The principles of Russian spelling are a kind of set of rules and regulations that are the foundation for the entire system of the Russian language. Each principle is based on a set of rules. It is this set of rules that connects the principle with actual phenomena in language.
The basic principles of Russian orthography have four directions: morphological, traditional, phonetic and differential. Let's take a closer look at each of the areas.
The morphological direction is based on the requirement of identical spelling of morphemes. Prefixes, roots and suffixes of homogeneous words act as morphemes. Its essence can be defined in another way. Morphemes retain their structure in writing, regardless of pronunciation, which, based on different phonetic conditions, can sound completely different. Spelling is based on this principle. Exists certain connection morphemes with pronunciation. It manifests itself in the form of the transmission of a letter for each individual sound in a different location. So, for example, vowels can be pronounced completely differently depending on stress, consonants change their sound when next to vowels, or Thus, regardless of sound, morphemes of the same word form remain unchanged.
The huge variety of language and a wide range of sound and letter combinations makes the morphological direction the most valuable of all others. It allows you to learn the grammar and spelling of the language without much difficulty.
In addition, the principles of Russian spelling presuppose the presence of a phonetic direction, which is especially popular among students. It is based on the fact that the oral pronunciation of a word must fully correspond to the spelling. It is thanks to this principle that alternation of letters within the same morpheme appeared in the Russian language.
The traditional direction is based on the spelling of words, which is fixed by established norms and rules, regardless of pronunciation and other factors. Examples include words that came into Russian speech from other cultures and languages, that do not comply with the rules for doubling vowels and that do not obey the rules of verification. Also, this direction is based on the large difference between the sound of the word and the written version. All other principles of Russian spelling can be studied, but words that obey this principle must be memorized.
The differentiating principle of writing is based on the need for separation semantic load words, depending on their spelling. At first glance, the same word can have different meanings. Changing one of the letters allows you to distribute between semantic loads.
The principles of Russian spelling and punctuation are formed on the basis of all existing rules in the Russian language, and represent the foundation for competent presentation of speech on paper. All language consists of a set of basic principles, the most significant of which is morphological.
An important component of speech are the principles of Russian orthography of an auxiliary nature. These include the principles of doubling consonants, the principles of combined and separate writing of prepositions, as well as principles that combine the rules for using a hyphen. We can conclude that a wide range of orthographic principles determined the diversity of the Russian language. The exception is words of foreign origin, which do not follow the rules, and for their correct spelling they are worth remembering. It is thanks to the many principles and rules that Russian speech is one of the most melodious.
Modern Russian spelling is regulated by the “Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation”, in force since 1956. The adoption of these rules was very important at the time important to organize Russian writing. This was the first generally binding, legally enshrined set of rules that eliminated significant discrepancies in Russian spelling. Previously they wrote, for example: go And go, come And come, pince-nez And pince-nez, diet And diet, dance And dance, grow wild And make wood, plank And plank, freckled And freckled, damn And damn, once again And just; some borrowed words were written either with one consonant letter or with two: il(l)justration, differentiate, coefficient(f)ient, parallel(l)elogram(m) and etc.
Orthographic principles are the guiding ideas for the choice of letters by a native speaker where the sound can be indicated variably.
The nature and system of Russian spelling is revealed using its principles: morphological, phonemic, phonetic, traditional (historical) and the principle of differentiation of meanings.
Spelling rules can be based on various principles.
At its core, Russian spelling is morphological, accordingly main principle Russian spelling is a morphological principle. Its essence lies in the fact that it requires unity in the writing of the significant parts of the word. Writing, for example, the root
-house- is preserved in all words of the same root, despite the fact that its pronunciation in different words of this series is different (cf.: at home, home, brownie, housewife, etc.).
In the same way, the unity of spelling of most suffixes, prefixes and endings is observed. This principle connects a single word with related words.
