Offers are divided into simple And complex. Both simple and complex sentences can be common And uncommon, i.e. whether to contain or not to contain, in addition to the main ones, secondary members (definitions, additions, circumstances, etc.): He came very fast. And He came.
Simple sentence
A simple sentence is a syntactic unit formed by one syntactic connection between the subject and the predicate or one main member.
A two-part sentence is a simple sentence with a subject and predicate as necessary components: They laughed. He was smart. The cloud is black, heavy in outline.
A one-part sentence is a simple sentence in which there is only one main member(with or without dependent words). One-part sentences there are:
- Vaguely personal: Me called to the director.
- Generalized-personal: Easily you can't get it out and fish from the pond.
- Impersonal: On the street it got dark.
- Definitely personal: Sitting And I'm drawing.
- Infinitive: Be silent ! You already drive.
- Nominal: Night. Street. Flashlight. Pharmacy.
- Incomplete sentence is a sentence in which one or more members (main or secondary) are missing, as indicated by the context or situation: The truth remains the truth, but rumor - rumor. We started talking as if we've known each other forever. You probably know about our work? And about me? I'll put it on this is blue.
Difficult sentence
A complex sentence consists of two or more simple sentences, related in meaning and/or through conjunctions. Complex sentences are divided into:
- Compound Sentences consist of parts (simple sentences), independent in grammatical terms, connected in meaning and by means of coordinating conjunctions and, a, but, yes, or, or, however, but, as well as complex coordinating conjunctions neither... nor..., then... then..., either..., or..., not that..., not that... and etc.: The rain has stopped , And The sun has risen. That the phone will ring , That the doorbell will ring.
- Complex sentences consist of parts (simple sentences), one of which is not independent in grammatical and semantically; parts are connected using subordinating conjunctions and allied words: what, so that, where, when, where, why, if (if), how, while, although, therefore, which, which, whose etc., as well as complex subordinating conjunctions: thanks to the fact that, in view of the fact that, due to the fact that, instead of, despite the fact that, before, since etc. The subordinating conjunction and the allied word are always in a subordinate clause: I know , What they are friends. He does not want , to they were waiting for him. Sergey did not answer , because I didn't hear the question.
- Non-union proposals. Parts of a non-union sentence (simple sentences) are almost always independent grammatically, but sometimes unequal in meaning; There are no conjunctions and allied words: The sun was shining, the birches were green, the birds were whistling. I hear a knock on the door. The cheese fell out - such was the trick with it.
§1. Difficult sentence. General concepts
Difficult sentence is a unit of syntax.
Complex are sentences consisting of two or more grammatical bases connected into a single whole in meaning, grammatically and intonation.
What distinguishes a complex sentence from a simple sentence is that a simple sentence has one grammatical basis, while a complex sentence has more than one. A complex sentence thus consists of parts, each of which is framed as a simple sentence.
But a complex sentence is not a random collection of simple sentences. In a complex sentence, the parts are interconnected in meaning and syntactically, using syntactic connections. Each part, being framed as a sentence, does not have semantic and intonation completeness. These features are characteristic of the entire complex sentence as a whole.
Complex sentences, like simple ones, are characterized by the purpose of the statement. They can be non-exclamatory and exclamatory.
Unlike a simple sentence, a complex sentence requires determining how many parts it consists of and by what connection its parts are connected.
§2. Types of syntactic connections between parts of a complex sentence
The syntactic connection between the parts of a complex sentence can be:
- union
- non-union
Allied communication- this is a type of syntactic connection expressed using conjunctions.
The allied connection can be:
- creative writing
- subordinating
Coordinating syntactic connection- this is a type of syntactic connection with an equal relationship of parts. The coordinating syntactic connection is expressed using special means: coordinating conjunctions.
The storm passed and the sun came out.
Subordinating syntactic connection- this is a type of syntactic connection with an unequal relationship of parts. Parts of a complex sentence with subordinating connection are different: one is the main clause, the other is a subordinate clause. Subordinating syntactic connections are expressed using special means: subordinating conjunctions and allied words.
