Exposed wiring consists of wires and cables with insulators attached to the surface of a wall or ceiling. This technique was popular at the beginning of the last century, but even today many prefer it to closed electrical wiring. There are several reasons for this: the wires are always visible, which allows you to quickly fix the problem, replace the damaged area, and in the case of wooden houses, open wiring is generally the only reasonable option. In this article we will talk about how to make open electrical wiring in a wooden house with your own hands.
The problematic nature of electrification wooden houses lies in the flammability of wood. If hidden electrical wiring is installed in such a building, then the slightest malfunction, a “stray” spark or short circuit can cause a fire, and it will be almost impossible to find the source of ignition in time. To avoid such troubles, wires in log houses are laid open. The rules for the construction of electrical installations state that installation of open wiring in a wooden house should be carried out along the walls or flow. Laying wires inside walls in in this case is not only dangerous, but also technically difficult, since the channels for them need to be made at the stage of building the house, which means that you will need to carefully drill through each crown. Despite the prohibitions of domestic SNiP, many do this, creating potentially unsafe living conditions. Some consider exposed wiring a relic of the last century that disfigures the interior of the house, but this is only one side of the coin. In this article we will tell you how to make wiring not only safe and easy to use, but also aesthetically attractive. She could easily become interesting element design and highlight stylistic features interior
Wiring RequirementsThe requirements for open wiring in a wooden house differ from a similar system in, say, a brick or concrete building. Since wood is prone to fire, everything must be done possible measures protection. Wood may catch fire as a result short circuit or overvoltage in the network, which often happens in electrical cables. Based on this, all wires must be mounted so that they do not touch wooden surfaces. This is the first and most important rule for installing open wiring.
In addition to maintaining the distance between wires and wooden wall care must also be taken to ensure that these wires are insulated as much as possible. Choose products with a protective shell or place them in special channels (casings, pipes, etc.). Despite the fact that the rules for installing electrical equipment allow installation without additional protective elements, it is still better to be on the safe side. Installation methodsSo, how can you attach a wire to a wooden wall without it touching it? There are several methods for installing open wiring, each of which provides safe operation. The main criterion for choosing a method is, perhaps, its aesthetic appeal and compliance with the style of the interior. Of course, there is also financial aspect, but when ensuring the safety of the house and the safety of residents, savings are relegated to the background. There are as many as five ways to arrange open wiring, so you can easily choose best option for your home. Porcelain insulatorsInstallation of wiring on ceramic insulating rollers is a traditional, if not historical, method of electrifying wooden houses. Wires twisted together (twisted wire) are attached to porcelain blanks driven into the wall, resulting in a small gap between the wall and the wiring. This method is considered the most neat and beautiful, so such wiring can often be found in country or retro interiors. At the beginning of the 20th century, such a picture could be observed in every house and apartment, but then people discovered the delights of hidden wiring. Today, fashion is returning again, and designers are using porcelain rollers to create original interiors.
Porcelain insulators are attached to the wall at a distance of 4 cm from the outlet, distribution box or switch in increments of 30-50 cm when mounted vertically. If the wire is planned to be placed horizontally, then the rollers are attached in increments of up to 45 cm, otherwise it will hang. When turning, use two insulators fixed at an angle of 45°.
The twisted wire running next to the switch or socket and in the corners is tied with textile braiding, removed from excess sections of cable. This measure will prevent tension on the wire and extend its service life. But such open wiring has its drawbacks. Yes, twisted copper wire is quite expensive, especially considering that it should be double insulated. For this method, it is better to use a GPVOp or PVOP wire with the appropriate cross-section. The usual VVGng is also suitable, which costs an order of magnitude cheaper, but has lower protective characteristics.
In addition, you will need to purchase special components for open wiring in a wooden house, which are also expensive: porcelain rollers, switches, junction box, sockets, etc.
Open Wiring BracketsThe staples used for mounting are small plastic “hooks” that are nailed to the ceiling or walls. For this method, single-core copper cables VVng are usually used. You can also purchase NYM cable, a higher quality triple insulated product. The technology for installing open wiring is determined by the type of electrical cable.
