Russian folk dialects, or dialects(gr.
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dialectos - adverb, dialect), have in their composition significant amount original folk words known only in a certain area. So, in the south of Russia they call stag grip, clay pot - makhotka, bench - conditional etc. Dialectisms exist mainly in oral speech peasant population; In an official setting, speakers of dialects usually switch to the national language, the conductors of which are school, radio, television, and literature.
The dialects reflect the original language of the Russian people; in certain features of local dialects, relict forms of Old Russian speech have been preserved, which are the most important source for restoring historical processes that once affected our language.
Dialects differ from the national dialects national language various features - phonetic, morphological, special usage and completely original words, unknown literary language. This gives grounds to group dialectisms of the Russian language according to their common characteristics.
1. Lexical dialectisms - words known only to native speakers of the dialect and outside it, having neither phonetic nor word-forming variants. For example, in southern Russian dialects there are words beet (beet), tsibulya (onion), gutorit (talk), in the northern – sash (belt), basque (beautiful), golitsy (mittens). In common language, these dialectisms have equivalents that name identical objects and concepts. The presence of such synonyms distinguishes lexical dialectisms from other types of dialect words.
2. Ethnographic dialectisms - words naming objects known only in a certain area: shanezhki - “pies prepared in a special way”, shingles - “special potato pancakes”, nardek - “watermelon molasses”, l/anarka - “a type of outerwear”, poneva - “a type of skirt”, etc. Ethnographisms do not and cannot have synonyms in the common language, since the objects themselves denoted by these words have a local distribution. As a rule, these are household items, clothing, foods, plants, etc.
3. Lexico-semantic dialectisms - words that have in the dialect unusual meaning: bridge- “the floor in the hut”, lips - “mushrooms of all varieties except white”, shout (someone)- "call for", myself- “master, husband,” etc. Such dialectisms act as homonyms for common words used with their inherent meaning in the language.
4. Phonetic dialectisms - words that have received a special phonetic design in the dialect tsai(tea), chain(chain) - consequences of ʼʼtsokanyʼʼ and ʼʼchokanyaʼ, characteristic of northern dialects; hverma(farm), paper(paper), passport(passport), life(life).
5. Word-formation dialectisms - words that have received a special affix design in the dialect: chant(rooster), goose(goose), upskirt(calf), strawberry(strawberry), bro(Brother), Shuryak(brother-in-law), dharma(for free) always(always), from where(where), poked(Bye), evonic(his), theirs(them), etc.
6. Morphological dialectisms - forms of inflection not typical for the literary language: soft endings for verbs in the 3rd person ( go, go), ending - am for nouns in the instrumental case plural (under the pillars), ending e for personal pronouns in the genitive singular: for me, for you and etc.
Dialectal features are also characteristic of the syntactic level and the phraseological level, but they do not form the subject of studying the lexical system of a language.
Russian folk dialects, or dialects(gr. dialektos- adverb, dialect), contain a significant number of original folk words, known only in a certain area. So, in the south of Russia they call stag grip, clay pot- makhotka, bench - conditional etc. Dialectisms exist mainly in the oral speech of the peasant population; In an official setting, speakers of dialects usually switch to the common language, the conductors of which are school, radio, television, and literature.
The dialects reflect the original language of the Russian people; in certain features of local dialects, relict forms of Old Russian speech have been preserved, which are the most important source for restoring historical processes that once affected our language.
Dialects differ from the national national language in various ways - phonetic, morphological, special word usage and completely original words unknown to the literary language. This gives grounds to group dialectisms of the Russian language according to their common characteristics.
1. Lexical dialectisms are words known only to native speakers of the dialect and have neither phonetic nor word-forming variants outside of it. For example, in southern Russian dialects there are words beet (beet), tsibulya (onion), gutorit (talk); in the northern - sash (belt), basque (beautiful), golitsy (mittens). In common language, these dialectisms have equivalents that name identical objects and concepts. The presence of such synonyms distinguishes lexical dialectisms from other types of dialect words.
2. Ethnographic dialectisms - words naming objects known only in a certain area: shanezhki- "pies prepared in a special way" etc. A nki- "special potato pancakes" nardek- "watermelon molasses" man A rka- "a type of outerwear" poneva- “a type of skirt”, etc. Ethnographisms do not and cannot have synonyms in the common language, since the objects themselves denoted by these words have a local distribution. As a rule, these are household items, clothing, foods, plants, etc.
