For lovers aquatic species sports and ordinary tourists quite often have to deal with bites and burns from jellyfish, corals, algae and other inhabitants of the ocean depths. Therefore, you need to be prepared for an unwanted encounter and know how first aid is provided in certain cases of contact with marine inhabitants.
In the first part of our article, based on materials from the Vinsky forum, we will tell you what to do if you have an unpleasant encounter with jellyfish, hedgehogs, mollusks, octopuses and stingrays.
Corals
You can accidentally cut yourself on coral by hitting its petrified exoskeleton. Seemingly harmless wounds often become swollen and inflamed because they usually contain some amount of animal protein.
What to do if you get a cut on coral: wash damaged areas fresh water, lather, and then rinse well again. To eliminate any remaining coral dust, rinse the wound again with a mixture of water and hydrogen peroxide (1 to 1 ratio). Then cover the wound with an ointment containing an antibiotic.
Coral can sting you, then the following symptoms occur: after contact, a burning sensation occurs, in addition, most likely, a raised, itchy rash will appear. Possible swelling of the lymph glands.
What to do if you are stung by coral: Rinse the burn well sea water(as fresh water increases pain). Then rub the burn with vinegar or alcohol to relieve the pain. If necessary, shave the affected area and use tweezers to remove any remaining coral. To reduce itching and burning, you can take antihistamine or painkillers.
Jellyfish
When a jellyfish is burned, redness and slight swelling of the affected area are observed.
What to do if you are stung by a jellyfish: Rinse the burn with salt soda. Neutralize stings remaining on the skin by generously washing the burn with 5% table vinegar or 40-70% isopropyl alcohol. Remove the remaining tentacles with tweezers. Shave the affected area if necessary and rinse with vinegar again. Apply Hydrocortisone cream. Sometimes burns can be very toxic and even fatal, so watch for symptoms: nausea, lack of response to irritants, swelling of the affected area, difficulty breathing require immediate medical attention from qualified doctors.
Jellyfish cross (gonionema) when encountered, it gives the following symptoms: suffocation occurs, a dry cough appears, pain in the limbs and lower back, numbness of the fingers.
What to do if you have a gonionema burn: Remain calm if there is no doctor nearby and cover the affected area with sand. Ammonia solution (ammonia), isopropyl alcohol or vinegar can neutralize the poison. The acute period usually lasts four to five days, then the discomfort goes away. It is better not to encounter a cross the second time, since subsequent influxes of poison cause more complex consequences and serious complications.
Physalia, or the Portuguese man-of-war is not a jellyfish, but it resembles it in appearance.
This large transparent bubble is up to 25 cm in size, one of its parts is filled with gas, and this keeps it on the surface. The tentacles (up to 30 m in size) of physalia carry a large number of stinging cells, which are dangerous to humans with their poison. Contact with its tentacles results in a severe “burn” and causes excruciating pain. Later, other symptoms of poisoning appear - fever, damage to the nervous and circulatory systems, and respiratory functions. A person affected by physalia poison in water can hardly stay on the surface, which can be deadly.
Jellyfish aurelia usually up to 25 cm in diameter, pulsating, transparent, with hair-like tentacles and four kidney-shaped gonads. Aurelia burns cause skin irritation. The exotic and colorful appearance can encourage vacationers to catch the beautiful “silicone toy” floating in the sea.
The tentacles of Aurelia, 15 m long, can be felt even as you approach this “toy”. At the same time, fragments of tentacles, even washed ashore, remain dangerous even when dry.
Sea wasp jellyfish(or box jellyfish in Australia) is a small transparent jellyfish, considered the most dangerous animal of the deep sea, which has claimed the lives of more people than sharks. The venom of the sea wasp is similar in composition to the venom of the cobra, but exceeds it in potency. A stung person can die within a few minutes.
The venom of this jellyfish has a nerve-paralytic effect. When affected by poison, unbearable pain appears at the site of the stinging thread burn. After a couple of minutes, the limb may become paralyzed, and the aching pain will spread to the lymph nodes. Painful sensations may appear and fade in paroxysms, and disappear after some time. However, there are frequent fatalities from extensive burns caused by the stinging apparatus of the box jellyfish.
The affected area must be washed with sea water and then watered generously with 5% table vinegar or 40–70% isopropyl alcohol. Then use tweezers to remove the remaining tentacles. The need for cardiac massage and artificial respiration is very likely. The victim must be sent to the hospital immediately.