We didn't go for a walk because a thunderstorm started.
(We didn't go for a walk- the main sentence, and because a thunderstorm started- subordinate clause.)
Unionless syntactic connection- this is a connection in meaning. Parts of a complex sentence are connected only by punctuation. Neither conjunctions nor allied words are used to express non-union syntactic connections. Example:
The coach got sick, the lesson was postponed to next week.
The nature of the syntactic connection between parts of a complex sentence- this is the most important classification feature of complex sentences.
§3. Classification of complex sentences
Classification of complex sentences is a classification according to the syntactic connection between its parts. Complex sentences are divided:
into 1) union and 2) non-union, and union, in turn, into 1) complex and 2) complex.
Consequently, there are three types of complex sentences:
- compound
- complex
- non-union
Each of these types is subject to further classification by meaning.
Test of strength
Find out your understanding of this chapter.
Final test
How many grammatical bases are there in a complex sentence?
- two or more
How are the parts connected to each other in a complex sentence?
- within the meaning of
Is a part of a complex sentence complete?
- yes, each part is a separate independent sentence
Are complex sentences characterized by the purpose of the statement?
Can complex sentences be exclamatory?
Is it correct to believe that the syntactic connection between parts of a complex sentence is only conjunctive?
What can be a conjunction between the parts of a complex sentence?
- main
- subordinate clause
Is it possible to have a syntactic connection between parts of a complex sentence without conjunctions?
What type of conjunctive syntactic connection is characterized by an equal relationship between the parts of a complex sentence?
- an equal relationship characterizes a subordinate relationship
What type of conjunctive syntactic connection is characterized by an unequal relationship between the parts of a complex sentence?
- unequal treatment characterizes the coordinating relationship
Right answers:
- two or more
- in meaning and syntactically (using syntactic connections)
- no, only all parts together are an independent offer
- coordinating and subordinating
- equal treatment characterizes the coordinating connection
- unequal relationship characterizes a subordinate relationship
It turns out that simple sentences are not so simple, and complex sentences are not so difficult, if you know what they are. Why is it impossible to use only simple sentences or combine all of them into complex ones? What are allied and non-union proposals? How to distinguish a simple sentence from a complex one, and a conjunction from a non-conjunction? You will learn about all this in class and will be able to answer questions asked. If you complete all the exercises and tasks, you will feel more confident.
Topic: Complex sentence
Lesson: Basic types of complex sentences
A complex sentence differs from a simple one in the number of grammatical elements. A simple sentence has one grammatical basis, a complex sentence has two or more. But two simple sentences are not the same as a complex one consisting of the same simple ones. A semantic and intonational connection arises between simple sentences in complex ones. A complex sentence contains more information than two simple ones.
2. Reference and information Internet portal “Russian language”| Dictionaries... ().
Literature
Russian language: Textbook for 9th grade. educational institutions/ S.. Barkhudarov, S.E. Kryuchkov, L.Yu. Maksimov, L.A. Czech. M.: Education, 2011.
Russian language. 9th grade: textbook. for educational institutions /M.M. Razumovskaya, S.I. Lvova, V.I. Kapinos, V.V. Lviv; edited by MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta, - M.: Bustard, 2011.
Unified State Exam in the RUSSIAN LANGUAGE Demo version control measuring materials of a single state exam 2013 in the Russian language, prepared by the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF PEDAGOGICAL MEASUREMENTS.”
Demonstration version of control measuring materials for state (final) certification in 2013 (in new form) in the RUSSIAN LANGUAGE of students who have mastered the basic general education programs of the main general education, prepared by the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF PEDAGOGICAL MEASUREMENTS”.
The syntax of the Russian language includes simple and complex sentences. Simple ones have only one grammatical basis (subject and predicate), while complex ones have two or more stems. To have a complete understanding of what a complex sentence is, you need to distinguish between several types of these sentences. Depending on how simple sentences are connected as part of a complex sentence, they distinguish the following types connections in a complex sentence:
- Non-Union
- Compound
- Complex subordinates
Non-union proposals
In non-union complex sentences, simple sentences are connected to each other, as is already clear from the name of the type, without the help of conjunctions and allied words, but only with intonation: “The reeds rustled, the trees bent. The darkness was impenetrable: the moon did not appear in the sky that night ".