Morphological principle requires that the spelling check be focused on the morphemic composition of the word; it assumes uniformity, the same spelling of morphemes: root, prefix, suffix, ending, regardless of positional alternations (phonetic changes) in the sounding word that occur during the formation of related words or word forms. Such inconsistencies between writing and pronunciation include: unstressed vowels in different morphemes - in the root, prefix, suffix, ending; deafening of voiced consonants and voicing of voiceless consonants in weak positions; unpronounceable consonants; orthoepic, traditional pronunciation of many words and combinations: [sinieva] - blue, [kan`eshna] - of course and many more. etc.
Spelling, based on a morphological principle, outwardly diverges from pronunciation, but not sharply and only in certain parts of speech. In this case, the discrepancy between writing and pronunciation is carried out during morphological writing on the basis of strictly defined relationships with pronunciation. Morphological writing is a consequence of the seeker’s understanding of the structural division of a word into its constituent significant parts (morphemes) and results in the most uniform possible representation of these parts in writing. A method of writing with a uniform graphic representation of significant parts of words makes it easier for readers to “grasp” the meaning.
Preserving the graphic unity of the same morphemes in writing, where possible, is characteristic feature Russian spelling. The uniformity of spellings of significant parts of words is achieved by the fact that positional alternations of vowels and consonants are not reflected in Russian writing.
Checking spellings written according to the morphological principle includes:
- a) understanding the meaning of the word being tested or a combination of words, without which it is impossible to select a related test word, determine the grammatical form of the word, etc.;
- b) analysis of the morphemic composition of a word, the ability to determine the place of the spelling - in the root, in the prefix, in the suffix, in the ending, which is necessary for choosing and applying the rule;
- c) phonetic analysis, determination of stressed and unstressed syllables, identification of vowels and consonants, understanding of strong and weak phonemes, positional alternations and their causes. Next - solving a spelling problem using an algorithm.
It should be noted that the assimilation of spellings that correspond to the morphological principle cannot be effective without strong speech skills of students: choosing words, forming their forms, constructing phrases and sentences.
The morphological principle in spelling has long been considered the main, leading one, since it ensures the leading role of semantics. But in last decades a new, phonemic principle claims to be the leading principle.
The next principle we will consider is the phonemic principle.
In modern phonology (a branch of linguistics that studies the structure of the sound structure of a language and the functioning of sounds in a language system), it is generally accepted that if two or more sounds alternate positionally, then in the language system they are identical. This is a phoneme - a linguistic unit represented by a number of positionally alternating sounds. Yes, phoneme [O] can be represented by the following sounds, regularly reproduced in the speech of native Russian speakers: strong position - under stress [house]; weak position - unstressed [lady].
The phonemic principle of spelling states: the same letter denotes a phoneme (not a sound!) in strong and weak positions. Russian graphics are phonemic: the letter means in its strong version and in weak position also in the same morpheme, of course. Phoneme is a meaning distinguisher. A letter, fixing a phoneme, provides a unified understanding of the meaning of a morpheme (for example, a root) regardless of its sound variations.
The phonemic principle explains basically the same spellings as the morphological principle, but from a different point of view, and this allows for a deeper understanding of the nature of orthography. He explains more clearly why, when checking an unstressed vowel, one should focus on the stressed version, on the strong position of the morpheme.
The phonemic principle allows us to combine many disparate rules: checking unstressed vowels, voiced and voiceless consonants, unpronounceable consonants; promotes understanding of consistency in spelling.
The morphological and phonemic principles do not contradict each other, but deepen each other. Checking vowels and consonants in a weak position through a strong one - from the phonemic; reliance on the morphemic composition of the word, on parts of speech and their forms - from the morphological principle.
Through uniform notation of morphemes, uniform spelling of words is achieved, which is the ultimate goal of orthography.
The morphological principle of spelling is characterized by high meaningfulness and significant simplicity. Orthography based on the morphological principle seems to be the most advanced and promising.