Sponges
Due to their vulnerability, sponges have developed very effective ways chemical protection, so it is not recommended to touch them at all. You should especially avoid contact with brightly colored sponges - yellow, orange and red. The skeletal needles of sponges can even pierce the neoprene rubber of gloves. The toxin produced by sponges causes severe skin irritation and dermatitis.
What to do if you are stung by a sponge: the affected area of skin must be washed with sea water and then treated with isopropyl alcohol or table vinegar. An allergic reaction to a burn can be quite severe, and the help of a doctor is necessary.
Sea urchins
The quills of these echinoderms are poisonous and cause painful stings (often also infection), and by remaining in the wound, the hedgehog's quills cause further pain. A large number of injections in rare cases can cause paralysis and even fatal outcome. A symptom such as difficulty breathing requires immediate medical attention.
What to do when getting an injection sea urchin : Carefully leave the water, being careful not to break off the tips of the needles sticking out of the skin. On the shore you will have to endure as best you can to wait until the body dries out. Never pull out needles with your teeth, nails, tweezers or other hard objects!
Ask someone to give you a paper napkin or paper handkerchief and carefully use the napkin to pick up a separate needle and pull it out, trying not to break it off. Then a local antibiotic can be applied. It's also a good idea to get a tetanus shot.
If the hedgehog's needles have broken off at the root and it is almost impossible to pull them out, do not panic - disinfect the affected area with alcohol. The next day the pain usually subsides and then goes away altogether. Limestone needles will eventually dissolve in your blood and leave the body without a trace.
Often, when sea urchins are pricked, the wound becomes infected and a long-term inflammatory process develops. The reasons for this are the needle particles remaining in the body, which could not be completely removed.
To avoid getting pricked, it is not recommended to touch sea urchins with long needle-like spines. It is worth remembering that even leather and fabric gloves, boots, and fins are not 100% protection! Therefore, when moving through shallow water, you need to exercise extreme caution so as not to accidentally step on poisonous echinoderms.
To neutralize the poison, you can also soak the damaged part in very hot water for 30-90 minutes or apply a pressure bandage.
When encountering a black sea urchin with long spines, black dots may be visible on the skin - this is a pigment, it is harmless, but can complicate the process of finding stuck spines.
One of the most poisonous sea urchins is the red trypneusthes. Under no circumstances should you touch it! This hedgehog loves to sit between the stones at low tide. It also comes in purple and white.
Bristle worm
When coming into contact with a bristle worm, symptoms such as swelling, burning and pain are observed.
What to do if you are bitten by a bristle worm: Rinse the wound with vinegar or alcohol to neutralize any remaining poison and relieve pain; sticky tape or strips of tape will help get rid of stubble. Hydrocortisone cream will help relieve inflammation; you should also take painkillers.
Stingrays
The smaller the slope, the more problems he can deliver to a person. Of the stingrays, the most dangerous are stingrays (with a poisonous spike on their back) and electric stingrays. An encounter with these creatures can happen even close to the shore with a sandy bottom.
Electric Stingray It has a round and fleshy body, often brightly colored, and resembles a very thick pancake in appearance. The narrow tail is sharply separated from the body of the stingray; there is a caudal fin. Gill slits are located on the belly. Their electrical organs are located on the sides of the body between the pectoral fins and the head, and they consist of modified muscle tissue. The voltage recorded during the discharge of an electrical organ various types stingrays is very different and ranges from 8V to 220V. Electric rays lead a sedentary lifestyle on the bottom, mainly in coastal marine areas. The electric shock of a stingray is very unpleasant, in some cases causing paralytic shock.
Stingray stingray- round, flat shape, with a long thin tail, about one or one and a half meters long, with poisonous spines. This stingray swims very fast. You need to beware of the tail; its spines are very difficult to remove from the body, as the spines often break when pulled out.
Symptoms of the injection are bleeding and severe pain. The wound may change color and become swollen, and there may be swollen lymph nodes or other body reactions. The stingray itself is sandy yellow. Keep in mind that stingrays can also hide under the sand.
What to do if you are struck by a stingray: First, wash the wound with sea water. Then immerse the injured area in hot water to relieve pain. Use tweezers to remove any remaining sting. Wash the wound again with soap. Stop the bleeding and bandage the wound tightly. Usually the affected area becomes inflamed and swollen, so medical intervention is necessary.