The use of brackets for installing open wiring is very popular because it is the fastest and most inexpensive way. However, it has one serious drawback - the appearance of such wiring will be quite simple and unaesthetic, especially if several wires are laid in parallel. Corrugated pipe for open wiringCorrugated pipes are often used to install wiring not only in log houses, but also in houses made of brick or reinforced concrete. Thanks to a wide selection of pipe models with different diameters, you can hide several wires and cables in them at once. To fix the pipe to the wall or ceiling, use ties or clips. The main advantage of corrugated wiring is its non-flammability and inability to spread fire. This allows it to be used as additional insulation for electrical cables of any brand. Plus, it can be easily attached to any surface.
However, this is not without its drawbacks. It is very difficult to lay such a pipe in a straight line - it tends to bend and twist. As a result, all bends and sagging spoil the appearance of the wiring. Also, dust constantly accumulates in the folds of the pipe, so it needs to be wiped regularly. This option is not very suitable for installation in a residential building due to its aesthetic unattractiveness, but due to the low cost of corrugation and its good protective abilities, many prefer to sacrifice beauty for the sake of practicality. Metal hoses, pipes and PVC pipes can also be equated to the use of corrugation, but unlike it, such products will be difficult to install on corners and bends. Cable channels for open wiringCable channels are perhaps the most optimal way to disguise exposed wiring in the house. They allow you to safely lay cables, provide quick access to them if necessary, and at the same time do not violate the integrity of the interior design, or even emphasize it.
An analogue of cable channels are special plinths, on the back of which there are grooves where wires are laid. Wide choose textures, sizes and colors allows you to choose a model to match the interior, distracting attention from its shortcomings and possible finishing defects. Liquid nails, self-tapping screws and dowels are suitable for attaching cable ducts and baseboards. Since we are talking about installing wiring in a wooden house, in this case the optimal solution would be to fix it with self-tapping screws or nails without heads. Before installing the cable channel, it is necessary to determine its cross-section. It should be such that all the wires fit freely and with small gaps. It is not recommended to “stuff” it tightly; it is best to purchase a model with dividing edges so that each wire is in its own groove. To make a list of necessary materials, and in addition to the cable channel, you will also need connecting fittings, corners, fasteners, sockets, etc., you need to draw as many detailed diagram open wiring in a wooden house.
So, we have described the main methods of installing open wiring, and now you can choose the best option for your home. Of course, no one forbids combining them; on the contrary, this will allow you to achieve greater practicality and beauty. For example, under the ceiling you can hide wires in plastic box, and on uneven areas use corrugated tubes. Installation of open wiringIn this chapter we will describe general principles installation of open wiring in a wooden house. Depending on the installation method you choose, the specifics may vary slightly. The first thing you should do is make detailed plan, on which you mark the entire route of the wires, all sockets, switches and the power that the devices in each room will consume. Based on this, the cross-section of cables and wires should be selected. In each room, you need to install different cables to supply power to lighting fixtures and outlets.
To work you will need the following tools and materials:
Progress:
If you are not qualified enough, it is better to trust similar work specialists, otherwise you risk not only burning the wiring, but also putting your life in danger. Electrification is a serious matter that requires caution and great experience, so if you decide to do this yourself, follow all personal safety measures. |
One of the most important measures when building a house made of wood is its electrification in compliance with fire safety rules. Usually, professional electricians are involved in installing the house and further laying cables to each point, although some homeowners tend to take responsibility themselves by doing this not an easy task. To help those who decide to install electricity in the house themselves, step-by-step instructions accompanied by mandatory rules.
Rules for laying electrical cables in wooden structures
Before working out in a wooden house, you should study some of the features of this activity that are typical for buildings made of timber or logs. Electrification rules wooden structure differ from the wiring and installation of equipment performed in houses built from stone, brick or building blocks. The main difference is the flammability of wood, which requires special care when carrying out all work related to supplying power to each point.
