Grammatical meaning (formal) meaning. A meaning that acts as an addition to the lexical meaning of a word and expresses various relationships (the relationship to other words in a phrase or sentence, the relationship to the person performing the action or other persons, the relationship of the reported fact to reality and time, the attitude of the speaker to the communicated, etc. .). Usually a word has several grammatical meanings. So, the word country has a feminine meaning, nominative case, singular; the word wrote contains the grammatical meanings of the past tense, singular, masculine, perfective. Grammatical meanings find their morphological or syntactic expression in the language. They are expressed mainly by the form of the word, which is formed: a) affixation. Book, books, book, etc. (case meanings); b) internal inflection. Collect - collect (imperfect and perfect meanings); c) accent. At home. (gen. fallen. singular) - at home (named. fallen. plural); d) suppletivism. Take - take (meanings of the form). Good - better (values of the degree of comparison); f) mixed (synthetic and analytical methods). To the house (the meaning of the dative case is expressed by a preposition and a case form).
Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .
See what “grammatical meaning” is in other dictionaries:
Grammatical meaning is a meaning expressed by an inflectional morpheme (grammatical indicator). The difference between lexical and grammatical meanings (each of these rules is not absolute and has counterexamples): grammatical ... ... Wikipedia
grammatical meaning- One of the two main aspects of a grammatical unit, along with grammatical form. The grammatical meaning accompanies the word and predetermines the boundaries of its syntactic use (the book has the grammatical meaning of the noun noun).... ...
Grammatical meaning- Generalized grammatical meaning, abstract linguistic meaning inherent in a number of words, word forms, syntactic constructions and finding its regular (standard) expression in the language. In the field of morphology it is general values words as parts... ...
grammatical meaning- the meaning of the formal affiliation of the word, i.e. the meaning of a relationship expressed not by a separate word, but by non-independent elements, additional to the main (meaning) part of the word... Explanatory translation dictionary
grammatical meaning as opposed to lexical meaning- 1) G.z. is an intralingual meaning, because contains information about relationships, connections between linguistic units, regardless of the presence of these relationships in extra-linguistic reality; L.z. correlates linguistic unit with extralinguistic... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
This term has other meanings, see Meaning(s). Meaning is an associative connection between a sign and the object of designation. Words are distinguished by their lexical meaning, the correlation of the sound shell of the word with the corresponding... ... Wikipedia
The meaning contained in a word, the content associated with the concept as a reflection in the consciousness of objects and phenomena of the objective world. The meaning is included in the structure of the word as its content ( inside), in relation to which the sound... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms
This term has other meanings, see Number (meanings). Number (in grammar) is a grammatical category expressing the quantitative characteristics of an object. Division into a single and plural may be... ... Wikipedia
Meaning of the word- For the meaning of the word, see Grammatical meaning, Lexical meaning of the word... Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary
- (derivative meaning) one of the basic concepts of word formation; special type meaning of a word that only a derived word can have. Derivative meaning is expressed using a derivational formant and... ... Wikipedia
Books
- Friedrich Nietzsche. Selected works in 2 books (set of 2 books), Friedrich Nietzsche. Dear reader, we bring to your attention two books of selected works by the great German philosopher, poet and musician - Friedrich Nietzsche. I would like to immediately note that all the syntax...
Or several, i.e. is single-valued or multi-valued.
For example, the word "iceberg" means "a large accumulation of ice or a large block of ice that has broken off from a glacier." The word has no other meaning. Therefore, it is unambiguous. But the word “braid” can have several interpretations. For example, “braid” is “a type of hairstyle” (a girl’s braid), and also “a river bank of a special shape” (I went for a swim on the braid) and, in addition, it is also a “tool of labor” (to sharpen a braid well). Thus, the word "braid" has multiple meanings.
The grammatical meaning of a word is a certain set of features that allow the word to change its form. So, for a verb, these are signs of tense, person, number, etc., and - tense, present or past, gender, number, etc.
