Instructions
At the first stage, you need to parse the sentence into members and underline them: the subject - with one line, the predicate - with two, - with a wavy line, the complement - with a dotted line, and the adverbial - with alternating dashes and dots. Sometimes it is also necessary to indicate the connections between the members of the proposal and ask questions to each of them.
If the sentence is simple, indicate the type of predicate: simple (PGS), compound verb (CGS) or compound nominal (CIS). If there are several, indicate the type of each of them. If, however, number each of its parts and draw up a diagram of this sentence, indicating the means of communication (and allied words). In addition, indicate the types of clauses (definitive, explanatory or adverbial clauses: clauses of time, place, cause, effect, condition, purpose, concession, comparison, manner of action, measure and degree or connecting) and the types of relations between them (sequential, parallel or homogeneous ).
Next, describe the sentence, indicating its type by purpose of the statement (declarative, interrogative or motivating), by intonation (exclamatory or non-exclamatory) and by quantity (simple or complex: , complex, non-conjunctive). If the sentence is simple, continue the analysis, indicating the type by the number of main members (two-part or one-part: nominative, definite-personal, indefinite-personal, generalized-personal or impersonal), by the presence of members (widespread or non-extended), by the presence of missing main members ( complete or), and also indicate how it is complicated (homogeneous members, dissociated members, introductory or plug-in structures, or not complicated by anything). If the sentence is complex, continue the analysis according to the same scheme, but for each of its parts separately.
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Related article
The proposal scheme is not just a faculty whim. It allows you to better understand the structure of a sentence, determine its specifics, and finally parse it faster. Any diagram is, first of all, visual; You will agree that when you are dealing, for example, with Lev Nikolaevich, clarity is very necessary for understanding the proposal.
Instructions
You need to start by determining which parts of the sentence are words. First, determine the subject and predicate - the grammatical basis. This way you will already have a well-defined “stove” from which you can “dance”. Then we distribute the remaining words among the members of the sentence, taking into account the fact that they are all divided into a subject and a predicate group. In the first group, in the second - addition and circumstance. Please also take into account that some words are not members of a sentence (for example, conjunctions, interjections, introductory and inserted constructions), and that several words at once all together make up one member of the sentence (adverbs and participial phrases).
Make a diagram offers, explain the placement of punctuation marks.
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Morphemic parsing words - parsing by composition, definition and selection of significant derivational parts of a word. Morphemic parsing precedes word formation - determining how the word appeared.
Instructions
With syntactic parsing e of a simple sentence is highlighted (subject and predicate). Then the type of sentence is determined by the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative or incentive), its emotional coloring (exclamation or ). After this, it is necessary to establish the type of sentence by its grammatical basis (one-part or two-part), by members (common or non-common), by the presence or absence of any member (complete or incomplete). Also, a simple can be complicated (homogeneous or isolated members are present) or uncomplicated.
With syntactic parsing For a complex sentence, in addition to determining the grammatical basis and type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement, it is necessary to prove that it is complex and establish the type of connection between simple sentences (conjunctive or non-conjunctive). If the connection is conjunction, then the type of sentence is determined by the nature of the conjunction: compound. If the sentence is complex, then it is necessary to find out what kind of coordinating conjunction the parts of the sentence are connected with: connective, disjunctive or adversative. In a complex complex, the main thing is determined and subordinate clause, a means of connecting the subordinate clause with the main one, the question answered by the subordinate clause, type. If a complex sentence is non-union, then the semantic relations between simple sentences and the placement of punctuation marks is explained. It is also necessary to draw an outline of the proposal.
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Tip 6: How to Define an Indefinite-Personal Sentence
A sentence expresses a message, a motive, or a question. Two-part sentences have a grammatical basis consisting of a subject and a predicate. The grammatical basis of a one-part sentence is represented by either a subject or a predicate.
Instructions
All verbs one-part sentences have a predicate but no subject. Moreover, in a definite personal sentence, the form of the verb and the meaning of the message suggest that the action relates to a specific person: “I love books”, “Find correct solution", "Take care, and honor from a young age."