Shellfish
A great danger, especially for a diver, is the tridacna - the world's largest bivalve mollusk, whose length reaches one and a half meters and weighs 250-300 kilograms. If a person’s limb falls into a gap between slightly open doors, it can be clamped by the slammed doors like a vice. There are cases when sponge catchers even cut off a limb to save their lives. If there are tridacna in the ground, great care should be taken. If a limb is pinched, the valve closing muscles must be cut with a knife or a sharp object.
Poisonous are cone mollusks from the class of gastropods, which have a bright, conical shell. These mollusks inflict a sting with a needle-sharp thorn, which is hidden in the narrow proboscis of the shell. Inside the thorn there is a duct of the poisonous gland, through which strong poison is injected into the wound. At the moment of the injection you feel a sharp pain. Injury from some types of cones can be fatal. Due to nerve poison, paralysis of respiratory and cardiac activity occurs.
Cones are poisonous fish-eating shellfish, but they can actually kill humans. They become very active when touched in their habitat. If you take the shell in your hands, it instantly extends its hard proboscis, the radula, and thrusts its spike into the body.
The injection is accompanied by acute pain leading to loss of consciousness, as well as numbness of the affected area and other parts of the body. Then paralysis of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems may begin. According to statistics, one out of three cases of being pricked by a cone snail's thorn ends in death. All these cases took place due to the fault of man: attracted by the beauty of the mollusk, he took it in his hands and forced the cone to defend itself.
If the cone is affected by poison you need to isolate the injection site with two tourniquets on both sides and urgently take the victim to the hospital.
It is better to consult a doctor immediately after a bite, he will prescribe a pain reliever and give the necessary vaccinations. You may also need additional monitoring.
Remember that cones are very beautiful, so children often suffer from them! They can lie in the sand, while retracting deeply into their shell. The needle shoots out from the tip of the throat, very quickly and unexpectedly.
Octopuses
Large octopuses are dangerous because they can detain a diver at depth. On the 8 tentacles of an octopus there are about 2 thousand suckers, each with a holding force of about 100 gf, that is, the total holding force of an adult octopus can exceed 150 kgf.
An octopus bite also poses a real danger. The secretion of the octopus' poisonous salivary glands can get into the wound. In this case, acute pain and itching is felt in the area of the bite. An inflammatory reaction and heavy bleeding from the wound occur due to slow blood clotting. Usually after 2-3 days recovery occurs. At the same time, there are cases of severe poisoning when symptoms of damage to the central nervous system. If you are bitten by an octopus, you need to apply a tourniquet. Prolonged artificial respiration may be required. It is necessary to urgently take the Victim to the hospital.
Sea fleas
Vacationers who like to swim far into the sea often meet these inhabitants of the underwater world. Suddenly, absolutely clean water, 30-50 meters from the shore, the swimmer’s body begins to feel a burning tingling sensation, as if someone is pricking him with thin hot needles. If this happens, do not panic and do not try to fight it off with your hands, as you have fallen into a school of small transparent crustaceans - “sea fleas”. The best thing to do is to swim quickly to the shore. Usually, “sea flea” bites end without any consequences, and only people with delicate skin may develop “hives” on the body.
Sea fleas are very small in size, making them difficult to see. Their length is about 1 mm. They can make long jumps of up to 30-40 mm. They do not have wings, but they have long legs that allow them to make long jumps.
Benefits for the ecology of the beach
Scientists have proven that fleas clean sand naturally. They do this by consuming microorganisms that live in it. In the evening, crawling out of the shelter, they clean the coastal waters. Their front legs have sacs that allow them to breathe oxygen.
Gammarus is not as terrible for humans as it seems. Subject to simple measures be careful, it will not cause harm.
Harm from sea fleas to humans
Sea fleas can drink human blood. Both females and males can bite. After the bite of a male, a mark remains, as if from mosquito bite. Females can be compared to ticks. They penetrate the skin and attach to blood vessels in order to carry eggs.
Signs that a female has bitten: the bitten area swells, a white abscess appears, pain is present, the bite site is marked in the center black dot- This is the abdomen of the female.
The danger of sea fleas
The most common areas of bites are the buttocks, groin, lower limbs, feet, and the space between the fingers.
Treatment of sea flea bites
To alleviate the condition after a sea flea bite, you can use the following remedies:
- Do not scratch the bite site, as this can lead to skin infection.