If the main component of the lexical meaning is, as a rule, contained in its root, then the grammatical meaning of a word is most easily determined by its ending (inflection). For example, at the end of a noun it is easy to determine its gender, case or number. So, in the sentence “The morning was cool but sunny” noun has the following: nominative case, neuter gender, singular, second. In addition, we can say that the word is common noun, inanimate.
If you try to determine the lexical meaning of the word “morning”, then you will probably clarify that this is the time of day following the night, i.e. start of the day.
If you learn to correctly determine the lexical and grammatical meaning of words, you will be able to compose syntactic constructions (and sentences) that are beautiful in expressiveness and correct in terms of grammar and usage.
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At morphological analysis participles need to define it view, which refers to the constant features of a given part of speech. This is very important for the translator, since the one who has changed his view when translated, the participle often changes the meaning of the entire text to the opposite.
You will need
- - table of forms of participles.
Instructions
Try to put full communion in short form. With the passive this is most often possible, it always has both forms, but with the active you are unlikely to be able to perform a similar operation. In any case, in modern literary real participles short form Dont Have. Some dialects have it. Short form of passive participles varies by gender and number. However, some passive participles also in modern times they are usually not put in a short form. For example, “breakable”, “readable”, etc. In such cases, a short form exists, but rather refers to the archaic style.
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note
Some participles turn into adjectives over time. This occurs in cases where a particular action or state is constant sign of this item. These can be both active and passive participles - a walking excavator, canned peas, etc. In this case, there is, of course, no need to determine their type.
Usually, to determine the type of participle, one attribute is sufficient. But in doubtful cases, apply them all in turn.
The table of forms of participles can be found in many reference books on the Russian language. But for convenience, compose it yourself. It can consist of only three columns and three rows. On the first line write "Signs", " Active participle", "Passive participle". The following lines will contain suffixes that form one form or another, additional questions, the presence or absence of a short form.
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- what is the type of participles in 2019
A person tries to gain information about himself, his character and his expected future from all available sources. One way to get to know yourself is to find out what your name means. After all, both character and fate depend on this set of letters, which accompanies a person throughout his life.
Instructions
The vast majority of names have their own. There are a lot of ancient Greek and native Russian names in Russian culture. Each name has a meaning - the word from which it was formed. This word will be the main defining factor of a person. In addition, by name you can trace your character, find out interests and inclinations, and even guess what the names of people with whom it is best to build friendships and inclinations should be. romantic relationship. Books with the meanings of names are sold in any bookstore, in addition, numerous websites will be able to provide the information you are interested in.
According to astrologers, each letter of the alphabet is associated with a constellation or planet and determines some feature of a person. A name is a complex of such letters, therefore, in order to find out the meaning of the name and its influence on a person, it is necessary to decipher each letter individually.
Some experts believe that it is necessary to decipher not the entire name, but only its first letter. And having learned the meaning of the first letters of a person’s last name, first name and patronymic, you will receive extremely clear information about him.
It has been proven that the vibrations that occur during speech, depending on the frequency, have different effects on various areas cerebral cortex. A name is something that accompanies a person from infancy and, perhaps, the word that he hears most often. Being under constant influence of certain sounds, a person systematically experiences an impact on areas of the cortex, which shapes his behavioral characteristics and worldview.
You can find out not only the meaning of the name, but also the impression your name makes on others. Every sound evokes associations in people’s minds: big - small, evil - good, active - passive, cold - soft. Numerous websites will help you analyze your name or nickname. You just need to enter it into the search bar, indicating , and you will find out what your name means to others.
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- how to find out the meaning of your name in 2019
Genus noun determines the ending of the dependent word (for example, an adjective or participle), and in some cases, the form of the subject (verb, in the past tense). In words Slavic origin and borrowed ones have to be guided completely different criteria.
You will need
- - Internet access;
- - manuals on the Russian language.
