Which is characterized by a number of features: preliminary consideration of the statement, monologue character, strict selection linguistic means, attraction to standardized speech.
The style of scientific works is ultimately determined by their content and the goals of scientific communication: to explain facts as accurately and completely as possible, to show cause-and-effect relationships between phenomena, to identify patterns of historical development, and so on.
Features of the scientific style
Scientific style has a number of common features, manifested regardless of the nature of certain sciences (natural, exact, humanities) and differences between genres of statement (monograph, Research Article, report, textbook, etc.), which makes it possible to talk about the specifics of the style as a whole. At the same time, it is quite natural that, for example, texts on physics, chemistry, mathematics differ markedly in the nature of presentation from texts on philology or history.
Scientific style is characterized logical sequence of presentation, orderly system of connections between parts of the statement, the authors’ desire to accuracy, conciseness, unambiguity when saving saturation content.
Logic- this is the presence of semantic connections between successive units (blocks) of text.
Consistency only a text has the conclusions in which the conclusions follow from the content, they are consistent, the text is divided into separate semantic segments, reflecting the movement of thought from the particular to the general or from the general to the particular.
Clarity, how is the quality scientific speech, assumes clarity, availability. In terms of accessibility, scientific, scientific-educational and popular science texts differ in material and in the method of its linguistic design.
Accuracy scientific speech presupposes unambiguity understanding, absence of discrepancy between the signified and its definition. Therefore, scientific texts, as a rule, lack figurative, expressive means; words are used mainly in direct meaning, the frequency of terms also contributes to the unambiguity of the text.
The strict accuracy requirements for scientific text make restriction on the use of figurative means language: metaphors, epithets, artistic comparisons, proverbs, etc. Sometimes such means can penetrate into scientific works, since the scientific style strives not only for accuracy, but also for persuasiveness, evidence. Sometimes figurative means are necessary to implement a requirement clarity, clarity presentation.
Emotionality, like expressiveness, in a scientific style, which requires an objective, “intellectual” presentation of scientific data, is expressed differently than in other styles. The perception of a scientific work can evoke certain feelings in the reader, but not as a response to the emotionality of the author, but as an awareness of the author himself. scientific fact. Although a scientific discovery has an impact regardless of the method of its transmission, the author of a scientific work himself does not always abandon his emotional and evaluative attitude towards the events and facts presented. Striving for limited use of the author's self- this is not a tribute to etiquette, but a manifestation of an abstract and generalized stylistic feature of scientific speech, reflecting the form of thinking.
A characteristic feature of the style of scientific works is their richness of terms(in particular, international ones). However, the degree of this saturation should not be overestimated: on average, terminological vocabulary usually accounts for 15-25 percent of the total vocabulary used in the work.
Plays a big role in the style of scientific work use of abstract vocabulary.
In the field of morphology there is using shorter form options, which corresponds to the principle savings linguistic means.
To connect parts of the text are used special means(words, phrases and sentences) indicating subsequence development of thoughts (“first”, “then”, “then”, “first of all”, “preliminarily”, etc.), on the connection of previous and subsequent information (“as indicated”, “as already mentioned”, “as noted” , “considered”, etc.), on cause-and-effect relationships (“but”, “therefore”, “due to this”, “therefore”, “due to the fact that”, “as a result of this”, etc.), on the transition to a new topic (“let’s consider now”, “let’s move on to consideration”, etc.), on the proximity, identity of objects, circumstances, signs (“he”, “same”, “such”, “so”, “here” ", "here", etc.).
Substyles of scientific style
The difference between scientific and all other styles of speech is that it can be divided into three so-called substyles:
- Scientific. The addressee of this style is a scientist, a specialist. The purpose of style can be called the identification and description of new facts, patterns, discoveries.
- Scientific and educational. Works in this style are addressed to future specialists and students in order to teach and describe the facts necessary to master the material, therefore the facts presented in the text and examples are given as typical ones.
- Popular science. The addressee is anyone interested in this or that science. The goal is to give an idea of science and interest the reader.
Genres using scientific style
Scientific texts are presented in the form of separate completed works, the structure of which is subject to the laws of the genre.
The following genres of scientific prose can be distinguished: monograph, journal, review, textbook ( tutorial), lecture, report, information message (about a conference, symposium, congress), oral presentation (at a conference, symposium, etc.), dissertation, scientific report. These genres belong to primary, that is, created by the author for the first time.
TO secondary texts, that is, texts compiled on the basis of existing ones, include: abstract, author's abstract, synopsis, abstract, abstract. When preparing secondary texts, information is collapsed in order to reduce the volume of the text.
