Education in the 17th century. Russia in the 17th century

The most comprehensive reference table of key dates and events in the history of Russia 17th century. This table It is convenient to use for schoolchildren and applicants for self-study, in preparation for tests, exams and the Unified State Exam in history.

As for the history of fashion of the 17th century, as well as earlier periods, it is very difficult to accurately date changes in fashion according to the century. All of them are obtained due to the influence of the traditional outfits of various European peoples on the costumes of neighboring powers. Thus, Spain became famous for its strict suits and tightly closed collars, Venice - lush dresses and shoes with incredibly high heels, England - outfits that emphasized the beauty of the female body, long trains and corsets that were a real work of sewing art. Women's fashion of the 17th century was insidious and suspicious. Costume changes during this period are quick and vibrant.

Russian fashion in the 17th century

History says that Russia's relations with Europe only began to develop in the 17th century, but fashion trends European dress is already gradually influencing the outfits of the Russian nobility. Thus, the first striking influence on Russian attire can be seen in the business suit of the boyars. The caftan became shorter, in the Polish manner. Such changes were due to the fact that a short caftan is more convenient to work with. Foreign merchants and diplomats constantly visit Russia, while dressing in costumes according to the fashion of their country. Under Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, foreign costumes were worn among the Russian nobility “for entertainment” and participation in various evenings and amusements. But, be that as it may, shortly before his death, Alexei Mikhailovich issued a decree that forbade adopting hairstyles and clothing styles from Europe. The final Europeanization of Russian costume was carried out by Peter I. Before this, traditional Russian kaftans, fur coats, trousers, shirts, sundresses, and fur coats served as classic attire. There were several varieties of caftan. Only the length remained the same - to the knee.

Fashion of the 17th century in Russia is not much different from the same 16th century. And starting from the 18th century, changes under the influence of European culture became irreversible.

Time of Troubles. The 17th century brought numerous trials to Russia and its statehood. After the death of Ivan the Terrible in 1584, the weak and sickly Fyodor Ivanovich (1584-1598) became his heir and tsar.

A struggle for power within the country began. This situation caused not only internal contradictions, but also intensified attempts external forces to eliminate the state independence of Russia. For almost the entire century, she had to fight off the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Sweden, and the raids of the Crimean Tatars - vassals Ottoman Empire, resist catholic church, who sought to turn Russia away from Orthodoxy.

At the beginning of the 17th century. Russia went through a period called Time of Troubles. XVII century marked the beginning of the peasant wars; This century marks the revolt of cities, the famous case of Patriarch Nikon and the schism Orthodox Church. Therefore, this century V.O. Klyuchevsky called it rebellious.

The Time of Troubles covers 1598-1613. Over the years, the Tsar's brother-in-law Boris Godunov (1598-1605), Fyodor Godunov (from April to June 1605), False Dmitry I (June 1605 - May 1606), Vasily Shuisky (1606-1610), False Dmitry II ( 1607-1610), Seven Boyars (1610-1613).

Boris Godunov won the difficult struggle for the throne between representatives of the highest nobility and was the first Russian Tsar to receive the throne not by inheritance, but by election. Zemsky Sobor. During his short reign, he pursued a peaceful foreign policy, resolving controversial issues with Poland and Sweden for 20 years; encouraged economic and cultural ties with Western Europe.

Under him, Russia advanced into Siberia, finally defeating Kuchum. In 1601-1603 Russia was hit by a “great famine” caused by crop failures. Godunov took certain measures to organize public works, allowed slaves to leave their masters, distributed bread from state storehouses to the hungry.

However, the situation could not be improved. The relationship between the authorities and the peasants was aggravated by the annulment in 1603 of the law on the temporary restoration of St. George's Day, which meant the strengthening of serfdom. The discontent of the masses resulted in an uprising of serfs, which was led by Cotton Crookedfoot. Many historians consider this uprising to be the beginning of the Peasant War.

