Ministry Agriculture RF
Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education
Altai State Agrarian University
DEPARTMENT: MECHANIZATION OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
CALCULATION AND EXPLANATORY NOTE
BY DISCIPLINE
"PRODUCT PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY"
COMPLEX MECHANIZATION OF LIVESTOCK
FARMS - CATTLE
Completed
student 243 gr
Shtergel P.P.
Checked
Alexandrov I.Yu
BARNAUL 2010
ANNOTATION
In this course work a selection of main production buildings was made to house standard type animals.
The main attention is paid to the development of a mechanization scheme production processes, selection of mechanization means based on technological and technical-economic calculations.
INTRODUCTION
Increasing the level of product quality and ensuring that its quality indicators comply with standards is the most important task, the solution of which is unthinkable without the presence of qualified specialists.
This course work provides calculations of livestock spaces on a farm, selection of buildings and structures for keeping animals, development of a master plan, development of mechanization of production processes, including:
Design of mechanization of feed preparation: daily rations for each group of animals, quantity and volume of feed storage facilities, productivity of the feed shop.
Design of feed distribution mechanization: required productivity of the feed distribution production line, choice of feed dispenser, number of feed dispensers.
Farm water supply: determination of water needs on the farm, calculation external network water supply, choice water tower, choice pumping station.
Mechanization of manure collection and disposal: calculation of the need for manure removal means, calculation of vehicles for delivering manure to a manure storage facility;
Ventilation and heating: calculation of ventilation and heating of the room;
Mechanization of cow milking and primary milk processing.
Calculations of economic indicators are given and issues related to nature conservation are outlined.
1. DEVELOPMENT OF THE MASTER PLAN SCHEME
1 LOCATION OF PRODUCTION ZONES AND ENTERPRISES
The density of development of sites by agricultural enterprises is regulated by data. table 12.
The minimum building density is 51-55%
Veterinary institutions (except for veterinary inspection stations), boiler houses, manure storage facilities open type built on the leeward side in relation to livestock buildings and structures.
Walking and feeding yards or walking areas are located near the longitudinal walls of a building for keeping livestock.
Feed and bedding storage facilities are built in such a way as to ensure the shortest routes, convenience and ease of mechanization of the supply of bedding and feed to places of use.
The width of passages on the sites of agricultural enterprises is calculated based on the conditions for the most compact placement of transport and pedestrian routes, utility networks, dividing strips taking into account possible snow drift, but it should not be less than fire safety, sanitary and veterinary distances between opposing buildings and structures.
In areas free of buildings and coverings, as well as along the perimeter of the enterprise site, landscaping should be provided.
2. Selection of buildings for keeping animals
The number of cattle places for a dairy cattle enterprise, 90% of cows in the herd structure, is calculated taking into account the coefficients given in Table 1. page 67.
Table 1. Determination of the number of livestock places at the enterprise
Based on calculations, we select 2 barns for 200 tethered animals.
New-born and deep-pregnant calves with calves of the preventive period are in the maternity ward.
3. Preparation and distribution of feed
On the cattle farm we will use the following types of feed: mixed-grass hay, straw, corn silage, haylage, concentrates (wheat flour), root vegetables, table salt.
The initial data for developing this question are:
farm livestock by animal groups (see section 2);
diets for each group of animals:
1 Design of feed preparation mechanization
Having developed the daily rations for each group of animals and knowing their population, we proceed to calculate the required productivity of the feed shop, for which we calculate the daily ration of feed, as well as the number of storage facilities.
1.1 DETERMINE THE DAILY RATION OF FEED OF EACH TYPE BY FORMULA
q days i =
m j - livestock of j - that group of animals;
a ij - amount of feed of i - that type in the diet of j - that group of animals;
n is the number of groups of animals on the farm.
Mixed grass hay:
qday.10 = 4∙263+4∙42+3∙42+3·45=1523 kg.
Corn silage:
qday.2 = 20∙263+7.5·42+12·42+7.5·45=6416.5 kg.
Legume-cereal haylage:
qday.3 = 6·42+8·42+8·45=948 kg.
Spring wheat straw:
qday.4 = 4∙263+42+45=1139 kg.
Wheat flour:
qday.5 = 1.5∙42+1.3·45+1.3∙42+263·2 =702.1 kg.
Table salt:
qday.6 = 0.05∙263+0.05∙42+ 0.052∙42+0.052∙45 =19.73 kg.
1.2 DETERMINING THE DAILY PRODUCTIVITY OF THE FEED SHOP
Q days = ∑ q day.
Q days =1523+6416.5+168+70.2+948+19.73+1139=10916 kg
1.3 DETERMINING THE REQUIRED PRODUCTIVITY OF THE FEED SHOP
Q tr. = Q days /(T work. ∙d)
where T slave. - estimated operating time of the feed shop for dispensing feed per feeding (finished product dispensing line), hours;
T slave = 1.5 - 2.0 hours; We accept T work. = 2h; d is the frequency of feeding animals, d = 2 - 3. We accept d = 2.
Q tr. =10916/(2·2)=2.63 kg/h.
We choose a feed mill TP 801 - 323, which provides the calculated productivity and the adopted feed processing technology, page 66.
Delivery of feed to the livestock building and its distribution inside the premises is carried out by mobile technical means RMM 5.0
3.1.4 DETERMINING THE REQUIRED PERFORMANCE OF THE FLOW TECHNOLOGICAL LINE FOR FEED DISTRIBUTION AS A WHOLE FOR THE FARM
Q tr. = Q days /(t section ∙d)
where t section - time allocated according to the farm’s daily routine for feed distribution (finished product distribution lines), hours;
t section = 1.5 - 2.0 hours; We accept t section = 2 hours; d is the frequency of feeding animals, d = 2 - 3. We accept d = 2.
Q tr. = 10916/(2·2)=2.63 t/h.
3.1.5 determine the actual productivity of one feed dispenser
Gk - load capacity of the feed dispenser, t; tr - duration of one flight, hours.
Q r f =3300/0.273=12088 kg/h
t r. = t h + t d + t c,
tр = 0.11+0.043+0.12=0.273 h.
where tз,tв - time of loading and unloading of the feed dispenser, t; td - time of movement of the feed dispenser from the feed shop to the livestock building and back, hours.
3.1.6 determine the loading time of the feed dispenser
tз= Gк/Qз,
where Qз is feed technical means during loading, t/h.
tз=3300/30000=0.11 h.
3.1.7 determine the time of movement of the feed dispenser from the feed shop to the livestock building and back
td=2·Lav/Vav
where Lср is the average distance from the loading point of the feed dispenser to the livestock building, km; Vav - average speed of movement of the feed dispenser across the farm territory with and without load, km/h.
td=2*0.5/23=0.225 h.
tв= Gк/Qв,
where Qв is the feed dispenser feed, t/h.
tв=3300/27500=0.12 h.в= qday Vр/a d ,
where a is the length of one feeding place, m; Vр - design speed of the feed dispenser, m/s; qday - daily ration of animals; d - frequency of feeding.
Qв= 33·2/0.0012·2=27500 kg
3.1.7 Determine the number of feed dispensers of the selected brand
z = 2729/12088 = 0.225, accept - z = 1
2 WATER SUPPLY
2.1 DETERMINING THE AVERAGE DAILY WATER CONSUMPTION ON THE FARM
The water requirement on a farm depends on the number of animals and the water consumption standards established for livestock farms.
Q av.d. = m 1 q 1 + m 2 q 2 + … + m n q n
where m 1, m 2,… m n - the number of each type of consumers, heads;
q 1, q 2, … q n - daily norm water consumption by one consumer (for cows - 100 l, for heifers - 60 l);
Q average day = 263∙100+42∙100+45∙100+42∙60+21·20=37940 l/day.
2.2 DETERMINING THE MAXIMUM DAILY WATER CONSUMPTION
Q m .day = Q average day ∙ α 1
where α 1 = 1.3 is the coefficient of daily unevenness,
Q m .day = 37940∙1.3 =49322 l/day.
Fluctuations in water consumption on a farm by hour of the day are taken into account by the coefficient of hourly unevenness α 2 = 2.5:
Q m .h = Q m .day∙ ∙α 2 / 24
Q m .h = 49322∙2.5 / 24 =5137.7 l/h.
2.3 DETERMINING THE MAXIMUM SECOND WATER CONSUMPTION
Q m .s = Q t.h / 3600
Q m .s =5137.7/3600=1.43 l/s
2.4 CALCULATION OF EXTERNAL WATER NETWORK
Calculation of the external water supply network comes down to determining the diameters of the pipes and the pressure losses in them.
2.4.1 DETERMINE THE PIPE DIAMETER FOR EACH SECTION
where v is the speed of water in the pipes, m/s, v = 0.5-1.25 m/s. We take v = 1 m/s.
section 1-2 length - 50 m.
d = 0.042 m, take d = 0.050 m.
2.4.2 DETERMINING PRESSURE LOSS BY LENGTH
h t = 
where λ is the coefficient of hydraulic resistance, depending on the material and diameter of the pipes (λ = 0.03); L = 300 m - pipeline length; d - pipeline diameter.
h t =0.48 m
2.4.3 DETERMINING THE AMOUNT OF LOSSES IN LOCAL RESISTANCE
The amount of losses in local resistances is 5 - 10% of losses along the length of external water pipelines,
h m = 
= 0.07∙0.48= 0.0336 m
Head loss
h = h t + h m = 0.48 + 0.0336 = 0.51 m
2.5 SELECTION OF WATER TOWER
The height of the water tower should provide the required pressure at the most distant point.
2.5.1 DETERMINING THE HEIGHT OF THE WATER TOWER
H b = H st + H g + h
where H St is the free pressure at consumers, H St = 4 - 5 m,
we take H St = 5 m,
Hg is the geometric difference between the leveling marks at the fixing point and at the location of the water tower, Hg = 0, since the terrain is flat,
h is the sum of pressure losses at the most remote point of the water supply system,
H b = 5 + 0.51 = 5.1 m, take H b = 6.0 m.