3. Lexico-semantic dialectisms are words that have an unusual meaning in a dialect: bridge- "the floor in the hut" lips- “mushrooms of all varieties, except white ones”, scream(someone) - “to call”, myself- “master, husband,” etc. Such dialectisms act as homonyms for common words used with their inherent meaning in the language.
4. Phonetic dialectisms - words that have received a special phonetic design in the dialect tsai (tea), chap (chain)- consequences of “clattering” and “clinking”, characteristic of northern dialects; hverma (farm), bamaga (paper), passport (passport), zhist (life) and under.
5. Derivational dialectisms are words that have received a special affix design in the dialect: peven (rooster), guska (goose), heifer (calf), strawberry (strawberry), bro (brother), shuryak (brother-in-law), darma (for free), forever (always), otkul (from), pokeda (for now), evonny (his), ichniy (theirs) etc.
6. Morphological dialectisms are forms of inflection not characteristic of a literary language: soft endings for verbs in the 3rd person ( go, go); ending -am for nouns in the instrumental case plural ( under the pillars); ending e for personal pronouns in the genitive singular: for me, for you and etc.
Dialectal features are also characteristic of the syntactic level and the phraseological level, but they do not form the subject of studying the lexical system of a language.
The Russian language is rich, but they make it even more colorful dialectical words. Dialects exists in any language. This article by L. Skvortsov from the old magazine “Family and School” (1963) will be useful to everyone who studies linguistics, Russian and foreign language. This article will talk about the features the use of dialectisms, will be given examples of dialect words and expressions.
Dialectisms: examples of words
Many of us, especially those who lived in different regions of the country, noticed, of course, that living Russian speech has local differences.
Examples:
In the Yaroslavl, Arkhangelsk, Ivanovo regions and in the Upper Volga region, people “okay” (they say the end, go, stand). In this case, they place the accent correctly, but in the unstressed position a clear, round “O” is pronounced. In some Novgorod and Vologda villages“clack” and “clink” (they say “tsai” instead of tea, “kuricha” instead of chicken, etc.). In the villages of the Kursk or Voronezh regions you can hear “yakan” (village and trouble are pronounced there as “syalo”, “byada”), a special pronunciation of consonant sounds (“use” instead of everything, “lauki” instead of bench, etc.).
Experts in Russian dialects, linguists, based on characteristic linguistic features - sometimes very subtle, unnoticeable - easily determine the region or even the village where a person came from, where he was born. Such local differences exist in many languages and form the basis of those unities that in the science of language are called dialects or dialects.
Modern dialects of the Russian language fall into two main dialects.
Examples:
North of Moscow there is a Northern Russian (or Northern Great Russian) dialect. It is characterized by many features, including the "okan" sound, the explosive quality of the "g" sound - mountain, arc - and a firm pronunciation verb endings in 3rd person singular numbers: walking, carrying, etc.
South of Moscow there is a South Russian (or South Great Russian) dialect. It is characterized by “akanye”, a special quality of “g” (fricative, duration) - mountain, arc - and soft pronunciation of the same verb endings: go, carry, etc. (The linguistic differences of these adverbs are complemented by ethnographic differences: features and construction dwellings, originality of clothing, household utensils, etc.).
Northern Great Russian dialects do not transform directly into Southern Russian dialects in the south. Between these two dialects, in a narrow strip, lie Central Russian (or Central Great Russian) dialects, which arose as a result of the interaction, “mixing” of Northern Russian and Southern Russian dialects in the border zone. A typical Central Russian dialect is the Moscow dialect, which combines the hardness of verb endings (Northern Russian trait) with “akany” (South Russian trait).
There is a fairly widespread opinion that dialects are a local distortion of the language, a “local irregular dialect.” In reality, dialects (or dialects) are a historical phenomenon. The special historical and linguistic science of dialectology, based on a thorough study of dialects, restores pictures of the ancient state of the language and helps to reveal the internal laws of linguistic development.
