In Russian between heterogeneous definitions no comma
placed between homogeneous definitions a comma is added.
Several agreed upon definitions that are not related to each other
unions can be both homogeneous and heterogeneous.
Homogeneous definitions directly related to the defined (main)
in a word, while among themselves they are in a relationship
enumeration (they are pronounced with enumerative intonation and between
they can be combined with and):
Here's an example:
Red, yellow tulips. Yellow tulips. Red tulips. Reds
and yellow tulips.
Heterogeneous definitions not pronounced with enumerative
intonation, it is usually impossible to put the conjunction and between them.
Heterogeneous definitions are differently related to the defined (main)
in a word. One of the definitions (the closest one) is directly related to
defined by the word, while the second is already associated with
a phrase consisting of the main word and the first definition:
Here's an example:
Short passenger train.
In this sentence, the main word composition is associated with the closest to
its definition is short.
The definition of short is related to the entire phrase – passenger
train (Passenger train is short).
Definitions are homogeneous if:
Designate features various items;
Here's an example:
Blue, white balls – blue and white balls; the balls were blue; there were balls
white.
Designate various signs one object, characterizing it with
one side;
Here's an example:
Wooden, burnt barn – wooden and burnt barn; there was a barn
wooden; the barn was burnt down.
Characterize the subject from different angles, but in this context
are united by some common feature;
Here's an example:
Sunny, beautiful day - “Sunny, and therefore beautiful”;
cloudy, dreary days - “cloudy, and therefore dreary.”
Under contextual conditions, synonymous ones are created between definitions
relationship;
Here's an example:
sharp, cutting pain in the leg - in this context, the form is acute and
cutting act as synonyms, that is, as words similar in
meaning.
They are artistic definitions - epithets;
Here's an example:
Oval, cat eyes.
They form a gradation, that is, each subsequent definition strengthens
the attribute it expresses;
Here's an example:
joyful, festive, radiant mood.
A single definition is followed by a definition expressed by a participle
turnover, that is, a participle with a dependent word;
Here's an example:
Gray, neatly combed hair.
They stand after the word being defined;
Here's an example:
Gray hair, combed.
The second definition explains the first - between the definitions you can put the conjunction that is or namely.
Here's an example:
Normal, peaceful coexistence of states is normal, that is, peaceful coexistence of states.
Definitions are heterogeneous if They:
Characterize an object from different sides, in different relationships, that is, they express characteristics related to different generic (general) concepts:
Here's an example:
small wooden shed– “size and material”,
the wooden shed was small;
gray oval clouds – “color and shape”,
the oval clouds were gray;
pot-bellied walnut bureau – “shape and material”,
the walnut bureau was pot-bellied;
Heterogeneous definitions are more often expressed:
Pronoun and adjective;
His new car.
Qualitative and relative adjectives;
Small wooden shed.
Relative adjective and singular participle;
A neglected orchard.
Incorrect punctuation is one of the typical mistakes allowed in writing. The most complex punctuation rules usually include the placement of commas in sentences where there are heterogeneous or homogeneous definitions. Only a clear understanding of their features and differences helps make the entry correct and readable.
What is the definition?
This is a minor member of a sentence, denoting a sign, property or quality of an object denoted by a noun. Most often expressed by an adjective ( white scarf), participle ( running boy), pronoun ( our house), ordinal number ( second number) and answers the questions "which one?" "whose?". However, there may be cases of use as a definition of a noun ( checkered dress), a verb in the infinitive form ( dream of being able to fly), adjective in simple comparative degree (an older girl appeared), adverbs ( Hard boiled egg).
What are homogeneous members
The definition of this concept is given in syntax and concerns the structure of a simple (or predicative part of a complex) sentence. Homogeneous members are expressed by words of the same part of speech and the same form, depending on the same word. Therefore, they will respond to general question and perform the same in a sentence syntactic function. Homogeneous members are connected with each other by a coordinating or non-union connection. It should also be noted that their rearrangement within a syntactic structure is usually possible.
Based on the above rule, we can say that homogeneous definitions characterize an object on the basis of common (similar) features and qualities. Consider the sentence: “ In the garden, white, scarlet, burgundy buds of roses that had not yet bloomed proudly towered over their fellow flowers." The homogeneous definitions used in it denote color, and therefore characterize the object according to the same characteristic. Or another example: " Soon, low, heavy clouds hung over the city sweltering from the heat." In this sentence, one feature is logically connected to another.
Video on the topic
Heterogeneous and homogeneous definitions: distinctive features
This question often causes difficulties. To understand the material, let’s take a closer look at what features each group of definitions has.
Homogeneous | Heterogeneous |
Each definition refers to one word being defined: " The cheerful, uncontrollable laughter of children was heard from all sides.» | The closest definition refers to the noun, and the second to the resulting combination: “ On this frosty January morning I didn’t want to go outside for a long time.» |
All adjectives are usually qualitative: “ A beautiful, new bag hung on Katyusha’s shoulder.» | A combination of a qualitative adjective with a relative adjective or with a pronoun, participle, or numeral: big stone castle, my good friend, third intercity bus |
You can insert a connecting conjunction AND: “ For the craft you needed white, red,(AND) blue sheets of paper» | Cannot be used with I: “ In one hand Tatyana had an old straw hat, in the other she held a string bag with vegetables» |
Expressed by one part of speech. Exception: adjective+participial phrase or inconsistent definitions coming after a noun | Refer to different parts speeches: " We finally waited for the first light frost(numeral+adjective) and hit the road» |
These are the main features, knowledge of which will allow you to easily distinguish between sentences with homogeneous definitions and heterogeneous ones. This means using punctuation marks correctly.
In addition, when performing syntactic and punctuation analysis of a sentence, you need to remember the following important points.
Definitions that are always the same
- Adjectives next to each other characterize an object according to one characteristic: size, color, geographical location, assessment, sensations, etc. " At the bookstore, Zakhar purchased reference books on German, Italian, and French culture in advance.».
