14.09.2009
Nobility: pillar, hereditary, personal.
Coat of arms of the Pushkins
Let us remember who the old woman wanted to be in “The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish”? "A pillar noblewoman." Why? Indeed, in the time of Pushkin, rank was valued more than nobility of origin. Nevertheless, being a pillar nobleman was, as they would say now, “cool.” This meant that you were of an ancient family, that your ancestors were nobles even before Peter I. Why before Peter? Because in the XVI-XVII centuries. information about Russian nobles was entered into the columns of the Rank Order. Actually, that’s why they are “pillars”. And under the reformer tsar, the nobility began to be quite actively replenished with people from other classes. This was officially formalized by the Table of Ranks: if a person received a certain rank, he was elevated to hereditary nobility, that is, not only he, but also his children would be nobles.
It’s easy to remember how one could “get out among the people” in the first decades of the 19th century if you memorize a part of Pushkin’s poem “My Genealogy.” The poet (a leading nobleman, by the way) lists in it the most common ways of obtaining hereditary nobility in his time:
I'm not an officer, not an assessor,
I am not a nobleman by cross,
Not an academician, not a professor;
I'm just a Russian tradesman.
Accordingly, a person received hereditary nobility if he became:
An officer (ensign or cornet, this is class 14 of the Table of Ranks. True, children born before their father received an officer rank belonged to the group of “chief officer children” and only one of them, at the request of the father, could receive nobility),
collegiate assessor (8th grade Table of Ranks),
professor,
academician
received an order (Pushkin has a “cross”. That is why they tried to reward representatives of the peasantry, philistinism and merchants either with medals or with some objects, for example, silver ladles. Award ladles were awarded until the beginning of the 19th century).
Then the tightening of the screws began. In 1845, the military rank conferring hereditary nobility was promoted to major. In 1856 - to colonel in the army and full-time state councilor in civilian life.
I specifically wrote “the most common methods” because there were other possibilities. After ascending the throne, Empress Elizabeth Petrovna granted nobility to all the soldiers of the grenadier company of the Preobrazhensky Regiment who helped her carry out the coup. The smallpox received nobility and their surname after material was taken from the founder of their family, the boy Alexander Markov, for inoculation of Catherine II. The illegitimate daughter of Emperor Paul I from a laundress was elevated to the nobility and received the surname Musina-Yuryev.
By the way, in the same poem, Alexander Sergeevich writes about representatives of those families whose ancestors served under Peter the Great and his followers.
My grandfather did not sell pancakes (a hint to the Menshikovs),
Didn’t wax the royal boots (This is about Kutaisov, Paul I’s valet),
Didn’t sing with the court sextons (About Razumovsky, whose ancestor, Alyosha Rozum, became Elizabeth Petrovna’s favorite after she noticed a handsome fellow with a wonderful voice in the church choir),
I didn’t jump to princehood from crests (Bezborodko),
And he was not a runaway soldier
Austrian powder squads (a kick towards Kleinmichel and his
descendants);
So should I be an aristocrat?
I, thank God, am a tradesman.
And finally, there was a personal nobility. It was received along with the first civilian rank, and after 1845 with the first officer rank. A personal nobleman could not own peasants, hold elected noble positions, or participate in noble meetings; his name was not entered in the genealogical book of the corresponding province. But there were also bonuses: corporal punishment could not be applied to him, he was free from poll tax and conscription. In addition, if a family had three personal noblemen in a row (grandfather, father and son), then the son could ask for hereditary nobility. A person could submit the same petition if his father and grandfather had personal nobility and served Russia “immaculately” for 20 years.
P.S. Just in case: I'm talking mainly about the first decades of the 19th century.
P.P.S. The table of ranks can be seen here.
Today we’ll talk about nobles as a class. The reason was a discussion with my friend rainhard_15 . http://rainhard-15.livejournal.com/113708.html
And it all started with the fact that diksio She mentioned that her grandmother was a noblewoman. And maybe no one would have doubted the veracity of her words if not for a small addition. Here's that same comment: “My grandmother was born in Siberia... in Nerchinsk. Pillar noblewoman."
