Description of the barberry plant, use in folk medicine. Common barberry

Beneficial features barberries were well known in ancient world on different continents and in different parts of the world. The ancient Greeks and Romans prepared potions from the fruits and leaves of barberry for diseases of the stomach and intestines. In India, it was a popular tonic, thirst quencher and laxative. IN Ancient Egypt Barberry fruits were used to cleanse the blood and body of toxins. In the Far East, Japan and China, they treated scurvy, saved themselves from vitamin deficiency, relieved attacks of fever, and lowered high blood pressure. The barberry flower is popular in Tibetan medicine; rejuvenating tinctures were made from the plant.

Plant species

Is it possible to eat the fruits of barbaris vulgaris? Barberry is an extensive, large genus of shrubs and trees, which has about 580 species. This includes evergreen thorny species and deciduous ones. Which types of shrubs are most often used as medicinal raw materials, and which are cultivated for decorative purposes?

• Common barberry. This is the most unpretentious type of plant, a grass that takes root well in the Central Russian region. “Favorite” of summer residents and gardeners. It is often used as an ornamental plant that pleases the eye. appearance over three seasons - spring, summer and autumn. The shrub looks beautiful in the fall, when bright clusters of berries ripen and the foliage turns red.
• Asian barberry. This is the general commercial name of several botanical species of shrubs that are found in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan. These varieties are frost-resistant; their fruits are much darker and covered with a bluish coating. These, for example, include: oblong barberry, spherical-fruited, Turkmen, whole-edged. Average height Asian varieties - 2 m. Some of them are used in folk medicine, food industry, some only for decoration.
• Amur barberry. It grows in the Primorsky Territory and is also known in China and Japan. Outwardly it resembles common barberry, but with longer and larger fruits, leaves and spines. The crown of the bush is beautiful, wide, spreading, and can grow up to 3 m. It is a heat-resistant, dry-resistant and frost-resistant species. Found in the wild, but also cultivated since 1875.
• Ottawa barberry. This is a hybrid obtained by crossing the common barberry and the Thunberg variety. One of the most famous ornamental shrub species, which is widely used for landscaping. A beautiful spreading crown, purple-violet foliage, fragrant flowers - these are the advantages for which this species is worth growing. This is a real decoration of city parks and garden plots. The fruits of this species are edible, but small in size and very sour.
• Barberry Thunberg. In the wild, this species can be found in mountainous areas in Japan and China. Cultivated throughout Europe for landscape design. This is a small shrub no more than 1 m high, with small, graceful leaves and abundant fruits. The berries of this variety taste bitter due to large quantity alkaloids in the composition, so they are not eaten. However, birds happily feast on these vitamins in winter.

Features of common barberry

What is barberry? People far from the horticultural sphere can clearly imagine the appearance of the fruits of this plant. At least by the image on the wrapper of the famous “Barberry” caramels or by the berries in the seasoning for pilaf. However, not everyone knows what the shrub itself looks like, what are the beneficial properties of barberry and what diseases are treated with it?

Habitat

Common barberry can also be found in Asia. But this species is most typical for Central and Southern Europe. Distributed throughout the European part of Russia, it can also be found in the Volga region, Crimea, and the North Caucasus. In the wild, the shrub loves open, well-lit areas - mountain slopes, hillocks, hills, forest edges, open river banks, light forests.

Botanical description

The common barberry plant is a branched shrub reaching a height of 3 meters or more. The bark of young shoots and the trunk is gray, covered with spines up to 2 cm long. The leaves are alternate, petiolate, finely toothed along the edges, bright green in summer, purple-red, brown in autumn. The inflorescences are racemose (6 cm), yellow flowers, with a pleasant honey aroma. The fruits are bright red, up to 1 cm long, very sour. The plant blooms in late spring and early summer, and the fruits ripen in late summer and early autumn, depending on climatic conditions.

Procurement of raw materials

The shrub is famous for its wide use of not only fruits, but also prepared roots, leaves and even bark.

• Berries. Harvested in September-October (it is better to harvest in dry weather). They are consumed fresh, but also dried in air or in special electric dryers, in which the temperature should not exceed 40 °C. Store in linen bags for 3 years. Some herbalists indicate that it is better not to eat or prepare green barberry: due to the high content of alkaloids, the berries can cause poisoning.
• Leaves. Collected in the spring - in May-June during the budding period. The leaves are dried in well-ventilated areas (you can outdoors, but not in direct sunlight). Dried raw materials are stored in linen bags for no more than 3 years, protected from dampness.
• Bark. It is better to prepare in October. The bark is removed from thick stems, strung on a thin rope (thread) and dried outdoors in dry weather or in a closed but well-ventilated room. Bark, like other types of raw materials, can be stored for 3 years.
• Roots. They are most often dug in the fall (October-November), but can also be dug in the spring. They are well cleaned, washed and dried. Then cut into small plates, lay out thin layer and dry in a well-ventilated area. Dry roots can be stored for 3 years, protected from dampness.

Although the medicinal properties of barberry last for 3 years, if possible, herbalists still recommend replenishing stocks every 2 years with a good harvest.

Composition and pharmacological action

What are the beneficial properties of barberry berries, its leaves, roots and bark? What has earned this plant such popular fame and recognition in traditional medicine?