The second feature of a building made from lumber is its significant shrinkage, the degree of which must be taken into account when laying out electrical wiring.The specified features of buildings erected from wood building materials dictate following rules that must be observed when installing electrical wiring with your own hands:
- preference is given to an electrical cable with a copper power core, as it is more flexible and less susceptible to damage from bending and stretching;
- priority is given to the open (external) method of laying wires;
- use of metal (non-flammable) socket boxes and distribution boxes;
- holes in the walls for routing cables between different rooms and when entering the house, they are fenced off from the wood with metal cases (sleeves);
- when installing electrical wiring in a closed way the cable is laid only in a solid metal tube; the use of corrugated cable ducts for these purposes is strictly prohibited;
- It is recommended to use a wire protected by several layers of non-flammable braiding, outside diameter which is at least 40% smaller than the internal cross-section of the case or mounting tube;
- special attention is paid to protection against short circuits (installation of automatic circuit breakers and RCDs), grounding of all electrical appliances with connection to the appropriate circuit, creation effective protection from lightning strikes;
- The electrical distribution panel is mounted to a wooden wall using a reliable dielectric non-flammable plate.
These rules will ensure you maximum safety during the operation of the electrical supply, because more than half of the cases of fires occur in wooden buildings caused by problems with electrical wiring. Due to fire safety, to the detriment of aesthetic preferences, experts recommend using an open cable installation method when wiring around the house.
If, however, hidden (internal) laying of wires is preferred, the laying of metal cases for electrical cables must be done during the construction of walls. This labor-intensive process, which also requires accurate calculations when designing power supplies in order to minimize the likelihood of channel deformation from the pressure of building structures during shrinkage of the house. For this reason, they often give preference to open installation of wiring in a wooden house, as it is safer and more controllable during operation.
At open method When laying cables, two options for installing wires are used. The first, considered somewhat outdated, involves fixing the wiring to special dielectric insulators, which are installed with a certain step according to the wiring diagram. This method is inferior in aesthetics, but at the same time it is the easiest to install, safest and least expensive in terms of material investments. Open wiring on insulators is now used less and less, preferring to lay electrical cables in special closed cases that are mounted on top of a wooden wall or ceiling. Laying wires in wall cable channels is convenient, functional and allows you to implement complex circuits wiring that meets modern requirements for power supply of private houses.
Electrical design - highlights
Any complex installation work is preceded by design, including the installation of wiring in a wooden house. But first, it is necessary to coordinate the provision of electricity to housing with the organization providing electricity supply services, whose specialists must develop technical specifications– the basis for further design. At the same time, the total energy consumption and the set of necessary electrical equipment for entry into the house are assessed power cable.
For private households, according to approved standards, it is considered acceptable to consume electricity within 15 kW at a time, which corresponds to an installation at the input of 25 A. If consumption exceeds the indicated figure, it is necessary to install an additional electric current converter.
Design begins with marking the location of electricity consumers on the construction diagram. Some of them will be powered by shared network(lighting and appliances that plug into regular outlets), others are connected to the distribution panel via a separate cable. This is how devices with increased power consumption are connected (electric stoves, hot water boilers, electric boilers heating). Each of the powerful electricity consumers is connected through an individual circuit breaker.
Depending on the number of devices and their power that will presumably be powered from a particular room, the number of required sockets and the cross-section of the supply cable are calculated. In order to prevent overheating of the conductors, a cable with a core cross-section of at least 1.5 mm is used. Provide at least 2.5 mm to the sockets. The use of tees and electrical carriers is not recommended; it is advisable to install more power consumption points than the number of electrical appliances expected to be used.