The owner of the magazine at first politely remained silent, I chuckled, but, looking at the light prof_y , did not remain silent: “The pillar noblewomen couldn’t have been there. But for those who have lost their rights, please.”
diksio
she began to persist and insist: “What do you mean it couldn’t? I was born there, then we moved.”So, why couldn’t there be pillar nobles in Nerchinsk, but only those who were deprived of their rights, who no longer had any rights to be called canteens, no matter how much they wanted it.
First, let’s understand who these pillar nobles are and what they are. And these, in pre-revolutionary Russia, were representatives of noble families who belonged to the ancient hereditary noble families. The name comes from the so-called Columns - medieval lists granting representatives of the service class estates for the duration of their service, which were compiled before 1685
But, if anyone reading this text saw their last name on this list, this does not mean at all that you belong to this noble family. For a number of reasons, from the fact that many serfs were recorded at emancipation under the surname of their former owners to the fact that a noble family (received nobility for length of service or for some merit) could bear the same surname and were completely unrelated with her are simple namesakes. The same is with titles - individual branches of a particular family sometimes received a title from the monarch and began a new, titled branch, while the remaining branches remained “just” nobles. Thus, there were, for example, Putyatin princes, Putyatin counts, Putyatin nobles (and Putyatins who did not have nobility at all), and there are a lot of such examples. Consequently, without careful and serious genealogical searches based on documents, you do not have to “automatically” attribute yourself to one or another famous noble family, even if your last name is Golitsyn or Obolensky.
Yes, the nobles were divided into pillar, personal, hereditary, and untitled. For those who are interested, Google will help, because if I am also distracted by explanations about the rest of the nobility, then there will be even more boobf.
You also need to remember that in Russian tradition, surnames, nobility and titles were passed down exclusively through the male line. Also excluded from inheritance until 1917 were the so-called “illegitimate” (illegitimate or adulterous) children, although many of them, especially the children of representatives of the royal family or the highest nobility, received a different surname and nobility. There are many examples of this, for example the Bobrinsky counts, whose ancestor was the illegitimate son of Catherine II. Adopted children sometimes received nobility at the request of their parents, by “The Highest Permission.” Considering that since the last century, especially after the Second World War, many children were born out of wedlock and received the mother’s surname, big number Today's Russians, who bear noble surnames and actually have nobles among their ancestors, are not nobles from a pre-revolutionary point of view, not to mention the fact that legally the very concept of nobility has not existed in Russia since October 1917. Honestly, diksio , I’m embarrassed to explain this to a lawyer...
By the way, the full name of the modern Russian Assembly of Nobility sounds like “The Union of Descendants of the Russian Nobility - the Russian Assembly of Nobility.” I think you feel the difference.
Now let's move on to the question: why there could not be pillar nobles in Nerchinsk.
What is Nerchinsk like? This is a city, the administrative center of the Nerchinsky district of the Trans-Baikal Territory. Founded in 1653 by the Cossacks of the centurion Pyotr Ivanovich Beketov under the name Nerchinsky fort. In the 19th and 20th centuries, Nerchinsk was a place of political hard labor and exile. Also, according to the Senate decree of May 20, 1763, women with syphilis who were engaged in prostitution were subject to exile to Nerchinsk after treatment.
The Nerchinsk penal servitude was a place where sentences for the most serious criminal offenses were served. The first lead-silver mine and Zerentui convict prison began operating in 1739 in the village of Gorny Zerentui. TO early XIX century, a system of prisons, mines, factories and other economic facilities was formed that belonged to the Cabinet of His Imperial Majesty and was managed by the Mining Department. Convicts were used for mining, in foundries, distilleries and salt factories, in construction and economic work. For example, during the 19th century, more than a million people visited this penal servitude.
Sentences were served in Nerchinsk a large number of participants of the Polish uprising of 1830-1831. and 1863-1864, Decembrist M.S. Lunin, Petrashevites, Nechaevites.... The list can be continued for a long time. And personally, I have never seen nobles sentenced to hard labor retain their rights. And I have to explain this to you too, diksio , as a lawyer, the law is awkward...
By the way, Pushkin has wonderful poems “My Genealogy”. The poet, by the way, himself a stalwart nobleman, lists in it the most common methods of obtaining hereditary nobility in his time:
I'm not an officer, not an assessor,
I am not a nobleman by cross,
Not an academician, not a professor;
I'm just a Russian tradesman.
