, but with an excess supply of glucose into the body as a result of overeating. Excess glucose is converted into glycogen, a kind of “canned warehouse” of cellular nutrition. Most of the glycogen is stored in the liver, a smaller part is stored in skeletal muscles. If a person does not eat for a long time, the process of breakdown of glycogen in the liver and muscles starts, and the tissues receive the necessary glucose.

If there is so much glucose in the body that it can no longer be used either for tissue needs or utilized in glycogen depots, fat is formed. Adipose tissue is also a “warehouse”, but it is much more difficult for the body to extract glucose from fat than from glycogen; this process itself requires energy, which is why losing weight is so difficult. If you need to break down fat, then it is desirable to have... that's right, glucose to provide energy.

This explains the fact that diets for weight loss should include carbohydrates, but not just any carbohydrates, but difficult-to-digest ones. They break down slowly, and glucose enters the body in small quantities, which are immediately used to meet the needs of the cells. Easily digestible carbohydrates immediately release an excessive amount of glucose into the blood; there is so much of it that it is immediately disposed of in fat depots. Thus, glucose is essential in the body, but it is necessary to provide the body with glucose wisely.

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All parts of the body (muscles, brain, heart, liver) need energy to work. This energy comes from the food we eat. Our bodies digest the food we eat by mixing it with fluids (acids and enzymes) in the stomach. When the stomach digests food, the carbohydrates (sugars and starches) contained in the food converted to other types of sugar called glucose and fructose. Fructose is not involved in supplying the body with energy, but glucose, on the contrary, is a source of energy.

The stomach and small intestine absorb glucose and then release it into the bloodstream. Once glucose is in the blood, it can be used immediately for energy or stored in our bodies to be used later. But Our bodies need insulin to metabolize glucose.. Without insulin, glucose remains in the bloodstream, keeping blood sugar levels high (and sometimes dangerously high).

How the body metabolizes glucose.

Insulin is a hormone secreted by the pancreas. The cells that secrete it are very sensitive to the level of glucose in the blood. They seem to check insulin concentration every few seconds to speed up or slow down the release of insulin. When you eat something high in carbohydrates, such as a piece of bread, the level of insulin in your blood rises and your cells begin to secrete insulin more actively.

Insulin, entering the blood, instructs cells to release glucose inside. Once inside, the cells use it either to obtain energy or store it for future use. At the same time, the amount of glucose in the blood begins to decrease and pancreatic cells reduce the secretion of insulin.

Such ups and downs in insulin secretion occur many times throughout the day, without the person noticing it. A normal person's blood sugar level is between 70 and 120 milligrams per deciliter. However, even in people who do not have diabetes, blood sugar levels can rise to 180 during or immediately after a meal. Within two hours after eating, your blood sugar should drop below 140.

Diabetes.

In diabetes, the body does not stop producing insulin, it just produces too little of it or stops using its own insulin. This leads to a number of bad consequences. For example, glucose cannot enter the cells where it is needed, so the amount of glucose in the blood begins to increase. This is called hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) . When blood sugar levels reach 180 or higher, the kidneys try to get rid of the excess sugar through urine. This causes a person to urinate more often than usual. It also makes a person feel thirsty due to the water he loses by urinating so much.

When a person loses sugar in the urine, it is the same as losing energy because the sugar is no longer available for cells to use or store. When this happens, the person may feel tired, lose weight, and may feel hungry all the time.

The human body requires glucose for the normal functioning of the brain and other tissues. If the system of receiving, creating and using glucose is disrupted, diabetes occurs and many bad things can follow, such as heart attacks, blindness and loss of limbs.

Glucose (or dextrose) is the most important simple sugar, which is part of all important polysaccharides (glycogen, cellulose, dextrin, starch, etc.) and participates in the metabolic processes of the body. This substance belongs to the subclass of monosaccharides of the class of saccharides (carbohydrates) and is colorless crystals that have a sweet taste and are highly soluble in various liquids: water, ammonia solution of copper hydroxide, concentrated solutions of zinc chloride and sulfuric acid.

Glucose is found in berries and fruit juices, vegetables, various parts of plants, as well as in the tissues of living organisms. Due to the high content of grape fruits (they contain 7.8% glucose), it is also sometimes called grape sugar.

Glucose in the body of animals and humans plays the role of the most important source of energy and ensures the normal course of metabolic processes. Without exception, all cells of living organisms have the ability to absorb it, while only some types are endowed with the ability to use free fatty acids, fructose, lactic acid or glycerol as energy sources.

Glucose is the most common carbohydrate in animal organisms. It is the connecting thread between the energetic and plastic functions of carbohydrates, since it is from glucose that all other monosaccharides are formed, and they are converted into it. In the liver, lactic acid, most free fatty acids, glycerol, amino acids, glucuronic acid, and glycoproteins can be converted into glucose. This process is called gluconeogenesis. Another conversion method is glycogenolysis. It proceeds through several metabolic chains, and its essence lies in the fact that energy sources that do not have a direct path of biochemical conversion into glucose are used by the liver for the synthesis of adenosine triphosphates (ATP) and are subsequently involved in the energy supply processes of gluconeogenesis (the process of glucose formation in the body liver cells and, to a small extent, the renal cortex), resynthesis of glucose from lactic acid, as well as energy supply for the synthesis of glycogen from glucose monomers.