- A group of synonyms used in a sentence: they call the same feature differently. " From early morning everyone in the house was in a cheerful, festive mood caused by yesterday's news».
- Definitions that appear after the noun, with the exception of terms such as grab overhead crane. For example, in A. Pushkin’s poem we find: “ Three greyhounds are running along a boring winter road" In this case, each of the adjectives refers directly to the noun, and each definition is logically highlighted.
- Homogeneous members of a sentence represent a semantic gradation, i.e. designation of the characteristic in increasing order. " The sisters, overwhelmed by a joyful, festive, radiant mood, could no longer hide their emotions».
- Inconsistent definitions. For example: " He entered the room briskly A tall man in a warm sweater, with shining eyes, a bewitching smile».
Combination of a single adjective and participial phrase
It is also necessary to dwell on the next group of definitions. These are adjectives and participial phrases used side by side and related to the same noun. Here, punctuation depends on the position of the latter.
The definitions are almost always homogeneous, corresponding to the scheme"single adjective + participial phrase." For example, " In the distance, dark mountains towering above the forest could be seen" However, if the participial phrase is used before the adjective and refers not to the noun, but to the entire combination, the rule “punctuation marks for homogeneous definitions” does not work. For example, " Yellow leaves swirling in the autumn air smoothly fell onto the damp ground.».
One more point needs to be taken into account. Consider this example: “ Among the dense, spreading fir trees, darkened in the twilight, it was difficult to see the narrow path leading to the lake" This is a sentence with isolated homogeneous definitions expressed by participial phrases. Moreover, the first of them is located between two single adjectives and clarifies the meaning of the word “thick”. Therefore, according to the rules for the design of homogeneous members, they are distinguished in writing by punctuation marks.
Cases when a comma is not required but is preferred
- Homogeneous definitions (examples of these can often be found in fiction) denote different, but usually accompanying each other, causal features. For example, " At night,(you can insert BECAUSE) Long shadows from trees and lanterns were clearly visible in the deserted streets" Another example: " Suddenly, deafening sounds reached the old man’s ears,(BECAUSE) terrible thunderclaps».
- Sentences with epithets that give a diverse description of the subject. For example, " And now, looking at Luzhin’s big, pale face, she... was filled... with pity"(V. Nabokov). Or from A. Chekhov: “ Rainy, dirty, dark autumn has arrived».
- When using adjectives in figurative meaning(close to epithets): “ Timofey's large, fishy eyes were sad and carefully looked straight ahead».
Such homogeneous definitions - examples show this - are an excellent means of expressiveness in a work of art. With their help, writers and poets emphasize certain significant details in the description of an object (person).
Exceptional cases
Sometimes in speech you can find sentences with homogeneous definitions, expressed by a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives. For example, " Until recently, old, low houses stood in this place, but now there are new, tall ones." As shown this example, in such a case, two groups of definitions are distinguished that relate to one noun, but have opposite meanings.
Another case concerns definitions interconnected by explanatory relationships. " Completely different sounds, alien to the boy, were heard from open window " In this sentence, after the first definition, the words “namely”, “that is” would be appropriate.
Rules for placing punctuation marks
Here everything depends on how homogeneous definitions are related to each other. Commas are used in non-union connections. Example: " A short, wrinkled, hunchbacked old woman was sitting on a chair on the porch, silently pointing to the open door." If there are coordinating conjunctions (“usually”, “and”), punctuation marks are not needed. " Women in white and blue homespun shirts peered into the distance, hoping to recognize the horseman approaching them." Thus, these sentences are subject to punctuation rules that apply to all syntactic constructions With homogeneous members.
If the definitions are heterogeneous (their examples are discussed in the table), a comma is not placed between them. The exception is sentences with combinations that allow for double interpretation. For example, " After much debate and reflection, it was decided to resort to other proven methods" IN in this case it all depends on the meaning of the participle. A comma is used if “namely” can be inserted before the word “verified”.
Conclusion
Analysis of all of the above leads to the conclusion that punctuation literacy largely depends on knowledge of specific theoretical material on syntax: what is a definition, homogeneous members of a sentence.
If several definitions refer to the same subject or object, this does not mean that you necessarily have a series of homogeneous definitions. There are also heterogeneous definitions. What is their difference?
Homogeneous definitions characterize an object on one side (by color, shape, size) or create complete picture about the subject.
Homogeneous definitions connected by a coordinating connection; they equally directly relate to the defined noun and are pronounced with enumerative intonation.
Between homogeneous definitions you can usually insert a conjunction And .
For example: She ran into the room cheerful, loud laughing girl. (Cheerful, laughing– homogeneous definitions expressing mood, state, a conjunction can be placed between them And .) They stood in a vase red, orange And yellow flowers. (Red, orange And yellow- homogeneous definitions denoting a common feature - color.)
Heterogeneous definitions characterize an object from different angles. In this case, only the closest definition directly relates to the word being defined, and the other refers to the combination of the defined noun with the first definition.
Between heterogeneous definitions there is no coordinating connection, they are pronounced without enumerative intonation and do not allow the insertion of a conjunction And .
As a rule, heterogeneous definitions are expressed by adjectives of different categories (for example, high quality And relative ).
For example: She ran into the room small loud laughing girl. (Small, laughing– heterogeneous definitions, it is impossible to put a union between them And .)
They stood in a vase large red fragrant flowers.(Large, red, fragrant - adjectives denoting different characteristics: color, shape, smell; these are heterogeneous definitions.)
To differentiate homogeneous And heterogeneous definitions, it is necessary to take into account a whole complex of characteristics. When parsing and arranging punctuation marks, pay attention to the meaning, method of expression and order of definitions in the sentence.