*****
My grandfather did not sell pancakes (allusion to the Menshikovs),
Didn't wax the royal boots ( This is about Kutaisov, valet of Paul I),
Didn’t sing with the court sextons ( About the Razumovskys, whose ancestor, Alyosha Rozum, became Elizaveta Petrovna’s favorite after she noticed a handsome guy with a wonderful voice in the church choir),
I didn’t jump to princehood from crests ( Bezborodko),
And he was not a runaway soldier
Austrian powder squads (kick towards Kleinmichel and his
descendants);
So should I be an aristocrat?
I, thank God, am a tradesman.
Many words from old fairy tales cause modern children only bewilderment, and adults do not quite understand how to explain this or that concept. For example, what does “pillar noblewoman” mean from Pushkin’s fairy tales? Where did this word come from? Let's try to figure it out.
Nobility in Rus'
IN Kievan Rus the concept of “nobility” had not yet taken shape. Naturally, princely families already existed, but, in principle, any free person could join the ranks of the warriors or boyars. As a class, the nobility took shape already in the XIII-XV centuries in Moscow Rus'. The emergence of this class is inextricably linked with the reconsideration of the principles of land ownership. What does a pillar noblewoman mean?
Estate and fiefdom
In Muscovy there were two types of private land - patrimony and estate. It was called votchina private land which was passed down from generation to generation. An estate is land for temporary use, which was given for length of service in public service. In connection with the expansion of the territory of Muscovite Rus', due to the increase in land from the south and Eastern Siberia, there was more agricultural land, but it could only be obtained in the service of the tsar.
Columns
The lands that were provided to servicemen were formalized according to the laws of that time in special decrees - columns. In them, each employee could find out whether he had land and whether he had the right to cultivate it. The lists were compiled quite often, and were reviewed and certified by the king himself. So the sovereign of all Rus' had an idea about the number of people loyal to him who owned estates. Getting on such a list is the dream of every serviceman, because it meant not only ownership of earthly lands, but also the probable attention and mercy of the king himself.
In the lists, the names of the owners of the estates were written from top to bottom - “in a column”. Thus, a person whose last name was in the “columns” was called “pillar nobleman” and “pillar noblewoman.” This honorary title spoke of both the presence of land holdings and the special favor of the sovereign. Getting into the coveted “columns” was not easy.
Noblewomen
this is a pillar noblewoman
At first, only men were included in the “columns”. But over time, the coveted lists also included female names. This is how the concept of “pillar noblewoman” appeared. The meaning of the word "noblewoman" implies good birth or an advantageous marriage. The term “pillar” indicates the presence of significant lands and a privileged position.
Thus, a pillar noblewoman is a woman from a good family, the wife or widow of a civil servant who owns an estate. After the death of a civil servant, his widow had the right to retain the estate lands “for living”; after her death, the estate returned to the treasury and could be transferred to other pillar nobles. Cases where wives or daughters owned the estate personally were quite rare. As a rule, only high-ranking noblewomen had this right. This property was usually under the special guardianship of the royal authorities, and a woman could not sell, mortgage or inherit the land.
Confusion among the owners of patrimonial and estate lands was so typical that it created a lot of inconvenience and incorrect court decisions. It is worth clarifying that court decisions in those days were mainly based on case law, and a chain of unlawful court decisions regarding the transfer of estates by inheritance, lease or sale spread throughout the country. To legalize the existing state of affairs, land reform was undertaken. pillar noblewoman meaning
Land reforms of the early 16th century equalized the position of owners of patrimonial and estate lands. Lands owned by families from generation to generation, and lands owned by one or another nobleman or noblewoman, are lands subject to the same laws. This decision was made in order to legalize huge estates that, relatively speaking, did not belong to their owners. Thus, the pillar nobles became hereditary nobles - only they themselves could dispose of their right to land. Naturally, in those years the autocracy grew and strengthened, and the tsarist government reserved the right to take away lands and demote the nobleman. pillar noblewoman meaning of the word
This is how we figured out the term “pillar noblewoman.” The meaning of the word lies on the surface - this is a representative of the noble class, whose surname is on the “column lists” of the sovereign himself. Perhaps this is the daughter of the royal servant or his widow, for whom the local lands were left “for maintenance.” But after the adoption of land reform, this word begins to fall out of use and practically loses its meaning. A.S. Pushkin in his fairy tale used this word to denote not only the old woman’s greed, but also her desire to be known as special to the tsar himself. But everyone knows how it ended for the greedy woman. and also Which noblemen in Russia were called pillars?