The genres of the educational and scientific substyle include: lecture, seminar report, course work, abstract message.
History of scientific style
Emergence with the development of different areas scientific knowledge, different areas human activity. At first, the style of scientific presentation was close to the style of artistic narration. The separation of the scientific style from the artistic one occurred in the Alexandrian period, when Greek, which spread its influence at that time to the entire cultural world, scientific terminology began to be created.
Subsequently, it was replenished from the resources of Latin, which became the international scientific language of the European Middle Ages. During the Renaissance, scientists strived for conciseness and accuracy of scientific description, free from emotional and artistic elements of presentation as contradictory to the abstract and logical representation of nature. However, the liberation of the scientific style from these elements proceeded gradually. It is known that the too “artistic” nature of Galileo’s presentation irritated Kepler, and Descartes found that the style scientific evidence Galileo is overly fictionalized. Subsequently, Newton's logical presentation became a model of scientific language.
In Russia, a scientific language and style began to take shape in the first decades of the 18th century, when authors of scientific books and translators began to create Russian scientific terminology. In the second half of this century, thanks to the work of M.V. Lomonosov and his students, the formation of a scientific style took a step forward, but it finally took shape in the second half of the 19th century, together with the scientific activities of the largest scientists of that time.
Example
An example illustrating the scientific style of speech:
The most important economic and biological characteristics of varieties are: resistance to growing conditions (climate, soil, pests and diseases), durability, transportability and shelf life. (G. Fetisov.)Literature
- Ryzhikov Yu. I. Work on a dissertation in technical sciences: Requirements for a scientist and for a dissertation; Psychology and organization of scientific work; Language and style of the dissertation, etc. St. Petersburg, BHV-Petersburg, , 496 with ISBN 5-94157-804-0.
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
See what “Scientific style of speech” is in other dictionaries:
Main article: Functional speech styles Scientific style functional speech style literary language, which has a number of features: preliminary consideration of the statement, monologue character, strict selection of linguistic means, ... ... Wikipedia
Scientific style- presents scientific. the sphere of communication and speech activity related to the implementation of science as a form of social consciousness; reflects theoretical thinking, appearing in a conceptually logical form, which is characterized by objectivity and abstraction... Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language
speech style- ▲ style of presentation; style of speech; character of presentation. conversational style. book style. art style. journalistic style. scientific style. scientific. officially business style. clerical style [language]. protocol style. protocolism...... Ideographic Dictionary of the Russian Language
scientific style Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
Scientific style- One of functional styles, associated with the scientific sphere of communication and speech activity aimed at the implementation of science as a form of social consciousness. N.s. reflects theoretical thinking, appearing in a conceptual logical form, for... ... General linguistics. Sociolinguistics: Dictionary-reference book
scientific style- a type of literary language: one of the bookish styles of speech, serving the spheres of science and education... Dictionary of literary terms
This article lacks links to sources of information. Information must be verifiable, otherwise it may be questioned and deleted. You can... Wikipedia
Styles of Russian literary language
Main function scientific style speech - the transmission of logical information and proof of its truth (in the complete absence of expression of emotions). Depending on the topic, scientific-technical, scientific-natural, scientific-humanitarian varieties of scientific speech are usually distinguished. In addition, depending on the specific tasks and scope of use, one can distinguish such substyles as: scientific, scientific-informative, scientific-reference, patent, educational-scientific, popular science. These substyles are used in different genres of scientific speech:
A) actually scientific - a monograph (scientific work that develops in depth one topic, one range of issues), article, report, etc.;
b) scientific and informative - abstract (brief summary of the content of scientific work), abstract ( a brief description of books, articles, etc.), textbook, study guide, etc.;
V) popular science - essay, book, lecture, etc.
With all the diversity of varieties and genres, the scientific style of speech is characterized by the unity of its dominant, that is, the most important feature organizing the style. The dominant feature of the scientific style is conceptual accuracy and emphasized logic of speech.
The accuracy of scientific speech presupposes the selection of linguistic means that have the quality of unambiguity and the ability the best way express the essence of a concept, that is, a logically formulated general thought about an object or phenomenon. Therefore, in the scientific style they avoid using (but still sometimes use) various figurative means, for example, metaphors. The only exceptions are metaphorical terms.
Compare: in physics - atomic nucleus; in botany - flower pistil; in anatomy - eyeball, Auricle.
The generality and abstractness of the language of science is dictated by the specifics of scientific knowledge. Science expresses abstract thought, so its language is devoid of concreteness. A word in scientific speech usually names not a specific, individually unique object, but a whole class of homogeneous objects and phenomena, that is, it expresses not a particular, not individual, but a general scientific concept. Therefore, first of all, words with a generalized and abstract meaning are selected.