2.5.2 DETERMINING THE VOLUME OF THE WATER TANK
The volume of the water tank is determined by the necessary supply of water for domestic and drinking needs, fire-fighting measures and the regulating volume.
W b = W r + W p + W x
where W x is the water supply for household and drinking needs, m 3 ;
W p - volume per fire prevention measures, m 3;
W r - regulating volume.
The supply of water for household and drinking needs is determined based on the condition of uninterrupted water supply to the farm for 2 hours in the event of a power outage:
W x = 2Q incl. = 2∙5137.7∙10 -3 = 10.2 m
On farms with a livestock of more than 300 animals, special fire-fighting tanks are installed, designed to extinguish a fire with two fire jets within 2 hours with a water flow of 10 l/s, so W p = 72,000 l.
The regulating volume of the water tower depends on the daily water consumption, table. 28:
W р = 0.25∙49322∙10 -3 = 12.5 m 3 .
W b = 12.5+72+10.2 = 94.4 m3.
We accept: 2 towers with a tank volume of 50 m3
3.2.6 SELECTION OF PUMPING STATION
We choose the type of water-lifting installation: we accept centrifugal submersible pump for supplying water from bore wells.
2.6.1 DETERMINING THE CAPACITY OF THE PUMPING STATION
The performance of the pumping station depends on the maximum daily water demand and the operating mode of the pumping station.
Q n = Q m .day. /T n
where Tn is the operating time of the pumping station, hours. Tn = 8-16 hours.
Q n =49322/10 =4932.2 l/h.
2.6.2 DETERMINING THE TOTAL PRESSURE OF THE PUMPING STATION
N = N gv + h in + N gv + h n
where H is the total pump pressure, m; N gv - distance from the pump axis to lowest level water in the source, N gv = 10 m; h in - pump immersion value, h in = 1.5...2 m, take h in = 2 m; h n - the sum of losses in the suction and discharge pipelines, m
h n = h sun + h
where h is the sum of pressure losses at the most distant point of the water supply system; h sun - the sum of pressure losses in the suction pipeline, m, can be neglected
farm balance performance equipment
N g = N b ± N z + N r
where H r is the height of the tank, H r = 3 m; N b - installation height of the water tower, N b = 6m; N z - difference geodetic marks from the pump installation axis to the water tower foundation mark, N z = 0 m:
N gn = 6.0+ 0 + 3 = 9.0 m.
H = 10 + 2 +9.0 + 0.51 = 21.51 m.
According to Q n = 4932.2 l/h = 4.9322 m 3 / h, N = 21.51 m, select the pump:
We take the pump 2ETsV6-6.3-85.
Because If the parameters of the selected pump exceed the calculated ones, the pump will not be fully loaded; therefore, the pumping station must operate in automatic mode (as water flows).
3 MANURE CLEANING
The initial data when designing a technological line for manure collection and disposal are the type and number of animals, as well as the method of keeping them.
3.1 CALCULATION OF THE NEED FOR MANURE REMOVAL FACILITIES
The cost of a livestock farm or complex and, consequently, the product significantly depends on the adopted technology for manure collection and disposal.
3.1.1 DETERMINING THE QUANTITY OF MANURE OBTAINED FROM ONE ANIMAL
G 1 = α(K + M) + P
where K, M - daily excretion of feces and urine by one animal,
P is the daily norm of litter per animal,
α is a coefficient taking into account the dilution of excrement with water;
Daily excretion of feces and urine by one animal, kg:
Milk yield = 70.8 kg.
Dry = 70.8 kg
Novotelnye = 70.8 kg
Heifers = 31.8 kg.
Calves = 11.8
3.1.2 DETERMINING THE DAILY OUTPUT OF MANURE FROM THE FARM
G days =
m i is the number of animals of the same type of production group; n is the number of production groups on the farm,
G days = 70.8∙263+70.8∙45+70.8∙42+31.8∙42+11.8·21=26362.8 kg/h ≈ 26.5 t/day.
3.1.3 DETERMINING THE ANNUAL OUTPUT OF MANURE FROM THE FARM
G g = G day ∙D∙10 -3
where D is the number of days of manure accumulation, i.e. the duration of the stall period, D = 250 days,
G g =26362.8∙250∙10 -3 =6590.7 t
3.3.1.4 MOISTURE OF LITTER-FREE MANURE
W n = 
where W e is the humidity of excrement (for cattle - 87%),
W n = 
= 89%.
For normal operation mechanical means of removing manure from the premises must meet the following conditions:
Q tr ≤ Q
where Qtr is the required performance of the manure harvester under specific conditions; Q - hourly productivity of the same product according to technical characteristics
where G c * is the daily output of manure in the livestock building (for 200 animals),
G c * =14160 kg, β = 2 - accepted frequency of manure collection, T - time for one-time manure removal, T = 0.5-1 hour, accept T = 1 hour, μ - coefficient taking into account the unevenness of the one-time amount of manure to be collected, μ = 1.3; N - quantity mechanical means installed in this room, N = 2,
Q tr = = 2.7 t/h.
Select the conveyor TSN-3,OB (horizontal)
Q =4.0-5.5 t/h. Since Q tr ≤ Q - the condition is satisfied.
3.2 CALCULATION OF VEHICLES FOR DELIVERY OF MANURE TO THE MANURE STORAGE
Delivery of manure to the manure storage facility will be carried out by mobile technical means, namely the MTZ-80 tractor with trailer 1-PTS 4.
3.2.1 DETERMINING THE REQUIRED PERFORMANCE OF MOBILE TECHNICAL EQUIPMENT
Q tr. = G days. /T
where G day. =26.5 t/h. - daily output of manure from the farm; T = 8 hours - operating time of the technical device,
Q tr. = 26.5/8 = 3.3 t/h.
3.2.2 DETERMINE THE ACTUAL ESTIMATED PRODUCTIVITY OF THE TECHNICAL PRODUCT OF THE CHOSEN BRAND
where G = 4 t is the lifting capacity of the technical equipment, i.e. 1 - PTS - 4;
t r - duration of one flight:
t r = t h + t d + t c
where t z = 0.3 - loading time, h; t d = 0.6 h - time of movement of the tractor from the farm to the manure storage facility and back, h; t in = 0.08 h - unloading time, h;
t p = 0.3 + 0.6 + 0.08 = 0.98 hours.
4/0.98 = 4.08 t/h.
3.2.3 WE CALCULATE THE NUMBER OF MTZ-80 TRACTORS WITH TRAILER
z = 3.3/4.08 = 0.8, take z = 1.
3.2.4 CALCULATING THE AREA OF THE MANURE STORAGE
For storage of bedding manure, hard-surfaced areas equipped with slurry collectors are used.
The storage area for solid manure is determined by the formula:
S=G g /hρ
where ρ is the volumetric mass of manure, t/m3; h - height of manure placement (usually 1.5-2.5 m).
S=6590/2.5∙0.25=10544 m3.
4 PROVIDING MICROCLIMATE
For ventilation of livestock buildings it is proposed significant amount various devices. Each of the ventilation units must meet the following requirements: maintain the necessary air exchange in the room, be, perhaps, cheap to install, operate and widely available to manage.
When choosing ventilation units it is necessary to proceed from the requirements of an uninterrupted supply of clean air to animals.
At air exchange rate K< 3 выбирают естественную вентиляцию, при К = 3 - 5 - forced ventilation, without heating the supplied air and at K > 5 - forced ventilation with heating of the supplied air.
We determine the frequency of hourly air exchange:
K = V w /V p
where V w is the amount of moist air, m 3 / h;
V p - volume of the room, V p = 76 × 27 × 3.5 = 7182 m 3.
V p - volume of the room, V p = 76 × 12 × 3.5 = 3192 m 3.
C is the amount of water vapor released by one animal, C = 380 g/h.
m - number of animals in the room, m 1 =200; m 2 =100 g; C 1 - permissible amount of water vapor in the room air, C 1 = 6.50 g/m 3,; C 2 - moisture content in the outside air at the moment, C 2 = 3.2 - 3.3 g/m 3.
we take C2 = 3.2 g/m3.
V w 1 = = 23030 m 3 /h.
V w 2 = = 11515 m 3 / h.
K1 = 23030/7182 =3.2 because K > 3,
K2 = 11515/3192 = 3.6 because K > 3,
Vco 2 = ;
P is the amount of carbon dioxide released by one animal, P = 152.7 l/h.
m - number of animals in the room, m 1 =200; m 2 =100 g; P 1 - maximum permissible amount of carbon dioxide in the room air, P 1 = 2.5 l/m 3, table. 2.5; P 2 - carbon dioxide content in fresh air, P 2 = 0.3 0.4 l/m 3 , take P 2 = 0.4 l/m 3 .
V1so 2 = 14543 m 3 /h.
V2so 2 = 7271 m 3 /h.
K1 = 14543/7182 = 2.02 because TO< 3.
K2 = 7271/3192 = 2.2 because TO< 3.
We calculate based on the amount of water vapor in the barn; we use forced ventilation without heating the supplied air.
4.1 VENTILATION WITH ARTIFICIAL AIR PROCULATION
Calculation of ventilation with artificial air stimulation is carried out at an air exchange rate of K > 3.
3.4.1.1 DETERMINING THE FAN OUTPUT
de K in - number of exhaust ducts:
K in = S in /S k
S to - area of one exhaust duct, S k = 1×1 = 1 m 2,
S in - required cross-sectional area of the exhaust duct, m2:
V is the speed of air movement when passing through a pipe of a certain height and at a certain temperature difference, m/s:
V= 
h - channel height, h = 3 m; t in - indoor air temperature,
t in = + 3 o C; t out - air temperature outside the room, t out = - 25 o C;
V= 
= 1.22 m/s.
V n = S to ∙V∙3600 = 1 ∙ 1.22∙3600 = 4392 m 3 /h;
S in1 = = 5.2 m 2.