However, the morphological principle does not cover all spellings without exception. There are cases when writings do not obey it and even contradict it. Therefore, along with the morphological, the following are distinguished: phonetic, traditional (historical) and differentiating principles.
The phonetic principle defines a letter in which the letters sequentially designate the sounds actually pronounced in each specific case, i.e. The basis for spelling is pronunciation. The phonetic principle is used in Serbian, Belarusian, and partially in Russian. According to this principle, in Russian they write:
- a) final consonants in prefixes on salary: cloudless, joyless, useless;
- b) spelling O or A, in the attachment times- - races-, roses- - grew-
search - find, scatter - scatter
V) s after ts: gypsies, cucumbers, sinitsyn.
Russian orthography took shape in the process of long historical development, so there are quite a lot of spellings in it that no longer correspond to either its basic principle or the modern state of affairs. So, in the Old Russian language the sounds and And w were soft and should have been written after And. In modern Russian, these sounds are already hard, but we, paying tribute to tradition, continue to write after them not s, A And: live, sew. The old spelling of adjective endings is also preserved.
-Wow, -his, although in modern language on site G we pronounce V. Writings explained by the history of the language, the history of the word, are called traditional.
According to the traditional principle, a word is written as it was written in the old days or as in the language from which it was borrowed. This principle is sometimes called historical, because traditional spellings developed historically, some of them can be explained by the action of historical phonetic patterns.
Sometimes these spellings are called etymological, because. they reflect the history of words. But traditional spellings do not always reflect the etymology of words, and often directly contradict it:
tomorrowA by tomorrowO to (forat trO k, morning)
ToA Lach toO lach (about)
stA kan stO kan (drain, drain)
The traditional principle of writing is to preserve spellings that cannot be explained in terms of modern pronunciation or the modern structure of the word. These writings are memorable.
The spoken form of language changes much faster than the written form because oral speech changes spontaneously, while the spelling norm is created consciously, changes are made to it only when the contradiction between spelling and pronunciation becomes obvious. For this reason, languages with a long written tradition often retain spellings that are not justified by the modern state of the language.
The traditional principle of spelling is not motivated by the laws of language. It reflects a tradition that has emerged in written communication.
The differentiating principle is the spelling of two words or forms that are phonetically the same but have different meanings, i.e. are homophones:
grew (dew) - rose (rose), chilled - (cold) - from the rear (rear), arson (noun) - set fire (verb).
The differentiating principle has a short range of action, determining the writing of homonyms. In accordance with this principle, writing reflects the desire to differentiate homonyms, conveying their entire sound appearance in different graphic ways: burnEg -burnOg; baL - baLL and so on. The first pair of homonyms are homoforms (the sound of lexemes does not coincide in all word forms) related to various parts speech. In this case, the differentiation of homoforms in writing corresponds to the grammatical principle: the vowel E is written in verbal word forms, the vowel O - in the word forms of a noun. The words of the second pair are not opposed in grammatical meanings, the words baL - baLL are written differently in accordance with the differentiating principle. This principle is secondary. It does not determine the graphic appearance of the word, but is “layered” on phonetic and morphological principles. According to the differentiating principle, the morpheme has a constant plan of expression in writing(as the morphological principle suggests), however, the sound compositions of morphemes that coincide in oral form are transmitted in writing different ways(which limits the scope of application of the phonetic principle) in order to reflect differences in lexical meaning.
The differentiating principle has a very narrow scope of application - distinguishing certain homonyms (homophones) in writing. Therefore, it is usually not even considered a principle, but is only spoken of as differentiating spellings.
So, knowledge of the basic principles of Russian spelling allows you to generalize the rules you have learned and find a single pattern in them. Spelling is essential to ensure complete communication.
Thus, the spelling system of the Russian language is determined by a set of principles, the main of which is morphological.
Modern spelling norms require knowledge
firstly, more than a hundred spelling rules,
secondly, a large number of exceptions to the rules and,
thirdly, the spelling of so-called dictionary words, i.e. words whose spelling is not regulated by rules.