For example, in the definition: “Agreement is a method of communication in which the dependent word is put in the same forms as the main one”, - almost every word means general concept(word in general, method in general, connection in general, etc.).
The intellectual nature of scientific knowledge determines the logic of the language of science, expressed in preliminary thinking through the message and in a strict sequence of presentation. The purpose of any scientific message is to present certain scientific information and prove it. The role of the author’s “I”, the speaker, in scientific speech is very insignificant. The main thing is the message itself, its subject, the results of the study, presented clearly, clearly, objectively, regardless of the feelings that the author experiences about this. The author’s feelings and experiences are taken out of the picture and are not included in the speech. Phrases like:
I've been struggling with this problem for five years; I am proud that I was the first to solve this complex scientific problem.
Personal emotions are not allowed here. That is why in scientific speech only neutral means are used and expressive ones are unacceptable. And this, in turn, determines other speech features scientific style.
| Language means | Examples |
|---|---|
| Language level: Vocabulary | |
| Terms - the exact name of any concept from the field of science, technology, art, public life etc. (single word and phrases). | Medicine: diagnosis, anesthesia, otolaryngology, prescription. Philosophy: agnosticism, basis, dialectics, matter. |
| General scientific vocabulary, as well as book (but not high) vocabulary of abstract meaning. | Number, system, function, process, element, represent, consider, appear, conclude. |
| Language level: Morphology | |
| The predominance of a noun over other parts of speech. | The basis of the problem social linguistics amounts to social impact research on language And language on society. |
| Frequency of nouns in the nominative and genitive cases. | Social linguistics - the science about public character emergence, development and functioning of language. |
| Widespread use of abstract neuter nouns. | Movement, quantity, phenomenon, relation, formation, change. |
| The predominance of verbs of the imperfect form of the present tense. | Among stylistically colored means stand out ones that are quite regular are used in certain functional styles. |
| Lack of 2nd literal verb forms. units and many more h.; using a 1-liter form. pl. h. when indicating the author. Accordingly, the use of the pronoun We instead of a pronoun I. | We get this formula using the theorem on the expansion of the determinant into the elements of some column. |
| Use of demonstrative pronouns. | IN given case, this process. |
| Use of participles and gerunds. | Variants are variations of the same linguistic unit, possessing the same value, But differing according to form. Grouped words with similar meanings, we will more fully feel the uniqueness of stylistic categories. |
| Language level: Syntax | |
| Grammatically complete sentences, declarative non-exclamatory sentences with direct word order. | The stylistic norm relates to the general linguistic norm as the particular to the general. |
| Passive designs (with reflexive verbs and short passive participles) and impersonal offers. | To business texts are presented the same requirements as for texts of other functional styles. All named means concentrated at the beginning of the paragraph. Can be designated this function is also via XY. |
| Sentences complicated by homogeneous ones dissociated members, introductory words and constructions; complex sentences. | Social linguistics studies the differentiation of language caused by the social heterogeneity of society, the forms of existence of language, the sphere and environment of its use, socio-historical types of languages (language-dialect of a tribe, language of a nationality, National language), language situation, different types bilingualism and diglossia (the use of two forms of existence of the same language), the social nature of the speech act, as well as - and in this social linguistics merges with stylistics - the functional-stylistic differentiation of the literary language. |
| Input and plug-in structures. | According to the author; as the author notes; Firstly; Secondly; On the one side; on the other side; For example; against; So; Thus. |
| Various means of connecting individual paragraphs into one compositional unity. | First let's try...; what has been said, of course, does not mean...; as we already know...; as it was emphasized... |
The scientific style serves the sphere of human analytical activity (science); it is intended to describe the facts of reality, explain their interaction, and formulate patterns and laws.
Let us add that in scientific speech the functional-semantic type of speech predominates, and this is understandable: in order to identify and describe patterns, it is necessary to prove that what has been done is true.
- emphasized logic,
- evidence,
- accuracy (unambiguity),
- abstraction (generalization).
In scientific speech, exclamatory and motivating sentences are practically not used. Participles and participial phrases, passive constructions and impersonal sentences. The text uses introductory words and sentences that emphasize the logic of the text: firstly, secondly, so, therefore. Special words and expressions of communication are used, and sometimes these are whole sentences - sentences of the clamp: first, let's look at..., let's move on to the problem.... This was discussed above.
Quotes are one way of evidence.
We invite you to watch a vivid video presentation on this topic.