Russian literary language and dialects
During the era of the disintegration of the primitive communal system, the Slavs united into tribal unions (VI - VIII centuries AD). These unions included tribes that spoke closely related dialects. It is interesting to note that some of the existing dialectal differences in the Russian language date back to the era of tribal dialects.
In the 9th-10th centuries, the Old Russian people were formed. This was due to the transition Eastern Slavs to a class society and with the formation of the Russian state with its center in Kyiv. Language unit At this time, the dialect of a particular region becomes gravitating in economic and political terms towards a certain urban center (for example, Novgorod - on former land Slovenia, Pskov - on the land of the Krivichi. Rostov and Suzdal - on the territory of the descendants of the Krivichi and partly the Vyatichi). Subsequently, such a unit became the dialect of the feudal principality - the direct ancestor of modern Russian dialects.
Above local dialects stands, uniting all speakers of Russian, the literary Russian language, which emerged as a national language at the time of the formation of the Russian nation and statehood. Having appeared on the basis of Central Russian dialects and the Moscow dialect, the literary language incorporated best elements folk dialects, has been processed for centuries by masters of words - writers and public figures, - was enshrined in the letter, asserting uniform and binding literary norms for all.
However, having become independent, the literary language was never separated by a blank wall from dialects. Even now (albeit to a relatively small extent) it is replenished with words and phrases of folk dialects. Not everyone knows, for example, that “mow”, “grain grower”, “chill”, “steam”, “initial”, “break wood” are words and expressions of dialect origin, which have now become literary. Some of them came from the north, others from the south. It is interesting, for example, that we now say “hut reading room” and “hut-laboratory” and do not notice that “izba” is a Northern Russian word, and “hut” is a Southern Russian one. For us, both of these combinations are equally literary.
From what has been said, it should be clear that dialects cannot be assessed as “local distortions” of the Russian language. The system of each dialect (pronunciation features, grammatical structure, vocabulary) has great stability and, operating within a limited territory, is a generally accepted means of communication for this territory; so that the speakers themselves (especially among older people) use it as a familiar language from childhood and not at all a “distorted” Russian language.
Russian dialectisms and related languages
Why is dialect speech sometimes characterized as spoiled literary speech? This is explained by the fact that in terms of vocabulary, the general literary language and dialects largely coincide (the exception is “untranslatable” dialectisms: names of peculiar household items, clothing, etc.), while “ external design"(sound, morphological) ordinary words unusual in one dialect or another. This unusualness of well-known, commonly used (as if simply “distorted”) words first of all attracts attention: “ucumber” or “igurets” (instead of cucumber), “hands”, “rake” (instead of hands, rake), “ ripe apples" (instead of ripe apple) and so on. It is clear that in literary language such dialectisms have always been considered as violations of the norm.
Anyone who wants to master correct Russian speech must know the peculiarities of the dialect in which they live, know its “deviations” from the literary language in order to be able to avoid them,
In Russian dialects bordering the Ukrainian and Belarusian languages, the picture is complicated by the influence of these related languages. In the Smolensk and Bryansk regions (bordering Belarus) you can hear, for example, “I will throw myself”, “I will shave” instead of shave, I will shave, “trapka” instead of rag, “prama” instead of straight, “adzezha” i.e. clothes, clothes and etc. Everyday linguistic environment has a significant impact on the speech of Russian people living on the territory of Ukraine. Widely known elements Ukrainian language, the so-called Ukrainianisms that penetrate into the speech of Russian people and often spread beyond the borders of Ukraine: “play” instead of play, “pour” instead of pour, “brand” (tram number), “extreme” instead of last, “where are you going?” instead of where are you going?, “I’m going to you” instead of going to you, “at kume” instead of at kuma’s, “sweet jam” instead of sweet jam, “back” instead of again, again, “kura” instead of chicken and others.
The use of dialectisms. Literary-dialectal bilingualism
The question may arise: is there a danger to living Russian speech due to such a wide distribution of dialectisms in it? Will the dialect element overwhelm our language?