“The Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation,” published in 1956, were prepared back in the 30s of the 20th century. It is clear that over time they are “behind the times” and do not respond fully current state Russian language and spelling practice and therefore need clarification and amendments - after all, the language, for the written reflection of which the spelling rules are responsible, is in constant movement and development.
Over the course of half a century, changes have naturally occurred in the language, shaking the spelling rules; new words, types of words, and constructions have appeared, the spelling of which is not regulated by rules and therefore experiences fluctuations. We see how many new words have entered the language in our time: dealer, killer, offshore, default, realtor, karate and many, many others. It is not always clear how to write them. Among these innovations are linguistic units, standing on the border between a word and a part of a word: mini, midi, taxi, video, audio, media and other repeated first parts of compound words. Naturally, in the 1956 Rules one cannot find information on how to write them with the next part of the word - together or with a hyphen.
During the use of the current rules, inaccuracies and inconsistencies were discovered in them, in addition, some linguistic phenomena were not initially covered by the rules. This causes difficulties for writers and students of Russian writing and provokes inconsistencies in spelling practice. For example, the 1956 Rules specify only three words in which the letter must be written after a hard consonant e: mayor, peer And sir, whereas in a spelling dictionary with the letter uh words are also fixed master(?master, teacher?), plein air, racket and some others, more rare and highly specialized. The set of rules does not contain recommendations on the use of the letter y. It is clear that the 1956 Rules require some revision. It is completely justified and even necessary. The adoption of amendments, clarifications and additions to the spelling rules approved more than half a century ago is a completely natural thing: writing should, although lagging behind, still “keep up” with the language.
CONCLUSION THREE: in order to consciously apply the morphological principle of spelling, it is necessary to have an idea of grammatical meaning both words in general and his individual parts in particular.
The morphological principle of Russian orthography is so logical and generally consistent that there are practically no exceptions. ( It is estimated that in texts in Russian, 96% of spellings meet this principle.) One can easily imagine what a storm of indignation this categorical statement will cause among diligent readers of grammar reference books, where almost every rule is accompanied by a long list of notes and exceptions, bashfully compressed into small petite lines.
However, most of these seemingly anomalous spellings are by no means exceptions. They were born as a result of certain restrictions and violations of the morphological principle, which, in turn, also have their own historical pattern and are subject to the logic of the centuries-old development of the very system of our language.
Let's compare two well-known verbs - to get angry and to quarrel. It is easy to notice that both of them are written through a double C, although such a spelling corresponds to the morphological composition of the word only in the first case (prefix ras + quarrel), and in the second (prefix ras + quarrel) - the word, according to the morphological principle, should I would write with a triple C: ra sss orate. However, the absence of such a form is well explained. The fact is that in the Russian language “there are only two degrees of consonant length: consonants can be either long (which is conveyed in writing by writing two letters, cf. Kassa), or short (which is conveyed by writing one letter, cf. Kosa). The third there is no degree of length of consonants, so writing three identical consonants is phonetically meaningless" [Ivanova V.F. Modern Russian language. Graphics and spelling. M., 1976. S. 168-169].
Thus, it turns out that writing only two consonants at the junction of morphemes, although morphologically there should be three such consonants (bath - but bathroom, although the adjective suffix -n- is attached to the root of baths), or one consonant, when according to the morphological principle there should be be written two (crystal - but crystal, Finn - but Finnish, finka, column - but column, manna - but semolina, uniform - but formenka, operetta - but operetta, ton - but five-tonka, antenna - but antenna man), is explained by the action historically established phonetic patterns of the Russian language.
Now it becomes clear the spelling of adjectives such as Nice, Cherepovets, German, which, at first glance, conflicts with the spelling of Konstanz, which was mentioned above.