In scientific speech, the structure of the paragraph is clearly maintained. The first sentence of a paragraph is usually a new clause. The proposal is structured according to the following scheme: 
- thesis - proof.
Each paragraph in a scientific text begins a new micro-topic.
(A microtheme is the smallest limiting segment of text, the topic of which can be called. A microtheme can be isolated from the finished text or added when creating it. For example, the topic “Garden” is divided into subtopics: “ Fruit trees", "Shrubs", etc. The subtopic “Fruit trees”, in turn, is divided into the subtopics “Apple trees”, “Pears”, the type of tree is divided into a new subtopic: type of tree, etc.)
A scientific text is easily divided into parts, because each part is quite clearly compositionally designed: beginning - development of thought - ending-conclusion.
Such speech is also characterized by special standard turns:
It seems to us possible to prove..., It is easy to notice that..., From all that has been said, we can conclude...
And also - we have a fascinating online crossword puzzle on this topic to test your knowledge -
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Bibliographic description:
Nesterova I.A. Linguistic features of scientific style [Electronic resource] // Educational encyclopedia website
The language of scientific and technical literature is distinguished by its features in separate style speech, the so-called scientific style of speech. The scientific style is one of the most complex and multifaceted speech styles, reflecting the features of a particular scientific direction in linguistic terms.
Specifics of scientific style
Science, being a form of social consciousness, has a goal aimed at the most accurate, logical, unambiguous expression of thought. A concept in science is the basic form of thinking. The key purpose of science is the process of revealing patterns.
Scientific speech is directly related to science and scientific thinking.
The scientific style has the following features:
- objectivity,
- abstractness,
- intelligence,
- conciseness (brevity).
Scientific style of speech It is distinguished by a large number of terms and certain clichés, which create its complex system. It is very difficult for a person who does not belong to the scientific community to understand semantic load certain phrases due to the narrowness of their interpretation.
Linguistic features of scientific style determine its complexity and versatility. Any speech style is characterized by features that limit its perception and interfere with its evolution. The development of a particular style represents development through overcoming.
Signs of the scientific substyle are the accuracy of the information conveyed, the persuasiveness of the argumentation, the logical sequence of presentation, the brevity of the form with an emphasized focus on the addressee - a specialist.
Figure 1. Substyles of the scientific speech system
Communication between a specialist and a non-specialist brings to life a different organization of linguistic means than in the scientific substyle proper; another substyle of scientific speech is born, when scientific data must be presented in an accessible and entertaining form, without simplifying the science, but at the same time without overloading the presentation hard-to-find material, is a popular science substyle.
General characteristics of the text in terms of compliance with its scientific style
Every language style speech is unusual, heterogeneous and unique. Without a doubt, the scientific style is no exception. It is aimed at ensuring that science can store and formulate its postulates in words.
Scientific style special features that are determined by the standards and characteristics of scientific thinking, which include abstraction and strict logic of presentation. In the process of working with a scientific style, it is necessary to understand that each functional style has its own objective style-forming factors.
Figure 2. Features of scientific style
Separately, we should highlight the fact that when identifying speech genres of scientific style, one should pay attention to the fact that any functioning language has its own hierarchy of stylistic systems - subsystems. Each lower subsystem is based on elements of higher-ranking systems, combines them in its own way and supplements them with new specific elements. It organizes “its own” and “foreign” elements, including functional ones, into a new, sometimes qualitatively different integrity, where they acquire new properties to one degree or another.
The consistency of the main functional style consists of general linguistic elements, linguistic-stylistic elements and speech-stylistic elements, which in a certain context acquire stylistic qualities and/or participate in the creation of the stylistic quality of the context and text. Each main style has its own principles for selecting these elements and their relationship.
As we see in Figure 2, the genre diversity of scientific style is obvious. Each of the genre subsystems assumes its own correlation of elements of the scientific and other styles itself and its own principles of organizing a speech work. According to A.N. Vasilyeva, “the model of this organization is formed in the speech consciousness (subconscious) of a person in the process of speech practice, and also often special training.”
The scientific style, being one of the functional styles, has a certain text composition, namely, in the scientific style the text is perceived mainly from the particular to the general, and is created from the general to the particular.
A scientific text is characterized by a multidimensional and multi-level structure. However, not all texts have the same degree of structural complexity. They can be completely different in purely physical design.
The degree of complexity of a text in a scientific style is not absolute, since the same theses are difficult to write without writing at least a rough draft.