There was and is no such danger. Despite the abundance of dialect deviations, they are all local in nature. We must not forget that we are on guard speech culture stands the literary Russian language - the keeper and collector of the linguistic values of the people in all periods of its history. Due to historical changes in the life and way of life of our people, local dialects of the Russian language are disappearing. They are destroyed and dissolved in the literary language, which is becoming increasingly widespread. Nowadays, the broadest masses have become familiar with the literary Russian language - through the press, books, radio, television. Characteristic feature This active process is a kind of literary-dialectal “bilingualism”. For example, in school, during lessons, students speak based on the literary language, and in the family circle, in conversations with elders or among themselves, in a social setting, they use the local dialect, using dialectisms in their speech.
Interestingly, the speakers themselves clearly feel their “bilingualism.”
Examples:
“At the school at Konotop station,” says reader M.F. Ivanenko, “boys and girls, 10th grade students, walking around the swampy place, said to each other: “Go this way” or “go that way,” or “go beyond - on me." I asked them: “Is this what you will write?” - "How?" - “Yes, like this - this way, that way, behind me?” “No,” they answer, “we say so, but we will write here, here, behind me.” A similar case is described by reader P. N. Yakushev: “In the Klepikovsky district of the Ryazan region, high school students high school they say “he’s coming” instead of he’s walking, “our wires are rustling” (i.e. they’re making noise, buzzing), “she’s dressed” instead of dressed, etc. If you ask: “Why are you saying that? Is that what they say in Russian?”, then the answer is usually: “We don’t say that at school, but we do at home. That's what everyone says."
Literary-dialectal “bilingualism” is an important intermediate stage in the disappearance, leveling (leveling) of folk dialects. For centuries, the established linguistic community subordinates the speech activity of the inhabitants of a particular area. And, in order not to interfere with communication, not to disrupt the usual speech skills, people are forced in everyday life, in everyday life, to speak in a dialect - in the language of their grandfathers and fathers. For each individual person, such bilingualism is in a state of unstable equilibrium: as much as a person is “embarrassed” in the conditions of his native dialect to speak literary, “in the city”, he is just as embarrassed in the city or in general in the conditions of literary speech to speak in his own way, “in -rustic."
HOW DIALECTS DISAPPEAR
“Bilingualism” is an important result of our universal education; it helps to quickly get rid of dialect features in literary speech. It must be borne in mind, however, that with dialectal-literary bilingualism (and indeed when mastering a literary language in general), people often know only the most characteristic, obvious features of the use of their dialect. They know how to avoid them in literary speech, but do not notice the smaller, “hidden” dialect features behind them. First of all, this relates to pronunciation and stress. It is known that pronunciation skills are developed in a person in a relatively early age and usually remain for life. Therefore, having freed himself, for example, from “okanya” or “yakanya”, a person continues to say “vyuga” (blizzard), “svekla” (beetroot), “bochkya” (barrel), “bruki” (trousers), “moy” and “yours” (mine and yours), “flow” and “run” (flows and runs), etc., without noticing these deviations from the norm.
Nowadays locals language features are preserved mainly in villages and villages. The speech of the urban population also partly reflects regional dialects. But even before the revolution, the influence of the literary language captured all layers of the urban population and began to penetrate into the countryside. This especially applies to those areas where latrine industries were highly developed (for example, the northern provinces of pre-revolutionary Russia). Moreover, the influence of “urban” speech was most pronounced among the male population, while the speech of women (who usually worked at home) retained archaic local features.
The destruction of Russian dialects, their dissolution in the literary language of the Soviet era is a complex and uneven process. Due to the stability of certain linguistic phenomena dialect differences will persist for a long time. Therefore, it is impossible, as some people think, to “eradicate” all dialects in one fell swoop. However, it is possible and necessary to fight dialectal features, dialectisms that penetrate into literary Russian speech and clog it. The key to success in the fight against dialectisms is active and deep mastery of the norms of the literary language, widespread propaganda of the culture of Russian speech. A special role belongs to rural school, her teachers. After all, in order to teach students to speak literary and competently, to write without errors, the teacher must know what local features can be reflected in the students’ speech.
Dialect words can be found in the books of Russian writers - old and modern. Dialectisms are usually used by realist writers only to create local speech color. They appear very rarely in the author's own narrative. And here everything depends on the skill of the artist, on his taste and tact. The wonderful words of M. Gorky still remain in force that “local dialects” and “provincialisms” very rarely enrich the literary language, more often they clog it up by introducing uncharacteristic, incomprehensible words.”