In fact: by adding the suffix -sk- to the base, according to the morphological principle, we would expect to see the form Nice. However, such a form would reflect the third degree of longitude of consonants, which is absent in the Russian language. Our spelling was free to choose from two options (Niztsky or Nitssky), equally violating the morphological principle for the sake of phonetic regularity. The reasonableness of preferring the first one possible options is obvious: it at least preserves the spelling of the generating stem of a word, especially a foreign word, intact.
We must not forget that spelling norms developed gradually, preserving the heritage of the past, and therefore they cannot but reflect the linguistic state of previous eras. It is safe to say that the remaining 4% of “anomalous” spellings that do not fall within the scope of the morphological principle of spelling did not arise spontaneously, but under the influence of certain phonetic traditions that have developed over the long centuries of the existence of our language.
On the pages of various manuals, textbooks and grammars, the same spelling patterns are often interpreted differently (for example, spellings in root morphemes with alternating vowels like -zor- -zar- are considered by some authors to be subject to the phonetic principle of spelling, while others consider them to be a consequence of the traditional principle ). However, since you and I are currently concerned with practical rather than scholastic problems, let’s forget about terminological accuracy and ask a more specific question: “What, exactly, are these phonetic traditions and what trace did they leave in Russian orthography?”
The basic principle of Russian orthography is morphological. This means that all significant parts of a word (roots, prefixes, suffixes, inflections), repeated in different words and forms, are always written the same way, regardless of pronunciation. For example, the root house is in all cases determined by these three letters, although in the words home and house the sound [o] of the root is pronounced differently: [da]mashny, [dъ]movoy. The same is observed in prefixes: the prefix is written with the letter t, despite its pronunciation: vacation - [ot]vacation, lights out - [hell]boy. The morphological principle is also implemented in suffixes: the suffix -sk- in the words polish[sk]ii and de[ts]kiy (children's) is pronounced differently, but is always written -sk-. Unstressed endings in writing they are expressed in the same way as stressed ones, although vowels in an unstressed position are pronounced differently: in the ground and in the gallery, under the ground and under the gallery.
It is easy to see that the unity of the orthographic appearance of morphemes is achieved by the fact that the letter indicates not their pronunciation, but the phonemic composition of the morpheme, formed by strong phonemes.
Therefore, the basic principle of Russian orthography is also called phonemic or morphophonematic, meaning by this the principle of transmitting the phonemic composition of morphemes in writing.
In addition to morphological, in Russian orthography it is customary to distinguish phonetic and traditional principles.
Phonetic spellings in Russian orthography are associated with the spelling z or s in the prefixes bez-, voz-, iz-, raz-, roz-, niz-, through-, through-.
In these prefixes, the letter z is written if followed by a voiced consonant, and s is written if followed by a voiceless consonant: homeless - barren, reward - sing, beat - drink, break - stretch, overthrow - send, extremely - striped.
Similar phonetic spellings are found in relation to the prefixes roz- (ros-) and raz- (ras-): under the accent there are roz- (ros-), and without the stress raz- (raz-): rbzliv - pour out, rbspis - receipt.
Along with morphological (phonemic) and phonetic spellings in Russian orthography there are also traditional or etymological spellings: these are spellings that no longer have support in modern word-formation and formative relations or phonetic system, but are preserved only by tradition. This is, for example, the writing of the letter g at the endings of the singular genitive case of adjectives, participles and impersonal pronouns of the masculine and neuter gender: young, mine. This spelling has been preserved since those distant eras when these forms were pronounced with [g]. Also etymological are spellings with the so-called unverified unstressed vowels a and o in the words: fence, care, boot, ram, dog, cow, axe, carrot, sorcerer, giant, noodles, drum, etc. Among the words with traditional spellings there are many borrowed ones: color, component, intellectual, terrace, neat, opponent, etc.
Differentiating spellings occupy a special place in the Russian spelling system. This different spellings words that are identical or similar sounding but have different meanings. There are few cases of differentiated writing in Russian: company (group of people) and campaign (event), crying (noun) and cry (verb), burn (noun) and burn (verb), Orel (city) and eagle (bird), etc. .