The highest stage of the Peasant War at the beginning of the 17th century. (1606-1607) there was an uprising of Ivan Bolotnikov, in which slaves, peasants, townspeople, archers, Cossacks, as well as the nobles who joined them, took part. The war engulfed the South-West and South of Russia (about 70 cities), the Lower and Middle Volga regions. The rebels defeated the troops of Vasily Shuisky (the new Russian Tsar) near Kromy, Yelets, on the Ugra and Lopasnya rivers, etc.

In October-December 1606, the rebels besieged Moscow, but due to disagreements and betrayal of the nobles, they were defeated and retreated to Kaluga, and then to Tula. In the summer and autumn of 1607, together with the detachments of the slave Ilya Gorchakov (Ileika Muromets, ?–ca. 1608), the rebels fought near Tula. The siege of Tula lasted four months, after which the city was surrendered and the uprising was suppressed. Bolotnikov was exiled to Kargopol, blinded and drowned.

At such a critical moment, an attempt was made at Polish intervention. The ruling circles of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Catholic Church intended to dismember Russia and eliminate its state independence. In a hidden form, the intervention was expressed in support of False Dmitry I and False Dmitry II.

Open intervention under the leadership of Sigismund III began under Vasily Shuisky, when in September 1609 Smolensk was besieged and in 1610 a campaign against Moscow and its capture took place. By this time, Vasily Shuisky was overthrown by the nobles from the throne, and an interregnum began in Russia - the Seven Boyars.

The Boyar Duma made a deal with the Polish interventionists and was inclined to call the young Polish king Vladislav, a Catholic, to the Russian throne, which was a direct betrayal of the national interests of Russia. In addition, in the summer of 1610, a Swedish intervention began with the goal of separating Pskov, Novgorod, and the northwestern and northern Russian regions from Russia.

• End of the intervention. The fight for Smolensk
• Cathedral Code 1649 and the strengthening of autocracy
• Foreign policy
• Domestic political situation
• Economy of Russia in the 17th century.

"Azbukovnik" XVII century

“In enlightenment alone we will find a salutary antidote to all the misfortunes of mankind.” N.M. Karamzin.

In the 17th century The culture of modern times was emerging in Russia. IN mid-17th century century, public and private schools were created.

Private schools

The Code of the Stoglavy Council of 1551 read: “In the reigning city of Moscow and throughout the city... the archpriest and the oldest priest and with all the priests and deacons, whenever in your city... elect good spiritual priests and deacons and deacons, married and pious... who can use others , and teach literacy and honor and writing, and teach those priests and deacons and deacons in school houses, so that the priests and deacons and all Orthodox Christians in every city give up their children to them for learning to read and write and for the teaching of book writing and church singing saltychnago and reading naloinogo..."

A. Ryabushkin "School of the 17th century"

Teachers in schools in the 17th century were clergy, and they received payment in food products for their work. The students visited them in the morning and afternoon. The children of people of “every rank... and dignity, the glorious and the ill-born, the rich and the poor, even down to the last farmers,” studied.

Since the main teachers at that time were the clergy, it is natural that elementary education wore in Rus' ecclesiastical character. Classes began and ended with prayer. The education system thought out in this way harmoniously solved two problems - it gave the younger generation the basics of literacy and knowledge and educated them in the spirit of Christian morality.

Fraternal schools

Morozov "Rural school"

But Rus' already needed well-organized schools. Schools formed by Orthodox brotherhoods became like this; they were called “fraternal schools.” The oldest brotherhoods are Lviv, Vilna, Kiev, Mogilev, Lutsk, Pinsk, Orsha.

Children of all ranks were accepted into fraternal schools. The schools were supported by fraternities (that is, they were public). Although each school lived according to its own charter, they had much in common.

In many ways, the organization of the school resembled the modern one: prefects were appointed who helped the teacher in maintaining discipline, being on duty, issuing books, cleaning classrooms, and sometimes even replacing teachers.