Over 90% of soluble low molecular weight carbohydrates contained in the blood of living organisms are glucose. The remaining few percent are fructose, maltose, mannose, pentose, protein-bound polysaccharides, and in the event of the development of any pathological processes, also galactose.

The most intensive consumption of glucose in the body occurs in the tissues of the central nervous system, in red blood cells, and also in the medulla of the kidneys.

The main form of glucose storage in the body is glycogen, a polysaccharide formed from its residues. The mobilization of glycogen in the body begins when the amount of free glucose contained in the cells and, consequently, in the blood decreases. Glycogen synthesis occurs in almost all tissues of the body, however, the largest amount is found in the liver and skeletal muscles. The process of glycogen accumulation in muscle tissue begins during periods of recovery after physical activity, especially after eating a meal rich in carbohydrates. In the liver, it accumulates immediately after eating or during hyperglycemia.

However, the energy that is released as a result of the “combustion” of glycogen is enough for an average person with average physical development, if used fairly carefully, for no more than one day. Therefore, glycogen is a kind of “emergency reserve” of the body, designed for emergency situations when, for some reason, the flow of glucose into the blood stops (including during forced night fasts and in the intervals between meals). In such cases, the largest share of glucose consumption in the body occurs in the brain. Glucose is generally the only energy substrate that ensures its vital functions. This is due to the fact that brain cells do not have the ability to synthesize it themselves.

The use of glucose in the body, obtained as a result of the breakdown of glycogen, begins approximately three hours after eating, immediately after which the accumulation process begins again. Glucose deficiency goes away for a person relatively painlessly and without serious negative consequences in cases where its amount can be normalized during the day with the help of nutrition.

Physiological regulation of glucose levels in the body

The body's ability to maintain a normal concentration of glucose in the blood is one of the most advanced mechanisms for maintaining the relative constancy of the internal environment (homeostasis) with which it is endowed. Its normal functioning is ensured by:

• Liver;
• Individual hormones;
• Extrahepatic tissues.

Regulation of blood glucose levels is carried out by the products of 30-40 genes. Thanks to their interaction, the required glucose concentration is maintained even when the foods that are its source are included in the diet irregularly and unevenly.

In the interval between meals, the amount of glucose contained ranges from 80 to 100 mg/100 ml. After a meal (especially one containing a large amount of carbohydrates), this figure is 120-130 mg/100 ml. During periods of fasting, the glucose level in the body drops to 60-70 mg/100 ml. Metabolic breakdown processes can also contribute to its reduction, especially in stressful situations, with an increase in the level of physical activity, as well as with an increase in body temperature.

Impaired glucose tolerance

Impaired glucose tolerance is a prerequisite for the development of certain diseases (for example, type II diabetes mellitus) or complex dysfunction of the cardiovascular system and metabolic processes (the so-called metabolic syndrome). With disturbances in carbohydrate metabolism and the development of metabolic syndrome, complications may arise that can lead to premature death of a person. Among them, the most common are hypertension and myocardial infarction.

Glucose tolerance, as a rule, is impaired against the background of other pathological processes in the body. This is greatly facilitated by:

• increased blood pressure;
• elevated cholesterol levels;
• elevated triglycerides;
• increased levels of low-density lipoproteins;
• reducing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels.

In order to reduce the likelihood of an increase in disorders, patients are recommended to follow a number of measures, including controlling body weight (in particular, reducing it if necessary), including healthy foods in the diet, increasing the level of physical activity, healthy image life.

The most important of the monosaccharides is glucose C 6 H 12 O 6, which is otherwise called grape sugar. It is a white crystalline substance, sweet in taste, and highly soluble in water. Glucose is found in plants and living organisms, its content is especially high in grape juice(hence the name - grape sugar), in honey, as well as in ripe fruits and berries.

The structure of glucose was deduced based on the study of its chemical properties. Thus, glucose exhibits properties inherent in alcohols: it forms alcoholates (sugarates) with the metal, an acetic acid ester containing five acid residues(according to the number of hydroxyl groups). Therefore, glucose is a polyhydric alcohol. With an ammonia solution of silver oxide it gives a "silver mirror" reaction, indicating the presence of an aldehyde group at the end of the carbon chain. Therefore, glucose is an aldehyde alcohol, its molecule can have the structure

However, not all properties are consistent with its structure as an aldehyde alcohol. Thus, glucose does not give rise to some aldehyde reactions. One hydroxyl out of five is characterized by the greatest reactivity, and the replacement of hydrogen in it with a methyl radical leads to the disappearance of the aldehyde properties of the substance. All this gave reason to conclude that, along with the aldehyde form, there are cyclic forms of glucose molecules (α-cyclic and β-cyclic), which differ in the position of the hydroxyl groups relative to the plane of the ring. The cyclic structure of the glucose molecule is in the crystalline state, but in aqueous solutions it exists in various forms that mutually transform into each other:

As we can see, in cyclic forms there is no aldehyde group. The hydroxyl group located at the first carbon atom is the most reactive. The cyclic form of carbohydrates explains their many chemical properties.