The use of capital letters is also based on the semantics of words. For example, in contrast to the common nouns venerable (man), (warm) fur coat proper names written with a capital letter: Venerable (surname), Shuba (surname).
In addition to these principles, the Russian spelling system uses the principle of continuous, separate and hyphenated (semi-continuous) spelling.
Russian spelling is structured in such a way that each independent word is written separately. However, the language is constantly in the process of forming new words, and this formation may be associated with the loss of two lexical units of their independence and their transformation into one word.
This process occurs gradually and slowly and is reflected in spelling in the form of semi-fused and continuous spellings.
Semi-fused (hyphenated) spellings reflect the incompleteness of the transformation of two lexical units into one word, while fused spellings reflect the completeness of this process.
In orthography, those fused spellings are fixed in which the semantic unity of the united lexical units finds its structural expression: the presence of connecting vowels, one stress, one system of inflections, etc.
Modern rules about continuous and especially semi-continuous spellings are quite complex and contradictory in some aspects (for example, spelling compound adjectives). However, it is still possible to identify a number of rules related to different parts speech and clearly regulating semi-continuous or continuous writing.
So, they write with a hyphen:
- Difficult words, formed by repeating the same word with different prefixes or roots with different suffixes: a little, barely, small-small, live-live, big-great.
- words with foreign language prefixes ex-, vice-, chief-etc.: ex-champion, vice-president, chief conductor;
- special terms, which include individual letters of the alphabet and a number or number: ZIL-150, TU-134, IL-62 and some other formations.
- complex abbreviated words: collective farm, village correspondent, supply manager, etc.;
- words, the first part of which are numerals: seven-day, six-hour, twenty-volume, etc.
As for taking into account the word-formation structure of a word, here we must keep in mind the undesirability of breaking up when transferring prefixes or suffixes: we need to stretch, not pa-tighten, we need Russian, not Russian, since a chaotic breakdown makes reading difficult.
- point-linear:
railway station (train station)(Fig. 2)
Rice. 2. Railway station()
- hyphens:
litera (literature)
physical education (physical education)(Fig. 3)
Rice. 3. Children in physical education ()
The ability to correctly abbreviate words in writing is a skill that is very useful for your future adult life. It will be needed when taking notes on texts, lectures, etc. And it is spelling that is responsible for this. If you open a reference book on Russian spelling and punctuation, a lot of space will be devoted to this section, where all the graphic abbreviations you need will be given.
Another section that spelling deals with is moving part of a word from one line to another.
Whatever you think about the fact that now this section of spelling is no longer strict nature, all the same, there are some basic rules that everyone writing in Russian should use. Although there are not very many of them now.
There are six basic hyphenation rules to consider. But the idea that this is an optional spelling point is wrong. Because if you moved some word, for example, car like this:
this will indicate that you do not understand that word transfer is based on the principle of taking into account the syllabic structure of a word and taking into account the composition of the word. This will be the first signal that you do not have sufficient command of spelling norms and rules.
Look at the audio chain:
(in) a new way
You cannot know what kind of word it is or what part of speech it belongs to.
in a new way- preposition and adjective
in a new way- adverb
Spelling is also responsible for this. Exists a large number of rules that you became familiar with in the spelling of compound nouns and adjectives. You've worked on this before.
This section is also in charge of spelling.
For example, the sound form of a word eagle(Fig. 4) will not tell you what kind of word is in front of you (is it a common noun or proper noun). And only writing with a capital or small letter will help you solve this problem:
eagle(common noun)
(city name)
The most basic, most important section of spelling is transferring in letters on a letter the sound composition of a word. The vast majority of the rules you learn in school are concentrated in this section.
When they talk about the principles of Russian spelling (there are three of them), they mean the principles of this section.
The leading principle of Russian spelling is morphological(morphematic).