Signs of homogeneity of definitions
Indicate signs of homogeneous objects: blue, yellow, red balls;
denote characteristics that are interdependent in context (= since, therefore): lunar, clear evening (= clear, because lunar);
denote artistic images, metaphors: lead, extinguished eyes;
there is a semantic gradation: joyful, festive, radiant mood;
the single definition is placed before the common one: empty, covered with snow field;
located after the defined word: woman young, beautiful, good, intelligent, charming
;
denote a subjective characteristic (optional attribute): small, golden cloud; long, narrow carpet;
in the position after the word being defined: clouds round, high, golden gray, with delicate white edges
.
denote features that are synonymous in the context, while in the context they are united by some common feature (the similarity of the impression they make, appearance etc.): He handed me red, swollen, dirty hand; Heavy, cold clouds lay on the tops of the surrounding mountains; IN thick, dark gray strands glistened in her hair; pale, strict face; funny, good-natured laughter; deserted, unfriendly house; affectionate, alive eyes; proud, brave view; dry, cracked lips; heavy, evil feeling; grey, continuous, small rain etc.
Between homogeneous definitions not connected by conjunctions, a comma is added.
For example: Reds, white, pink, yellow carnations made up beautiful bouquet. Strange, cutting, painful the cry suddenly rang out twice in a row over the river.
Signs of heterogeneity of definitions
Designate shape and material: P narrow walnut the Bureau;
indicate color and shape: white round clouds;
indicate size and material: large stone Houses;
indicate quality and location: gloomy Siberian river.
Definitions expressed by different parts of speech are also heterogeneous.
For example: At the end of November it fell first easy snowball.(Words first And easy first– numeral, easy- adjective; they do not form a series of homogeneous members). My old one house.(Words "my" And " old" refer to different parts of speech: my– pronouns, old– adjective, they also do not form a series of homogeneous members). A neglected orchard.(Words " running" And "fruit" refer to different parts of speech: running- single participle, fruit- adjective).
We draw your attention to the fact that a single participle will be heterogeneous, and a participle with a dependent word (participial phrase) is included in a number of homogeneous definitions, and the participial phrase should be in second place.
For example: black combed hair(heterogeneous definitions); black, smoothly combed hair(homogeneous definitions). A comma is placed only between homogeneous members; after participial phrase, if not special conditions isolation, no comma.
Between heterogeneous definitions no comma.
Homogeneous and heterogeneous applications
1. Depending on the meaning, applications not connected by conjunctions can be homogeneous or heterogeneous. Applications that appear before the word being defined and denote similar features of an object, characterizing it on the one hand, are homogeneous and are separated by commas.
For example: Nobel Prize laureate, academician HELL. Sakharov– honorary titles; Doctor of Philology, Professor S.I. Radzig– academic degree and title; World Cup winner, champion Europe – sports titles; Olympic champion, holder of the “golden belt” of European champion, one of the most technical boxers, candidate of technical sciences, professor- listing of different titles.
If applications indicate different characteristics of an object, characterize it from different sides, then they are heterogeneous and are not separated by commas.
For example: First Deputy Minister of Defense General of the Army – position and military rank; chief designer of the design institute for construction mechanical engineering for precast reinforced concrete engineer – position and profession; CEO production association candidate of technical sciences – position and academic degree.
2. When combining homogeneous and heterogeneous applications, punctuation marks are placed accordingly: Head of the Interuniversity Department of General and University Pedagogy, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor; Honored Master of Sports, Olympic champion, two-time World Cup winner, student of the Institute of Physical Education; Honored Master of Sports, absolute world champion, student at the Institute of Physical Education.
This article will help you summarize all your knowledge on the topic “homogeneous members of a sentence”.
Homogeneous members are words that refer to the same member of the sentence or are explained by the same member of the sentence and answer the same question. Any members of a sentence can be homogeneous: subjects, predicates, secondary members.
How to find homogeneous members in a sentence
To find homogeneous members, you must first find the main members, and then make up all possible phrases and highlight those words that depend on the same word and answer the same question.
Homogeneous members can be connected by enumeration intonation with conjunctions (and, a, but, yes and others), or only by enumeration intonation (without conjunctions). Homogeneous members in a sentence are marked graphically by drawing a circle above each homogeneous member.
An example of a simple sentence with homogeneous subjects:
OOO
Blizzards, snow and fog are always subject to frost.
(What?) Blizzards, snow, fogs (what?) are submissive. This is the case when homogeneous members are explained by one member of the sentence.
An example of a simple sentence with homogeneous predicates:
Oh Oh
The old lady picked a very beautiful flower from the garden and gave it to Zhenya...
The old lady (what did she do?) tore it off. The old lady (what did she do?) served. Homogeneous predicates refer to the same member of the sentence - the subject.
An example of a simple sentence with homogeneous minor members:
Oh Oh
There is a short but wonderful time in the original autumn.
The time is (what?) short. It’s (what?) wonderful time. Short, marvelous - homogeneous secondary members, or rather, homogeneous definitions.
Often the student mistakes heterogeneous parts of a sentence for homogeneous ones, and confusion arises in commas. Therefore, it is worth paying attention to those words that are similar to homogeneous members, but are not.
Not are homogeneous members of the sentence
- repeated words used to emphasize a variety of objects, the duration of an action, its repetition. Such combinations of words are considered as a single member of the sentence. Examples:
We seemed to be floating in the air and spinning, spinning, spinning. White daisies run back and forth under his feet;
- repeating identical shapes connected by a particle, not like that. Examples:
believe it or not, try, don’t try, write like this, write like this, work like this;
- combinations of two verbs, of which the first is lexically incomplete, for example:
I’ll take it and say, I took it and complained, I’ll go and have a look;
- stable combinations with double conjunctions, between which a comma is not placed (!). Examples:
neither back nor forward, neither for anything nor for anything, neither fish nor meat, nor sleep nor spirit, and laughter and sin, and this way and that, and day and night, and laughter and grief, and old and young, and so and so like this, here and there, neither more nor less, neither alive nor dead, neither yes nor no, neither day nor night, neither end nor edge, neither fluff nor feather, neither one nor the other, neither add nor subtract.
Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions
IN primary school they are not taught to distinguish between homogeneous definitions and heterogeneous definitions. Meanwhile, this is important, because in the first and second cases, commas are placed differently.
Homogeneous definitions indicate signs of different objects (English, French) or similar signs of one subject (boring, tiring day).
Heterogeneous definitions characterize an object or phenomenon with various sides, often expressed by a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives (wonderful string orchestra) or qualitative adjectives of different semantic groups (cold large drops). Heterogeneous definitions appear only before the word being defined.
The difference between homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions is as follows:
- each of the homogeneous definitions relates directly to the word being defined;
- the first definition of a pair of heterogeneous ones refers to the subsequent phrase.
A little trick: if you can insert a conjunction between definitions without losing the meaning And, then they are homogeneous. Between heterogeneous insert And impossible.
The glass plays with lights, like small precious stones.
You cannot insert a conjunction ( small precious stones). Precious stones(what?) small. There is no intonation of listing. These are heterogeneous definitions.
Oh Oh
The hallway is cold and smells of damp, frozen firewood bark.
It is possible to insert a conjunction and ( damp and frozen bark). There is an intonation of enumeration. These are similar signs of one object; they characterize the object from one side. These are homogeneous definitions.
- Adjective definitions that characterize an object or phenomenon from different angles are not homogeneous.
Large glass doors were wide open.
Large glass - designation of size and material, this Not homogeneous members.
In my archive I found a yellow school notebook, written in fluent handwriting.
Yellow school - designation of color and purpose, Not homogeneous members.
But sometimes in works of art there may be sentences in which there are commas between definitions that characterize the subject from different angles.
OOO
Rainy, dirty, dark autumn has arrived (Chekhov).
- Definitions are considered heterogeneous if one definition is expressed by a pronoun or numeral, and the other by an adjective.
Why don't you wear your new dress?
Finally we waited for the first warm days.
How to put commas between homogeneous terms
Now that we have learned to find homogeneous terms and distinguish them from heterogeneous ones, let's practice placing commas.
Homogeneous members of a sentence can be connected with or without the help of conjunctions.
- If between there are no homogeneous members of unions, then a comma is added.
- Before unions a, but, yes meaning but,but, however in the meaning but between homogeneous members Always a comma is added.
- If homogeneous members connect single union and, yes, in the meaning of and, or, or, then there is a comma before it Not is placed.
- If homogeneous members connect repeated conjunctions and...and, neither...nor, or...or, either...either, then... then, not that... not that, then between they have a comma is put. That is, if conjunctions are repeated, then punctuation marks are placed in the same way as in a non-union connection. A comma is placed between all homogeneous members even in the case when only part of them is connected by repeating unions, and the rest are connected by a non-union connection.
- In the case of compound conjunctions (if not..., then; if not..., then; although..., but also; both..., and; not only..., but also; not so much... ., how much; as much..., as far as; not that..., but; not that..., a) comma between homogeneous terms is put.
Between Not homogeneous definitions comma Not is placed.
If homogeneous terms are separated by a comma, then commas are placed only between them.
OOO
But I loved the birds taking flight, and the boat, and the oars on the boat.
Oh and Oh and Oh
Commas are used only between homogeneous terms (take-off, boat, oars). There is no comma before the word take-off, because it is the first of the homogeneous terms.
O O O O
The sun looks from the sky, and shines, and burns, spreading across the fields and meadows.
Oh and Oh and Oh and Oh
There is a comma before the first repeated conjunction, because this conjunction stands between homogeneous members (looks, shines).
OOO
I told about the dog, and about the baby elephant, and about the little doe.
and oh and oh and oh
There is no comma before the first repeated conjunction, because it is not between homogeneous members, but before the first of them.
Commas in simple sentences with homogeneous members without conjunctions
- If there are no unions, commas are always placed between homogeneous members. Example:
OOO
The river is spread out, flowing, lazily sad...
Commas in simple sentences with homogeneous members connected by a single conjunction
- If the union and, yes in the meaning of and, or, or single, no comma is placed in front of it.
Oh Oh
Birch branches And poplars are seen from the garden.O O O O
I love buns, buns, loaves And cake!
- If there is a union between homogeneous members a, but, yes meaning but,but, however in the meaning but, that is, an adversative conjunction, then a comma is always placed before it.
Oh Oh
I will put not the race, but the mind as a governor (Pushkin).
Union however should be distinguished from introductory word however: the conjunction can be replaced by the synonymous conjunction but. If however is a conjunction, then the comma is placed only before it.
Oh Oh
The task was not difficult, but time-consuming. (The task was not difficult, but time-consuming.)
If however there is introductory words, then commas are placed on both sides.
He, however, remained calm.
Commas in simple sentences with homogeneous members connected by repeating conjunctions
- A comma is placed before repeating conjunctions only between homogeneous members.
OOO
No longer visible neither land, neither trees, neither sky.OOO
I was paying attention And to the cry of birds, And to their songs And for the flight.O O O O
I love bread And cake, And cakes, And gingerbread
- A comma is placed between all homogeneous members, even when only part of them is connected by repeated conjunctions, and the rest are connected without the help of conjunctions.
O O O O O
He is blind, stubborn, impatient, and frivolous, and arrogant (Pushkin).
- If a conjunction connects homogeneous members in pairs, then a comma is placed only in front of paired groups.
O O O O
I am happy and strong, free and young (Bryusov).
- Paired conjunctions can be connected by a repeating conjunction and.
O O O O
Mines exploded both close and far, to the right and to the left.