Also, during the design, the locations of distribution boxes and their communication paths with lighting fixtures, switches and sockets are noted. This takes into account minimum distances from laid cables to door and window openings(at least 10 cm), floor and ceiling. Cable routing diagram, especially when hidden installation, will help in the future not to damage the wiring when carrying out various installation and finishing works.When designing electrical wiring, not only personal ideas about the convenience of the location of electrical points and cables are taken into account, but also requirements dictated by considerations of safety and expediency, which include the following rules:
- It is unacceptable to connect power supply points along the shortest path - cables are laid only vertically and horizontally, forming direction transitions at right angles;
- switches are installed in the range of 0.6-1.2 m from floor surface, the permissible height range for sockets is 0.4-0.8 m;
- switches, sockets and distribution boxes must be freely accessible for use, inspection or repair work;
- direct contact of passing wires with metal objects and with each other is excluded (the distance between adjacent cables should not be less than 50 mm).
The connection of copper and aluminum conductors, if any, is prohibited by twisting. To avoid rapid oxidation of such contacts, it is recommended to use special terminal blocks.
Wiring - widely used methods and diagrams
Installation of wiring in a wooden house begins with choosing a wiring diagram and method of laying cables. But first it is necessary to install external electrical equipment, which includes an electric meter and circuit breakers. Typically, the meter and the main circuit breaker are installed by specialists from the electricity supply organization; further wiring is done by hired electricians or independently.
It is recommended to install additional circuit breakers, through one of which the lighting is powered, the other breaks the circuit going to the sockets, the third - for electrical appliances located outside the building . Individual machines are installed on cables supplying electricity to utility and technical buildings, as well as electrical appliances high power, installed in the house and powered using individual wires.
The main power cable is brought inside through a case mounted into a wooden wall and brought to the first junction box, where it connects to the next main wire going to other rooms. When installing open wiring in a wooden house, before routing the wires from the distribution boxes to the power consumption points, you need to install insulators (for the retro version) or lockable cases (boxes) in accordance with the electrical wiring diagram, designed to accommodate the appropriate number of cables. If the method of installing wires in boxes is chosen, the subsequent steps are performed in this order.
- 1. We put wires in cases fixed to the walls (fastening spacing 50-60 cm), one end of which is inserted into the distribution box, the other into the corresponding socket box. In the box we leave a cable reserve of up to 20 cm, in the socket box - about 10 cm. After laying the electrical wires, we close the box with a lid.
- 2. According to the wiring diagram and connection of electrical consumers in the box, we connect the wires. The easiest way is twisting followed by insulation. We clear all conductors from the braid by about 40 mm, twist them along the entire length of the protected conductors, and then insulate them with special caps.
- 3. More reliable way connecting wires - using terminal blocks of the appropriate cross-section. We strip the wires to about 7-8 mm, insert them into the corresponding connector of the block and tighten them with a screw. This connection method prevents sparking and oxidation of contacts.
- 4. Next, we connect the contacts of switches, sockets and lighting sources to the corresponding wires. We install sockets and switches in socket boxes and securely fix them with special unclenching “whiskers”.
- 5. Only after installing all elements of electrical equipment can the distribution boxes be integrated with each other and with the central power cable.
For wires feeding high-power electrical appliances, we lay separate boxes designed for one wire. The cable coming from an electric stove, boiler or other powerful electrical installations must be continuous and open only at an individual circuit breaker installed in the distribution panel. To install wires into the house for individual electrical appliances, you can use the same case as for the main cable of the main wiring. But at the same time, it is necessary to protect each conductor from each other with dielectric non-flammable material.
This is how open electrical wiring is done in wooden houses, and its installation can be done independently. practical implementation. If you want to carry out wiring hidden in a building made of logs or timber, it is better to contact specialists, since this task is troublesome, requires accurate calculations and involves labor-intensive installation process with the installation of complex communication nodes.
When planning to install wiring in your home, install additional lighting, or add a couple of outlets without resorting to the services of professionals, you have to face many questions.
The essence of these questions comes down to one thing - how to choose from the variety offered the only option that will serve faithfully for many years.
In this article we will tell you how and which wire is best to choose for wiring in the house.
The first thing you need to decide is which wire to use for wiring in a wooden house - copper or aluminum. Although you can use both, experts still prefer copper:
Aluminum has only two advantages over copper:
- he's more flexible, which makes installation easier,
- he is much cheaper.