The essence of the principle: it is necessary to consistently convey the same morpheme in writing. For example, uniformly convey the same root in all words with the same root, the same prefix, the same suffix.
This principle applies not only, say, to the roots of words with the same root, prefixes, suffixes, but also to any significant part of the word, including the ending.
Consider an example:
Into the corridor e (Fig. 5)
We write the prepositional case ending in the word form e, although it sounds in an unstressed position And-shaped sound. You can say that at the end of this word form the letter is written e, because it is a masculine noun, of the second substantive declension. But why should you write the ending in the prepositional case of masculine words of the second substantive declension? -e ? Let us remember that the same morpheme is conveyed uniformly in writing. This means that you need to understand that the service morpheme called “ending” can be checked on any other word of the same characteristic (m.r., singular, pr. p.).
For example, on the table e (under accent sounds e) (Fig. 6).
Rice. 6. Vase on the table ()
Therefore, in the prepositional case of the second declension you need to write -e .
This is a wonderful principle of Russian spelling that organizes all our writing.
Let's take a number of some words with the same prefix, which do not change in Russian (with a few exceptions), and see how this prefix behaves in sound level:
from blossom
from shade
from chain
from give
from since then
It is quite obvious that some changes occur in speech at the sound level, which our spelling does not reflect, because it is based on this basic principle - convey the same significant part of a word in the same way in writing.
This is not the only principle of spelling. There are two more principles that we encounter when conveying the sound appearance of a word using letters.
The second principle is called phonetic.
The essence of the principle:I write as I pronounce and hear.
It would seem that this principle is very simple and easy. But the number of rules that obey this principle in the Russian language is small. You know well spelling rule spelling of prefixes ending in h- ,With- . These prefixes, in accordance with the orthographic principle, are allowed to convey the actual sounding consonant in the outcome of these prefixes. But in fact, there is not much phonetic here. Sounds before vowels h and you are allowed to write h:
offend - once offend
But before the root, which begins with a voiced consonant, you sound h, and you need to write at the end of these prefixes h.
Look at the adjective:
without delicious
In this word, the root begins with a voiceless consonant; when pronounced, deafening occurs h V With.
We can conclude that this rule is not entirely phonetic.
Look at the verb:
races sew- there is no deafness in pronunciation With, not ringing h, but it sounds like a long consonant w.
That is, it would seem phonetic rule you need to adjust it a little and formulate it like this:
Prefixes ending in h-, will be written with a letter h, if the root begins with a letter denoting a vowel sound or a voiced consonant.
The letter will be written With at the end of these prefixes if the root begins with a letter denoting a voiceless consonant.
There are also phonetic spellings and another familiar rule:
If the root begins with a vowel sound And and a prefix ending in a consonant is added, then in accordance with the pronunciation it is allowed to reflect this change in sound in writing And into sound s:
And play - under s play
This is a phonetic principle, a phonetic rule. But if you think about it, after a hard consonant, with all the desire, it is impossible to pronounce only And, vowel only s:
b s l - b And l
m s l - m And l
P s l - p And l
This rule has two exceptions:
1. you cannot reflect live pronunciation in writing s-shaped sound, if these are two Russian prefixes inter- And above- :
between And Institute evening
above And interesting game
In these words we hear the sound s, but we write the letter at the beginning of the roots of these words And. Because if we allowed writing -s after the prefix inter- , then one of the basic rules Russian spelling ( live-shi write with a letter And). The same goes for the Russian console above- : in the Russian language there is not a single word with a sequence of letters hey(only hee), so we write And at the root of the word after this prefix.
2. after foreign language prefixes, the letters cannot be changed following the pronunciation And on s. This rule is not entirely good for Russian speakers in that a native speaker must know the list of these foreign language prefixes. But in the main school rule you have them all listed ( counter-, dis-, ab-, hell- and etc.)
There is another principle according to which words are written. It is called differently: traditional, historical, traditional-historical.