- Take a shower. After discovering that you have been stung by sea fleas, you must first remove your swimsuit. Then take a shower. Some people make the mistake of showering in their bathing suit. The larvae still remain on it and continue to sting the person. To prevent rashes, wipe the swimsuit with alcohol or vinegar, then wash with detergent and dry.
- Using vinegar and alcohol. These products are often used to relieve sea itch. It is necessary to moisten a cotton ball in vinegar and apply it to the sore spot. Do not wash off; skin must air dry. Taking a vinegar bath will also help. Alcohol diluted with water will help neutralize toxins.
- Using cold compresses. Several ice cubes are wrapped in a towel and applied to the affected areas. This procedure is performed until the symptoms subside. It is also possible to wet a washcloth in cold water and apply to sore spots.
- Apply calamine lotion. It will help reduce itching sensations. A small amount of lotion is applied to the affected area with gentle movements. It is necessary to consult a doctor before applying this lotion if it is planned to be used during pregnancy or breastfeeding, as well as for children under six months. It is also possible to use hydrocortisone ointment to relieve itching. It is used with caution in children under 10 years of age.
- Taking a bath. To relieve redness and reduce itching, you can take a bath with baking soda. To do this, pour one glass of soda into a bath with warm water and spend from half an hour to one hour in it. You can mix 3 parts baking soda with one part water and stir them to form a thick paste. It is applied to the affected area and left on it for 30 minutes. Then the soda is washed off. It is also possible to take an oatmeal bath. Oatmeal contains antioxidants that will calm you down. skin covering. To prepare such a bath, you will need to pour two glasses of oatmeal into a bath of warm water. In order not to aggravate the situation, you should not make the water in the bath hot.
- Application of preparations with aloe vera. Aloe is used to treat many skin diseases. It will soften the skin and reduce irritation and itching.
- Usage essential oil. Oils such as: tea tree, cedar oil, lavender oil. The oil is applied directly to the skin. To prevent irritation from the oil, it is mixed with a base oil.
- Use of non-steroidal and anti-inflammatory drugs. For example, ibuprofen, aspirin. They will get rid of inflammatory process and discomfort.
Possible consequences of a bite
In addition to itching and discomfort after a sea flea bite, the following symptoms may be present in particularly severe cases: fever, chills, nausea, headaches, red eyes.
There are several simple rules, following which you can prevent unpleasant consequences:
- The times when fleas are active are early in the morning and after sunset. During this period, you should not walk along the beach.
- The habitats of gammarus are algae that are washed ashore.
- You cannot walk barefoot on the beach. It is necessary to use special beach shoes.
- It is better to lie on the beach in a sun lounger.
- Before going to the beach, it is better to spray yourself with a special fly spray.
- It is better to spend your holidays in those places that are a beach area.
- After visiting the beach, you need to carefully examine your body. Special attention worth paying attention to your feet.
- In total, more than two thousand species of fleas have been described.
- Entomologist Charles Rothschild collected a collection of fleas. It is kept in a museum in Britain.
- When a flea hatches from an egg, it immediately begins to look for a host to live on. Usually this is one of the mammals.
- Fleas have the ability to transmit infectious diseases from one to another.
- Gammarus goes through 4 stages in life: egg, larva, pupa, and adult.
- Flea saliva contains substances that can cause severe allergic reactions.
- The eggs mature in about 7 days.
- The lifestyle of Gammarus is semi-terrestrial. They spend time in the area near the shore and on deep sea. At the same time, they always try to get out onto land.
- Wash your feet after walking on the beach.
If not you, then a friend of a friend probably stepped on a sea urchin or got burned on a jellyfish.
There are many inhabitants in the sea, encounters with which you need to be wary. It’s even better to know where to run and what to do in case of injury or a fish bite. We have collected for you useful information about marine life at popular resorts. Remember first aid measures and handle them carefully!
And pay attention to the flags on the beach
Jellyfish
Air creatures can be incredibly dangerous. Their stinging cells contain poison. The most dangerous jellyfish you can encounter on the beach are the yellow round box jellyfish and the “Portuguese man-of-war”, a beautiful blue-violet color.
Jellyfish "Portuguese Man of War"
Box jellyfish (sea wasp)
Where do they meet?: beaches South-East Asia, Mediterranean Sea, Indian and Pacific Oceans.
Security measures: try not to go to the beach after a storm - jellyfish wash up on the shore and the chance of meeting them is very high.