Instructions
Put the noun in the initial form ( , nominative case). Highlight the ending. A noun belongs to the masculine gender if (wind, computer) or “a”, “ya” (Sasha, uncle). The feminine gender has the endings “a”, “ya” (column, guest) and the sign (night, stove). Neuter gender ends with “o”, “e”, but there is a group of indeclinable neuter nouns with the ending “i”: time, flame.
Grammatical meaning– this is a generalized, abstract linguistic meaning inherent in a number of words, word forms, syntactic structures and finding its regular (standard) expression in grammatical forms. In the field of morphology, these are the general meanings of words as parts of speech (for example, the meaning of objectivity in nouns, procedurality in verbs), as well as the particular meanings of word forms and words in general. The grammatical meaning of a word is not determined by its lexical meaning.
Unlike the lexical meaning characteristic of a particular word, the grammatical meaning is not concentrated in one word, but, on the contrary, is characteristic of many words of the language. In addition, the same word can have multiple grammatical meanings, which are found when a word changes its grammatical form while maintaining its lexical meaning. For example, the word stol has a number of forms (stola, stola, tables, etc.) that express the grammatical meanings of number and case.
If lexical meaning is associated with a generalization of the properties of objects and phenomena of objective reality, their name and expression of concepts about them, then grammatical meaning arises as a generalization of the properties of words, as an abstraction from the lexical meanings of words.
For example, the words cow and bull exist to distinguish between animals based on their biological sex. Gender forms group nouns according to their grammatical properties. The shapes table, wall, window group words (and not objects, phenomena and concepts about them).
1) grammatical meanings are not universal, are less numerous, and form a closed, more clearly structured class.
2) grammatical meanings, unlike lexical ones, are expressed in a mandatory, “forced” order. For example, a Russian speaker cannot “evade” the expression of the category of number of a verb, an English speaker cannot “evade” the category of definiteness of a noun, etc.
3) lexical and grammatical meanings differ in terms of the methods and means of their formal expression.
4) grammatical meanings may not have full correspondence in the extralinguistic sphere (for example, the categories of number and tense usually correspond to reality in one way or another, while the feminine gender of a noun stool and masculine noun chair motivated only by their endings).
The grammatical meanings of words are expressed using various grammatical means. The grammatical meaning expressed using the grammatical means of the language is called a grammatical category.
All words of the Russian language are divided into certain lexical and grammatical categories, called parts of speech. Parts of speech– the main lexical and grammatical categories into which words of a language are distributed based on the following characteristics: a) semantic (generalized meaning of an object, action or state, quality, etc.), b) morphological (morphological categories of a word) and c) s and n so s i c h e s k o g o ( syntactic functions words)
. The classification of Academician Viktor Vladimirovich Vinogradov is one of the most substantiated and convincing. It divides all words into four grammatical-semantic (structural-semantic) categories of words:
1. Name words, or parts of speech;
2. Connectives, function words, or particles of speech;
3. Modal words;
4. Interjections.
1. Name words (parts of speech) denote objects, processes, qualities, characteristics, numerical connections and relationships, are members of a sentence and can be used separately from other words as sentence words. To the parts of speech of V.V. Vinogradov classifies nouns, adjectives, numerals, verbs, adverbs, words into the category of state; they are also accompanied by pronouns.
2. Function words are deprived of a nominative (nominative) function. These include connective and function words (prepositions, conjunctions, actual particles, connectives).
3. Modal words and particles also do not perform a denomination function, but are more “lexical” than function words. They express the speaker's attitude towards the content of the utterance.
4. Interjections express feelings, moods and volitional impulses, but do not name and. Interjections differ from other types of words by their lack of cognitive value, intonation features, syntactic disorganization and direct connection with facial expressions and expressive tests.