B. Kustodiev "School in Moscow Rus'"

From educational subjects- reading, writing, singing, counting, the basics of religion, some information on Sacred history, an idea of ​​grammar, dialectics, rhetoric, music, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy of that time. The students learned a lot by heart and thereby gained knowledge of the basics of poetry, as well as examples of appeals to dignitaries and benefactors. In 1634, V. Burtsev’s primer, a very famous textbook at that time, was published and then reprinted several times. The primer cost one kopeck, which was cheap at the prices of that time. At the same time, the grammar of Meletius Smotritsky, a Ukrainian scientist, was published, according to which Mikhail Lomonosov also studied. At the end of the century, a primer was published by Karion Istomin, a monk of the Chudov Monastery of the Moscow Kremlin, as well as practical guide for counting - a multiplication table - “It is a convenient calculation by which every person buying or selling can very conveniently find out the number of any thing.” Over the second half of the century, the Printing House printed 300 thousand primers, 150 thousand educational psalters and books of hours. They also studied from handwritten books.

In the 60s. Priest Ivan Fomin, at his own expense, built a school in Barashi at the Church of the Presentation.

Epiphanius Slavinetsky headed the Greek-Latin school at the Chudov Monastery.

D.L. Mordovtsev examined alphabet books (reading manuals for children) from 1660-1679, which indicate that they can be considered the predecessors of modern textbooks and at the same time methodological manuals for teachers because they contain teaching methods, rules for students, instructions on behavior in church, at school, at home and on the street.

"Azbukovnik" XVII century

But still, fraternal schools could not compete with Catholic ones. Therefore, there was a need to create high school. This became the fraternal school in Kyiv - the Kiev-Mohyla Academy. This is the first higher education institution on the territory of Ukraine. It was created by Metropolitan Peter Mogila in 1632 on the basis of the school of the Epiphany Brotherhood (since 1615) and the school at Kiev Pechersk Lavra (1631).

Fedor Mikhailovich Rtishchev

F.M. played a major role in the formation of Russian schools. Rtishchev - statesman, educator, philanthropist, who founded a number of hospitals, schools and almshouses, whom his contemporaries called a “gracious husband.”

F.M. Rtishchev at the monument "1000th anniversary of Russia in V. Novgorod"

F. M. Rtishchev played a significant role in the history of Russian education. Not far from Moscow, in the Plenitsa tract, with the permission of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich and the blessing of Patriarch Joseph, in the small church that existed there in the name of Andrei Stratelates, Fyodor Rtishchev built a church there in the name of the Transfiguration of the Lord and in 1648, at his own expense, established a school monastery. 30 monks, summoned by Rtishchev from several Little Russian monasteries, settled there. Soon, a learned brotherhood was formed at the monastery (Rtishchev Brotherhood), which was engaged in translating books, and then a school was opened, where grammar, Slavic, Latin and Greek languages, rhetoric and philosophy. In 1685, the school, founded by Fyodor Rtishchev, was transferred to the Zaikonospassky Monastery and served as the basis of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy.

Historian V. O. Klyuchevsky wrote that Fyodor Mikhailovich Rtishchev belonged to those people who “from their historical distance they will not cease to shine, like beacons in the darkness of the night, illuminating our way”.

It is known that in 1685 there was a “school for teaching children” in Borovsk, near the shopping area, and in Moscow, on Nikolskaya Street, a special building for the school was built. Later a school was organized at the Printing Yard. When the school opened, there were 30 students drawn from different classes, and then the number reached 232. Monk Timothy taught Greek at this school.

As already mentioned, the basis for it was the school founded by F. Rtishchev.

It was founded in 1687. Initially it was located within the walls of the Moscow Zaikonospassky Monastery. In 1814 it was transformed into the Moscow Theological Academy (transferred to the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, where it exists to this day).
The history of the Academy can be divided into 3 stages.

1st stage (1687-1700) - Hellenic-Slavic school of the Likhud brothers, who adhered to the Orthodox-Greek direction;

2nd stage (1700-1775) - Slavic-Latin Academy. This period is characterized by the influence of Western European philosophers (W. Leibniz and X. Wolf);

Stage 3 - the predominance of Orthodoxy.