- With two homogeneous members with a repeating conjunction, a comma may not be placed if the homogeneous members form a close semantic unity (such homogeneous members do not have explanatory words):
and brothers and sisters, and parents and children, and body and soul, and poetry and prose, and days and nights, and knives and forks, etc.
Most often, such unities form antonyms:
and glory and shame, and love and hatred, and joy and sorrow.
- Sometimes an alliance seems to be repetitive, but in reality these are single alliances connecting homogeneous members of different groups.
O O O O
At home and at work He searched and didn't find peace.
The first union connects homogeneous circumstances of the place: at home and at work; the second conjunction connects homogeneous predicates: I searched and did not find; therefore, each of these conjunctions is single, no comma is used.
Compound conjunctions
- Homogeneous members with compound conjunctions (if not..., then; if not..., then; although..., but also; both..., and; not only..., but also; not so much. .., how much; as much..., as far as; not that..., but; not that..., a) are separated only by one comma, which is placed before the second part of the conjunction.
Oh Oh
I have an errand How from the judge so and from all our friends to reconcile you with your friend.
Unions and, or even may have a connecting meaning (meaning “and moreover”). Please note that after the second homogeneous member of a sentence with such a conjunction, a comma is not placed (remember that a comma is only placed between homogeneous members). For example:
Oh Oh
It can be difficult or even It is impossible to immediately understand such a situation.
Homogeneous members in sentences with a generalizing word
In sentences with generalizing words, punctuation marks are placed in accordance with the rule: if the generalizing word is before homogeneous members, we put a colon after it; if after homogeneous members or the sentence continues, we put a dash after the homogeneous members.
- If a generalizing word comes before homogeneous members, then a colon is placed after it. Example:
Yellow Maple leaves were lying everywhere: on paths, on benches, on car roofs.
- If a generalizing word comes after homogeneous members, then a dash is placed in front of it. Example:
On paths, on benches, on car roofs – everywhere yellow maple leaves lay.
- If a generalizing word comes before homogeneous members, and after them the sentence continues, then a colon is placed after the generalizing word, and a dash is placed after the homogeneous members.
OOO
Everywhere: There were yellow maple leaves on the paths, on the benches, on the roofs of cars.
We figured out homogeneous members in simple sentences. But how to correctly place punctuation marks in complex sentences with homogeneous members? Let's take a closer look.
Complex sentences with homogeneous members
To correctly place commas in a complex sentence with homogeneous members, follow the algorithm. First, we define the basics of each part of a complex sentence. We put commas between parts. Now imagine that each part is a simple sentence. We find homogeneous terms and place commas according to the rules given above. Example:
We find the main terms:
The little girl stood on the ball and then suddenly ran, but the ball spun under her feet and she started driving around the arena again.
We see 3 basics: The girl stood, ran. The ball spun. She went. This is a complex sentence consisting of three parts. We put commas between them.
The little girl stood on the ball and then suddenly ran , but the ball spun under her feet , and she drove around the arena again.
We find homogeneous members (stood and ran). We determine whether commas are needed between homogeneous terms. They are connected by a single conjunction and. There is no need for a comma between them. Happened:
Oh Oh
The little girl stood on the ball and then suddenly ran , but the ball spun under her feet , and she drove around the arena again.
One more example:
Someone handed her various bell-shaped bracelets and she put them on her shoes and hands and again began to slowly spin around on the ball.
Finding the basics. Someone filed; she put it on and began to spin - 2 basics. This means that this is a complex sentence consisting of two parts. We put a comma between them.
Someone handed her various bell-shaped bracelets, and she put them on her shoes and hands and again began to slowly spin around on the ball.
Now we find homogeneous terms. In the first part there are no homogeneous members. In the second part there are homogeneous predicates dressed and began to spin. She (did what?) dressed. She (what did she do?) began to spin. Homogeneous predicates are connected by a single conjunction and. There is no comma before it.
There are also homogeneous minor members on shoes and hands. I put it on (where?) on my shoes. She put it (where?) on her hands. They are also connected by a single conjunction and. There is no comma. Result:
Someone gave her various bell bracelets,
OOO
and she put them on her shoes and on her hands and again
ABOUT
began to spin slowly on the ball.
And let's fix it:
In addition, the girl knew how to glow in the dark and she slowly floated in a circle and glowed and rang.
Let's highlight the basics. The girl knew how; it floated / glowed / rang - 2 basics. This is a complex two-part sentence. We put a comma between them.
The girl also knew how to glow in the dark , and she slowly floated in a circle and glowed and rang.
In the first part there are no homogeneous members, we do not touch it. In the second there are homogeneous predicates connected by a repeating conjunction and, therefore, we put commas between homogeneous members.
The girl also knew how to glow in the dark,
OOO
and she slowly swam in a circle , and glowed , and rang.
As you can see, the main thing is to correctly determine the basics and find homogeneous terms, and placing commas is as easy as shelling pears!
Now let’s practice composing sentences with homogeneous members on our own and using punctuation marks correctly.
Common mistakes when placing commas in sentences with homogeneous members
The most common mistake- a comma in a simple sentence is not placed BETWEEN homogeneous members, but before the first of them or after the last of them. A comma is placed BETWEEN homogeneous members.
The second mistake is “they don’t separate flies from cutlets,” they don’t differentiate parts of a complex sentence and homogeneous members.
Be careful, place commas according to the algorithm given by our 7th guru and everything will work out!
Make up a few simple sentences with homogeneous members
We will give examples, and by analogy you can come up with a couple more similar sentences.
O O O O
Daisies, cornflowers, bluebells and forget-me-nots grew in the meadow.Oh Oh
The dog whined and barked with joy.OOO
Autumn was golden, sunny, warm.
Several complex sentences with homogeneous members
Oh Oh
The cat climbed onto the roof of the booth, and the dog tried to jump and catch him.Oh Oh
The weather was clear and sunny, and the guys walked until the evening.