Article from the magazine “Family and School”, L. Skvortsov.
Researcher at the Institute of Russian Language of the USSR Academy of Sciences, department led by Professor A. Reformatsky
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(gr. dialectos - adverb, dialect), contain a significant number of original folk words, known only in a certain area. So, in the south of Russia they call stag grip, clay pot - makhotka, bench - conditional etc. Dialectisms exist mainly in the oral speech of the peasant population; In an official setting, speakers of dialects usually switch to the common language, the conductors of which are school, radio, television, and literature.
The dialects reflect the original language of the Russian people; in certain features of local dialects, relict forms of Old Russian speech have been preserved, which are the most important source for restoring historical processes that once affected our language.
Dialects differ from the national national language in various ways - phonetic, morphological, special word usage and completely original words unknown to the literary language. This gives grounds to group dialectisms of the Russian language according to their common characteristics.
1. Lexical dialectisms- words known only to native speakers of the dialect and outside it, having neither phonetic nor word-forming variants. For example, in southern Russian dialects there are words beet (beet), tsibulya (onion), gutorit (talk), in the northern - sash (belt), basque (beautiful), golitsy (mittens). In common language, these dialectisms have equivalents that name identical objects and concepts. The presence of such synonyms distinguishes lexical dialectisms from other types of dialect words.
2. Ethnographic dialectisms - words naming objects known only in a certain area: shanezhki - “pies prepared in a special way”, shingles - “special potato pancakes”, nardek - “watermelon molasses”, l/anarka - “a type of outerwear”, poneva - “a type of skirt,” etc. Ethnographisms do not and cannot have synonyms in the common language, since the objects themselves denoted by these words have a local distribution. As a rule, these are household items, clothing, foods, plants, etc.
3. Lexico-semantic dialectisms - words that have an unusual meaning in the dialect: bridge- “the floor in the hut”, lips - “mushrooms of all varieties except white ones”, shout (someone)- "call for", myself- “master, husband,” etc. Such dialectisms act as homonyms for common words used with their inherent meaning in the language.
4. Phonetic dialectisms - words that have received a special phonetic design in the dialect tsai(tea), chain(chain) - consequences of “clattering” and “clinking”, characteristic of northern dialects; hverma(farm), paper(paper), passport(passport), life(life).
5. Word-formation dialectisms - words that have received a special affix design in the dialect: chant(rooster), goose(goose), upskirt(calf), strawberry(strawberry), bro(Brother), Shuryak(brother-in-law), dharma(for free) always(Always), from where(where), poked(Bye), evonic(his), theirs(them), etc.
6. Morphological dialectisms - forms of inflection not typical for the literary language: soft endings for verbs in the 3rd person ( go, go), ending - am for nouns in the instrumental case plural ( under the pillars), ending e for personal pronouns in the genitive singular: for me, for you and etc.
Dialectal features are also characteristic of the syntactic level and the phraseological level, but they do not form the subject of studying the lexical system of a language.
From dialects, from “soil”, then he, like
Ancient Antaeus, would lose all his strength
And would become like a dead language, like
Now is the Latin language.
L.V.Shcherba
The language of writing, science, culture, fiction, official business documents is the literary language, but the means of everyday communication for a considerable part of the inhabitants of Russia is their native dialect .
A dialect, or dialect, is the smallest territorial variety of a language, spoken by residents of several nearby villages, if the speech in them is uniform, or of one village. Dialects are characterized by phonetic and grammatical features, as well as specific vocabulary.
Dialectisms are words of local dialects that are found in the speech of people from a certain dialect environment and are used in the language of fiction as a means of stylization (in order to create local flavor, speech characteristics characters).
Depending on the nature of the differences between a dialect word and a literary one, following types dialectisms:
1. Phonetic dialectisms reflect the features of the sound system of dialects. This is okana, yak, clack, pronunciation of [γ] fricative, pronunciation of [x] and [xv] in place of [f]: milk, byada, na[γ ]a, hvartukh, kartokhlya, tasto. Yes, in a ditty How Baranovsky girls say the letter “tse”: “Give me soap, a towel and tsulotski on the pets!”- reflects the clicking, which is characteristic of Arkhangelsk, Pskov, Ryazan and many other dialects.