S in2 = = 2.6 m2.
K v1 = 5.2/1 = 5.2 take K v = 5 pcs.
K v2 = 2.6/1 = 2.6 take K v = 3 pcs.
= 9212 m 3 /h.
Because Q in1< 8000 м 3 /ч, то выбираем схему с одним вентилятором.
= 7677 m 3 /h.
Because Q в1 > 8000 m 3 / h, then with several.
4.1.2 DETERMINING THE DIAMETER OF THE PIPELINE
where V t is the air speed in the pipeline, V t = 12 - 15 m/s, we accept
V t = 15 m/s,
= 0.46 m, take D = 0.5 m.
= 0.42 m, take D = 0.5 m.
4.1.3 DETERMINING PRESSURE LOSS FROM FRICTION RESISTANCE IN A STRAIGHT ROUND PIPE
where λ is the coefficient of air friction resistance in the pipe, λ = 0.02; L pipeline length, m, L = 152 m; ρ - air density, ρ = 1.2 - 1.3 kg/m 3, take ρ = 1.2 kg/m 3:
Htr = 
= 821 m,
4.1.4 DETERMINING PRESSURE LOSS FROM LOCAL RESISTANCE
where ∑ξ is the sum of local resistance coefficients, tab. 56:
∑ξ = 1.10 + 0.55 + 0.2 + 0.25 + 0.175 + 0.15 + 0.29 + 0.25 + 0.21 + 0.18 + 0.81 + 0.49 + 0 .25 + 0.05 + 1 + 0.3 + 1 + 0.1 + 3 + 0.5 = 10.855,
h ms = = 1465.4 m.
4.1.5 TOTAL PRESSURE LOSS IN THE VENTILATION SYSTEM
N = N tr + h ms
H = 821+1465.4 = 2286.4 m.
Choose two centrifugal fan No. 6 Q in = 2600 m 3 / h, from table. 57.
4.2 CALCULATION OF ROOMS HEATING
Frequency of hourly air exchange:
where, V W - air exchange livestock premises,
- volume of the room.
Air exchange by humidity:
m 3 / h
Where, 
- air exchange of water vapor (Table 45,);
Permissible amount of water vapor in the indoor air;
Mass of 1m3 of dry air, kg. (tab.40)
Amount of saturating moisture vapor per 1 kg of dry air, g;
Maximum relative humidity, % (tab. 40-42);
- moisture content in the outside air.
Because TO<3 - применяем естественную циркуляцию.
Calculation of the required air exchange based on carbon dioxide content
m 3 / h
where P m is the amount of carbon dioxide released by one animal per hour, l/h;
P 1 - maximum permissible amount of carbon dioxide in the indoor air, l/m 3 ;
P 2 =0.4 l/m3.
m 3 / h.
Because TO<3 - выбираем естественную вентиляцию.
We carry out calculations at K = 2.9.
Exhaust duct cross-sectional area:
, m 2
where, V is the speed of air movement when passing through the pipe m/s:
Where, 
channel height.
indoor air temperature.
air temperature from outside the room.
m 2.
Productivity of a channel having a cross-sectional area:
Number of channels
3.4.3 Calculation of space heating
4.3.1 Calculation of room heating for a barn containing 200 animals
Heat flow deficit for space heating:
where, heat transfer coefficient of enclosing building structures (Table 52);
Where, 
volumetric heat capacity of air.
J/h.
3.4.3.2 Calculation of room heating for a barn containing 150 animals
Heat flow deficit for space heating:
where is the heat flow passing through the enclosing building structures;
heat flow lost with removed air during ventilation;
random loss of heat flow;
heat flow released by animals;
Where, 
heat transfer coefficient of enclosing building structures (Table 52);
area of surfaces losing heat flow, m2: wall area - 457; window area - 51; gate area - 48; attic floor area - 1404.
Where, 
volumetric heat capacity of air.
J/h.
where, q =3310 J/h is the heat flow released by one animal (Table 45).
Random losses of heat flow are assumed to be 10-15% of .
Because The heat flow deficit is negative, then heating the room is not required.
3.4 Mechanization of cow milking and primary milk processing
Number of machine milking operators:
PC
Where, 
number of dairy cows on the farm;
pcs. - number of heads per operator when milking into a milk line;
We accept 7 operators.
6.1 Primary processing of milk
Production line capacity:
kg/h
Where, 
milk supply seasonality coefficient;
Number of dairy cows on the farm;
average annual milk yield per cow, (Table 23) /2/;
Milking frequency;
Duration of milking;
kg/h.
Selection of cooler based on heat exchange surface:
m 2
where is the heat capacity of milk;
initial milk temperature;
final milk temperature;
overall heat transfer coefficient, (Table 56);
average logarithmic temperature difference.
Where 
temperature difference between milk and coolant at inlet and outlet (Table 56).
Number of plates in the cooler section:
Where, 
working surface area of one plate;
We accept Z p = 13 pcs.
We select a heating device (according to Table 56) of the OOT-M brand (Feed 3000 l/h, Working surface 6.5 m2).
Cold consumption for cooling milk:
Where - 
coefficient taking into account heat loss in pipelines.
We select (Table 57) the AB30 refrigeration unit.
Ice consumption for cooling milk:
kg.
where is the specific heat of melting of ice;
heat capacity of water;
4. ECONOMIC INDICATORS
Table 4. Calculation of the book value of farm equipment
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Production process and machines and equipment used |
Car make |
power |
number of cars |
list price of the machine |
Charges on cost: installation (10%) |
book value |
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One car |
All cars |
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UNITS OF MEASUREMENT |
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PREPARATION OF FEED DISTRIBUTION OF FEED INSIDE THE PREMISES |
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1. FEED SHOP |
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2. FEED DISPENSER |
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TRANSPORT OPERATIONS ON THE FARM |
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1. TRACTOR |
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2. TRAILER |
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MANURE CLEANING |
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1. CONVEYOR |
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WATER SUPPLY |
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1. CENTRIFUGAL PUMP |
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2. WATER TOWER |
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MILKING AND PRIMARY MILK PROCESSING |
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1.PLATE HEATING APPARATUS |
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2. WATER COOLING. CAR |
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3. MILKING INSTALLATION |
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Table 5. Calculation of the book value of the construction part of the farm.
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Room |
Capacity, heads. |
Number of premises on the farm, pcs. |
Book value of one premises, thousand rubles. |
Total book value, thousand rubles. |
Note |
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Main production buildings: |
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1 Cowshed |
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2 Milk block |
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3 Maternity ward |
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Auxiliary premises |
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1 Insulator |
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2 Vet point |
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3 Hospital |
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4 Office premises block |
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5 Feed shop |
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6Veterinary inspection room |
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Storage for: |
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5 Concentrated feed |
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Network engineering: |
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1 Water supply |
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2Transformer substation |
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Improvement: |
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1 Green spaces |
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Fencing: |
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Rabitz |
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2 walking areas |
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Hard surface |
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Annual operating costs:
where, A - depreciation and deductions for current repairs and maintenance of equipment, etc.
Z - annual wage fund for farm service personnel.
M is the cost of materials consumed during the year related to the operation of equipment (electricity, fuel, etc.).
Depreciation deductions and deductions for current repairs:
where B i is the book value of fixed assets.
Depreciation rate for fixed assets.
The rate of deductions for current repairs of fixed assets.
Table 6. Calculation of depreciation and deductions for current repairs
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Group and type of fixed assets. |
Book value, thousand rubles. |
General depreciation rate, % |
Rate of deductions for current repairs, % |
Depreciation deductions and deductions for current repairs, thousand rubles. |
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Buildings, structures |
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Storage |
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Tractor (trailers) |
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Machinery and equipment
Where - Price per kg. milk, rub/kg; Annual profit: 5. NATURE CONSERVATION Man, displacing all natural biogeocenoses and establishing agrobiogeocenoses through his direct and indirect influences, violates the stability of the entire biosphere. In an effort to obtain as much production as possible, a person influences all components of the ecological system: on the soil - through the use of a complex of agrotechnical measures including chemicalization, mechanization and land reclamation, on the atmospheric air - by chemicalization and industrialization of agricultural production, on water bodies - due to a sharp increase in the number of agricultural runoff. In connection with the concentration and transfer of livestock farming to an industrial basis, livestock and poultry farming complexes have become the most powerful source of environmental pollution in agriculture. It has been established that livestock and poultry complexes and farms are the largest sources of pollution of atmospheric air, soil, and water sources in rural areas; in terms of the power and scale of pollution, they are quite comparable to the largest industrial facilities - factories, plants. When designing farms and complexes, it is necessary to timely provide for all measures to protect the environment in rural areas from increasing pollution, which should be considered one of the most important tasks of hygienic science and practice, agricultural and other specialists dealing with this problem. 6. CONCLUSION If we judge the level of profitability of a livestock farm for 350 heads with tether housing, then the resulting value of the annual profit shows that it is negative, this indicates that milk production at this enterprise is unprofitable, due to high depreciation charges and low animal productivity. Increasing profitability is possible by breeding highly productive cows and increasing their number. Therefore, I believe that building this farm is not economically justified due to the high book value of the construction part of the farm. 7. LITERATURE 1. V.I.Zemskov; V.D. Sergeev; I.Ya. Fedorenko “Mechanization and technology of livestock production” V.I.Zemskov “Design of production processes in livestock farming” |
rub. 
- annual volume of milk, kg;Mechanization and technology of livestock farming.
1. The concept of integrated mechanization of livestock farms and complexes. Methodology for calculating the level of mechanization.
In connection with the transfer of livestock farming to an industrial basis, large specialized enterprises are becoming increasingly important, differing from ordinary livestock farms in their clear engineering organization of labor, comprehensive mechanization and automation of processes, flow and rhythm of production. These are livestock complexes. They are characterized by high production capacity and concentration of livestock or poultry at the facility, as well as narrow specialization on the main type of product that provides the main gross income. Products at the complexes have a low cost, which is typical for large industrial enterprises.