Developing new lesson, we ask questions: what will we study, why and how? When determining the goal, we focus on the class level: lyceum - non-lyceum, as well as on the profile - humanitarian or non-humanitarian. After this, you can make a choice about what material to use - prepared in advance or used during the lesson. Without forgetting the “distant” goal - the formation of the student’s linguistic personality, in the humanities class we set tasks for each student - to determine his own position: speaker - writer, listener - reader. Both examine examples in which, under certain conditions, there is (or is not) a linguistic phenomenon, such as when agreed upon definitions will or will not be homogeneous. In this case, the punctuation rule ceases to be the organizing center; it is assimilated as a consequence arising from the analysis of phrases or sentences. The student comes to the conclusion: there are different variants placement of punctuation marks.
In a non-humanitarian, non-lyceum class, the goal can be formulated differently: it is necessary to competently and consciously use constructions with homogeneous/heterogeneous definitions in speech. Hence the tasks: find out when a comma is/is not placed between agreed definitions, learn to correctly read and write sentences with homogeneous/heterogeneous definitions, and be able to compose them correctly.
Independent research on the topic “Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Definitions” promotes stronger assimilation and is better preserved by long-term memory. We offer it in the humanities class in the form of laboratory work.
Preliminary homework to review what has been covered - answer questions, select examples:
– What minor members of a sentence do you know?
– Which part of the sentence is called the definition?
– What adjectives are qualitative, relative?
– What are the signs subordinating connection“coordination”?
– What parts of speech words agree with the noun?
- Which coordinating conjunctions are connecting?
– What divisive and adversarial conjunctions do you know?
(Questions can be given according to options, distributed among groups.)
PROGRESS OF THE FIRST LESSON
1. Checking homework.
2. Working with concepts homogeneous/heterogeneous.
1) Two rows of synonyms are given. Decide what synonyms the word goes with definition as a linguistic term.
a) Heterogeneous, mixed, diverse, heterogeneous, heterogeneous, heterogeneous, heterogeneous.
b) Similar, identical, close, similar, spitting image, similar, homogeneous, heterogeneous.
2) Think about what the phrases mean: homogeneous definitions, heterogeneous definitions.
II. Main stage
1. Updating attention. Motivation.
A student, telling the story of the appearance of a little magpie in the house, wrote: “I was walking through the autumn and damp park, when suddenly, either under a yellow or under a tall larch tree, I saw something I didn’t understand. Then someone small and black and with a white chest jumped out of the bush.”
Describing the chick’s character, the student made up the following phrases: self-reliant and independent, pugnacious and willful; either neat or capricious.
What speech and grammatical errors would you note?
2. Lesson form.
3. Topic of the lesson.
5. Task.
6. Work with handouts.
Exercise. Carefully read the examples from the book by A.M. Zimin “An Unfamiliar Familiar Forest” and fill out the tables.
Homogeneous definitions
| Signs and conditions of homogeneity | Examples |
| 1. List the characteristics of different objects | |
| 2. Characterize an object from one side, indicate its condition | |
| 3. The subsequent definition explains and clarifies the previous one | |
| 4. You can insert a conjunction between definitions And | |
| 5. Come after the word being defined | |
| 6. Expressed by adjective and participle phrases | |
| 7. Expressed with qualitative adjectives |
A tall, thick bird cherry tree grows next to the bathhouse. A finch flew to a birch tree and sang short, cheerful songs. Never before have I seen so many white and yellow lilies. The fir trees were breathing in your face 
warm and thick aroma of pine needles. Large and small bubbles float with the current. Russula stands openly on the road - wet, pink, joyful. Birches dressed in gold, aspens and maples - in yellow, orange and purple dresses. On a gray bank that had not dried out from the spring water, a marigold bush opened its bright yellow buds. Nearby in the grass I found two young porcini mushrooms, browned in the sun. When the winter birds fly away in the spring, swallows from the south will come to visit: both village and city ones. It seemed that the sparrows had not come here to dine, but were starting a very interesting game with the bread crust, but incomprehensible to me. The rains are falling more and more often, and now there is a quiet, warm, leisurely rain, from which you don’t want to hide either under the tree or under the oilcloth. Under the tree grew lanky, toasted, bun-like porcini mushrooms, and round, reddish-brown boletus-barrels stood near the pines. The pot-bellied boletus is all in sight, respectable and proud.
Heterogeneous definitions
A small round forest lake. I found a convenient flat rock in the water. Young people appeared on the aspen tree pink leaves. Quiet, motionless pines stood further from the water. A chaffinch and a willow warbler began to sing in the light birch forest. I walked along the black, burnt bank of the river. It was difficult to look for firewood in the dark, so I kept the fire going with dry grass from last year. The duckling swims up to the snag-seal, collects something from its wet, smooth back and talks to it about something. In the vague gray bushes the corncrake creaks tirelessly. I'm walking along an overgrown narrow road. Increasingly, the road is blocked by fallen, dry, gnarled trees. I part the grass and catch large ones out of it. ripe berries. Here, an amazing hectic life is in full swing around me. Only red marsh russula grew in the damp, mossy spruce forest. A thundercloud rustled over the forest and left clean, warm puddles on the road.
7. Drawing up diagrams.
Homogeneous definitions – ,
heterogeneous definitions –
III. The final stage
1. Assess your condition and your work.
2. Comments and suggestions for the lesson.
IV. Homework (students' choice)
1) Select 8–10 sentences with homogeneous – heterogeneous definitions;
2) select a text containing sentences with homogeneous – heterogeneous definitions;
3) come up with 8–10 sentences with homogeneous – heterogeneous definitions;
4) compose a text containing sentences with homogeneous – heterogeneous definitions.
Material for the second lesson
1. Be careful! Determine whether the agreed adjectives in all sentences are modifiers.(Not in all of them. In examples 1, 3, 5, the adjectives are part of a compound nominal predicate.)