The verb can be in the first or second person singular form or in the indicative or imperative mood. The first person means that the verbal question is asked from the pronouns “I”, “we”; second person – from the pronouns “you”, “you”. The imperative mood encourages action, the indicative simply conveys information.
In an indefinite-personal sentence, the action is performed by indefinite or unidentified persons. This action is important in itself. The verb is in the third person form of the present or past tense. Examples: “The news is shown on TV,” “The tragedy was reported on Friday,” “The poster was removed from the door.” To get a verb in third person form plural, ask a question about the pronoun “they”.
Do not confuse one-part sentences with incomplete two-part ones. Missed main member two-part incomplete sentence is easily reconstructed from the context and speech situation. For example, if the person performing the action is named in the previous sentences.
In our language, thoughts can be conveyed using different designs proposals. Conjunctive and non-conjunctive complex sentences are capable of replacing each other in speech: when the structure changes, the semantic content remains the same. Omit the conjunction and you have a non-union sentence. Do not distort the meaning and use punctuation marks correctly!
Complex sentences with subordinate clauses of cause, explanatory, condition, time and consequence can also be changed to non-conjunctive ones. Often the type of subordinate clause helps to determine conjunctions that clearly indicate the semantic relationships expressed in the sentence. Observe the examples: “The passengers were in a hurry because (causality) there were five minutes left before the train departed” - “The passengers were in a hurry: there were five minutes left before the train departure”; “I (addition) cannot make it to the ship in time” - “I understand: it is impossible to make it to the ship in time”; “If (condition) you say a word, they will add ten” - “If you say a word, they will add ten”; When (time) the finches came to life, the forest came to life” - “The finches arrived - the forest came to life”; “The firewood is out, so (the consequence) there is nothing to burn with
Sources:
- Russian language. 9th grade. Tutorial for educational institutions
- Means of expressing syntactic relationships between parts of a complex sentence in 2019
§1. What's happened parsing, what is its specificity
Parsing- this is a complete grammatical characteristic of a syntactic unit:
- phrases
- simple sentence
- complex sentence
When performing syntactic analysis, it is important to be able to distinguish between units of syntax, to realize that these are units of different levels, and to understand what features characterize each of them. Syntactic analysis requires not to confuse a phrase and a simple sentence, as well as a simple and complex sentence, and to know how to parse each of them.
§2. What you need to know and be able to do
Parsing requires knowledge and skills.
Need to know:
- what is the difference between a phrase and a sentence
- what is the difference between a simple and complex sentence
- how a phrase is constructed, and what they are like (type by main word)
- syntactic connections of words in a phrase: agreement, control, adjacency
- what features characterize a sentence: the purpose of the utterance, semantic and intonation completeness, the presence of a grammatical basis
- what are the sentences based on the number of grammatical bases: simple, complex
- what are they like simple sentences according to its structure: two-part, one-part (nominal, definite-personal, indefinite-personal, generalized-personal, impersonal)
- what are the types of complex sentences: according to the nature of the syntactic connection of their parts: allied, non-union; allied: complex and complex)
- what is the syntactic role of words in a sentence (analysis by sentence members)
You need to be able to:
- determine which syntactic units the unit given for analysis belongs to
- highlight phrases in a sentence
- find the main and dependent word in a phrase
- determine the type of syntactic connection
- determine the grammatical basis of a sentence
- determine the type of sentence by its grammatical basis (two-part - one-part) and by the nature of the main member (for one-part sentences)
- define sentence members
- identify complicating components: homogeneous members, isolations, introductory elements (introductory words and sentences, inserted structures), addresses, direct speech and citation
- determine the number of parts in complex sentence
- determine the type of syntactic connection and the type of complex sentence
§3. The order of parsing syntactic units
Collocation
1. Determine the main and dependent words, highlight the main thing, and from it raise a question to the dependent one.
2. Determine the type of phrase based on the main word: noun, verb, adverb.
3. Determine the type of syntactic connection: coordination, control, adjacency.
Simple sentence
1. Perform an analysis of the members of the sentence: underline all the members of the sentence, determine by what (word, what part of speech) they are expressed.