Abstracts - a genre of scientific style
If we consider each of the genres of scientific style separately, we should highlight the fact that each of them has a range of features that require separate and detailed consideration. Thus, the genre of scientific theses can be called the most revealing. At the same time, it is important to emphasize that abstracts written by a person for himself do not belong to the scientific style, since they are not subject to strict requirements of the genre. Scientific style includes those abstracts that were specifically created for publication. They must meet certain regulatory requirements, first of all, the requirement of substantive compliance with the pre-declared problem topic. In addition, factors such as scientific and informational valence, content relevance and value of information within the chosen topic are important.
Theses are one of the most stable and normative genres of a speech work, therefore, violations of genre certainty, normativity, purity, and genre mixtures are assessed in it as gross violations of not only stylistic, but communicative norms in general. Among typical violations, such as, for example, the substitution of abstracts with the text of a message, summary, annotation, prospectus, plan, etc., the most unpleasant impression is made by mixing forms of different genres. Such a mixture demonstrates the author’s lack of scientific speech culture and casts doubt on his scientific data in general.
Theses also have a strictly normative content-compositional structure, which is presented in Figure 3.
Figure 3. The structure of abstracts as a genre of scientific style.
Theses also have their own strict norms of linguistic design, characteristic of the scientific style in general, but in this particular case they are even more strict.
According to A. N. Vasilyeva, the general norm of any scientific style “is the high saturation of the statement with subject-logical content.” This norm is implemented in the thesis work “in optimally overcoming the contradiction between content concentration and communicative accessibility.” It should be emphasized that in theses this contradiction is especially difficult to resolve due to the extreme concentration of subject-logical content.
Theses are very limited in linguistic expression, since the use of emotionally expressive definitions, metaphors, inversion, etc. is prohibited. and so on.
Theses have the nature of a modal affirmative judgment or inference, and not the nature of a specific factual statement, therefore, here it is necessary to especially carefully monitor compliance with a certain speech form.
So, using the example of one of the specific genres of scientific style, we were convinced of the strict action in this functional area of the language of certain stylistic norms, the violation of which raises doubts in the scientific speech culture of the author. To avoid this, when creating works of a scientific style, it is necessary to strictly follow all the above-mentioned basic requirements of the genre.
Features of the language of science
The most essential thing for the language of science is vocabulary. Vocabulary composition The scientific style of speech differs sharply from others by the presence of terms. A term is understood as a word, phrase or abbreviation that expresses a certain scientific concept in a given system of terminology or science. There are special requirements for terms. The term must be unambiguous and stylistically neutral. The term itself is a conventional and conventional sign of science.
Not only borrowed words are used as terms. There are many terms based on Russian roots. Even the richest language has limited resources. Language finds itself forced to distribute countless newly emerging scientific concepts into ready-made ones. linguistic units. The formation of terms follows the path of developing the polysemy of words.
The language of science, as studies show, is characterized by a pronounced selectivity of use and stability of the use of various morphological categories, word forms, phrases and types of sentences that create the “morphological-syntactic face” of this subtype of common literary language. The preference given to the use of certain morphological categories is not a specific feature separate science, but a characteristic feature of scientific and technical language as a whole.
The language of science is nominative in nature, i.e. science names, defines. In the language of science, nouns and adjectives dominate, pushing the verb into third place.
Morphological selectivity affects not only the nature of the distribution of parts of speech, but also the scope of distribution of their meanings.
The most common case in the scientific style of speech is the genitive case. It is known that in modern Russian word forms are polysemous, especially in the genitive, instrumental and prepositional cases. However, in the scientific field case forms realize only a few, very few meanings.
Analysis of vocabulary of scientific text
Being one of the most important styles of speech, the scientific style has a number of syntactic, lexical and grammatical features.
IN modern world As a result of the growth of scientific and technical knowledge, over 90% of new words appearing in languages are special words. From this we can draw an obvious conclusion, according to which humanity needs terms more than ordinary commonly used words. A very interesting fact is that in some sciences the number of terms significantly exceeds the number of non-specialized words.
Linguistic normativity in general terms is the correctness of the formation and use of a term.
In our opinion, special attention should be paid to the fact that in modern scientific speech the processes of formation of terms and their use are not spontaneous, but conscious. The processes that occur in the genre of scientific speech are controlled by linguists. Having dwelled on the terms, it is impossible not to emphasize that the norm in terminology should not contradict, but correspond to the norms of the general literary language. However, there is a system of special requirements that distinguish the term in the structure of the scientific style.
The requirements for the term require separate consideration. They were first formulated by the founder of the Russian terminological school D.S. Lotte:
- systematic terminology,
- independence of the term from the context,
- brevity of the term,
- absolute and relative unambiguity of the term,
- simplicity and clarity of the term,
- degree of implementation of the term.