Production processes on farms and complexes consist of main and auxiliary technological operations carried out in a certain sequence. Each operation, in turn, can consist of separate works. The main technological operations include feed preparation, milking cows, etc.; auxiliary operations - operations that ensure the implementation of the main ones (creation of artificial cold for processing and storing milk, generating steam for technological needs, etc.).
Machines performing the work of one production process constitute a system of machines. Integrated mechanization should cover all processes on the farm, and their mutual coordination is necessary. For example, the processes of food preparation, sterilization of equipment, and production of hot water are associated with the production and supply of steam; the operation of all farm machines, with the exception of those driven by internal combustion engines, depends on the supply of electrical energy, etc.
Any technological process must be built so that in the system of machines that carries it out, the productivity of each machine corresponds to the productivity of the previous one or is slightly greater. This allows you to create production flow. A number of processes at livestock enterprises are automated: water supply, artificial refrigeration, primary milk processing, etc. Thanks to automation, the responsibilities of service personnel are reduced to monitoring the operation of equipment, maintenance, monitoring the progress of the process and setting up equipment. To carry out comprehensive mechanization of farms, first of all, a solid feed supply, livestock buildings that meet the level of modern technology and technology, and a reliable power supply are needed. The profitability of production greatly depends on the experience and knowledge of the engineering, technical and maintenance personnel of the farm or complex.
The state of mechanization of processes on livestock farms can be characterized by the following indicators:
Level of mechanization;
The level of mechanization of the process is determined by the following expression:
Where m fur– number of livestock served by machinery;
m generally– total number of goals.
It is possible to determine the level of mechanization using the following expression:
where the numerator is the time spent on performing each operation using mechanisms, and the denominator is the total time spent on servicing animals.
Currently, both the levels of mechanization of individual processes on various farms are being determined (for example, feed distribution, milking, manure removal on cattle farms), and the levels of complex mechanization - when all the main processes are mechanized) for example, a pig farm will be comprehensively mechanized if the preparation is mechanized and feed distribution, automatic watering and manure removal).
The level of comprehensive mechanization of processes on livestock farms in our country is still low.
As of January 1, 1994, 73% of cattle farms, 94% of pig farms, 96% of poultry farms and 22% of sheep farms were comprehensively mechanized in the Russian Federation. In the Kemerovo region this figure reaches 65%.
Taking into account the seasonality of the reproduction of animals and the maturation of their hair, the production year on the farm is divided into the following periods: preparation for the rut, rut, pregnancy and whelping, rearing of young animals, the rest period of adult animals (for males after the rut, for females - after 2-3 weeks after jigging before preparation for the rut begins). Depending on the period, a certain daily routine should be established.
The shed system for keeping fur-bearing animals makes it possible to mechanize water supply, feed distribution and manure removal and dramatically increase labor productivity in cage fur farming.
Mechanization of labor-intensive processes on the farm makes it possible to serve animals without opening the cage door. It is opened only a few times a year when carrying out zootechnical work with the animal (grading, weighing, transplanting).
Mechanization is applicable only in sheds with double-sided cages with a large number of animals.
Farm water supply
A large amount of water and steam is consumed to water animals and for household needs.
The quality of water must meet the general requirements for water intended for drinking and household needs. It should have no odor or unpleasant taste, and should be transparent and colorless. The content of harmful chemicals and bacteria in it should not exceed acceptable standards.
Watering animals can be mechanized in several ways: using auto-drinkers, using stream watering and filling the drinkers with water from a portable flexible hose.
By automating watering, the yield of puppies increases, the quality of fur improves, and the productivity of fur breeders increases by 15%.
For reliable operation of automatic drinkers, it is necessary that the system have a constant water pressure recommended for this design and a filter to capture mechanical impurities. Constant pressure is ensured using a reducer or pressure tank located at a certain height. The intake pipe should be located 80-100 mm above the bottom of the tank to settle mechanical impurities not captured by the filter. Automatic drinking bowls are usually installed on the back wall of the cage. To water animals during frosty periods, use a regular two-nipple drinker.
For watering ferrets, there are several designs of automatic drinkers. The AUZ-80 automatic drinker designed by OPKB NIIPZK consists of a bowl with a capacity of 80 ml with a horn that enters the cage through a mesh cell. A valve body with an oscillating valve is screwed onto the fitting passing through the hole in the bowl. For reliable sealing, the valve is equipped with a rubber sealing washer and is spring-loaded with a plastic spring. The drinker is pressed against the mesh and fixed obliquely or horizontally with a fastening spring. Water is supplied through a hose with a diameter of 10 mm. During automatic watering, the animal, lapping from the horn, touches the valve rod, deflects it, and water flows into the bowl. The design and location of the valve device ensures that the feed that gets into the bowl is washed out with a stream of water when the valve is opened.
Automatic drinker AUZ-80
1 - hose; 2 - bowl; 3 - sealing washer; 4 - plastic spring; 5 - washer; 6 - valve body; 7 - swing valve; 8 - fitting
Lever-float and float-type automatic drinkers PP-1 are easy to use and work well both on hard water and on water with mechanical impurities. On block cages for young animals, one such automatic drinker is installed on two adjacent cages. A lever-float automatic drinker can also be installed on two adjacent cages of the main herd. The disadvantage of drinking bowls is the need for periodic (once a week) cleaning and washing, for which you have to remove the plug in the PP-1 drinking bowl.
1 - fitting; 2 - body; 3 - float; 4 - two-horn drinking bowl; 5-bolt with nut
For stream drinking, two-horned drinkers (aluminum or plastic) are inserted into the mesh cells at a height of 20 cm from the floor and secured with wire. A polyethylene pipe is attached above the drinkers using wire forks, in which holes are made from below (opposite the middle of each drinker). Water enters the drinking bowls through these holes. Since the pressure in the pipe decreases as it moves away from the main water supply riser, the holes above the first drinkers are made smaller than those above the last. This drinking system works reliably, but water overflowing over the edges of the drinking bowls is inevitable.
Float automatic drinker PP-1 (a) and its installation on a cage (b)
1- plug; 2- body; 3 - float; 4 - cover; 5 - bowl edging; 6 - bracket for attaching the drinking bowl to the cage; 7- rubber valve; 8, 9 - pipes; 10- lock; 11 - fitting
Drinkers can also be filled using a flexible hose up to 50 m long (half the length of 1 unit) with a pistol-shaped tip. The hose is put on the edge of the water riser, the valve is opened and, passing along the cages, water is poured into the drinking bowls.
Feeding mechanization
One of the most labor-intensive operations on a fur farm is the delivery and distribution of feed.
To distribute feed in shads, mobile feed dispensers with internal combustion engines or electric motors powered by batteries are used.
The country's animal farms use feed dispensers with internal combustion engines and mechanical and hydraulic transmissions, as well as electric feed dispensers with a semi-automatic system for regulating the dispensed dose. The capacity of the feed dispenser hoppers is 350-650 l, the engine power is 3-10 kW, the movement speed (steplessly adjustable) for feed dispensers with a hydraulic transmission is 1... 15 km/h.
The productivity of feed dispensers depends on the skills of the worker and is 5-8 thousand portions per hour. Experienced workers dispense feed with the pump always on and dispense only by moving the feed hose up and down. This technique allows you to increase labor productivity by at least 15% and facilitate the distribution process.
Since all feeders can dispense feed at the same speed both forward and backward, it is advisable to distribute feed to one side of the shad when moving forward, and to the other when moving backward.
Feed kitchen
Preparing feed on fur farms is a very important and responsible job, primarily because the animals are fed perishable meat and fish feed mixed with concentrates, succulent and other feeds. In this regard, special requirements are placed on machines used in animal farms and feed processing processes.
- Before feeding, feed must be crushed, the particle size should be 1-3 mm. In this form, the feed is better absorbed, and its losses are minimal.
- The components of the feed mixture must be thoroughly mixed, and microadditives must be evenly distributed throughout the entire volume, i.e. the mixture must be homogeneous. The unevenness of mixing should not exceed more than twice the permissible percentage deviations from the mass of the diet components.
- The duration of mixing the mixture in the mince mixer after adding the last component should not exceed 15-20 minutes.
- Immediately after mixing, the food should be distributed to the animals.
- Poor-quality and all pork products (conditionally suitable feed) are subjected to heat treatment (cooking). This is done in accordance with the instructions of the veterinarian according to a certain regime (temperature, duration, etc.) that guarantees reliable sterilization of the feed.
- When cooking, fat loss is unacceptable, and protein loss should be minimal.
- Grain feed should be cleared of chaff. Flour can be fed raw in a mixture with other feeds, but mixed feed and cereals can only be fed in the form of porridges.
- Ready-made feed mixtures should be sufficiently viscous and adhere well to the mesh cage. The required viscosity of the mixture has a positive effect on the process of eating it by animals.
Meat and fish feed coming from the refrigerator is defrosted, washed and crushed using various machines. Frozen food can be ground without prior thawing, by then adjusting the temperature of the mixture and adding hot broth, porridge, water, or passing steam through the mince mixer jacket. When cooking fatty pork offal, crushed grain feed is poured into the mixing kettle to bind the broth and fat. Brewer's and baker's yeast and potatoes can also be boiled. The crushed feed is mixed in minced meat mixers until a homogeneous mass is obtained. They add liquid feed (fish oil, milk) and vitamins, previously diluted in water, milk or fat. After mixing, the feed is further crushed by the paste maker and delivered to the feed delivery unit for delivery to the farm.
Considering that the main type of food for fur-bearing animals is perishable meat and fish feed, a feed shop is usually built in a block with a refrigerator. The construction site must be dry and have a topography that ensures surface water drainage with a groundwater level less than 0.5 m from the base of the foundation. The feed shop must have good access roads, it must have reliable water, electricity and heat supply, as well as sewerage.