In all other parameters, aluminum is inferior to copper:
- oxidizes quickly(and the oxide conducts current less well and this place will heat up quickly),
- after a few bends may break, therefore, aluminum wires must be laid with greater care than copper wires, you will have to avoid bending them multiple times in the same place,
- screw terminals aluminum slips out over time, loosening the contact, and all places where there are clamps require periodic inspection.
The core can be made of aluminum copper - inexpensive composite material , which on the one hand combines good properties both materials, and on the other hand, it is inferior to each of them in terms of performance.
Wires differ in the number of cores (single- and multi-core, each core can be single- or multi-wire), cross-section and rated operating voltage; they are manufactured with insulation for 380, 600 and 3000 V alternating current. The conductors can be enclosed in a sheath made of vinyl plastic, PVC or rubber.To protect the wire from mechanical damage, it can be covered with a cotton braid. If it is intended for installation in places where it is possible mechanical damage, it is additionally protected by a braid of galvanized steel wire.
Despite the fact that aluminum wires are cheaper, Latelycopper is increasingly replacing them because many homeowners prioritize reliability.
Would you like to know how to make grounding in a private house? In the next review we will talk in detail about all the nuances, as well as what it should look like.
Read about the rules for installing hidden wiring in a wooden house here.
Retro wiring is not only functional, but also a decorative solution for those who want to decorate their home and make their wiring attractive. Detailed and useful information.
Marking
The marking contains information about the material from which the conductors are made, the degree of flexibility, insulation and design of the protective sheath:
For example, 4x2.5-380 means a 4-core wire with a core cross-section of 2.5 square meters. mm. Let's figure out what kind of wire is needed for wiring in the house. It is necessary to choose, taking into account the maximum amount of current consumed during the load, which determined by the formula P/220, where P is the rated power of the connected devices. So, for a 100-watt light bulb, the current will be 0.5A. Knowing the total power of all connected devices, you can calculate whether the selected wire is suitable or whether you need to select another one.
The choice for a home is made on the basis that For every kilowatt of load you need 1.57 sq. mm. You should adhere to the power characteristics:
- for copper 8 A per 1 sq. mm;
- for aluminum 5 A per 1 sq. mm.
Diameter of current-carrying core measured with a micrometer or caliper and calculated using the formula S = 3.14D2/4, where D is the diameter in millimeters. If the core is multi-wire, then the result is determined by adding the cross-sections of all the wires.
When installing wiring, you can focus on the following cross-section indicators:
- 2.5 sq. mm- sockets, air conditioning, washing machine, storage water heater;
- 6 sq. mm- electric stove;
- 1.5 sq. mm- lighting.
The load must also correspond to the installation method. : open wiring cools better, rubber insulation allows heating no higher than 65 degrees, plastic insulation - 70 degrees. Here's how the type of wire depends on the way the wiring is laid:
Practicing electricians It is recommended not to save money, but to use stranded copper wires even where you can get by with single-core, because multi-core, with the same cross-section as monolithic, withstand overloads 5–10% better.
In addition, it is technically impractical to counterfeit a stranded wire, and in a “monolith” there is a danger of running into a counterfeit - an alloy with the addition of copper. But any advice from a specialist has some bias, so it is still better for the home owner to decide for himself what is more important - the economy of aluminum or the quality of copper.
If to this approach the critical stage of repair accordingly, you may never know what melted insulation, fire or short circuit is. You need to take a particularly responsible approach to the arrangement of baths and saunas - there are elevated temperatures and humidity, which leads to rapid wear of the insulation.
By following safety rules and GOST recommendations, you can protect not only your own home, but also your life from fire.You can learn how to choose a wire for electrical wiring in a private house or apartment from the video review:
Electrical wiring in a wooden house is important aspect in construction. Despite the fact that the wood that is used to build houses and cottages is treated with a variety of impregnations to increase fire resistance, this material still remains vulnerable. If you do not install the electrical network in your home according to the rules, you can put your family in danger.