If you are stung by a jellyfish, call a doctor. After a bite, do not rub the wound or pull out the sting. While you wait for help, you can apply a dry compress and rinse the area with sea water. And forget the tales of miracle cures of urine, vinegar and alcohol!
Sea fleas
Let's say right away that sea fleas bite very rarely, but the consequences of the bites appear immediately. Miniature insects can cause unpleasant rashes and irritations. All fleas bite - both females and males. But the bites of males will only leave irritation and itching, and the consequences of bites of females are more serious. These fleas stick to a person and drink blood, so the bite can become inflamed and fester if the body of the insect remains in it.
You can encounter sea fleas along the surf line, in storm-tossed algae. Also, a large colony can make quiet sounds. Do you hear a barely noticeable howl on a wild beach? Then it's better not to walk barefoot on the sand!
Where do they meet?: on sandy beaches. In Southeast Asia (Thailand, Vietnam), India, South America, Africa, even on the Black Sea coast in Russia.
Security measures: do not swim at dawn and sunset, do not walk barefoot on a wild beach, wash your feet after walking on the sand. If a flea has bitten you and nothing but itching bothers you, take an antihistamine and anoint the wound with a soothing cream. If the insect's head is visible in the wound and there is pus, then you need to go to the hospital. Trying to get a flea on your own using oil, like a tick, will not work.
Fire worms
Despite the creepy name, they look quite cute: a bright orange caterpillar with fluffy white bristles. It can reach 40 cm in size, but usually about 10 cm. Some fans wildlife It’s hard to restrain yourself from grabbing the handsome man in your hands. This should not be done under any circumstances: the worm instantly parts with its bristles, they scatter in the water and stick straight into your hands. The spines contain capsules containing poison containing a neurotoxin. The skin turns red, swells, dizziness and nausea begin.
Where do they meet?: Mediterranean Sea, Adriatic coast.
Security measures: Do not swim on wild beaches - fireworms accumulate right in the shallow water between the stones. They themselves are timid and non-aggressive; they will not attack unless disturbed. If you are diving on an unequipped beach, wear rubber slippers - they will protect your feet.
If you are injured by a fireworm, you need to remove the poison capsules. Use tweezers if you see spines, or regular tape if the bristles are not visually visible. After this, the wound should be wiped with alcohol. And don’t forget to see a doctor - if the affected area is large, you will be prescribed antibiotics.
Sea urchins
Walking along the water's edge, you can easily step on a sea urchin hiding in the rocks. The main danger is sharp needles up to 30 centimeters long. If one of them digs into your leg, it could ruin your vacation. The foot swells, the temperature rises, and the wound festers.
Where do they meet?: coast of Northern and South America, New Zealand, Red and Mediterranean Sea. They live in rocks and are rarely found on sandy beaches. Often seen on wild beaches.
Security measures: Rubber swimming slippers can save you. When you enter the water, carefully inspect the bottom and be vigilant while diving. If a hedgehog thorn does attack you, do not try to remove it yourself: it is very fragile and will break easily. It is better to go to the hospital immediately.
If it is not possible to go to the hospital, you can first hold the leg with the thorn in hot water and then carefully pull it out. Treat the wound with an antiseptic.
Lionfish (zebra fish, lion fish)
Lion fish, zebra fish or lionfish are beautiful striped creatures with large fins, inside of which a dangerous poison is hidden. You can meet the fish while diving. She lives near coral reefs, in shallow waters. It is quite possible to observe her from afar - she does not attack herself. But if you disturb a zebra fish, it will release its fin-spines with poison. It will be painful, possible fainting and even muscle paralysis.
Where do they live?: Red Sea, Indian Ocean
Security measures: Try not to disturb lionfish while diving. If you run into a dangerous thorn, wash the wound with hydrogen peroxide and, if you find it, treat Epsom salt(magnesium sulfate) - this will help neutralize the poison. Then lower it into hot water up to 45 degrees so that it doesn’t burn. It will feel better in 10-15 minutes. After this, disinfect the wound again and take an antihistamine.
Sea snakes
It's serious: Snakes living in water produce more toxic venom than their terrestrial counterparts.
The good news is that when bitten, very little venom is released to seriously harm a person. Only 2 species of sea snakes are deadly. But a meeting with the safest of them cannot be called pleasant - the bite will hurt, tumors, swelling, allergies, and weakness are possible. In water, animals do not attack and try to hide as quickly as possible. But if a snake has washed up on land, you definitely shouldn’t touch it.