2. Give a description of the purpose of the statement:
- narrative
- interrogative
- incentive
3. Describe the emotions and intonation expressed:
- non-exclamatory
- exclamation point
4. Determine the number of grammatical bases and determine the type of sentence by their number:
- simple
- complex
5. Describe the presence of main members:
- two-part
- one-piece
a) one-part with the main member subject: nominative
b) one-part with the main member predicate: definite-personal, indefinite-personal, generalized-personal, impersonal
6. Describe the presence of minor members:
- common
- not widespread
7. Characterize it in terms of completeness (the presence of sentence members necessary in meaning):
- complete
- incomplete
8. Determine the presence of complicating components:
- uncomplicated
- complicated:
a) homogeneous members of the sentence
b) separate members: definition (agreed - uncoordinated), addition, circumstance
V) introductory words, introductory sentences and plug-in constructions
d) appeal
e) constructions with direct speech or quotation
Note:
When expressing distinctions using participial and adverbial phrases, as well as comparative constructions, characterize how exactly the separation is expressed
Difficult sentence
1. As in a simple sentence, identify the members of the sentence.
2. As in a simple sentence, characterize the purpose of the statement:
- narrative
- interrogative
- incentive
3. As in a simple sentence, describe the emotions and intonation expressed:
- non-exclamatory
- exclamation point
4. Based on the number of grammatical stems (more than one), determine that the sentence is complex.
5. Determine the type of syntactic connection between the parts of a complex sentence:
- with union connection
- with non-union connection
- with a combination of union and non-union connections
6. Determine the type of complex sentence and means of communication:
- compound (: connective, disjunctive, adversative, connecting, explanatory or gradational)
- complex (: temporary, causal, conditional, target, consequence, concessive, comparative and explanatory, as well as allied words)
- non-union (connection in meaning, expressed intonation)
7. Determine the type of complex sentence (for example: a complex sentence with an explanatory clause).
8. Next, each part of a complex sentence is characterized (according to the scheme of a simple sentence - see the scheme for parsing a simple sentence, paragraphs 5-8)
9. Create a diagram of a complex sentence that reflects
Analysis plan:
Complex.
The number of parts in a complex complex, their boundaries (highlight grammatical bases in simple sentences).
Means of communication between parts (indicate conjunctions and determine the meaning of a complex sentence).
Proposal outline.
Sample parsing:
Was winter, but that's all last days stood thaw. (I. Bunin).
(Narrative, non-exclamative, complex, conjunction, compound, consists of two parts, opposition is expressed between the first and second parts, the parts are connected by an adversative conjunction But.)
Offer outline:
1 but 2.
The order of syntactic parsing of a complex sentence
Analysis plan:
Type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative or motivating).
Type of sentence according to emotional coloring (exclamatory or non-exclamatory).
Complex.
Main and subordinate parts.
What does the subordinate clause spread?
What is the subordinate clause attached to?
Location of the subordinate part.
Type of subordinate part.
Complex sentence diagram.
Sample parsing:
When she played downstairs on the piano 1, I got up And listened 2 . (A.P. Chekhov)
(Declarative, non-exclamative, complex, conjunction, complex, consists of two parts. The 2nd part is the main one, the 1st is the subordinate part, the subordinate part extends the main part and joins it with a conjunction When, the subordinate part is located before the main one, the type of subordinate part is the subordinate clause).
Offer outline:
(union when...) 1, [...] 2.
subordinate clause
Noun.. verb. union of places Verb.
ex. adj. noun Travelers saw , What They are on small clearing
[ ____ . (Narrative, non-explanatory, complex, SPP with explanatory adjective, 1) non-distributive, two-part, complete. 2) distribution, two-part, full).
], (What…).
Analysis plan:
The order of syntactic parsing of a non-conjunctive complex sentence
Non-Union.
Proposal outline.
Type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative or motivating).
Type of sentence according to emotional coloring (exclamatory or non-exclamatory).
Sample parsing:
Number of parts (highlight grammatical basics in simple sentences).
The song ended 1 - the usual applause was heard 2. (I.S. Turgenev)
Offer outline:
- (Narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, non-union, consists of two parts, the first part indicates the time of action of what is said in the second part, a dash is placed between the parts.)
- Characterize the sentence according to the purpose of the statement: narrative, interrogative or motivating.