When placing equipment in a feed shop, it is necessary to remember the safety requirements and plumbing requirements (maintaining the interval between machines and building structures and between the machines themselves, installing fences, preferably tiled walls, floors, etc.).
Manure removal
On farms with shads that have a raised floor in the passage, and where feces under the cages are regularly covered with peat chips and lime, it is recommended to remove it twice a year - in spring and autumn.
Removing manure from under cages is still the least mechanized process on fur farms. In most farms, manure is raked out from under the cages by hand, placed in heaps between sheds, from where it is loaded onto dump trucks using a tractor loader and transported to a manure storage facility or to the fields. For this purpose, you can use a light wheeled tractor with a bulldozer attachment, which pushes manure from under the cages into the driveways.
Igor Nikolaev
Reading time: 5 minutes
A A
It's no secret that livestock farming is one of the most important sectors of the economy, which provides the country's population with valuable and high-calorie food products (milk, meat, eggs, and so on). In addition, livestock enterprises produce raw materials for the manufacture of light industry products, in particular such types as shoes, clothing, fabrics, furniture and other things necessary for every person.
We should not forget that it is farm animals that, in the course of their life activity, produce organic fertilizers for the crop growing sector of agriculture. Therefore, increasing the volume of livestock production while minimizing capital investments and unit costs is the most important goal and task for the agriculture of any state.
In modern conditions, the main factor in productivity growth is primarily the introduction of automation, mechanization, energy-saving and other innovative intensive technologies in livestock farming.
Due to the fact that livestock farming is a very labor-intensive branch of agricultural production, there is a need to use modern achievements of science and technology in the field of automation and mechanization of production processes in livestock farming. This direction is obvious and priority for the purpose of increasing the profitability and efficiency of livestock enterprises.
Currently in Russia, at large agricultural enterprises with a high degree of mechanization, labor costs for producing a unit of livestock products are two to three times less than the industry average, and the cost is one and a half to two times lower than the industry average. And, although in general the level of mechanization in the industry is quite high, it is still significantly lower than the level of mechanization in developed countries, and therefore this level needs to be increased.
For example, only about 75 percent of dairy farms use integrated production mechanization; Among enterprises producing beef, such livestock mechanization is used in less than 60 percent of farms, and comprehensive mechanization in pig farming covers about 70 percent of enterprises.
High labor intensity in the livestock industry in our country still remains, and this has an extremely negative impact on the cost of production.
For example, the share of manual labor in dairy farming is at the level of 55 percent, and in such areas of livestock farming as sheep breeding and reproductive shops of pig breeding enterprises, this share is at least 80 percent. In small agricultural enterprises, the level of automation and mechanization of production is generally very low and, on average, two to three times worse than in the entire industry.
As an example, here are some figures: with a herd size of up to 100 animals, only 20 percent of all farms are comprehensively mechanized, and with a herd size of up to 200 animals, this figure is at the level of 45 percent.
What are the reasons for such a low level of mechanization in the Russian livestock industry?
Experts highlight, on the one hand, a low percentage of profitability in this industry, which does not allow livestock enterprises to purchase imported modern machinery and equipment for livestock farming, and on the other hand, the domestic industry cannot currently offer livestock farmers modern means of integrated automation and mechanization, which would not be inferior to world analogues.
Experts believe that this state of affairs can be corrected if the domestic industry masters the production of standard livestock complexes of modular design, which would have a high level of robotization, automation and computerization. It is the modular design of such complexes that would make it possible to unify the design of different types of equipment, thereby ensuring their interchangeability, which will significantly facilitate the process of equipping old ones and creating new ones and re-equipping existing livestock complexes, significantly reducing the amount of operating costs for them.
However, such an approach is impossible without targeted government support in the form of relevant ministries. At present, unfortunately, the necessary actions in this direction have not yet been taken by government agencies.
What technological processes can and should be automated?
In livestock farming, the process of production is a long chain of different technological processes, works and operations that are associated with breeding, subsequent maintenance and fattening and, finally, slaughter of livestock.
The following technological processes can be distinguished in this chain:
- preparation of feed;
- watering and feeding animals;
- removal of manure and its subsequent processing;
- collection of the resulting products (shearing wool, collecting eggs, etc.),
- slaughter of fattened animals for meat;
- mating of livestock to produce offspring;
- various types of work to create and subsequently maintain the microclimate necessary for animals in the premises, and so on.
Simultaneous mechanization and automation of livestock farming cannot be absolute. Some work processes can be automated completely, replacing manual labor with robotic and computerized mechanisms. Other types of work can only be mechanized, that is, they can only be performed by a person, but using more modern and productive equipment for livestock farming as an auxiliary tool. Very few types of livestock farming currently require completely manual labor.
Feeding process
One of the most labor-intensive livestock production processes is the preparation and subsequent distribution of feed, as well as the process of watering animals. It is this part of the work that accounts for up to 70 percent of total labor costs, which, of course, makes their mechanization and automation a priority. It is worth saying that replacing manual labor with the work of computers and robots in this part of the technological chain in most livestock industries is quite simple.
Currently, there are two types of feed distribution mechanization: stationary feed dispensers and mobile (mobile) mechanisms for feed distribution. In the first case, the equipment is a belt, scraper or other type of conveyor controlled by an electric motor. In a stationary dispenser, feed is supplied by unloading it from a special hopper directly onto a conveyor, which delivers food to special feeders for animals. The principle of operation of a mobile distributor is to move the feed bunker itself directly to the feeders.
Which type of feed dispenser is suitable for a particular enterprise is determined by making some calculations. Basically, these calculations consist in the fact that it is necessary to calculate the cost-effectiveness of introducing and maintaining both types of dispenser and find out which one is more profitable to serve in premises of a specific configuration and for a specific type of animal.
Milking machine
The process of mechanizing animal watering is an even more straightforward task, since water is a liquid and easily transports itself under the influence of gravity through the gutters and pipes of the drinking system. To do this, you just need to create at least a minimum angle of inclination of the pipe or gutter. In addition, water can be easily transported using electric pumps through a pipeline system.
Manure removal
The second most labor-intensive process (after feeding) in livestock farming is the process of manure removal. Therefore, the task of mechanizing such production processes is also extremely important, since such work has to be performed in large volumes and quite often.
Modern livestock farms can be equipped with various types of mechanized and automated systems for manure removal. The choice of a specific type of equipment directly depends on the type of farm animals, on the principle of their maintenance, on the configuration and other specific features of the production premises, as well as on the type and volume of bedding material.
To obtain the maximum level of mechanization and automation of this technological process, it is advisable (or better yet, necessary) to select specific equipment in advance and, even at the stage of construction of the production facility, provide for the use of the selected equipment. Only in this case will the comprehensive mechanization of a livestock enterprise become possible.
There are currently two methods for manure removal: mechanical and hydraulic. Mechanical systems are:
- bulldozer equipment;
- rope-scraper type installations;
- scraper conveyors.
Hydraulic manure collection systems are divided according to the following characteristics:
1. according to the driving force they are:
- gravity flow (the manure mass moves on its own under the influence of gravity along an inclined surface);
- forced (the movement of manure occurs due to the influence of external forced force, for example, water flow);
- combined (part of the path the manure mass moves by gravity, and part - under the influence of coercive force).
2.According to the principle of operation, such installations are divided into:
- continuous operation (round-the-clock removal of manure as it arrives);
- periodic action (removal of manure occurs after its accumulation to a certain level or simply at specified time intervals).
3.According to the type of their design, devices for removing manure are divided into:
Comprehensive automation and dispatching
To increase the efficiency of livestock production and minimize the level of labor costs per unit of this product, it is not necessary to limit oneself only to the introduction of mechanization, automation and electrification at individual stages of the technological process.
The current level of development of technology and scientific developments today makes it possible to achieve complete automation of many types of industrial production. In other words, the entire production cycle (from the moment of acceptance of raw materials to the stage of packaging of finished products) can be fully automated using a robotic line, which is under the constant control of either one dispatcher or several engineering specialists.
It is worth saying that the specific nature of such production as livestock farming does not currently allow us to achieve an absolute level of automation of all production processes without exception. However, one should strive for such a level as a kind of “ideal”.
Currently, equipment has already been developed that allows replacing individual machines with production production lines.
Such lines cannot yet completely control the entire production cycle, but they can already achieve complete mechanization of the main technological operations.
Complex working elements and advanced sensor and alarm systems make it possible to achieve a high level of automation and control in production lines. The large-scale use of such technological lines will make it possible to abandon manual labor and reduce the number of personnel, including operators of individual mechanisms and machines. They will be replaced by supervisory control and process control systems.
If Russian livestock farming transitions to the most modern level of mechanization and automation of technological processes, operating costs in the livestock industry will decrease several times.
Means of mechanization of enterprises
Perhaps the hardest work in the livestock industry is the work of pig farmers, cattlemen and milkmaids. Is it possible to make this job easier? At present, we can already give a definite answer - yes. With the development of agricultural technologies, the share of manual labor in livestock farming gradually began to decline, and modern methods of mechanization and automation began to be used. There are more and more automated and mechanized dairy farms and automatic poultry houses, which are now more like a scientific laboratory or a food processing plant, since all the personnel work in white coats.
Of course, automation and mechanization tools significantly facilitate the work of people involved in livestock farming. However, the use of these products requires livestock farmers to have a large amount of specialized knowledge. Employees of an automated enterprise must not only have the ability to maintain existing mechanisms and machines, but also knowledge of the processes of their adjustment and adjustment. You will also need knowledge of the principles of the effects of the mechanisms used on the body of chickens, pigs, cows and other farm animals.
How to use a milking machine so that cows give milk, how to process feed using a machine so as to increase the yield of meat, milk, eggs, wool and other products, how to regulate air humidity, temperature and lighting in the production premises of the enterprise in such a way as to ensure the best growth of animals and avoiding their diseases - all this is the knowledge necessary for a modern livestock breeder.