The essence of the principle: I write the word the way it was written before.
There are very few such words of traditional spelling (dictionary words) in the original Russian vocabulary. You become familiar with the spelling of these words in primary school:
O gherkin, m O rock, with O tank
These are all vocabulary words you learn in elementary school. Remember what's in the word dog you need to write the letter in the first syllable O, although it sounds A, not so difficult.
Even if you follow the changing pronunciation of words, this does not mean that you need to immediately change the spelling of the word. Or, for example, it so happened that in the word dog vowel O We cannot check in any way with the help of a strong position, we cannot find in the same root words or in the forms of this word that the emphasis falls on it. But this also does not mean that this spelling of the word should be changed. We'll just remember how to spell this word. The spelling of any language must be conservative; it must record and restrain those unconditional linguistic changes that occur. Changes have occurred with these vocabulary norms (our native words of origin). Previously, these words had the same root words, where the spelling of the vowel O or A was checked (the stress fell on these vowels). With the development of language, these “relatives” were lost, but this does not mean that the spelling of words needs to be changed.
The Russian language has a large number of borrowed words that are written in accordance with the traditional historical principle. This internationalisms - words that are created according to the models of Greek and Latin words and which have entered almost all Western European languages. They will be written the same in these languages. For example:
passionarity -passionarity
As you can see, in Russian we write double in this word With, which means this is double With will be written in English, and in French, and in German languages. Their spelling is the same. These traditional historical words, in which we, relying on our language, cannot check the spelling of vowels, consonants, double consonants, must remember or find out their spelling in dictionary order. There are a lot of such words today. All languages develop, coexist with each other, and interact. And these internationalisms are present in every language. This presents some difficulty for the student, for the writer. Therefore the quantity vocabulary dictations high school great.
Knowing some other Western language can sometimes help, because we often deal with internationalisms.
Let's return to the morphological principle. There are two more things that often no one thinks about. For example, with the prefix from- There are all sorts of changes in pronunciation. Everyone knows that a vowel can be checked by placing it in a strong position (under stress). And for a consonant, the strong position will be the position before the vowel. That is why our orthography with its leading morphological principle is very well and clearly organized. We always, without even realizing it, do a quick check and understand that in some word, for example, the root is - water-, and in the other - the prefix from- or under-, because we carry out these checks without thinking.
“A high degree of organization of spelling is an indicator of the high culture of a nation.”
Our spelling meets this requirement.
Rice. 7. S.I. Ozhegov ()
And another famous linguist, Lev Vladimirovich Shcherba (Fig. 8), wrote:
Rice. 8. L.V. Shcherba ()
The spelling of the Russian language is organized very well. All exceptions to the rules only emphasize the good organization of the spelling system of the Russian language.
Bibliography
- Lvova S.I., Lvov V.V. Russian language. Grade 11. - M.: Russian word, 2014.
- R.N.Buneev, E.V.Buneeva, L.Yu.Komissarova, Z.I.Kurtseva, O.V.Chindilova. Russian language. Grade 11. - M: Balass, 2012.
- Goltsova N.G., Shamshin I.V., Mishcherina M.A. Russian language. 10-11 grades. Textbook. - M.: Russian Word, 2014.
- Pandia.ru ().
- Textologia.ru ().
- Pyat-pyat.ru ().
Homework
- List the areas that spelling covers. Explain the essence of the basic principles of spelling.
- Rewrite by inserting the missing letters.
Without...blatant, without...activity, without...inventory, without...togovy, take...up, take...down, mis...information, counter...gra, notorious...known, scanned, to...to summarize, post...impressionist, before ...Yulsky, super...refined, sport...gra, from...long ago, from...zmal, with...improvise, trans...Ordanian, without...hidden, without...initiative, dis...infection, inter...institutional, above...individual, not without...interesting , ob...cut, excellent, pre...impressionistic, pre...history, super...industrialization.