2. Grammatical dialectisms reflect the features of the grammatical structure of dialects. For example, nouns may differ in gender ( red sun, my towel, gray mouse), number ( the heat was intense) belonging to another type of declension, having in one case or another an ending that is unusual for the literary language. Here is an example from A.S. Griboedov’s comedy “Woe from Wit”: The pincushion and the legs are so cute! Pearls ground into white! At the noun whitewash(plural only) in accusative case the ending is ы, which reflects the peculiarity of the dialect of Moscow, which was considered a literary norm at the beginning of the 20th century. It was also acceptable in those days to use [t] soft verbs in the 3rd person, which is now assessed as a dialectal feature characteristic of the South Russian dialect. For example, the poet S. Marin (1776-1813) rhymes the verb in the indefinite form be in love With belongs, standing in the form of the 3rd person, which indicates the pronunciation of soft [t] : You cannot doubt that I could love another, since every movement of my heart belongs to you alone.
Grammatical dialectisms also include the special use of prepositions ( He came from Moscow), constructions unusual for a literary language (I'll break your cup).
3. Lexical dialectisms are divided into:
A) actually lexical– local names of objects and phenomena that have synonyms in the literary language ( peplum - beautiful, bayat - talk, povet - hayloft, hefty - very);
b) lexical-phonetic dialectisms reflect irregular (represented by isolated cases and “unpredictable”, in contrast to okanya, yakanya, tsokanya, etc.) phonetic features ( vyshnya - cherry, hollow - hollow, teasing - teasing, breakfast - breakfast). A variety of lexical-phonetic dialectisms are accentological– words that differ from literary accents ( h A dry - zas at ha, in e rba – willow A, X O freezing - cold O).
V) lexical-word-formative dialectisms are words that have some differences in the word-formation structure compared to words of the literary language ( to visit - to visit, fox - fox, groin - smell).
4. Semantic dialectisms- these are words that have a different meaning than in the literary language (watermelon “pumpkin”, good-natured “ White mushroom", bridge "floor", teapot "a person who loves to drink tea").
5. Ethnographic dialectisms– names of objects and phenomena that have no analogues in the literary language. This is due to the peculiarities of life, housekeeping, and rituals in a certain area. This includes the names of residential and outbuildings, their parts, tools, clothing, kitchen utensils, dishes (poneva “a type of skirt worn by married peasant women”, novina “severe canvas”, tues “a vessel made of birch bark”, dvernik “a person who opens the door during a wedding ceremony”) .
6. Phraseological dialectisms- these are stable combinations of words found only in dialects ( enter into goodness “enter into trust”, take yourself out “arrange your life”, tie your head “stop doing anything”).
Linguist V.I. Chernyshev noted: “ Vocabularies villages are richer than the city’s reserves... When we want to expand our historical and philological education, here knowledge of the folk language will provide us with invaluable services.”
Due to the preservation of many archaic features, dialects serve as material for historical and linguistic research and explanation of ancient language monuments. Thus, in some dialects soft hissing [zh], [sh] are still preserved.
Studying dialects helps to better understand the kinship of Slavic languages. For example, in Russian dialects the custom of helping each other with work, if it needs to be done urgently or is labor-intensive, is called help/help, cleanup/cleanup(compare with Belarusian talaqa/talaqa), and the holiday of the end of the harvest - dozhinki / obzhinki / spozhinki.
The fate of the dialect is inseparable from the life of the people. The boundaries of linguistic phenomena often coincide with ancient political boundaries. For example, the boundaries of word distribution cockerel, flail leash correspond quite accurately to the borders of the ancient Novgorod Republic. Therefore, dialectology is closely related to such branches scientific knowledge, such as history, archeology, ethnography, folkloristics.
Many Russian writers loved the living folk word. S.T. Aksakov, N.S. Leskov, P.P. Bazhov, S.G. Pisakhov, B.V. Shergin, M. Sholokhov especially often resorted to dialectisms.
The literary language constantly influences dialects, and they are gradually destroyed, losing many of their features, but dialects, in turn, influence the literary language. So, from the talk came the words strawberries, plow, bagel. Especially often the literary language lacks expressive vocabulary, which quickly “fades” and loses its original expressiveness. In these cases, dialects come to the aid of the literary language.