In this regard, the issue of training qualified personnel to work in modern livestock enterprises with a high level of automation and mechanization of production processes arises.
Machinery and equipment in livestock farming
Let's start with a dairy farm. One of the main machines at this enterprise is the milking machine. Milking cows by hand is very hard work. For example, a milkmaid must make up to 100 finger pressures in order to milk one liter of milk. With the help of modern milking machines, the process of milking cows is completely mechanized.
The operation of these devices is based on the principle of sucking milk from a cow's udder using rarefied air (vacuum) created by a special vacuum pump. The main part of the milking mechanism consists of four milking cups, which are placed on the udder teats. With the help of these glasses, milk is sucked into a milk can or into a special milk line. Through this milk line, raw milk is supplied to a filter for cleaning or a cleaning centrifuge. After which the raw materials are cooled in coolers and pumped into a milk tank.
If necessary, raw milk is passed through a separator or pasteurizer. The cream is separated in the separator. Pasteurization kills all germs.
Modern milking machines (DA-3M, “Maiga”, “Volga”), when used correctly, increase labor productivity three to eight times and help avoid cow disease.
The best results in practice have been achieved in the field of mechanization of water supply to livestock enterprises.
From mines, boreholes or wells, water is delivered to farms using water jets, electric pumps or conventional centrifugal pumps. This process occurs automatically; you only need to check the pumping unit itself weekly and carry out a preventive inspection. If there is a water tower on the farm, the operation of the machine depends on the water level in it. If there is no such tower, a small air-water tank is installed. When water is supplied, the pump compresses the air in the tank, resulting in an increase in pressure. When it reaches maximum, the pump automatically turns off. When the pressure drops to the set minimum level, the pump automatically turns on. In cold weather, the water in the drinking bowls is heated with electricity.
To mechanize the distribution of feed, screw, scraper or belt conveyors are used.
In poultry farming, swinging and vibrating and oscillating conveyors are used for the same purposes. Pig-breeding enterprises successfully use hydromechanical and pneumatic installations, as well as self-propelled electric feed dispensers. Dairy farms use scraper-type conveyors, as well as trailed or self-propelled feed distributors.
At poultry and pig farming enterprises, feed distribution is fully automated.
Control devices with a clock mechanism turn on the feed dispensers according to a predetermined program, and then, after dispensing a certain amount of feed, turn them off.
Feed preparation lends itself well to mechanization.
The industry produces various types of machines for grinding roughage and wet feed, for crushing grain and other types of dry feed, for grinding and washing root vegetables, for producing grass meal, for creating various kinds of feed mixtures and animal feed, as well as machines for drying, yeasting or steaming feed
Mechanization of the process of removing litter and manure helps to ease labor on livestock farms.
For example, in pig-breeding enterprises, animals are kept on bedding, which is changed only when the group of fattened pigs changes. At the pig feeding area, manure is washed off from time to time with a stream of water into a special conveyor. From the pigsties, this conveyor delivers the manure mass to an underground collection tank, from where it is unloaded either onto a dump truck, or onto a tractor trailer, or using a pneumatic compressed air installation, and delivers the manure to the fields. The pneumatic installation is automatically turned on by a clock mechanism according to a predetermined program.
Poultry farming enterprises are the most comprehensively automated and mechanized. In addition to such processes as feeding, watering and removing litter, they are automated: turning on and off the lights, heating and ventilation, opening and closing manholes in the walking area. Also at poultry farms the process of collecting, sorting and subsequent packaging of eggs is automated. The chickens lay in specially prepared nests, from where they are then rolled out onto an assembly conveyor belt, which feeds them onto the sorting table. On this table, eggs are sorted by weight or size and placed in a special container.
A modern automated poultry farm can be serviced by two people: an electrician and a livestock operator-technologist.
The first is responsible for setting up and adjusting the machine and mechanisms and for the technical care of this equipment. The second one conducts zootechnical observations and draws up programs for the operation of automatic machines and machines.
Also, the domestic industry produces various types of equipment for heating and ventilation of production premises in the livestock sector: electric heaters, heat generators, steam boilers, fans, and so on.
A high level of automation and mechanization of livestock enterprises can significantly reduce production costs by reducing labor costs (the number of personnel is reduced) and by increasing the productivity of birds and animals. And this will reduce retail prices.
Summarizing the above, we repeat that automation and mechanization of the livestock complex makes it possible to transform heavy manual labor into technological and industrialized work, which should erase the line between peasant labor and work in industry.
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Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation
Altai State Agrarian University
Faculty of Engineering
Department: Livestock Mechanization
Settlement and explanatory note
In the discipline "Mechanization and technology of animal husbandry"
Topic: Mechanization of a livestock farm
Is done by a student
Agarkov A.S.
Checked:
Borisov A.V.
Barnaul 2015
ANNOTATION
This course work provides calculations of the number of livestock places of a livestock enterprise for a given capacity, and a set of main production buildings for housing animals has been made.
The main attention is paid to the development of a scheme for mechanization of production processes, the selection of mechanization tools based on technological and technical-economic calculations.
INTRODUCTION
Currently, there are a large number of livestock farms and complexes in agriculture, which will be the main producers of agricultural products for a long time. During operation, tasks arise for their reconstruction in order to introduce the latest achievements of science and technology and increase the efficiency of the industry.
If earlier on collective and state farms there were 12-15 dairy cows and 20-30 fattening cattle per worker per worker, now with the introduction of machines and new technologies these figures can be significantly increased. livestock farm mechanization
Reconstruction and implementation of a machine system into production requires specialists to have knowledge in the field of livestock mechanization and the ability to use this knowledge in solving specific problems.
1. DEVELOPMENT OF THE MASTER PLAN SCHEME
When developing master plans for agricultural enterprises, the following should be provided:
a) planning linkage with the residential and public sectors;
b) placement of enterprises, buildings and structures in compliance with the appropriate minimum distances between them;
c) measures to protect the environment from pollution by industrial emissions;
d) the possibility of construction and commissioning of agricultural enterprises in start-up complexes or queues.
The zone of agricultural enterprises consists of the following sites: a) production;
b) storage and preparation of raw materials (feed);
c) storage and processing of production waste.
The orientation of one-story buildings for keeping livestock with a width of 21 m, with proper development, should be meridional (longitudinal axis from north to south).
Walking areas and walking and feeding yards are not recommended to be located on the north side of the premises.
Veterinary institutions (with the exception of veterinary inspection stations), boiler houses, and open-type manure storage facilities are built downwind of livestock buildings and structures.
The feed shop is located at the entrance to the enterprise territory. In close proximity to the feed shop there is a warehouse for concentrated feed and storage for root crops, silage, etc.
Walking areas and walking and feeding yards are located near the longitudinal walls of the building for keeping livestock; if necessary, it is possible to organize walking and feeding yards in isolation from the building.
Feed and bedding storage facilities are built in such a way as to ensure the shortest routes, convenience and ease of mechanization of the supply of bedding and feed to places of use.
Intersection of transport flows of finished products, feed and manure on the sites of agricultural enterprises is not allowed.
The width of passages on the sites of agricultural enterprises is calculated based on the conditions for the most compact placement of transport and pedestrian routes.
The distance from buildings and structures to the edge of the roadway is 15 m. The distance between buildings is within 30-40 m.
1.1 Calculation of the number of cattle places on the farm
The number of livestock spaces for cattle enterprises in the dairy, meat and meat reproductive sectors is calculated taking into account the coefficients.
1.2 Farm area calculation
After calculating the number of cattle places, the area of the farm territory is determined, m2:
Where M is the number of heads on the farm, goal
S is the specific area per head.
S=1000*5=5000 m 2
2. DEVELOPMENT OF MECHANIZATION OF PRODUCTION PROCESSES
2.1 Feed preparation
The initial data for developing this question are:
a) farm population by animal groups;
b) the diet of each group of animals.
The daily ration for each group of animals is compiled in accordance with zootechnical standards and the availability of feed on the farm, as well as their nutritional value.
Table 1
The daily ration for dairy cows has a live weight of 600 kg, with an average daily milk yield of 20 liters. milk with a fat content of 3.8-4.0%.
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Type of feed |
Number of feeds |
The diet contains |
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Protein, G |
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Mixed grass hay |
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Corn silage |
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Legume and grain haylage |
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Roots |
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Concentrate mixture |
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Table salt |
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table 2
Daily ration for dry, fresh and deep calving cows.
|
Type of feed |
Quantity in diet |
The diet contains |
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|
Protein, G |
||||||
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Mixed grass hay |
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Corn silage |
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Roots |
||||||
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Concentrate mixture |
||||||
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Table salt |
||||||
Table 3
Daily ration for heifers.
Calves of the prophylactic period are given milk. The rate of milk feeding depends on the live weight of the calf. The approximate daily norm is 5-7 kg. Little by little replace whole milk with diluted milk. The calves are given special feed.
Knowing the daily ration of animals and their number, we will calculate the required productivity of the feed shop, for which we will calculate the daily ration of feed of each type using the formula:
Substituting the table data into the formula we get:
1. Mixed grass hay:
q day hay = 650*5+30*5+60*2+240*1+10*1+10*1=3780 kg.
2. Corn silage:
q day silage =650*12+30*10+60*20+240*18+10*2+10*2=13660 kg.
q day haylage =650*10+30*8=6740 kg
5. Mixture of concentrates:
q day concentrates =650*2.5+30*2+60*2.5+240*3.7+10*2+10*2=2763 kg
q day straw =650*2+30*2+60*2+240*1+10*1+10*1=1740 kg
7.Additives
q day of addition =650*0.16+30*0.16+60*0.22+240*0.25+10*0.2+10*0.2=222 kg
We determine, based on formula (1), the daily productivity of the feed shop:
Q days =? q days i,
where n is the number of groups of animals on the farm,
q day i is the daily ration of animals.