1) The dried moss crunched underfoot, and the cloudberries were surprisingly juicy and large.
2) A silver night moth flickers in a ray of light.
3) The river here is narrow, the banks are high and steep.
4) I came to collect cloudberries on a hot, windless day.
5) The thick litter of fallen leaves was dry and soft.
2. Explanatory dictation.
1) A queen bumblebee in a black fluffy coat with a yellow belt flew to our parking lot on the shore of the lake, humming with a bass voice.
2) It seemed that autumn had hung colorful holiday lanterns on the aspen tree.
3) The water in the river has already cooled down from the long cold nights and does not have time to warm up during the day.
4) Strong, sharp, alarming cries of a thrush were heard in the bushes.
5) I squeezed my large mushroom basket into my backpack, and together with my son we went to our treasured places to Spring Lake.
6) The marsh grass, cotton grass, approached the lake itself, its heads in white downy caps bent towards the water and began to listen to something. (A. Zimin)
3. Write down the text with a title and explain the punctuation marks. Check the author's punctuation.
The sky is clear blue sun, although not very warm, but bright and festive. Autumn cobwebs are silvering in the sky. Along the road there are colorful aspens. When the wind blows, the aspens throw heaps of red, yellow and orange leaves at me. I catch leaves on the fly and throw them up again, rejoicing along with the aspen trees on a fine autumn day.
And suddenly, in the wind, in the shadow of thick fir trees, I noticed a quiet young aspen with black leaves. What kind of grief does she have? He approached her and stood next to her, but he couldn’t help her, he couldn’t even ask her questions.
OSINKA IN MOURNING
The sky is clear, blue, the sun, although not very warm, is bright and festive. Autumn cobwebs are silvering in the sky. Along the road there are colorful aspens. When the wind blows, the aspen trees throw piles of red, yellow and orange leaves at me. I catch the leaves on the fly, throw them up again, rejoicing along with the aspen trees on a fine autumn day.
And suddenly, in the wind, in the shadow of thick fir trees, I noticed a quiet young aspen with black leaves. What kind of grief does she have? He approached her and stood next to her, but he couldn’t help her, he couldn’t even ask her questions. (A. Zimin)
4. Copy the text, insert homogeneous or heterogeneous definitions in place of the gaps. Underline homogeneous definitions with a wavy line.
GEESE FLIGHT AWAY
It's raining. With the wind. Sometimes drizzling, sometimes _______, _______, _______. In the wet _______ sky, geese flying south scream, screaming night and day, sometimes so high that they are not visible in the rain, and sometimes very low, right above the forest. And then it seems that a gusty _______ wind is carrying them along with the clouds to the south. The aspen and birch trees bow and wave their branches. Red and _______ leaves fall from the branches and fly after the geese. A flock of finches flies along with the leaves. You start to confuse where the finches are and where the leaves are. But then the finches flew away, and the leaves, exhausted, fell on the _______ _______ grass from the heavy rains, on the muddy and _______ road, on the pockmarked _______ puddles. Behind the birch forest the cries of geese can be heard again. The wind carries another flock of geese to the south. (A. Zimin)
5. Test. Indicate the numbers of sentences with homogeneous definitions.
1) A large, shaggy dog of some indeterminate color came out from around the bend.
2) The geese noticed the puppy and, cackling with displeasure, gathered closer together, scolding him in different ways. The great white gander, the leader of the flock, especially tried.
3) Having received a portion of milk, the elk calf lay down immediately under a young spreading birch tree and rested until lunch.
4. Winter was approaching. Lisanka's fur coat became fluffy and thick.
5) By autumn, the fox turned into a beautiful adult fox and began to cause us trouble.
6) The cat squinted her eyes and saw a mouse, small, gray, with a long tail dragging along the floor, running nearby, warily looking in her direction.
7) The chickens lay on their sides in the dust, as if dead, the sparrows were sitting on the fence, not far from the old basin, from which, slowly, standing on its edge with its paws, a white fish was lapping yellow spots cat.
8) Before Naida had time to reach the first bushes, her nose was filled with a fox smell - strong, unbearable.
9) The fox swerved towards the ravine, rolled down the slope and immediately up, jumped over a frozen stream, tore through thick and thorny bushes, leaving tufts of red fur on them, and began to climb to the right.
10) Spring turned out to be early and unusually quick. (V. Svintsov)
Answer. 1, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10.
When studying a new topic in non-lyceum classes, as long-term practice shows, it is best to go from the experience of children: learning the material is always higher if you first look at examples of phrases, sentences, texts invented by students, and only then from the textbook. For this reason, work on the topic “Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions” can be structured as follows:
1. Riddle.
The proverb says about this bird that it and the sparrow are sea backwaters. It can be semi-domestic and wild at the same time. (Pigeon.)
2. Conversation.
– Do you think the phrase is composed correctly? the dove is bold and semi-homemade?
(No, a speech error was made, since a sign that determines the character of a pigeon is named, and a sign that determines its habitat is indicated.)
– Can you say pigeons? postal and decorative?
(It is possible, because signs indicating the purpose of pigeons are indicated.)
– Is the phrase composed correctly? plumage is white, blue and brown-brown?
(Yes, adjectives indicate color.)
– Is there a speech error in the sentence? Pigeons feed on seeds of legumes and cereals?
- Here: transverse white stripe on the lower back? Or: wide dark stripe at the end of the tail?
(The phrases are composed without errors.)
– The definitions in the phrases are consistent, but are they homogeneous? 
(Heterogeneous.)
– Give an example where the definitions, in your opinion, are homogeneous.
3. Report the topic of the lesson.
4. Offer– at the end of the lesson, independently formulate the purpose of the lesson.
5. Topic movement. Working with material.
Exercise 1. Look at the drawing. Read the sentences.