In modern Russian there are 10 parts of speech: 1) noun,
2) adjective, 3) numeral, 4) pronoun, 5) state category, 6) adverb, 7) preposition, 8) conjunction, 9) particles, 10) verb (sometimes participles and gerunds are also distinguished as independent parts of speech )[i]. The first six parts of speech are significant performing a nominative function and acting as members of a sentence. A special place among them is occupied by pronouns, including words that lack a denominative function. Prepositions, conjunctions, particles - official parts of speech that do not have a denomination function and do not act as independent members of a sentence. In addition to the named classes of words, in modern Russian there are special groups words: 1) modal words expressing the attitude of the statement to reality from the point of view of the speaker ( probably, obviously, of course); 2) interjections, which serve to express feelings and expression of will ( oh, oh, chick); 3) onomatopoeic words ( quack-quack, meow-meow
Independent (nominative) parts of speech include words naming objects, their actions and signs. You can ask questions about independent words, and in a sentence significant words are members of the sentence.
The independent parts of speech in Russian include the following:
| Part of speech | Questions | Examples | |
| Noun | Who? What? | Boy, uncle, table, wall, window. | |
| Verb | what to do? what to do? | To saw, to saw, to know, to find out. | |
| Adjective | Which? whose? | Nice, blue, mom's, door. | |
| Numeral | How many? which? | Five, five, five. | |
| Adverb | How? When? Where? and etc. | Fun, yesterday, close. | |
| Pronoun | Who? Which? How many? How? and etc. | I, he, so, my, so much, so, there. | |
| Participle | Which? (what is he doing? what has he done? etc.) | Dreaming, dreaming. | |
| Participle | How? (doing what? doing what?) | Dreaming, deciding. |
Notes
1) As already noted, in linguistics there is no single point of view on the position of participles and gerunds in the system of parts of speech. Some researchers classify them as independent parts of speech, others consider them special forms of the verb. Participle and gerund really occupy an intermediate position between independent parts of speech and forms of the verb.
Functional parts of speech- these are words that do not name objects, actions, or signs, but express only the relationships between them.
- Functional words cannot be questioned.
- Function words are not parts of the sentence.
- Function words serve independent words, helping them connect with each other as part of phrases and sentences.
- The auxiliary parts of speech in Russian include the following:
- pretext (in, on, about, from, because of);
- union (and, but, however, because, so that, if);
- particle (would, whether, not, even, exactly, only).
6. Interjections occupy a special position among parts of speech.
- Interjections do not name objects, actions, or signs (as independent parts of speech), do not express relationships between independent words and do not serve to connect words (as auxiliary parts of speech).
- Interjections convey our feelings. To express amazement, delight, fear, etc., we use interjections such as ah, oh, uh; to express the feeling of cold - br-r, to express fear or pain – Ouch etc.
Independent parts of speech have a nominative function (they name objects, their characteristics, actions, states, quantity, signs of other characteristics or indicate them), have a system of forms and are members of the sentence in a sentence.
Functional parts of speech do not have a nominative function, are unchangeable and cannot be members of a sentence. They serve to connect words and sentences and to express the speaker's attitude towards the message.
Ticket number 8
Noun
The significant part of speech, which includes words with an objective meaning that have a gender category, change according to cases and numbers and act as any member in a sentence.
Grammatical form is defined as regular modifications of a word that have different grammatical meanings. For example, shape 1 person unit. Part of the present tense I write, I read, I see or past tense plural form. h. wrote, read, saw.
In morphology, the term can be used in two ways grammatical form. Firstly, the grammatical form can be understood as an abstract pattern in abstraction from concrete words: the adjective form singular. h., feminine, I. p. This form can be represented in different words: red, wooden, boring.
Another use of the term is in the meaning of the form of a specific word: form I.p. units noun back. For terminological differentiation, the concept is introduced word forms. Word form – a specific word in any grammatical form: in the garden is a word form of the word garden.
Several points are distinguished in the content of the word form. Firstly, the lexical meaning is distinguished, and secondly, the word-formative (or derivational) meaning, which, on the one hand, participates in the formation of the lexical meaning, and on the other hand, carries information about the part-verbal affiliation of the word. For example, in the word teacher the word-formation meaning of a person is expressed by a suffix –tel, which also signals that the word is a noun. Thirdly, grammatical relational meanings are distinguished in a word, which are expressed either by inflection (ending) or in other ways (see below). For example, in the word teacher grammatical meanings of gender, number, and case are expressed with a zero ending.