Q day =3780+13660+6740+2763+1740+222=28905?29 tons
The required productivity of the feed mill is determined by the formula:
Q tr = Q day /(T slave *d) ,
where T slave is the estimated operating time of the feed shop to dispense feed for one feeding, h; T work = 1.5-2.0 hours;
d - frequency of feeding animals, d=2-3.
Q tr =29/2*3=4.8t/h
Based on the results obtained, we select a feed mill, etc. 801-323 with a capacity of 10 t/h. The feed shop includes the following technological lines:
1. Silage, haylage, straw line. Feed dispenser KTU - 10A.
2. Line of root tuber crops: dry feed bunker, conveyor, crush - stone catcher, washing of dosed feed.
3. Feed line: dry feed bunker, conveyor - concentrated feed dispenser.
4. Also includes a belt conveyor TL-63, a scraper conveyor TS-40.
Table 4
Technical characteristics of the feed dispenser
|
Indicators |
Feed dispenser KTU - 10A |
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Load capacity, kg |
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Feed during unloading, t/h |
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Speed, km/h |
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Transport |
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Body volume, m 2 |
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Price list, r |
2.2 Mechanization of feed distribution
Feed distribution on livestock farms can be carried out according to two schemes:
1. Delivery of feed from the feed shop to the livestock building is carried out by mobile means, distribution of feed inside the premises is carried out by stationary means,
2. Delivery of feed to the livestock building and its distribution inside the premises using mobile technical means.
For the first feed distribution scheme, it is necessary to select, according to the technical characteristics, the number of stationary feed dispensers for all livestock premises of the farm in which the first scheme is used.
After this, they begin to calculate the number of mobile feed delivery vehicles, taking into account their features and the possibility of loading stationary feed dispensers.
It is possible to use the first and second schemes on one farm; then the required productivity of the feed distribution line for the farm as a whole is calculated using the formula
29/(2*3)=4.8 t/h.
where is the daily need for feed of all types at the rate t section is the time allotted according to the farm’s daily routine for distributing the one-time feed requirement to all animals, t section = 1.5-2.0 hours; d - frequency of feeding, d = 2-3.
The estimated actual productivity of one feed dispenser is determined by the formula
where G k is the load capacity of the feed dispenser, t, it is taken for the selected type of feed dispenser; t r - duration of one flight, hours.
where t h, t c - time of loading and unloading of the feed dispenser, h;
t d - time of movement of the feed dispenser from the feed shop to the livestock building and back, hours.
Unloading time:
Loading time: h
Supply of technical equipment for loading t/h
where L Av is the average distance from the loading point of the feed dispenser to the livestock building, km; Vav - average speed of movement of the feed dispenser across the farm territory with and without load, km/h.
The number of feed dispensers of the selected brand is determined by the formula
We round the value and get 1 feed dispenser
2. 3 Water supply
2.3.1 Determining water needs on a farm
The need for water on a farm depends on the number of animals and water consumption standards established for livestock farms, which are given in Table 5.
Table 5
We find the average water consumption on the farm using the formula:
Where n 1, n 2, …, n n , - number of consumers i-th species, goal;
q 1, q 2 ... q n - daily rate of water consumption by one consumer, l.
Substituting into the formula, we get:
Q avg day =0.001(650*90+30*40+60*25+240*20+10*15+10*40)=66.5 m 3
Water on the farm is not used evenly throughout the day. The maximum daily water flow is determined as follows:
Q m day = Q av day *b 1,
where b 1 is the coefficient of daily unevenness, b 1 = 1.3.
Q m day =1.3*66.5=86.4 m 3
Fluctuations in water consumption on the farm by hour of the day take into account the coefficients of hourly unevenness, b 2 = 2.5.
Q m h = (Q m day * b 2)/24.
Q m 3 h = (86.4 * 2.5)/24 = 9 m 3 / h.
The maximum second flow rate is calculated using the formula:
Q m 3 s = Q m 3 h /3600,
Q m s =9 /3600=
2.3.2 Calculation of the external water supply network
Calculation of the external water supply network comes down to determining the length of the pipes and the pressure losses in them according to the scheme corresponding to the farm master plan adopted in the course project.
Water supply networks can be dead-end or ring.
Dead-end networks for the same object have a shorter length, and, consequently, a lower construction cost, which is why they are used on livestock farms (Fig. 1.).
Rice. 1. Scheme of a dead-end network:1 - Korogot into 200heads; 2 -Veal barn; 3 - Milking block; 4 -Dairy; 5 - Milk collection
The diameter of the pipe is determined by the formula:
We accept
where is the speed of water in the pipes, .
Pressure losses are divided into losses along the length and losses in local resistance. Pressure losses along the length are caused by the friction of water against the walls of the pipes, and losses in local resistances are caused by the resistance of taps, valves, turns of branches, narrowings, etc. The head loss along the length is determined by the formula:
3 /s
where is the coefficient of hydraulic resistance, depending on the material and diameter of the pipes;
pipeline length, m;
water consumption on the site, .
The amount of losses in local resistances is 5 - 10% of losses along the length of external water pipelines,
Section 0 - 1
We accept
/With
Section 0 - 2
We accept
/With
2.3.3 Selecting a water tower
The height of the water tower should provide the required pressure at the most distant point (Fig. 2).
Rice. 2. Determining the height of the water tower
The calculation is made using the formula:
where is the free pressure for consumers when using automatic drinkers. At lower pressure, water slowly flows into the bowl of the automatic drinker; at higher pressure, it splashes. If there are residential buildings on the farm, the free pressure is assumed to be equal for a one-story building - 8 m, two-story - 12 m.
the amount of losses at the most remote point of the water supply system, m.
if the terrain is flat, the geometric difference between the leveling marks at the fixing point and at the location of the water tower.
The volume of the water tank is determined by the necessary supply of water for domestic and drinking needs, fire-fighting measures and the regulating volume according to the formula:
where is the volume of the tank, ;
regulating volume, ;
volume for fire-fighting measures;
water supply for household and drinking needs;
The supply of water for household and drinking needs is determined from the condition of uninterrupted water supply to the farm during 2 hours in case of emergency power outage according to the formula:
The regulating volume of a water tower depends on the daily water consumption on the farm, the water consumption schedule, the productivity and frequency of pump activation.
Given the known data, the schedule of water consumption during the day and the operating mode of the pumping station, the control volume is determined using the data in table. 6.
Table 6.
Data for selecting the control capacity of water towers
After receiving, select a water tower from the following row: 15, 25, 50.
We accept.
2.3.4 Selecting a pumping station
Water jets and submersible centrifugal pumps are used to lift water from a well and supply it to a water tower.
Water jet pumps are designed to supply water from mine and drill wells with a casing pipe diameter of at least 200 mm, depth up to 40 m. Centrifugal submersible pumps are designed to supply water from bore wells with a pipe diameter of 150 mm and higher. Developed pressure - from 50 m before 120 m and higher.
After selecting the type of water-lifting installation, a pump brand is selected based on performance and pressure.
The performance of the pumping station depends on the maximum daily need for water and the operating mode of the pumping station and is calculated by the formula:
where is the operating time of the pumping station, h, which depends on the number of shifts.
The total pressure of the pumping station is determined according to the diagram (Fig. 3) using the following formula:
where is the total pump pressure, m;
the distance from the pump axis to the lowest water level in the source;
the amount of immersion of the pump or suction foot valve;
the sum of losses in the suction and discharge pipelines, m.
where is the sum of pressure losses at the most distant point of the water supply system, m;
the amount of pressure loss in the suction pipeline, m. Can be neglected in a course project.
where is the height of the tank, m;
installation height of the water tower, m;
the difference in geodetic elevations from the axis of installation of the pump, elevations of the foundation of the water tower, m.
By found value Q And N choose a pump brand
Table 7.
Technical characteristics of submersible centrifugal pumps
Rice. 3. Determination of pumping station pressure
2 .4 Mechanization of manure collection and disposal
2.4.1 Calculation of the need for manure removal products
The cost of a livestock farm or complex and, consequently, the product significantly depends on the adopted technology for manure collection and disposal. Therefore, much attention is paid to this problem, especially in connection with the construction of large industrial-type livestock enterprises.
The amount of manure in (kg) obtained from one animal is calculated using the formula:
where is the daily excretion of feces and urine by one animal, kg(Table 8);
daily litter norm per animal, kg(Table 9);
coefficient taking into account the dilution of excrement with water: with a conveyor system.
Table 8.
Daily excretion of feces and urine
Table 9.
Daily norm of litter (according to S.V. Melnikov),kg
Daily output (kg) farm manure is found using the formula:
where is the number of animals of the same type of production group;
number of production groups on the farm.
Annual output (T) we find by the formula:
where is the number of days of manure accumulation, i.e. duration of the stall period.
The moisture content of bedding-free manure can be found from an expression based on the formula:
where is the moisture content of excrement (for cattle - 87 % ).
For normal operation of mechanical means of removing manure from premises, the following conditions must be met:
where is the required performance of a manure remover under specific conditions, t/h;
hourly productivity of technical equipment according to technical characteristics, t/h.
The required performance is determined by the expression:
where is the daily output of manure in a given livestock building, T;
accepted frequency of manure collection;
time for one-time manure removal;
a coefficient that takes into account the unevenness of a single amount of manure to be collected;
the number of mechanical equipment installed in a given room.
Based on the required performance obtained, we select the TSN-3B conveyor.
Table 10.
Technical characteristics of manureboring conveyor TSN- 3B
2.4.2 Calculation of vehicles for delivering manure to the manure storage facility
First of all, it is necessary to resolve the issue of the method of delivering manure to the manure storage facility: by mobile or stationary technical means. For the selected method of manure delivery, the number of technical means is calculated.
Stationary means of delivering manure to a manure storage facility are selected according to their technical characteristics, mobile technical means - based on calculations. The required performance of mobile technical equipment is determined:
where is the daily output of manure from the entire livestock of the farm, T;
operating time of technical means during the day.