Where do they meet?: warm seas The Pacific and Indian oceans, most of all in the South China Sea.
Security measures: Do not touch sea snakes. They are shy and will not attack themselves. If you manage to get a snake bite, there is no need to wipe it with vinegar. And don’t even think about “treating yourself” with alcohol - it promotes vasodilation and rapid absorption of poison. You can try to suck out the poison with a blood-sucking cup, syringe or mouth (but only if there are no wounds in the mouth).
Stingrays
The animals spend most of their time motionless, so they may not be noticed in the sand. But if you disturb the stingray, it will be forced to sting. You will feel pain, dizziness, weakness. You should be concerned if the stingray wounded you in the chest or stomach. If the stingray stings the leg or arm, then there is no danger to life. The main thing is to properly treat the wound.
Where do they meet?: Red Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean.
Precautionary measures: don't walk around wild beaches barefoot, wear rubber slippers. If you are stung by a stingray, first wash the wound with sea water. Treat with hydrogen peroxide, place the limb in warm water and keep for at least 30 minutes. Take an antihistamine. After this, the pain should subside. IN next days Clean the wound with soap and water. If signs of suppuration appear, consult a doctor.
Anemones (anemones)
Do you think this beautiful flowers under the water? No, these are living creatures - sea anemones from the order of sea cnidarians. Outwardly, they look like ordinary grass, only the colors are brighter and the leaves are fleshier. They grow in colonies near the shore, in rocks. Most sea anemones are safe; poisonous ones become active by September. If you touch some poisonous species sea anemone, part of the tentacle comes off and remains on the skin. The contact area hurts, like a burn.
Where do they meet?: Mediterranean Sea, Adriatic
Precautionary measures: Do not touch bright flower-like sea anemones. If you get a burn, rinse the wound with sea water and apply a hot compress. Then take an antihistamine.
With this article we in no way want to dissuade you from traveling and swimming in the sea! Sunbathing on equipped beaches, most tourists never encounter dangerous marine life. But forewarned means forearmed. Be a smart tourist and don't panic over the little things. And just in case, remember the safety rules at sea.
Difficult childhood
ON THIS TOPIC
Our hero was born in 1953 in Beijing in the family of party official Xi Zhongxun. My father was an ally of Mao Zedong and at one time quickly moved up the career ladder. In 1959, he took the post of deputy chairman of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, effectively becoming the second person in the state.
Mao's "Great Leap Forward" policy Chinese version Soviet industrialization completely failed. A number of influential party officials were accused of the failure, including the father of the future head of the PRC. Soon, Zhongxun's family was branded as "counter-revolutionaries", exiled to the provinces and sentenced to the dirtiest work - tending a pigsty.
Already in adulthood, Xi Jinping recalled those terrible years. His constant companions were hunger, cold and beatings from the guards. “For almost seven years, my home was a dirty barn with pigs. I slept on a bed made of bricks, covered with an old blanket that was infested with fleas. I drank from the same bucket with the pigs,” the head of the PRC said about the most terrible period of his life.
Unsuccessful marriage
A bright spot in the Xi family came with the death of Mao in 1976 and the rise to power of the reformer Deng Xiaoping. The new leader rehabilitated most of the victims of repression, including the family of the future chairman. Xi Jinping returns to Beijing and enters university.
Soon he began to think about marriage. Xi Jinping took a liking to Ke Seoming, the daughter of the Chinese ambassador to Great Britain, one of the main beauties of that time. The girl reciprocated and the young people got married, receiving a luxury apartment in a prestigious area of Beijing as a gift.
Unfortunately, the marriage turned out to be unhappy. Elegant and educated, Ke, who grew up in London, was burdened by life in China, so after several years of marriage, she left her husband and went back to England. Xi Jinping, who by that time was actively moving up the party ladder, resigned from all posts and asked to be sent to work in a remote province as punishment.
Rise to Power
The high results achieved by Xi in his new place of work, as well as his father’s acquaintance with Deng Seoping, led the future head of the PRC to his first high position - he became the mayor of the city of Zhengding. In three years, Xi turned it into a tourist center and raised the well-being of the townspeople.
Xi was considered a likely successor as head of state at the beginning of the 2000s. The then Chinese President Hu Jintao chose from four people: in addition to Xi Jinping, Li Keqiang, Zhou Yongkang and Chen Liangyu were considered for the top post.