- By emotional coloring: exclamatory or non-exclamatory.
- Based on the presence of grammatical basics: simple or complex.
| Then, depending on whether the sentence is simple or complex:: If simple 5. Characterize the sentence by the presence of the main members of the sentence: two-part or one-part, indicate which is the main member of the sentence if it is one-part (subject or predicate). 6. Characterize by the presence of minor members of the sentence: common or non-widespread. 7. Indicate whether the sentence is complicated in any way (homogeneous members, address, introductory words) or not complicated. 8. Underline all parts of the sentence, indicate parts of speech. | 9. Draw up a sentence outline, indicating the grammatical basis and complication, if any.: If it's complicated 5. Indicate what kind of connection is in the sentence: union or non-union. 6. Indicate what is the means of communication in a sentence: intonation, coordinating conjunctions or subordinating conjunctions. 7. Conclude what kind of sentence it is: non-union (BSP), complex (SSP), complex (SPP). 8. Parse each part of a complex sentence as a simple one, starting with point No. 5 of the adjacent column. 9. Underline all parts of the sentence, indicate parts of speech. |
10. Draw up a sentence outline, indicating the grammatical basis and complication, if any.
Example of parsing a simple sentence
Oral analysis: Declarative sentence, non-exclamatory, simple, two-part, grammatical basis: pupils and female students studying , common, complicated.
homogeneous subjects
Writing: Declarative sentence, non-exclamatory, simple, two-part, grammatical basis: Declarative, non-exclamatory, simple, two-part, grammatical basis
An example of parsing a complex sentence
Example of parsing a simple sentence
Declarative sentence, non-exclamatory, complex, conjunction, means of communication subordinating conjunction because, complex sentence. The first simple sentence: one-part, with the main member - the predicate didn't ask common, not complicated. Second simple sentence: two-part, grammatical basis my class and I went common, not complicated.
homogeneous subjects
Declarative, non-exclamatory, complex, conjunction, means of communication subordinating conjunction because, SPP.
1st PP: one-part, with the main member – predicate didn't ask common, not complicated.
2nd PP: two-part, grammatical basis - my class and I went widespread, not complicated.
Example of a diagram (sentence followed by a diagram)
Another parsing option
Parsing. Order in parsing.
In phrases:
- Select the required phrase from the sentence.
- We look at the structure - highlight the main word and the dependent word. We indicate which part of speech is the main and dependent word. Next, we indicate in what syntactic way this phrase is connected.
- And finally, we indicate what its grammatical meaning is.
In a simple sentence:
- We determine what the sentence is based on the purpose of the statement - narrative, incentive or interrogative.
- We find the basis of the sentence, establish that the sentence is simple.
- Next, you need to talk about how this proposal is constructed.
- Is it two-part or one-part. If it is one-part, then determine the type: personal, impersonal, nominal or indefinitely personal.
- Common or not common
- Incomplete or complete. If the sentence is incomplete, then it is necessary to indicate which member of the sentence is missing.
- If this sentence is complicated in any way, be it homogeneous members or separate members of the proposal, this must be noted.
- Next you need to analyze the sentence by members, indicating what parts of speech they are. It is important to follow the parsing order. First, the predicate and subject are determined, then the secondary ones, which are included first in the subject, then in the predicate.
- We explain why punctuation marks are placed in the sentence one way or another.
Predicate
- We note whether the predicate is a simple verb or a compound (nominal or verbal).
- Indicate how the predicate is expressed:
- simple - what form of the verb;
- compound verb - what it consists of;
- compound nominal - what copula is used, how the nominal part is expressed.
In a sentence that has homogeneous members.
If we have a simple sentence before us, then when analyzing it we need to note what kind of homogeneous members of the sentence they are and how they are related to each other. Either through intonation, or through intonation with conjunctions.
In sentences with isolated members:
If we have a simple sentence before us, then when analyzing it, we need to note what the turnover will be. Next, we analyze the words that are included in this circulation according to the members of the sentence.
In sentences with isolated parts of speech:
First, we note that in this proposal, there is direct speech. We indicate the direct speech and text of the author. We analyze and explain why punctuation marks are placed in the sentence this way and not otherwise. We draw a proposal diagram.