The actual calculated performance of the technical equipment of the selected brand is determined:
where is the carrying capacity of the technical means, T;
duration of one flight, h.
The duration of one flight is determined by the formula:
where is the vehicle loading time, h;
unloading time, h;
time in motion with and without load, h.
If manure is transported from each livestock building that does not have a storage tank, then it is necessary to have one cart for each premises, and the actual productivity of the tractor with the cart is determined. In this case, the number of tractors is calculated as follows:
We accept 2 MTZ-80 tractors and 2 2-PTS-4 trailers for manure removal.
2.4.3 Calculation of manure processing processes
For storage of bedding manure, hard-surfaced areas equipped with slurry collectors are used.
The storage area for solid manure is determined by the formula:
where is the volumetric mass of manure, ;
height of manure placement.
Manure is first supplied to sections of the quarantine storage facility, the total capacity of which must ensure the reception of manure within 11…12 days. Therefore, the total storage capacity is determined by the formula:
where is the duration of storage accumulation, days.
Multi-section quarantine storage facilities are most often made in the form of hexagonal cells (sections). These cells are assembled from reinforced concrete slabs of length 6 m, width 3m, installed vertically. The capacity of this section is 140 m 3 , so we find the number of sections from the relation:
sections
The capacity of the main manure storage facility must ensure that manure is kept for the period necessary for its disinfection (6...7 months). In construction practice, tanks with a capacity of 5 thousand m 3 (diameter 32 m, height 6 m). Based on this, you can find the number of cylindrical storage facilities. Storage facilities are equipped with pumping stations for unloading tanks and bubbling manure.
2 .5 Providing a microclimate
Livestock housing produces more heat, moisture and gas, and in some cases the amount of heat generated is sufficient to meet winter heating needs.
In precast concrete structures with floors without attics, the heat generated by animals is insufficient. The issue of heat supply and ventilation in this case becomes more complicated, especially for areas with outside air temperatures in winter -20°С and below.
2.5.1 Classification of ventilation devices
A significant number of different devices have been proposed for the ventilation of livestock buildings. Each of the ventilation units must meet the following requirements: maintain the necessary air exchange in the room, be as cheap as possible to install, operate and widely accessible to manage, and not require additional labor and time for regulation.
Ventilation units are divided into supply air, forced air, exhaust, air suction and combined, in which air flow into the room and suction from it is carried out by the same system. Each of the ventilation systems can be divided according to their structural elements into window, flow-target, horizontal pipe and vertical pipe with an electric motor, heat exchange (heater) and automatic.
When choosing ventilation units, it is necessary to proceed from the requirements of uninterrupted supply of clean air to animals.
With the frequency of air exchange, natural ventilation is chosen, with forced ventilation without heating the supplied air, and with forced ventilation with heating of the supplied air.
The frequency of hourly air exchange is determined by the formula:
where is the air exchange of the livestock building, m 3 /h(air exchange by humidity or content);
room volume, m 3 .
2.5.2 Ventilation with natural air movement
Ventilation by natural movement of air occurs under the influence of wind (wind pressure) and due to temperature differences (thermal pressure).
Calculation of the required air exchange of livestock premises is made according to the maximum permissible zoohygienic standards for carbon dioxide content or air humidity in premises for different types of animals. Since dry air in livestock buildings is of particular importance for creating disease resistance and high productivity in animals, it is more correct to calculate the ventilation volume based on the air humidity rate. The ventilation volume calculated by humidity is higher than that calculated by carbon dioxide. The main calculation must be carried out based on air humidity, and the control calculation based on carbon dioxide content. Air exchange by humidity is determined by the formula:
where is the amount of water vapor released by one animal, g/h;
number of animals in the room;
permissible amount of water vapor in the indoor air, g/m 3 ;
moisture content in the outside air at a given moment.
where is the amount of carbon dioxide released by one animal per hour;
maximum permissible amount of carbon dioxide in the indoor air;
carbon dioxide content in fresh (supply) air.
The required cross-sectional area of the exhaust ducts is determined by the formula:
where is the speed of air movement when passing through a pipe at a certain temperature difference, .
Meaning V in each case can be determined by the formula:
where is the height of the channel;
indoor air temperature;
air temperature outside the room.
The productivity of a channel with a cross-sectional area will be equal to:
We find the number of channels using the formula:
channels
2 .5.3 Calculation of space heating
Optimal ambient temperature improves the performance of people and also increases the productivity of animals and poultry. In rooms where the optimal temperature and humidity are maintained due to biological heat, there is no need to install special heating devices.
When calculating the heating system, the following sequence is proposed: choosing the type of heating system; determination of heat losses of a heated room; determination of the need for thermal appliances.
For livestock and poultry buildings, air heating and low-pressure steam are used with instrument temperatures up to 100°C, water with temperature 75…90° C, electrically heated floors.
The heat flow deficit for heating the livestock building is determined using the formula:
Since the result is a negative number, no heating is required.
where is the heat flow passing through the enclosing building structures, J/h;
heat flow lost with removed air during ventilation, J/h;
random loss of heat flow, J/h;
heat flow released by animals J/h.
where is the heat transfer coefficient of enclosing building structures, ;
area of surfaces losing heat flow, m 2 ;
air temperature indoors and outdoors, respectively, °C.
Heat flow lost with removed air during ventilation:
where is the volumetric heat capacity of air.
The heat flux released by animals is equal to:
where is the heat flux released by one animal of a given species, J/h;
number of animals of this type in the room, Goal.
Random losses of heat flow are taken in the amount 10…15% from, i.e.
2 .6 Mechanization of cow milking and primary milk processing
The choice of means of mechanization of cow milking is determined by the way the cows are kept. When kept in a tether, it is recommended to milk cows according to the following technological schemes:
1) in stalls using linear milking units with milk collected in a milking bucket;
2) in stalls using linear milking units with milk collection via a milk pipeline;
3) in milking parlors or on platforms using milking machines such as “Carousel”, “Herringbone”, “Tandem”.
Milking installations for a livestock farm are selected based on their technical characteristics, which indicate the number of cows served.
The number of milkers, based on the permissible load according to the number of livestock served, is found using the formula:
N op =m d.u. /m d =650/50=13
where m d.u. - the number of dairy cows on the farm;
m d - the number of cows when milking into the milk line.
Based on the total number of milking cows, I accept 3 milking machines UDM-200 and 1 AD-10A
Productivity of the milking production line Q d.u. we find it like this:
Q d.u. =60N op *z /t d +t p =60*13*1/3.5+2=141 cows/h
where N op - Number of machine milking operators;
t d - duration of milking of the animal, min;
z is the number of milking machines served by one milker;
t r - time spent on performing manual operations.
Average duration of milking one cow depending on its productivity, min.:
T d =0.33q+0.78=0.33*8.2+0.78=3.5 min
Where q is the one-time milk yield of one animal, kg.
q=M/305ts
where M is the productivity of the cow during lactation, kg;
305 - duration of location days;
c - frequency of milking per day.
q=5000/305*2=8.2 kg
Total annual amount of milk subject to primary processing or processing, kg:
M year = M av * m
M av - average annual milk yield of a forage cow, kg/year
m is the number of cows on the farm.
M year =5000*650=3250000 kg
M max day = M year *K n *K s /365=3250000*1.3*0.8/365=9260 kg
Maximum daily milk yield, kg:
M max times =M max day/c
M max times =9260/2=4630 kg
Where c is the number of milkings per day (c=2-3)
Productivity of the production line for machine milking of cows and milk processing, kg/h:
Q p.l. = M max times / T
Where T is the duration of a single milking of a herd of cows, hours (T=1.5-2.25)
Q p.l. = 4630/2=2315 kg/h
Hourly loading of the production line for primary milk processing:
Q h = M max times / T 0 =4630/2=2315
We choose 2 cooler tanks type DXOX type 1200, Maximum volume = 1285 liters.
3 . PROTECTION OF NATURE
Man, displacing natural biogeocenoses and establishing agrobiocenoses through his direct and indirect influences, violates the stability of the entire biosphere.
In an effort to obtain as much product as possible, a person influences all components of the ecological system: soil, air, water bodies, etc.
In connection with the concentration and transfer of livestock farming to an industrial basis, livestock complexes have become the most powerful source of environmental pollution in agriculture.
When designing farms, it is necessary to provide for all measures to protect nature in rural areas from increasing pollution, which should be considered one of the most important tasks of hygienic science and practice, agricultural and other specialists dealing with this problem, including preventing livestock waste from entering fields beyond farms, limit the amount of nitrates in liquid manure, use liquid manure and wastewater to produce non-traditional types of energy, use wastewater treatment facilities, use manure storage facilities that eliminate the loss of nutrients in manure; prevent nitrates from entering the farm through feed and water.
A comprehensive program of planned activities aimed at environmental protection in connection with the development of industrial livestock farming is shown in Figure No. 3.
Rice. 4. Measures to protect the external environment at various stages of technological processeslarge livestock complexes
CONCLUSIONS ON THE PROJECT
This 1,000-head tethered farm specializes in milk production. All processes for the use and care of animals are almost completely mechanized. Due to mechanization, labor productivity increased and became easier.
The equipment was taken with reserve, i.e. does not operate at full capacity, and its cost is high, the payback period is within several years, but with rising milk prices, the payback period will decrease.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Zemskov V.I., Fedorenko I.Ya., Sergeev V.D. Mechanization and technology of livestock production: Textbook. Benefit. - Barnaul, 1993. 112 p.
2. V.G. Koba., N.V. Braginets and others. Mechanization and technology of livestock production. - M.: Kolos, 2000. - 528 p.
3. Fedorenko I.Ya., Borisov A.V., Matveev A.N., Smyshlyaev A.A. Equipment for milking cows and primary milk processing: Textbook. Barnaul: Publishing house AGAU, 2005. 235 p.
4. V.I. Zemskov “Design of production processes in livestock farming. Textbook allowance. Barnaul: Publishing house AGAU, 2004 - 136 p.
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