In which sentence are definitions expressed by qualitative adjectives? What is the rank of the adjectives in the first sentence? What are the definitions in the third sentence? Where are the definitions homogeneous and heterogeneous? Pay attention to the placement of punctuation marks. In what case can a conjunction be inserted between definitions? And? Try to formulate a punctuation rule.
Task 2. Look at the drawing.
Make up phrases: qualitative adjective + qualitative adjective+ noun, and qualitative adjective + relative adjective + noun(word order can be changed). When making phrases of the first type, describe the beak, wings, legs, and tail of pigeons. When composing phrases of the second type, take into account the size, age, plumage, endurance, purpose, and habitat of the birds.
Task 3. Describe the personality of each bird using appropriate adjectives.
Independent, unpretentious, cautious, reserved, secretive, brave, quarrelsome, proud, meek, important, calm, pugnacious.
Task 4. Read the text. Tell me briefly. Find heterogeneous definitions and explain punctuation marks.
The dove is a symbol of purity, meek disposition, as well as tenderness and love. In a number of traditions, the dove acts as a heavenly messenger and as a symbol of the soul of the deceased. Thus, according to Slavic belief, the soul of the deceased turns into a dove. In addition, he is a sacrificial animal.
The white carrier pigeon notifying the Greek cities of victory Olympic Games, became the prototype of the dove of peace with an olive branch in its beak, since peace was declared during the games in Greece. The artist Picasso resurrected ancient symbols by painting a white terry carrier pigeon for the World Peace Congress. (According to V.V. Adamchik)
Task 5. Find in the text and write down homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions as part of phrases. Explain punctuation marks.
The buzzard is a large bird of prey, noticeably larger than a crow, with a pointed, hooked beak. Its color is simple: from grayish-ochre to dark brown, the underside is lighter, with longitudinal streaks. Short, rounded tail with transverse stripes. A flying bird has a light stripe visible below its wide wings. (V.D. Ilyichev)
Task 6. Write down the text, add punctuation marks. Underline homogeneous definitions with a wavy line and heterogeneous definitions with a straight line.
The warbler has a thin, pointed beak and plumage that is brownish above and greyish-ochre below. Slender and agile, she quickly and maneuverably moves in the crowns and bushes and is secretive. Lifestyle although he is not afraid of man. Active during daylight and night time. (According to V.D. Ilyichev)
6. Formulating the purpose of the lesson.
7. Generalization.
– Do homogeneous definitions characterize an object from one side or from different sides? (On the one side.) Moreover, adjectives most often belong to which category? (These are qualitative adjectives.)
– When do homogeneous definitions list the characteristics of different objects? Give an example.
– Is it true that heterogeneous definitions characterize a subject from different angles? (Right.)
– Under what condition is a comma placed between agreed definitions? (If they are homogeneous.)
8. Lesson summary.
9. Homework.
Read and retell the paragraph from the textbook, select and complete one exercise in writing.
Additional material for control and correction: working with texts by V. Ilyichev (6th version adapted).
1) Read the text.
2) Determine the type and style of speech.
3) Find and write down homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions, indicate their characteristics. Explain punctuation marks.
Option 1
The white stork is a large, stately bird with black-tipped wings, an elongated red beak and red legs.
The stork walks a lot on the ground, flies well, interrupting its flight by soaring. Having no voice, it characteristically cracks its beak.
This bird lives in the steppe and forest-steppe zones of the western part of Russia. Willingly settles in populated areas, fields and swampy meadows. Winters in Africa. Nests White stork settles on poles, roofs of houses or large trees.
Its food is frogs, mice, insects.
Option 2
Who hasn’t seen this smart and cautious bird! Black-headed, with a pointed black beak, black strong legs and a rounded tail. It is gray underneath, and the neck and back are the same color.
Surprisingly, the hooded crow is a songbird, although it is difficult to call its dissonant, piercing croaking, clicking and cracking singing as singing. She flies well, walks quickly on the ground, and deftly climbs branches. Spends a lot of time in treetops and on buildings. Leads a sedentary lifestyle, undertakes migrations in the autumn-winter period.
Option 3
The wood pipit is an elegant bird, smaller and slimmer than a sparrow, with a thin straight and pointed beak, long legs, and a loosely cut tail. In summer, its back is covered with clay-grayish spots and streaks. The ventral side is buffy-yellowish, with wide streaks on the crop and chest. The legs are pink, the hind toe has an elongated and curved claw. The outer tail feathers are white.
Option 4
Despite this disrespectful name, the kestrel is a predator, albeit a small one, the size of a pigeon. This is a bird with a long stepped tail, wide rounded wings, and a pointed, hooked beak. Males have a gray head, tail and rump, wings and back black spots, the tail is gray, with a black and white border at the top, down side buffy, with brown longitudinal spots. The female has a brown upperparts, with a transverse pattern on the back, shoulders and tail, and a head with longitudinal stripes.
Option 5
It's hard to imagine a person who doesn't know the tit! Here she is: slightly smaller than a sparrow, with a straight, pointed beak and short, tenacious legs. The top of the tit's head is shiny, black, the back of the head and cheeks are white, the back is greenish, the bottom is yellow with black longitudinal stripe, wide in males and narrow in females. The gray-blue wing has a light transverse stripe, and the outer tail feathers are white. This agile, agile bird, active during the day, spends a lot of time in the crowns of trees, in bushes, and on the ground. He is not afraid of people, especially children.
Option 6
Winter nature is decorated with our favorites - the handsome bullfinches. The common bullfinch is larger than a sparrow. It has a thick, short, strongly swollen black beak. The plumage is soft, long, thick. The tail is black, straight-cut. Strong and tenacious legs hold the bird upside down on a tree branch as it reaches for berries and seeds. Males have bright red underparts, females are whitish-gray, and both have a shiny black crown, forehead, cheeks, wings and tail. The back is gray, the underbelly, rump and undertail are white.
T.V. SENYUSHKINA,
Lyceum “Sigma”,
Barnaul