Compound Sentences
Compound sentences in Russian are those in which the connection occurs through coordinating conjunctions: and, a, but, yes, either, or, or, that is, namely. Complex sentences are divided into:
- Connecting. They are characterized by the simultaneity or sequence of actions or events; cause-and-effect relationships can also be expressed in sentences with conjunctions and, yes, neither: “The sun came out, and the mood immediately became better.”
- Nasty. They use conjunctions: but, a, yes, but, however, which give the meaning of opposition and comparison: “I was waiting for you, but you didn’t come.”
- Separating. The conjunctions either, or, then...then, etc. indicate the incompatibility of the events being described, their alternation: “The sun is shining, the rain is falling.”
Complex sentences
Simple sentences as part of a complex sentence are connected using conjunctions and allied words: when, where, what, so, how, etc. Such sentences are also divided into types depending on the meaning of the subordinate parts. Thus, the subordinate parts of complex sentences can be:
- Explanatory. Subordinate clauses answer all case questions. Conjunctions and allied words are used here: who, what, when, where, why, when, why, etc.: “He did not know when she would come.”
- Definitive. They answer the question: which one?, conjunctions and allied words: how, what, so that, if, where, what, whose: “She was so beautiful, the likes of which he had never seen.”
- Subordinate places. Questions: where? Where? from where?, allied words: where, where, from: “We will go with you where you have not gone before.”
- Subordinate clauses. Questions: when? how long? since when? etc., conjunctions and allied words: while, as long as, as long as, while, etc. Conjunctive word: when: “She will come when she wants.”
- Subordinate goals. Question: for what purpose? For what? Conjunctions: then, so that, in order, etc.: “We sewed to find out the truth.”
- Subordinate conditions. Question: under what conditions? Conjunctions: if only, if only: “We will go mushroom picking if it doesn’t rain tomorrow.”
- Additional reasons. Questions: why? from what? for what reason? Conjunctions: because, since, because of, due to that, due to the fact that, that, etc.: He was sad because he failed the exam.
- Subordinate clauses. Questions: despite what? in spite of what? Conjunctions and allied words: although, despite the fact that, let, however much, etc.: “We ran down the street, despite the fact that it was raining.”
- Comparative. Question: how? Conjunctions: as, as if, as if, etc.: “The flower was so beautiful, as if the sun itself had filled it with colors.”
All of these listed types of complex sentences are complex only at first glance. You just have to start producing it yourself parsing complex sentences, everything will immediately become clear to you and, perhaps, even interesting.
Words that are formed by combining two roots are called complex.
For example, rhinoceros(two roots nose- and horn-, the letter o is a connecting vowel), vacuum cleaner(roots dust- and sos-, letter e is a connecting vowel).
Sentences can also be complex. They, like words, combine several parts.
Read the sentences and think about how they differ from each other?
1) The bell rang.
2) The guys entered the class.
3) The first lesson has begun.
4) The bell rang, the guys entered the classroom, and the first lesson began.
Let's find the grammatical basics.
A sentence in which there is one grammatical stem— simple sentence.
1, 2 and 3 sentences simple, since in each of them one basis at a time.
4 sentence complex, comprises three simple proposals. Each part of a complex sentence has its own main members, its own basis.
A sentence in which there are two or more grammatical stems is difficult sentence. Complex sentences are made up of several simple sentences. There are as many simple sentences as there are parts in a complex sentence.
The parts of a complex sentence are not just simple parts joined together.
Having united, these parts continue, complement each other, transform different thoughts into one, more complete one. IN oral speech at the border of parts of a complex sentence there is no intonation of the end of each thought.
Remember: In written speech, commas are most often placed between parts of a complex sentence.