Now it is necessary to turn directly to the system of requirements for terms in modern science. It does not quite meet the criteria proposed by supporters of the D.S. school. Lotte.
|
Term requirement |
Characteristic |
|
|---|---|---|
|
Fixed content requirement |
IN fixed content requirement is the provision that a term must have a limited, clearly fixed content within a certain terminological system in a specific period of development of a given field of knowledge. Ordinary words clarify their meaning, acquire different semantic shades in a phraseological context, in combination with other words. Contextual mobility of meaning for a term is completely unacceptable. It must be emphasized that this contains a logical requirement for the term - the constancy of its meaning within the framework of a certain terminology system. |
|
|
The term must be precise |
Every the term must be precise. In this case, accuracy is clarity, limited meaning. From the point of view of reflecting the content of a concept, the accuracy of a term means that its definition contains necessary and sufficient features of the designated concept. The term must also reflect the characteristics by which one concept can be distinguished from another. The terms have varying degrees of precision. |
|
|
The term must be unambiguous |
Requirement for unambiguity of the term. The term should not be ambiguous. Particularly inconvenient in this case is categorical ambiguity, when within the same terminological system the same form is used to denote an operation and its result: cladding (structure) and cladding (operation). By arranging the terminology, i.e., fixing the meaning of each term of a given system of concepts, the unambiguity of the term is established. |
|
|
Lack of synonyms for the term |
The term must not have synonyms. Synonyms in terminology have a different nature and perform different functions than in the general literary language. In terminology, synonymy is usually understood as the phenomenon of doublet (ophthalmologist - ophthalmologist, Bremsberg - descent, genitive - genitive case). Between doublets there are no relations that organize a synonymous series, there are no emotionally expressive, stylistic or shading oppositions. They are identical to each other, each of them relates directly to the signified. |
|
|
Systematicity of the term |
The term must be systematic. The systematicity of terminology is based on the classification of concepts, based on which the necessary and sufficient features included in the term are identified, after which words and their parts (term elements) are selected to form the term. The systematicity of a term is closely related to its motivation, i.e., semantic transparency, which allows one to form an idea of the concept called by the term. Systematicity makes it possible to reflect in the structure of a term its specific place in a given terminological system, the connection of the named concept with others, its attribution to a certain logical category of concepts. |
|
|
The term should be short |
Brevity of the term. Here we can note the contradiction between the desire for accuracy of the terminology system and the brevity of terms. The modern era is especially characterized by the formation of extended terms, in which they strive to convey a greater number of characteristics of the concepts they denote. |
Morphological and word-formation features of scientific text
The study of morphological and word-formation features of scientific texts deserves special attention. As earlier in this article, attention within this aspect will be focused on terms, as one of the most interesting layers of scientific vocabulary. From a morphological point of view, let us highlight some features.
- Usage compound adjectives as terms
- Clichéd phrases:
- Preferential use of short forms
- Using the singular form of a noun in meaning plural
- Selectivity of meanings manifests itself when using verbs
From the point of view of syntax, the following is characteristic of scientific vocabulary in general and terms in particular:
- Use of impersonal constructions
- Complex sentences with explanatory clauses, consequences, concessions, attributives
Distinctive features of the scientific style
Having examined the key features of scientific speech based on terms, we can highlight the following features that distinguish the scientific style of speech from other functional styles of language.
Figure 4. Key Features scientific style
The scientific style is characterized by some lexical, grammatical and syntactic features:
- general book vocabulary;
- a large number of terms and other designations;
- increased use of verbal nouns;
- widespread use of abstract vocabulary, usually in its literal meaning;
- international vocabulary;
- using compound adjectives as terms;
- clichéd phrases;
- predominant use of short forms;
- using the singular form of a noun in the plural;
- the use of real and abstract nouns in the plural;
- the use of verbal-nominal constructions instead of verbal ones in the function of the predicate;
- the use of definite-personal sentences with the predicate in the first person plural form;
- use of impersonal structures;
- simple sentences with nouns as subject and predicate;
- complex sentences with explanatory clauses, consequences, concessions, attributives; use as a link between parts complex sentence complex subordinating conjunctions and allied structures;
- a large number of separate definitions and circumstances;
- extensive use of references, quotations and footnotes; abundance of introductory structures;
- well-expressed formal organization of the text: clear division into paragraphs, paragraphs.
There are several substyles of scientific style. In this case, popular science is used, since the text represents scientific information in accessible form for a wide audience: terms are explained, cumbersome syntactic constructions are not allowed.