If you want to install an electrical network in a wooden house yourself, you need to adhere to a certain set of rules - PUE and SNiP. They provide a short general list of requirements, subject to which you can protect yourself as much as possible and prevent fires in a wooden room. Do-it-yourself wiring in the house must be laid according to clear instructions and each step must be provided for.
PUE (electrical installation rules) – determines installation requirements electrical network indoors. Compliance with the requirements of the PUE is considered expensive to implement, but a very advisable method. It is tough and labor-intensive to execute. For this reason, these rules are not often followed.
SNiP and PUE were prescribed in order to calculate absolute safety under the condition of any load flowing through the cable, to protect oneself from a short circuit or ignition of the line. If homemade wiring in a wooden house is not exposed to relatively high voltage, then this does not pose any particular danger.
Therefore, when laying electrical wiring in such a building, you should take into account all risk factors and accept correct solution. Or make lines for everyone PUE rules and SNiP - expensive, but reliable, or it will be carried out faster and cheaper, but under high loads your home will become unsafe.
IN normative act PUE-6 has special requirements for laying electrical wiring in wooden premises. To prevent moisture and steam condensation from accumulating on the cables, they are placed in pipes and metal sleeves or boxes are bent. This also gives the wires additional protection from mechanical damage.
It is allowed to connect such pipes, ducts or metal hoses if the room is dry, there is no accumulation of gas, vapor, condensation and the humidity level is normal. The connection of metal hoses, ducts and pipes is necessary when negative conditions in the house. They should be fastened together if the room contains vapors, gases that negatively affect the insulation of cables, their containment, and also when outdoor installation wiring if moisture, oil and other liquids may enter the power line. After bonding, they are compacted and sealed.
In dusty houses, sealing joints and branches of pipes, hoses, and boxes are made to protect against dust and small debris. Connecting pipes, sleeves and boxes are used as a grounding or neutral protective conductor, performing the function of “ground” or “zero” in electrical wiring. It is prohibited to route cables through ventilation ducts and mines. Only crossing with a single wire, which is located in a protective metal sleeve or pipe, is allowed.
Also laying wires behind suspended ceiling must be carried out in accordance with the standards of Chapter 7 of the PUE. When installing an electrical network in a private wooden house, it is necessary to use exclusively copper wires. You also need to carefully select the type of cable that can withstand the required load with a reserve. It is imperative to follow safety precautions when laying an electrical line in the house.
How not to do it
In order to conduct the electrical network in wooden knowledge All installation methods cannot be used for stone houses or apartments. Do not install the wire on a wooden beam or other structures without protection. The main power line should not be covered with flammable materials or finishes. Do not allow the wiring insulation to be exposed to temperature changes, humidity, accumulation of dust and dirt on the wires, frequent deformation and bending of the wires. It is necessary to avoid increasing the load on the entire home network.
All these factors can cause damage to the wiring, resulting in a short circuit. If the exposed part of the electrical wiring ignites in a wooden house, then a fire is inevitable. Wires should also not be left unprotected. Pets or rodents may chew through the wire, which must be avoided. When processing wood near laid wires, it accumulates a large number of shavings and debris. In the event of a short circuit, the presence of flammable material will help ignite.
Entering cables into the house
Laying electrical cables into a private wooden house is a very important area of work. You should not focus entirely on the internal wiring in the building. The entry of the power cable into the house must meet modern requirements. It must be taken into account that energy consumption has increased, which increases the load on the line, as well as the impact on the external insulation of solar radiation, temperature changes, and moisture, which subsequently exposes the metal conductors of the wires. There are two possible ways establishments power line in a private house - underground and air.
The underground method of laying an electrical line is more reliable, but complex and expensive. The power cable is completely hidden from exposure external factors, which reduces the risk of mechanical damage to the wire, moisture ingress, etc. For this purpose, excavation. The cable is placed at a depth of more than 80 centimeters, and the security zone must be marked with special signs. The passage of the power line under the foundation of the house is done with a special metal sleeve through which the wire passes. The sleeve is made of thick-walled pipes and durable metal.