Determining whether a sentence is complex or simple
Let's determine whether the sentence is complex or simple. First, let's find the main members (stems) of the sentences and count how many stems are in each.
1) Bird voices can already be heard at the forest edge.
2) Tits sing, a woodpecker taps loudly with its beak.
3) Soon the sun will warm the earth better, the roads will turn black, thawed patches will be revealed in the fields, streams will gurgle, and rooks will come.(According to G. Skrebitsky)
1) Birds can already be heard at the forest edge vote.
2) Singing tits, taps loudly with its beak woodpecker.
Who? tits, what are they doing? chanting is the first basis.
Who? woodpecker, what is he doing? taps - the second base.
This is a complex sentence, consisting of two parts.
3) Soon Sun will warm the earth better, they will turn black roads, will be naked in the fields thawed patches, they will murmur streams, you'll be welcome rooks.
What? what will the sun do? will warm up - the first base.
The roads will turn black - the second basis.
thawed patches will be exposed - the third basis.
Streams will gurgle - the fourth basis.
Rooks will come - the fifth basis.
This is a complex sentence, consisting of five parts.
We observe how parts of a complex sentence are connected
Read complex sentences. Observe how the parts of a complex sentence are connected?
1) Winter approaching , cold sky often frowns.
Parts of 1 complex sentence are connected using intonation. There is a comma between parts of the sentence.
2) It was warm during the day Sun, A at night frosts reached five degrees.
3) Wind quieted down , And weather improved.
4) Sun it was just rising , But his rays the treetops were already illuminated.
Parts 2, 3, 4 of sentences are connected using intonation and conjunctions a, and, but. The conjunction is preceded by a comma.
Each of the unions does its job. A conjunction connects words, and conjunctions also help to contrast something.
When writing, parts of a complex sentence are separated by a comma. If parts of a complex sentence are connected by conjunctions (and, a, but), a comma is placed before the conjunction.
Compare sentence patterns and remember the rules for placing commas
The offerings of our language are very diverse. Sometimes one subject can have several predicates, or one predicate can have several subjects. Such members of a sentence are called homogeneous. Homogeneous members answer the same question and refer to the same member of the sentence. In the diagram, we will circle each homogeneous term.
In simple sentences with homogeneous members and in complex sentences between their parts, the same conjunctions are used: and, a, but.
Remember!
1. Before unions ah, but there is always a comma.
2. Union And requires special attention: connects homogeneous members- the comma is most often not used; used between parts of a complex sentence - a comma is usually needed.
Let's practice. Let's put commas
1) At night dog crept up to the dacha and lay down under the terrace.
The sentence is simple, since there is one base, one subject and two predicates - the dog crept up and lay down. Union And connects homogeneous predicates, so a comma is not used.
2) People slept and dog guarded them jealously.
The sentence is complex, since there are two bases - people were sleeping, the dog was guarding. Union And connects parts of a complex sentence, so a comma is needed before the conjunction.
3) Pelican wandered around us, hissed, screamed, but did not give in to our hands.
The sentence is simple, since there is one base, one subject and 4 predicates - the pelican wandered, hissed, screamed, and did not give in. Before the union But there is always a comma. We place commas between homogeneous predicates.
4) Spring shines in the sky, but forest still covered with snow in winter.
The sentence is complex, since there are two bases - spring is shining, the forest is filled up. Before the union But there is always a comma.
What words usually begin a new part of a complex sentence?
Sentences containing words that, in order, therefore, because, - most often complex. These words usually begin a new part of a complex sentence. In such cases, they are always preceded by a comma.
Let's give examples.
We saw What she-wolf climbed into the hole with the wolf cubs.
What a comma is added.
All night long winter knitted lace patterns, to dressed up trees. (K. Paustovsky)
This is a complex sentence before the word to a comma is added.
Birds know how to reportabout everything in a voice , That's why They sing.
This is a complex sentence before the word That's why a comma is added.
I I love fairy tales because in them good Evil always wins.
This is a complex sentence before the word because a comma is added.
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