On an industrial scale, glucose is produced by hydrolysis of starch (in the presence of acids). Its production from wood (cellulose) has also been mastered.

Glucose is valuable nutrient. When it oxidizes in tissues, the energy necessary for the normal functioning of organisms is released. The oxidation reaction can be expressed by the overall equation:

C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 → 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O

Glucose is used in medicine for the preparation of medicinal preparations, blood preservation, intravenous infusion, etc. It is widely used in confectionery production, in the production of mirrors and toys (silvering). It is used for dyeing and finishing fabrics and leathers.

The energy supplier for our body can be fats, proteins and carbohydrates. But of all the substances that our body uses for its energy needs, glucose occupies the main place.

What is glucose?

Glucose or dextrose is a colorless or white, odorless, finely crystalline powder with a sweet taste. Glucose can be called a universal fuel, since most of the body's energy needs are covered by it.

This substance must be constantly present in our blood. Moreover, both its excess and its deficiency are dangerous for the body. So, during hunger, the body begins to “use for food” what it is built from. Then muscle proteins begin to be converted into glucose, which can be quite dangerous.

Color scale of indicator visual test strips

These test strips are used to detect blood sugar abnormalities at home.

Official blood glucose standards approved by WHO.

Food-glucose-glycogen system

Glucose enters the human body with carbohydrates. Once in the intestines, complex carbohydrates are broken down into glucose, which is then absorbed into the blood. Some of the glucose is used for energy needs, another part can be stored as fat reserves, and some is stored as glycogen. After the food is digested and the flow of glucose from the intestines stops, the reverse conversion of fats and glycogen into glucose begins. This is how our body maintains constant blood glucose concentration.

Conversion of proteins and fats into glucose and back is a process that takes a lot of time. But the interconversion of glucose and glycogen occurs very quickly. Therefore, glycogen plays the role of the main storage carbohydrate. In the body it is deposited in the form of granules in various types cells, but mainly in the liver and muscles. The glycogen reserve in a person of average physical development can provide him with energy throughout the day.

Hormone regulators

The conversion of glucose to glycogen and vice versa is regulated by a number of hormones. Insulin lowers the concentration of glucose in the blood. And it increases - glucagon, somatotropin, cortisol, thyroid hormones and adrenaline. Disturbances in these reversible reactions between glucose and glycogen can lead to serious diseases, the best known of which is diabetes mellitus.

Measuring blood glucose

The main test for diabetes is measuring blood glucose.

Concentration glucose is different in capillary and venous blood and fluctuates depending on whether a person has eaten or is hungry. Normally, when measured on an empty stomach (at least 8 hours after the last meal), the glucose content in capillary blood is 3.3 - 5.5 (mmol/l), and in venous blood 4.0 - 6.1 (mmol/l). ). Two hours after eating, the glucose level should not exceed 7.8 (mmol/l), for both capillary and venous blood. If during the week, when measuring on an empty stomach, the glucose level does not fall below 6.3 mmol/l, then you should definitely contact an endocrinologist and conduct an additional examination of the body.

Hyperglycemia - a lot of glucose in the blood

Hyperglycemia develops most often in diabetes mellitus. Glucose levels may increase if:

• diabetes mellitus
• stress, strong emotional tension
• diseases of the endocrine system, pancreas, kidneys
• myocardial infarction

Endocrinologist

During stressful situations, blood glucose may increase. The fact is that the body, in response to an acute situation, releases stress hormones, which, in turn, increase blood glucose.

Hyperglycemia occurs:

• light - 6.7 mmol/l
• moderate - 8.3 mmol/l
• severe - more than 11.1 mmol/liter
• coma state - 16.5 mmol/l
• coma - more than 55.5 mmol/l

Hypoglycemia - low blood glucose

Hypoglycemia A condition is considered when the blood glucose concentration is below 3.3 mmol/l. Clinical manifestations of hypoglycemia begin after the sugar level drops below 2.4 - 3.0 mmol/l. With hypoglycemia the following are observed:

• muscle weakness
• impaired motor coordination
• confusion
• increased sweating

Glucose levels decrease when:

• diseases of the pancreas and liver
• some diseases of the endocrine system
• eating disorders, starvation
• overdose of hypoglycemic drugs and insulin

With very severe hypoglycemia, it can develop.

Glucose in medicine

Glucose solution is used in the treatment of a number of diseases, for hypoglycemia and various intoxications, as well as for diluting some medicines when injected into a vein.

Glucose- an essential substance that plays a very important role in the functioning of our body.

An Israeli doctor refuted the stereotype that sugar provokes the development of diabetes and named other causes of the disease

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