Compare: lexical meaning relational meaning
Teacher + tel + Sh
derivational
Meaning
grammatical meaning
Grammatical meanings are contrasted with lexical ones in the way they express meanings: grammatical meanings have regular expression in the form of affixes, sometimes the roots themselves (the phenomenon of suppletivism), repetitions (reduplication), non-segmental units, function words or combinations of independent words. Lexical meanings lack such regular expression.
Grammatical meanings are abstract in nature and inherent in a number of words, not just one word. The abstract nature of grammatical meanings is manifested, in particular, in such examples where the meaning of objectivity - the part-verbal characteristic of nouns - is found in words whose roots express action - move, run. The grammatical meaning is repeated in a number of words, the lexical meaning is individual.
Let's take a closer look at ways of expressing grammatical meanings. There are different synthetic and analytical methods. In the synthetic (simple) method, grammatical meanings are expressed through morphemes - relational, formative and even root. In the analytical (complex) method, grammatical meaning is expressed by a combination of words - significant and auxiliary or significant and significant, as well as reduplication, word order and intonation.
Examples of relational affixes are: DOLL A-DOLL
RED – RED – RED, HODILS - WALKED A - WALKED,
where inflections express the meaning of gender and number. Formative affixes are used, for example, to express meanings of the past tense - I WENT, I SAW.
Grammatical meanings can be expressed by different roots, this method is called suppletivism: good is better, bad is worse, I am to me. In addition to the mentioned synthetic methods, internal inflection and stress are also used. Internal inflection – grammatical device, represented by the alternation of phonemes (historical or grammatical), serving to express grammatical meanings: in English language tooth (teeth) - teeth (tooth), man (man) - men (men). Stress serves as the only means of distinguishing singular forms. h. R. p. and many others. ch. i. p. for words pbrusa - sail, lega - lugb.
Analytical methods, which are a combination of two words, significant and auxiliary, are observed in the examples: I will write, I would write. In the example I walked, you walked, he walked The category of a person is expressed by separate independent words - pronouns. Another means of expressing grammatical meanings is reduplication. This phenomenon consists of the repetition of either a syllable, or a root, or an entire word. For example, barely, just a little. In some languages, reduplication is quite common. For example, in individual languages African reduplication is a means of expressing the plural; in the Indo-European proto-language, reduplication was used to express the meaning of duration in verbal stems. Different intonation distinguishes sentences with the meaning of question and motivation: Right? - To the right! In examples two hours And two hours word order affects the expression of the meaning of specific and approximate time.
Word forms of one word constitute a paradigm. Paradigms can be complete and partial, complete and incomplete. The paradigms of many words turn out to be very complex. For example, the case paradigm of a noun consists of singular and plural case word forms. Case forms, united by the grammatical meaning of the singular or the meaning of the plural, are partial paradigms within the complete paradigm. A complete paradigm can consist of two, three, four or more partial paradigms. For example, a complete adjective paradigm consists of at least five quotients. The paradigm of a word may lack any particular paradigm. For example, collective nouns do not have plural forms. Such paradigms are called incomplete.
MORPHOLOGY. PART I.
TOPIC 1. MORPHOLOGY AS A SECTION OF THE SCIENCE OF LANGUAGE
Subject of morphology
Morphology (from the Greek morphe - form and logos - study) is the grammatical study of words. The word is the main object of morphology. Morphology studies the grammatical properties of words, establishes what grammatical meanings certain words and classes of words have, and identifies the specifics of grammatical categories for words belonging to different parts of speech. For example, both nouns and adjectives have the categories of gender, number and case. However, for nouns these categories are independent, and for adjectives they are syntactically determined, depending on the gender, number and case of the noun with which the adjective is combined (cf.: big house, big house, big house and so on.; the big one is ours; large building; big houses and so on.).