The latter's positions were the strongest, but he made a number of careless steps, including allowing himself to criticize the party leadership. The investigation against Chen Liangyu was conducted personally by Xi Jinping, which ultimately ended in 18 years in prison. The road to power was cleared.
Fights with chairs
Xi Jinping's rise to political Olympus was preceded by a mysterious story. A month before the November 2012 party congress, at which he was elected general secretary, Xi suddenly disappeared. Many meetings were cancelled, including with then-US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton.
The influential American newspaper Washington Post shed light on the disappearance of the politician. The publication wrote that the reason was a fight that occurred at a meeting between Xi and his opponent Zhou Yongkang. The heated conversation eventually escalated into a fight, where the future head of state was hit with a chair. To hide the injuries he had suffered, he had to withdraw from the public eye for some time. True, there is no confirmation of the information voiced by the newspaper.
The hated Winnie the Pooh
Under Xi Jinping, Chinese censorship has taken on Winnie the Pooh. The reason many say is the external similarity of the popular cartoon character to the chairman. In 2017, posts that mentioned the bear cub were cut from Sina Weibo (the Chinese equivalent of Twitter), and stickers with the bear cub disappeared from messengers.
Historically, two things were prohibited in China - political organization and political activity, experts say. “But now a third has been added to the list: talk about the chairman,” Qiao Mu, a professor of media communications at Beijing Foreign Studies University, was quoted by the media as saying.
Animal and vegetable world on the seabed of the reserve is very diverse. Any rocks, stones, sand, silt under water are inhabited by various living creatures. Despite the relatively small area the marine part of the reserve (809 hectares) on land at the very edge of the water, where waves only periodically wash the shore, dozens of species live in the splash zone. The number of crustaceans - amphipods can number tens of thousands on one square meter. Small amphipods, called sea fleas for their jumping ability, are especially numerous. They accumulate in masses under the seaweed thrown out by the sea, and if disturbed, they quickly scatter under any nearby shelter. Sea fleas are completely harmless to humans, but the seas play a big role in life. By consuming decomposing algae, these crustaceans play the role of orderlies, cleaning the coastal area from excessive pollution. A bright representative An animal that prefers to live on the border between water and land is the marbled crab. Its shell reaches 4.5 cm in width. The crab quickly runs from one stone to another, hides in cracks and tries to hide when a person approaches. These crustaceans, like other crabs, are orderlies, since they eat the decaying remains of animals, thereby providing an invaluable service to the reserve and to humans. The number of crabs and shrimps on Karadag includes 28 species out of 38 known for the entire Black Sea.
On hard soils, a community of algae and various animals forms, which hydrobiologists call fouling. Until recently, the most colorful and widespread animals were mussels - bivalve mollusks, whose almost black shells often covered the surface of stones and rocks in the reserve with a dense brush. In the 80s of the last century, the largest mussels in the Black Sea were found on the Golden Gate rock. Mussel shell valves can reach a length of 10 cm or more. The mussel filters through its gill apparatus sea water, while trapping phytoplankton organisms and various small food particles that constitute their main food. From one square meter of solid substrate, mussels are filtered and purified to 20 cubic meters water per day. These mollusks are the most powerful living filter of the Black Sea.
In addition to mussels and other bivalves, sea water is purified by other organisms - for example, sponges that resemble appearance lumps different color. There are 8 known species of them in the reserve. Tunicates, similar to jugs up to 6 cm in size with two holes at the top, also filter water.
Mussels and other bivalves are attacked by the rapana snail. This is the largest gastropod with a beautiful shell in the Black Sea; its shell length can reach 15 cm. It was first discovered in the Black Sea in the 50s of the last century. Rapana is a valuable commercial species and is actively caught by divers along the entire coast of Crimea. Interesting life cycle this snail. In winter, they burrow into the sand, and in the summer, in July - August, they accumulate in groups for reproduction at a depth of several meters and even near the surface on rocks. Rapana is a favorite delicacy for gourmets.
Rapana - an invader in the Black Sea
The largest crab of the Black Sea is the stone crab or erithia. The color of the shell of this crab is bright red-brown. The width of its shell reaches 10 cm. The stone crab is an orderly of the sea. By eating various decaying remains, these crabs help maintain the purity of water. In addition to the stone crab, a small crab, the pilumnus, is often found among the mussels. The shell of this crab is brightly colored Crimson and, despite its small size, the pilumnus “pinches” quite noticeably.