Literature
- Vasilyeva A. N. Fundamentals of speech culture. – M.: 1990. – P.93
- Introduction to linguistics. / Ed. Vasilkova P.M. – St. Petersburg: Rech, 2004
- Vvedenskaya L.A., Pavlova L.G., Kashaeva E.Yu. Russian language and culture of speech. – Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2004.
- Volkov A.A. Course of Russian rhetoric. – M.: VLADOS, 2003.
- Garbovsky N.K. Professional speech (functional-stylistic aspect) // Functioning of the system of language and speech. – M., 1989
- Graudina L.K., Shiryaev E.N. Culture of Russian speech - M.: Publishing group NORMA-INFRA, 1999.
- Denisov P. N. Vocabulary of the Russian language and principles of its description. – M.: 1980
- Lotte D. S. Fundamentals of constructing scientific and technical terminology. – M.: 1961
The scientific style has a number of common features that appear regardless of the nature of certain sciences (natural, exact, humanities) and differences between genres of statement (monograph, scientific article, report, textbook, etc.), which makes it possible to talk about the specifics of the style as a whole . At the same time, it is quite natural that, for example, texts on physics, chemistry, mathematics differ markedly in the nature of presentation from texts on philology or history.
The scientific style is characterized by a logical sequence of presentation, an ordered system of connections between parts of the statement, and the authors’ desire for accuracy, conciseness, and unambiguity while maintaining richness of content.
Logic is the presence of semantic connections between successive units of text.
Only a text has consistency in which the conclusions follow from the content, they are consistent, the text is divided into separate semantic segments that reflect the movement of thought from the particular to the general or from the general to the particular.
Clarity, as a quality of scientific speech, implies intelligibility and accessibility. In terms of accessibility, scientific, scientific-educational and popular science texts differ in material and in the method of its linguistic design.
The accuracy of scientific speech presupposes the unambiguity of understanding, the absence of discrepancies between the signified and its definition. Therefore, scientific texts, as a rule, lack figurative, expressive means; words are used mainly in their literal meaning; the frequency of terms also contributes to the unambiguity of the text.
The strict requirements for accuracy imposed on a scientific text limit the use of figurative means of language: metaphors, epithets, artistic comparisons, proverbs, etc. Sometimes such means can penetrate into scientific works, since the scientific style strives not only for accuracy, but and to persuasiveness, evidence. Sometimes figurative means are necessary to implement the requirement of clarity and intelligibility of presentation.
Emotionality, like expressiveness, in the scientific style, which requires an objective, “intellectual” presentation of scientific data, is expressed differently than in other styles. The perception of a scientific work can evoke certain feelings in the reader, but not as a response to the emotionality of the author, but as an awareness of the scientific fact itself. Although a scientific discovery has an impact regardless of the method of its transmission, the author of a scientific work himself does not always abandon his emotional and evaluative attitude towards the events and facts presented. The desire for a limited use of the author’s “I” is not a tribute to etiquette, but a manifestation of an abstract and generalized stylistic feature of scientific speech, reflecting the form of thinking.
A characteristic feature of the style of scientific works is their saturation with terms (in particular, international ones). However, the degree of this saturation should not be overestimated: on average, terminological vocabulary usually accounts for 15-25 percent of the total vocabulary used in the work.
The use of abstract vocabulary plays an important role in the style of scientific papers.
The vocabulary of scientific speech consists of three main layers: commonly used words, general scientific words and terms. In any scientific text, commonly used vocabulary forms the basis of the presentation. First of all, words with a generalized and abstract meaning are selected (being, consciousness, fixes, temperature). Using general scientific words, phenomena and processes in different fields of science and technology are described (system, question, meaning, designate). One of the features of the use of general scientific words is their repeated repetition in a narrow context.
A term is a word or phrase that accurately and unambiguously names an object, phenomenon or concept of science and reveals its content. The term carries a large amount of logical information. IN explanatory dictionaries terms are marked “special”.
Morphological features of the scientific style - the predominance of nouns, the widespread use of abstract nouns (time, phenomena, change, state), the use of plural nouns that do not have plural forms in common use (cost, steel...), the use of singular nouns for generalized concepts (birch, acid), the use of almost exclusively forms of the present tense in a timeless meaning, indicating the constant nature of the process (stands out, comes).
In the field of morphology, we observe the use of shorter variants of forms (which corresponds to the principle of saving linguistic means), the objective nature of the presentation, the use of “we” instead of “I”, the omission of pronouns, the narrowing of the range of personal forms of the verb (3rd person), the use of forms passive participle past tense, reflexive impersonal, impersonal predicative forms (we developed; it can be argued that...)