Subsequently, the estates became hereditary. In the 17th - early 18th centuries, the main documents for the annual recording of service people according to the Moscow list were boyar lists, which in 1667-1719. were kept in the form of books, repeating the purpose and structure of the boyar lists-columns. Since for truly ancient Russian noble families the main evidence of their antiquity was a mention in these columns, such nobles were called pillars.
Stolbovoe nobility - in pre-revolutionary Russia, representatives of noble families who belonged to the ancient hereditary noble families. The name comes from the so-called Columns - medieval lists granting representatives of the service class estates for the duration of their service.
The pillar nobles were representatives of a noble family. The name "pillar" comes from columns - genealogical books.
Pillar nobility- in the Russian Empire, representatives of noble families who belonged to the ancient hereditary noble families. The name comes from two meanings:
In the 17th - early 18th centuries, the main documents for the annual registration of service people were noble lists, which in -1719 were kept in a form that repeated the boyar lists-columns in purpose and structure. Since for truly ancient Russian noble families the main evidence of their antiquity was a mention in these columns, such nobles were called pillars.
Since this concept was not formalized legally anywhere, there is no consensus on the question of what historical period can be designated as the end of the formation of this layer of the nobility, that is, until what conventional or real date should a noble family or its founder be known in order to be considered a pillar. Various options Such conditional chronological restrictions include:
- it is assumed that only those families whose ancestors are known in the largest pre-Petrine all-Russian genealogical codes, such as the Sovereign's Genealogy and (or) the Velvet Book, can be classified as pillar families; [ ]
- in another version, the pillar nobility includes noble families known before 1613, that is, before the election of the Romanov dynasty to the kingdom; [ ]
- legislation Russian Empire The date of inclusion in the Stolbovoi nobility is clearly formulated in the Code of Laws, Vol. IX, Article 1112: " The period for calculating the century, conferring the right to include noble families in the sixth part of the genealogical book, is the time of publication of the charter of nobility, April 21, 1785"Thus, the period for the formation of the clan, for inclusion in Part VI "Ancient noble noble families", must be before April 21, 1685. However, even in this legislative act there is no concept of "pillar nobility", therefore the correspondence between this term and inclusion in Part VI of the Noble Genealogy Book remains controversial.In addition, such a method of definition excludes the ancient titled nobility (included in Part V, not VI, of the genealogy book) from the number of pillar nobles without sufficient grounds.
- finally, all noble families of the pre-Petrine era can be classified as pillar nobles (however, in this case it often remains unclear exactly what moment of Peter’s reign can be considered a milestone date) [ ] .
In the 18th-19th centuries, the pillar nobles did not have any privileges over representatives of the new noble families (appeared as a result of the award of personal or hereditary nobility for special merits, for length of service, by rank, by order). Therefore, the antiquity of the family served exclusively as a source of pride for its representatives. Official documentation usually used the simple formulation “from the nobles of such and such a province,” the same for both the old nobility and the new. Pillar nobility was quite numerous in the 18th and 19th centuries.
The pillar noblewoman Daria Nikolaevna Saltykova, who will forever remain in people's memory as Saltychikha, can be called the first famous serial killer in Russia. In the middle of the 18th century, this sophisticated sadist tortured to death several dozen (according to other estimates, more than a hundred) of her serfs, mainly young girls and women.
Unlike her bloody followers, Saltychikha mocked defenseless victims completely openly, without fear of punishment. She had influential patrons whom she paid generously to cover up her crimes.
Ivanova from a noble family
Ivanova is Saltychikha’s maiden name. Her father Nikolai Avtonomovich Ivanov was a pillar nobleman, and her grandfather once held a high post under Peter I. Daria Saltykova’s husband Gleb Alekseevich served as captain of the Life Guards Cavalry Regiment. The Saltykovs had two sons, Fedor and Nikolai.
It is noteworthy that Saltychikha, whom Empress Catherine II eventually imprisoned for life in a monastery dungeon for her atrocities, eventually outlived all members of her family - her husband and both sons.