The tasks of morphology include determining the range of words that have one or another grammatical category. Grammatical categories either cover the entire lexical base of a certain part of speech, or apply only to the main body of words belonging to it. So, nouns pluralia tantum (scissors, twilight, yeast etc.) do not have a gender category, impersonal verbs do not have a "category of face. One of the most important tasks of morphology is to identify and describe the specifics of functioning grammatical categories in vocabulary various parts speech.
Morphology establishes the composition of the grammatical forms of various types of words, reveals the rules for changing words, and distributes words according to types of declension and conjugation.
Morphology includes the study of parts of speech. It examines the semantic and formal features of words of various categories, develops criteria and rules for classifying words by parts of speech, determines the range of words for each part of speech, establishes a system of parts of speech, studies the lexical and grammatical features of words of each part of speech, and identifies patterns of interaction between parts of speech.
Grammatical meanings of words
A word is a complex unity of lexical and grammatical meanings. For example, the word lamp means "lighting or heating device" different devices" This is its lexical meaning. Into the semantic content of the word lamp also includes feminine, nominative and singular meanings. These are its grammatical meanings.
The lexical meaning of a word is an individual semantic feature that distinguishes it from other words. Even words that are close in meaning (cf.: lamp, lamp, lantern) have different lexical meanings. Lamp -“a small vessel with a wick, filled with oil and lit in front of the icons”; flashlight has three meanings: 1) “ lighting fixture as glass ball, boxes with glass walls"; 2) special: “a glass skylight in the roof, as well as a glazed projection in the building”; 3) figurative: “bruise from a beating, from a contusion.”
Grammatical meanings are characteristic of a whole class of words. Thus, the meanings of the feminine gender, singular number, nominative case unite the words lamp, water, fish, room, mermaid, thought and others, which have nothing in common in their lexical meanings. Wed. also: 1) I run, I fly, I read, I lift, I write, I jump; 2) sang, drew, read, thought, danced, shot; 3) run, read, take, fly, wipe, buy. The words of the first row denote different processes, but they all express the grammatical meanings of the 1st person, singular. The words of the second row are united by the meanings of the past tense, singular, masculine. gender, words of the third row - with the meanings of the imperative mood, units. numbers. Thus, grammatical meaning is an abstract meaning, abstracted from the lexical content of a word and inherent in a whole class of words.
Grammatical meanings are not unique. One grammatical meaning necessarily presupposes the presence of another (or others), homogeneous and correlative with it. For example, the singular number implies the plural (bird - birds, nagi - pasha); the meaning of the imperfect form is paired with the meaning of the perfect form (take off- remove, accept - accept); meaning to them pad. enters into relationships with all other case meanings.
Grammatical meanings are not isolated from lexical ones. They seem to be layered on the lexical (real, material) meanings of words and rely on them. Therefore, they are often called accompanying. Thus, the grammatical meanings of gender, number and -case in a noun book accompany its lexical meaning; grammatical meanings of the 3rd person, units. numbers, nes. aspect in verb draws based on his lexical meaning. A. A. Shakhmatov wrote about this: “The grammatical meaning of a linguistic form is opposed to its real meaning. The real meaning of a word depends on its correspondence as a verbal sign to one or another phenomenon of the external world. The grammatical meaning of a word is the meaning it has in relation to other words. The real meaning connects the word directly with the outside world, the grammatical meaning connects it primarily with other words."
Grammatical meanings reflect either certain features of phenomena in the external world, or the attitude of the speaker to the thought he expresses, or intralingual connections and relationships between words. They, notes A. A. Shakhmatov, “can be based (1) partly on phenomena given in the external world: for example, plural. h. birds depends on the fact that we mean the idea of not one, but several birds... (2) Partially, the accompanying meanings are based on the speaker’s subjective attitude to a certain phenomenon: for example, I walked means the same action as me I'm walking but taking place, according to the speaker, in the past tense... (3) Partially, finally, the accompanying meanings are based... on the formal, external reason given in the word itself: so, the feminine gender of the word book depends only on the fact that it ends in -a.”