Today, this method is used in the construction of new houses, since it is possible to think through the passage of all communications into the building using new construction technologies. Air method. This method is used long time. Only qualified workers with appropriate clearance are allowed on power line poles. Therefore, you cannot enter the cable yourself.
A SIP type cable is used from the pole to the house. Self-supporting insulated wire has a very durable sheath of polyethylene structure, resistant to solar radiation and temperature changes. Service life is about 25-30 years. This line does not start inside the building, only up to switchboard. For separate area, which combines the connection point of the line and to switchgear VVGng cable is used. Can be used for fixed wiring, as well as for outdoor wiring. For reliability, it is placed in an electrical corrugated pipe.
The connection usually takes place outside the building. At the intersection of VVGng wires through the wooden beam of the house, attic walls, ceiling, a metal sleeve is built in for additional protection wires.
Video “Wiring in a log house”
Shield installation
When installing the shield, you must follow step by step instructions on its installation. All wiring goes directly to the distribution panel. It is mounted in electric meter, additional protective devices, automatic traffic jams ( modern way de-energize the overvoltage network), DIN rail, as well as ground loop and “zero” buses. What dimensions the box should have is not regulated, but it is better not to skimp on this, so that it is possible to increase the equipment when the need for electricity increases.
Installation of the meter is carried out by specialists government agency, seal it. The power of operating machines is calculated for each zone separately. When a sector is overloaded, the direct supply of electricity is turned off in it to avoid negative consequences. RCD can be connected to the entire intra-house network. This may result in the machine triggering more frequently, but this is not critical. Installation of the shield is carried out on a strong, stable vertical surface in an accessible place. In private sectors it is located outside the building.
When connecting wires to the distribution panel, ordinary twisting is not used. For this purpose, soldering or terminal connections are used. The terminals are reliable and can be easily replaced if necessary. When choosing which method can best protect the electrical distribution panel, you can choose a protective sealed box, which will prevent moisture from entering and physical damage.
Open wiring
According to PUE-6 standards, open electrical wiring in a wooden house is laid on the surface of the walls of the building, along the ceilings, as well as along trusses and other building elements structures (supports, beams, etc.). Open wiring is laid along a tension string, cable, or on special wheels. Insulators are used for electrical cables and cords, metal pipes, more flexible hands for line mobility, in trays. There are also special electrical skirting boards in which the wire is placed, platbands with this purpose, and free suspension.
Open wiring in a private wooden house involves the use of a special electrical corrugated pipe to create an electrical line. For its production, a special stable and non-flammable type of plastic is used. It is much more expensive than conventional insulating elements, but is justified by its reliability. This corrugated tube is very convenient for installation, as it is quite flexible. Despite its unaesthetic appearance, this insulating material is one of the best for open wiring in a wooden house.
The electrical tube collects a large amount of dust due to some characteristics of the material, which requires constant care and wiping of dust from its surface. Electrical boxes can be used for installation of open wiring. After the construction of a private wooden house, channels are installed in special boxes, which are usually made of fire-resistant plastic. Cables are pulled into them and then sealed with lids.
The main problem with using such installation is the shrinkage of the building after construction. The higher quality the wooden beam used for construction, the lower the level of shrinkage of the house. If the building is made of laminated veneer lumber, then the shrinkage is usually 1 centimeter per 1 meter of house height. Then, over time, on average, for a two-story wooden house, the shrinkage will be about 3 centimeters. If the wiring was made with tension on the cord, then it may burst from excess tension and pressure. Otherwise, the lids of the boxes will fly off and they will crack. Then the wiring will need to be re-strung. Therefore, it is necessary to take into account shrinkage, make a small supply of wire at the joints, near distribution panel, and also at an electric pole.