Many historians believe that, most likely, it was after her husband’s funeral that the 26-year-old widow went crazy and began beating her servants to death.
Where and what did she do
Saltychikha had a house in Moscow on the corner of Bolshaya Lubyanka and Kuznetsky Most. Ironically, there are now buildings there that are under the jurisdiction of the FSB. Plus, after the death of her husband, the landowner inherited estates in a number of Russian provinces. Saltychikha owned a total of almost 600 serfs.
On the site of the estate where the sadist most often tortured her victims, there is now Trinity Park, not far from the Moscow Ring Road, in the Teply Stan area.
Before the master Gleb Alekseevich died, Daria Saltykova kept herself in control and was not noticed to have any particular tendency to assault. Moreover, Saltychikha was distinguished by her piety.
According to the testimony of the serfs, Saltychikha’s phase shift occurred approximately six months after her husband’s funeral. She began to beat her peasants, most often with logs and mostly women and young girls, for the slightest offense, finding fault with every little thing. Then, on the orders of the sadistic lady, the offender was flogged, often to death. Gradually, Saltychikha’s tortures became more and more sophisticated. Possessing remarkable strength, she tore out the hair of her victims, burned their ears with hair tongs, doused them with boiling water...
She wanted to kill the grandfather of the poet Fyodor Tyutchev
The grandfather of the famous Russian poet, land surveyor Nikolai Tyutchev, was the lover of this vixen. And then he decided to get rid of her and marry the girl he liked. Saltychikha ordered her serfs to set fire to the girl’s house, but they did not do this out of fear. Then the sadist sent peasant “killers” to kill the young Tyutchev couple. But instead of taking the sin on their souls, the serfs warned Tyutchev himself about the intentions of his former mistress.
Why did she go unpunished?
Saltychikha freely committed atrocities during the reign of three (!) royal persons - Elizaveta Petrovna, Peter III and Catherine II. They complained about her fanaticism to everyone, but the result of these appeals turned out to be disastrous only for the martyrs themselves - they were flogged and exiled to Siberia. Among the relatives of the representative of the high-ranking noble family Daria Saltykova were the Governor-General of Moscow and the Field Marshal. In addition, Saltychikha generously gave gifts to everyone on whom the decision on complaints against her depended.
Long investigation
In relation to the influential tormentor, it was necessary to show royal will, which is what Catherine II did when she ascended the throne. In 1762, she became acquainted with the complaints of the Saltychikha serfs Savely Martynov and Ermolai Ilyin, whose wives were killed by the landowner (Ilyin had three in a row), and considered it appropriate to begin a public trial of Daria Saltykova.
The Moscow College of Justice conducted the investigation for six years. They found out which of the officials Saltychikha bribed, and revealed many cases of dubious deaths of serfs. It was established that during Saltykova’s atrocities, the office of the Moscow civil governor, the police chief and the Detective Order received 21 complaints filed against the tormentor by peasants. All appeals were returned to the sadist, who then brutally dealt with their authors.
The arrested Saltychikha did not confess to anything, even under the threat of torture. The investigation and trial, which lasted three years, proved the “undoubted guilt” of Daria Saltykova, namely: the murder of 38 serfs. She was “remained under suspicion” over the deaths of 26 other people.
The Empress wrote the verdict personally
Throughout September 1768, Catherine II drew up a verdict regarding Saltychikha: she rewrote it several times. In October, the Empress sent a completed decree to the Senate, which described in detail both the punishment itself and the details of its implementation.
Saltychikha was deprived of her noble title. For an hour she had to stand on the scaffold, chained to a post, with a sign above her head that read: “Tormentor and murderer.” Until the end of her life, Daria Saltykova was imprisoned in an underground prison, without light and human communication. Saltychikha's accomplices were sent to hard labor.
Snarled and in captivity
At first, Saltychikha sat in the “penitential” cell of the Moscow Ivanovo Monastery. After 11 years, she was transferred to a stone annex with a window and the curious were allowed to communicate with the prisoner. According to eyewitnesses, Daria Saltykova remained an evil fury even in captivity: she swore at those staring, spat at them through the window and tried to reach them with a stick.
Saltychikha spent 33 years in prison. She was buried in the cemetery of the Donskoy Monastery, the grave has been preserved.