Stone crab
Often on stones and cliffs you can see small “flowers” on short thick legs, reminiscent of asters. These are primitive animals - sea anemones. They are relatives of the famous corals, but unlike the latter they do not have a hard exoskeleton. These unusual animals are predators. Many exposed poisonous tentacles catch various small animals who are careless to touch them. Sea anemones are not the only representatives of these animals in the Black Sea. Very similar to sea anemone but smaller in size and more graceful is the small sessile jellyfish - alfalfa. It resembles a tiny glass with fringe around the edges. Lucernaria is very demanding on the purity of water, so its distribution in the Black Sea is limited.
sea anemone
Despite the relatively small area of the marine part of the reserve, it is home to a surprising number of animals and plants. Thus, more than half of the species of polychaete worms of the polychaete class are found in the reserve - 101 species out of 192 for the entire Black Sea! A striking representative of this group is the perinereis worm, reaching a length of 10 cm. Living perinereis is red-brown in color with a metallic sheen. They feed on plant debris, although small crustaceans, a harpacticide, are found in its intestines. The fertility of perinereis is high - more than 400 thousand eggs per 1 female. Worms - polychaetes, oligochaetes, nematodes - are an important link in the food web of the sea, playing a significant role in the fragile balance of living things.
Small organisms, approximately 1 mm to 1 cm long, play a major role in maintaining balance in the reserve. Reaching colossal numbers, they become an important part of the food of many commercial fish species and an important link in the cycle of life. Imagine that on the rocks of Karadag, in an area of 1 square meter, you can count up to hundreds of thousands of small crustaceans of only one species. And in terms of the number of species of small animals there are incomparably more than large ones. Some of these tiny creatures are quite interesting in appearance and lifestyle. So, for example, the small crustacean sea goat is so unusual in body shape that sometimes it is difficult to recognize it as an animal and not a plant. The males of these creatures have a poisonous spike on their claw, which they use to kill prey or use to protect the female from a rival. But due to their small size (only up to 12 mm), sea goats are completely harmless to humans.
If we pay attention to the sandy clearing at the bottom, then at first glance it will seem that there are incomparably fewer inhabitants there than on the rocks. Actually this is not true. Inhabitants of loose soils - pebbles, sand, silt, for the most part burrow into the ground or hide between individual stones. After all, if you’re a little lazy, you’ll soon end up with some fish or crab for lunch. A striking representative of such a burrowing fauna is the crayfish - the mole upogebia with a shell length of up to 6 cm. These crayfish burrow into the ground and, swimming with a mask above the bottom, it is possible to see only their burrows. The body shape of the upogebia is unusual and somewhat resembles a praying mantis insect. Crayfish-moles build their holes in such a way that there are two exits and in case of danger they can jump out from the other side. Therefore, it is very difficult to catch them.
Another large representative of sandy-silty soils is the bivalve mollusk anadara, a recent invader in the Black Sea. Anadara, like higher animals, has red blood and is able to withstand very harsh conditions a habitat. Like many large bivalves, the anadara is a commercial target in some countries.
Anadara - an invader in the Black Sea
Especially many different small animals accumulate on the sand if there are accumulations of torn algae, knocked into heaps by waves and currents. Such accumulations attract crustaceans, snails, various worms and fish, which readily feast on numerous prey. On one square meter of sandy bottom, covered with accumulations of torn algae, you can count tens of thousands of different small inhabitants.
A very interesting representative of the sand fauna is the swimming crab with a shell width of up to 4 cm. Its hind legs are flattened, which allows it to swim quite successfully and spread to other territories. Among the real crabs off the coast of Karadag, you can occasionally find a sea spider - a long-legged long-beaked, or macropodia, which has maximum dimensions up to 31 mm. Representatives of this genus live mainly in warm seas.
Long-legged long-beaked sea spider
On the sandy bottom of Karadag, even bivalves can float slightly above the ground, moving by jumping. This is how the famous scallops behave, popularly called “crown” for their distant resemblance to this object. Scallops are surprisingly varied in color: red, brown, bright yellow with multi-colored patterns. Unfortunately, these bivalves up to 5.5 cm in length have become very scarce in the coastal waters of Crimea and the waters of the Karadag Nature Reserve, for reasons that are still unclear.
Source : Grintsov V.A. Fauna of the seabed // Karadag Reserve: Popular Science Essays / Ed. A.L. Morozova. - Simferopol: N. Orianda, 2011. - P. 172-177.