In a compound sentence:
First, we indicate which sentence according to the purpose of the statement is interrogative, declarative or motivating. We find simple sentences in the sentence and highlight the grammatical basis in them.
We find conjunctions that connect simple sentences into complex ones. We note what kind of conjunctions they are - adversative, connecting or disjunctive. We determine the meaning of this entire complex sentence - opposition, alternation or enumeration. We explain why the punctuation marks are placed in this way in the sentence. Then each simple sentence that makes up a complex sentence must be parsed in the same way as a simple sentence is parsed.
In a complex sentence with a subordinate clause (one)
First, we indicate what the sentence is according to the purpose of the statement. We highlight the grammatical basis of all simple sentences that make up a complex sentence. Let's read them out.
We name which sentence is the main one and which is the subordinate one. We explain exactly how complex sentence it is, we pay attention to how it is constructed, how the subordinate clause is connected to the main clause and what it refers to.
We explain why punctuation marks are placed in this way in this sentence. Then, the subordinate and main clauses must be parsed in the same way as simple sentences are parsed.
In a complex sentence with subordinate clauses (several)
We call what a sentence is according to the purpose of the statement. We highlight the grammatical basis of all simple sentences that make up a complex sentence and read them out. We indicate which sentence is the main one and which is the subordinate clause. It is necessary to indicate what the subordination in the sentence is - either it is parallel subordination, or sequential, or homogeneous. If there is a combination of several types of subordination, this must be noted. We explain why punctuation marks are placed in this way in the sentence. And, at the end, we analyze the subordinate and main clauses as simple sentences.
In a complex non-union sentence:
We call what a sentence is according to the purpose of the statement. We find the grammatical basis of all the simple sentences that make up this complex sentence. We read them out and name the number of simple sentences that make up a complex sentence. We determine the meaning of the relationships between simple sentences. It can be sequence, cause and effect, opposition, simultaneity, explanation or addition.
We note what the structural features of this sentence are, what kind of complex sentence it is. How are the primes connected in this sentence and what do they refer to.
We explain why the punctuation marks are placed in this way in the sentence.
In a complex sentence in which there are different types of connections.
We call what purpose the sentence is in terms of the purpose of the statement. We find and highlight the grammatical basis of all simple sentences that make up a complex sentence, and read them out. We establish that this proposal will be a proposal in which there are different types communications. Why? We determine what connections are present in this sentence - conjunctional coordinating, subordinating or any others.
By meaning, we establish how simple ones are formed in a complex sentence. We explain why punctuation marks are placed in the sentence in this way. We parse all the simple sentences from which a complex sentence is composed in the same way as a simple sentence.
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Parsing a sentence into members, or parsing a sentence, is an obligatory part curriculum In Russian. Anyone who cannot cope with this task should not even dream of excellent grades on the report card and/or certificate. Moreover, unlike many newfangled techniques that have recently appeared in textbooks and methodological manuals, our grandparents were engaged in syntactic analysis of sentences and phrases - both in lessons and as homework. Yes and test papers in linguistics they cannot do without this task.
Surely you are familiar with him firsthand. But it never hurts even the smartest students to consolidate and/or deepen their knowledge. Therefore, regardless of your performance at school, we suggest that you discuss in detail and remember how to parse a sentence into members correctly and without errors.
Syntactic composition of the sentence. Members of the sentence
Let's start by checking the terminology. Syntactic parsing and parsing a sentence into members are equivalent names for the same process, which consists of analyzing the composition of a sentence and determining whether each word belongs to one or another part of speech. The difference between them lies only in the amount of work: parsing involves more deep Scan parameters of the proposal, and analysis by members is, as a rule, only part of the total parsing. However, it is the analysis of a sentence by members that causes the main difficulties for most schoolchildren. A possible reason: the variability of the role of words in a sentence. The fact is that even words belonging to one part of speech can perform in a sentence different roles. Moreover, they will differ both within one and several different offers. Figuratively speaking, one could call each member of the sentence a certain position in which the word “works.” By moving to another place of work, that is, to another offer, he can change his position and, accordingly, perform other functions. Moreover: not only one word, but also a phrase can be a member of a sentence.