Hidden wiring
PUE-6 standards stipulate that hidden wiring in a wooden house can be laid directly inside structural elements buildings (wall, floor, floors, foundation), in floors wooden floor, as well as under the removable beam. Hidden electrical wiring in the house can be done in several ways - placing the cable in flexible protective sleeves, pipes, boxes, in hollow building structures or closed channels. Also, laying the wiring can be done in a grooved furrow, which is covered with special plaster, or creating a “monolith” in various building structures when they are manufactured at the factory.
Begin installation of hidden wiring in wooden building It is recommended to use metal hoses or pipes to protect the premises. By adhering to these rules, you can avoid the consequences of sparking wiring and overheating of cables from excessive load in the network.
Usually hidden wiring is laid behind wooden beam walls or floor. It is necessary that the protective elements are minimally vulnerable to corrosion. To do this, you need to pre-paint the structures with durable paint to reduce the likelihood of rusting and increase service life, or use pipes made of special material– stainless steel (expensive and reliable), galvanized.
After the pipes and hoses have been cut to the required length, sharp iron burrs and edges remain at their ends, which should not be allowed when laying the cable. Since these edges can damage the braiding of the cord, they need to be cleaned whetstone or a file. Specially designed plastic plugs can be used.
If the electrical wiring in the house will be done under a wooden floor, then you need to raise several bars for more convenient laying of the hose or pipe. In the places where the wiring exits, to connect the fittings you need to drill in the timber. Wires coming from the main line can be placed in copper tube and drown it in the wall. Copper is quite flexible, resistant to corrosion and is well suited to continue further installation work, however, this material is quite expensive. If electrical cables will be recessed into the wall, then for this you need to use a drill and a hammer drill. In this case, the beam is not removed, but a longitudinal hollow is drilled into it, where the wire will be laid in the future.
According to GOST and PUE, there is a standard for installing power lines in rooms with temperature changes. If a stable temperature corresponding to the season will not be maintained in a wooden house, then the pipes with cables should be placed at a slight slope. This is due to the fact that condensation can accumulate in such houses, which cannot be allowed. A slight slope will allow the accumulated condensate to gradually flow into the lower part of the pipe and gradually evaporate.
Since there is no point in using plaster in wooden houses, the wiring is usually placed on a wooden floor beam or between wall partitions where there are recesses.
This article is devoted to the topic. We all know that the fashion for building wooden houses has always existed, because wood has huge benefits compared to many building materials claiming to be environmentally friendly. The main disadvantage of wooden houses is their very good susceptibility to combustion. That is why, electrical wiring in a wooden house First of all, it must meet building safety criteria. It's not enough to have very good wire, it still needs to be installed correctly. According to statistics, in 80% of cases, gross errors are made during installation, but this is wood and any miscalculation here can lead to a fire, and a fire means loss of property, and in some cases, human lives.
In wooden houses, electrical wiring should first of all begin with your serious approach to this issue, since your safety and the safety of your loved ones depends on it. There is a huge variety of protective electrical materials specially made for wooden houses. In most cases, the main mistakes are made in not knowing these materials properly and inability to use them. We are not even talking about the owners’ lack of knowledge of wooden houses; the electricians themselves do not know them or neglect them in installation; 70% of electricians are self-taught and do not have the proper education, skills and experience, I know from my own experience in this field. But the worst thing is not this, but the fact that these unfortunate electricians do not even strive to learn the knowledge of this profession; in most cases, their knowledge in this area is not much different from yours.
Choosing a wire
It is worth starting with the electrical work of a wooden house, of course, by drawing up. Next, you need to select a wire. It is for electrical wiring in wooden houses that there are special non-flammable or low-burning wires:
- , VVGng-P(A) - copper wire with a solid core, can be two, three, four or five cores. Has double insulation. Inner layer consists of polyvinyl chloride insulation, using multi-colored cores. The outer layer consists of a non-flammable plastic composition. The note in the wire brand “ng” means it is not subject to combustion. The temperature of use of the wire is from +50 to -50 degrees Celsius. Letter (A) - indicates the fire retardant category according to GOST R IEC 60332-3-22.