The scientific style is dominated by logical, bookish syntax. Complicated and complex designs, declarative sentences, direct word order. Logical certainty is achieved through subordinating conjunctions (because, since...), introductory words(firstly, therefore).
To connect parts of the text, special means are used (words, phrases and sentences), indicating the sequence of development of thoughts (“first”, “then”, “then”, “first of all”, “preliminarily”, etc.), the connection between previous and subsequent information (“as indicated”, “as already said”, “as noted”, “considered”, etc.), on cause-and-effect relationships (“but”, “therefore”, “due to this”, “therefore”, “due to the fact that”, “as a result of this”, etc.), on the transition to a new topic (“let’s consider now”, “let’s move on to consideration”, etc.), on the proximity, identity of objects, circumstances, signs (“ he”, “same”, “such”, “so”, “here”, “here”, etc.).
Among simple sentences a widespread construction with a large number of dependent, sequentially strung nouns in the form of the genitive case.
Types and genres of scientific style.
There are three varieties (substyles) of scientific style: proper scientific substyle; scientific and educational substyle; popular science substyle.
Within the framework of the scientific substyle itself, genres such as monograph, dissertation, report, etc. are distinguished. The substyle is generally distinguished by a strict, academic manner of presentation. It unites scientific literature, written by specialists and intended for specialists. This substyle is contrasted with the popular science substyle. Its function is to popularize scientific information. Here, the author-specialist addresses a reader who is not sufficiently familiar with this science, so the information is presented in an accessible, and often entertaining, form.
A feature of the popular science substyle is the combination of polar style features: logic and emotionality, objectivity and subjectivity, abstractness and concreteness. In contrast to scientific prose, popular science literature contains significantly fewer special terms and other strictly scientific means.
The scientific-educational substyle combines the features of the proper scientific substyle and popular science presentation. What it has in common with the scientific substyle itself is terminology, consistency in the description of scientific information, logic, and evidence; with popular science - accessibility, richness of illustrative material. The genres of the scientific and educational substyle include: textbook, lecture, seminar report, answer to the exam, etc.
The following genres of scientific prose can be distinguished: monograph, journal article, review, textbook (textbook), lecture, report, information message (about a conference, symposium, congress), oral presentation (at a conference, symposium, etc.), dissertation, scientific report. These genres are primary, that is, created by the author for the first time.
Secondary texts, that is, texts compiled on the basis of existing ones, include: abstract, abstract, summary, abstract, abstract. When preparing secondary texts, information is collapsed in order to reduce the volume of the text.
The genres of the educational and scientific substyle include lecture, seminar report, course work, and abstract report.
History of the emergence and development of the scientific style.
The emergence and development of the scientific style is associated with the development of different areas of scientific knowledge, different spheres of human activity. At first, the style of scientific presentation was close to the style of artistic narration. The separation of the scientific style from the artistic one occurred in the Alexandrian period, when scientific terminology began to be created in the Greek language, which spread its influence throughout the entire cultural world of that time.
Subsequently, it was replenished from the resources of Latin, which became the international scientific language of the European Middle Ages. During the Renaissance, scientists strived for conciseness and accuracy of scientific description, free from emotional and artistic elements of presentation as contradictory to the abstract and logical representation of nature. However, the liberation of the scientific style from these elements proceeded gradually. It is known that the overly “artistic” nature of Galileo’s presentation irritated Kepler, and Descartes found that the style of Galileo’s scientific proofs was overly “fictionalized.” Subsequently, Newton's logical presentation became a model of scientific language.
In Russia, a scientific language and style began to take shape in the first decades of the 18th century, when authors of scientific books and translators began to create Russian scientific terminology. In the second half of this century, thanks to the works of M.V. Lomonosov and his students, the formation of a scientific style took a step forward, but it finally took shape in the second half of the 19th century, together with the scientific activities of the largest scientists of that time.
Following Lomonosov, the development and enrichment of Russian terminological vocabulary in various branches of the exact sciences and humanities was facilitated by Russian scientists who lived in the subsequent decades of the same century, for example, Academician. I.I. Lepekhin (1740-1802) - mainly in the field of botany and zoology; acad. N.Ya. Ozeretskovsky (1750-1827) - in the field of geography and ethnography. The enrichment of scientific terminology was carried out by these scientists mainly due to the corresponding Russian names of species of animals, plants, etc., used in local folk dialects. The scientific style of the Russian literary language, the foundation of which was laid in the works of Lomonosov, continued to improve and develop.