Until the middle of the 18th century. teaching was conducted in Latin. The purpose of the academy was to prepare educated people for the state and church apparatus; it served as a censor of books of spiritual content and could carry out trials of apostates from Orthodoxy. Only persons who had graduated from school were appointed to government positions (this restriction did not apply to the children of “nobles”). New educational institution immunity was granted: withdrawal of orders from the court, excluding cases of a criminal nature; teachers and students were subject to the school jurisdiction, and the “guardian” (rector) was subject to the court of the patriarch. The leaders and teachers of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy were the Greek scientists Ioannikis and Sophronius Likhud, invited from Constantinople. After 1694, when the Likhuds were removed at the insistence of the Jerusalem Patriarch Dosifei, their Russian students taught. In the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy, which combined the features of higher and high school, subjects of the medieval scholastic school were taught: Slavic, Greek and Latin languages, grammar, literature, rhetoric, psychology, physics, etc., as well as theology. The main place was occupied by the Greek language.

Professional education

Professional education began to take shape in Russia in the middle of the 17th century with the advent of embassy, ​​medical, and printing schools. For example, in the Typographic School at the Printing House Order, founded in 1681, by 1684 194 people were studying. School was at the same time primary school and a school for training printers of the Printing House.

17th century Russian history- this is, first of all, the beginning of the three-hundred-year reign of the Romanov dynasty, which replaced the Moscow Rurik dynasty.
This period began in the midst of a severe political, social and economic crisis. Ivan IV left behind a weakened and impoverished country, and the direct heir Fyodor and Tsarevich Dmitry could not accept the burden of rule, so the boyars took over the actual management of the country. Boris Godunov especially stood out among them, who, through intrigue and manipulation, got rid of all candidates for the throne, and after the tragic death of Tsarevich Dmitry, he reigned alone. This is how the history of the Rurik dynasty ended.

The reign of Boris Godunov was characterized by both positive and negative aspects. The positive ones include reform activities, bringing a certain calm to the public environment, attempts to end the boyar-noble wars and achieve relative external peace. At the same time, his reign saw some of the most difficult times in the entire history of Russia: The Strongest economic crisis, numerous natural disasters and drought leading to widespread famine. The exhausted people begin to blame the “damned” king for the disasters.

Against this background, the Polish monarch Sigismund III, in exchange for a promise to bring the country under the protection of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, helps the self-proclaimed “miracle survivor” Tsarevich Dmitry ascend the throne. But later a rebellion breaks out and False Dmitry is killed, and the Polish subject, Marina Mniszech, who, according to the agreement, was married to the impostor, remains the “royal widow.” Soon another impostor appears in Moscow, posing as Dmitry. The Polish woman also recognizes him, but soon he is also killed. Marina herself, according to some sources, was killed along with her son by the “warren”, and according to others, she was imprisoned in prison by the boyars, who saw her as a political threat.

Then the influential boyar Vasily Shuisky took power into his hands - but he was overthrown and forcibly sent to a monastery.
Then power for some time belonged to the council of boyars, which was popularly remembered as the “seven boyars.”
Finally, the boyars decide to turn to the Polish kingdom for help. However, the Polish army is deceived into invading Moscow, which leads to the formation of a "people's militia" organized by Kuzma Minin and led by Prince Dmitry Pozharsky. The Polish intervention was repulsed, and Mikhail Romanov was elected to the throne.

After Michael's accession, peace reigned in the country. Taxes were reduced, production appeared, and the country gradually developed.
Mikhail’s son, Alexey, was nicknamed “The Quietest.” His reign, in particular, was remembered for church reforms, thanks to which the church was actually subordinated to the autocratic king. However, at the same time, the so-called Church schism, headed by Patriarch Nikon, who introduced a number of reforms to the existing spiritual practice, which caused a serious split in the clergy and contributed to the emergence of “Old Believers” (baptized with two fingers) who did not accept these reforms.

Subsequently, throughout the seventeenth century in Russia, the Old Believers were subjected to serious persecution, and Nikon was deprived of his rank and imprisoned.
After the death of Alexei Mikhailovich, a new wave of political unrest began, which led to the accession of the daughter of Alexei the Quiet - Sophia, who managed to prove herself to be a fairly successful queen, however, in the meantime, Alexei's direct heir - Tsarevich Peter, had already grown up enough and was ready to take the reins of government myself.

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