That is why many schoolchildren and even higher education students educational institutions sometimes they get confused and incorrectly identify the members of a sentence. You can help them regain their understanding by clarifying the basic concepts of the syntactic structure of a sentence. You can start with simple exercises, gradually complicating the tasks and introducing new elements that will confuse and train your parsing skills. For example, to begin with, you should remember that all members of a sentence, even the shortest, are divided into:
- The main members of the proposal. There are only two of them: subject and predicate. Together they form the so-called grammatical basis of the sentence. Not every sentence contains both main members at the same time, but one of them is always necessary.
- Secondary members of the sentence. There are three of them: definition, addition and circumstance. They can be present in a sentence in any combinations and quantities, all together or one at a time.
- Subject denotes (names) the subject, object or phenomenon that is discussed in the sentence. Accordingly, it logically becomes the answer to the questions “Who?” and/or “What?” In most cases, the subject is a noun or pronoun, as well as a numeral in combination with a noun (for example, “many options”).
- Predicate talks about what does or happens to the subject. To find the predicate in a sentence, ask the question: “What does it do?” (did/will do) object. Not surprisingly, the predicate is usually a verb. In some cases, a noun or other parts of speech can act as a predicate.
- Definition describes an object and communicates its characteristics, therefore answering the questions “Which one?” (which/which/which ones), “Whose?” and so on. As a rule, adjectives and participles are adjectives.
- Addition reveals the content of the sentence in connection with the subject (subject). It can answer any question in oblique cases (that is, all except the nominative): “Who?” (“What?”), “To whom?”, (“To what?”), “By whom?”, (“With what?”), “Where from?” and so on. Supplements include both gerunds and other parts of speech along with prepositions.
- Circumstance reveals the details of the action and indicates its place, time, method and other characteristics. In a sentence, a circumstance is the member that answers the questions “Why?”, “Why?”, “When?”, “Where?”, “Where from?”, “Where?” And How?". Circumstances are often nouns, adverbs, and less often other parts of speech.
- Uncommon sentences - that is, having no words other than the subject and/or predicate (grammatical basis).
- Common sentences - that is, including, in addition to the grammatical basis, also minor members. Their number is not important: if they exist, then the offer is automatically considered widespread.
How to parse a proposal by member
Now let's practical work Let's consolidate theoretical knowledge on how to parse a sentence into members. For this we need a system symbols, with the help of which different members of the sentence are marked. Traditional way is to underline words in a sentence with curly lines depending on their syntactic role. These designations are generally recognized both in writing and in printed text, so remember them once so that you can always use them in the future when parsing a sentence by member:
- Subject underline with one line.
- Predicate underlined with two lines.
- Definition emphasized with a wavy line or horizontal zigzag.
- Addition underlined with a dotted line.
- Circumstance underlined with a dotted line with a dot.
In the evening the full moon lit up the sky.
If it is difficult for you to immediately parse the sentence by member yourself, do it using step-by-step instructions:
- Read the sentence carefully, paying attention not only to its content, but also to the form: sometimes it is in it that tricky moments and difficulties of analysis are hidden.
- Find the subject: in this sentence, to the question “What?” The word “moon” answers. Underline it with one straight line.
- Find the predicate, starting from the subject: “What did the moon do?” The moon lit up (the sky). This means that the predicate in that sentence is “illuminated.” Underline this verb with two parallel straight lines.
- Find the definition (sign of the subject): “What is the moon like?” The moon is full. The word "full" is a definition, underline it with a wavy line.
- Find the addition: “What did the moon illuminate?” The moon lit up the sky. “Sky” is the addition in this sentence; underline this word with a dotted line.
- Find the circumstance: “When did the moon illuminate the sky?” The moon lit up the sky in the evening. Accordingly, “in the evening” is a definition that should be underlined with a dotted line with a dot.
- While completing the task, write down questions that connect words into a single system of meaning. Write them directly above the sentence, accompanied by arrows from one word to the next. For example: The arrow from the word “moon” to the word “full” should be signed with the question “Which one?” The arrow from the word “illuminated” to the word “sky” should be signed with the question “what?” This allows the teacher, when checking the assignment, to see how you completed it and in what sequence the analysis of the sentence developed.