• Chemical composition. The main value of barberry is alkaloids (substances containing nitrogen). There are eleven of them in barberry. The most important of them are berberine, berbamine, leontin, oxyxanthin. Ripe berries contain a lot of sugars, mineral salts, organic acids, vitamins, and the leaves contain more vitamin C, essential oils, carotene, malic and citric acid.
• Pharmachologic effect. Choleretic, hemostatic, anti-inflammatory, diaphoretic, tonic, sedative, astringent, antiseptic, diuretic, hypotensive, antipyretic, antitumor, analgesic.

Indications

First of all, thanks to berberine, all parts of the plant are widely used as a choleretic agent. For what diseases and symptoms is this plant most often used?

• Disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. Tinctures and decoctions stop gastrointestinal bleeding, treat diseases of the liver (including hepatitis and cirrhosis), spleen, bile ducts, gallbladder, stomach ulcers, digestive disorders, hemorrhoids, dysentery.
• Inflammation of the lower respiratory tract. The benefits of barberry have been proven in the treatment of pneumonia, bronchitis, and any cough caused by inflammation of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. It is also used in the treatment of pleurisy and tuberculosis.
• Diseases of the cardiovascular system. The medicinal plant lowers blood pressure and improves heart function.
• Bladder and kidney diseases. Barberry is a good diuretic, so it can be used for urolithiasis (under the strict supervision of a doctor!).
• To improve appetite. Nutritionists recommend taking juice and jelly from barberry fruits if you have an appetite disorder before each meal. To reduce the acid, you can add a little sugar to it, dilute it with water, or add juice from other fruits.
• Treatment of the mucous membranes of the mouth and throat. Infusions of barberry are recommended for gargling and rinsing the mouth in case of gum disease. Thanks to its bactericidal and antiseptic properties, barberry is good at relieving inflammation of the mucous membrane.
• For weight loss. How does barberry promote weight loss? Firstly, it normalizes metabolic processes in the body and improves digestion. Secondly, thanks to pectins and organic acids, it improves intestinal motility and cleanses it well. Berries also cleanse the blood and the entire body of toxins. During the diet, barberry-based preparations support the body with the necessary vitamins and mineral components, which is also very important. However, when losing weight, it is not recommended to use barberry as a snack and seasoning, since the berry increases appetite. But you can prepare compotes, decoctions, teas, infusions with minimal sugar content.
• For rejuvenation. The rejuvenating properties of barberry were known in Ancient Tibet and China. Masks were made from it to smooth out wrinkles and improve skin color.
• Diseases of muscles and joints. For arthritis, rheumatism, radiculitis, osteochondrosis, barberry is used internally and externally in the form of compresses. It is not only an anti-inflammatory, but also an analgesic.
• Diabetes. Barberry restores metabolism and improves diabetes.
• Gynecology. Decoctions and infusions are used to treat uterine bleeding, as well as leucorrhoea, inflammation of the female genital organs using baths and douches. Uterine bleeding is a serious symptom that requires immediate medical attention to determine the cause of the bleeding. Barberry quickly narrows the blood vessels of the uterus, so previously its decoctions and infusions were used in folk medicine to stop bleeding after childbirth, and for uterine bleeding during menopause and hormonal imbalances.
• Help with addictions. Some herbalists contain information that the fruits and leaves of the bush help get rid of drug, alcohol, and nicotine addictions.
• External use. For inflammation of the eyes and skin (wounds, eczema), you can make lotions, baths, and rinse with barberry decoction.
• Anti-radiation agent. During active radiation exposure, barberry helps increase the body's defenses.
• Immunostimulating agent. Thanks to the large amount of vitamin C (especially in the leaves), barberry can be taken prophylactically to strengthen the immune system during the spring period of vitamin deficiency.

Some countries have their own peculiarities of using this plant. For example, in Germany they treat not only the gastrointestinal tract, but also lung diseases and mucosal lesions. In France, it is an antipyretic, bactericidal and hypotensive (lowering blood pressure) agent. In Bulgaria it is a popular medicine for radiculitis and rheumatic pain, in Poland it is often taken for vitamin deficiency, and in China for cancer.

Contraindications

What are the contraindications?

• Pregnancy. The alkaloid substances contained in barberry can increase muscle tone, which is dangerous for early miscarriage and premature birth in the last trimester. Most sources also contain a ban on the use of barberry during breastfeeding.
• Individual intolerance. In case of hypersensitivity and severe allergic reaction, barberry should not be used for medicinal purposes.
• Gallstone disease and liver cirrhosis. Barberry can provoke an acute attack. Therefore, you cannot use the medicine for cirrhosis and hepatitis of various types without prescribing and consulting a doctor.
• Diseases associated with increased blood clotting. Barberry, having a hemostatic effect, can aggravate the disease.
• Children under 12 years old. Use for medicinal purposes is prohibited or carried out under the strict supervision of a physician. This is due to alkaloids, which can not only bring benefits, but also cause harm to the body.

Barberry is a mildly poisonous plant. Therefore, its use for medicinal purposes without consulting a doctor is not recommended. An overdose may be accompanied by the following symptoms - an allergic reaction in the form of swelling, nausea, vomiting, convulsions, loss of consciousness, nosebleeds and even kidney bleeding. When taking barberry and sedatives at the same time, the effect of the latter may increase. If there are any signs of overdose or allergic reaction, you should stop taking the medicine and consult a doctor.

Features of use in folk medicine and pharmacological industry

How to prepare and use barberry at home? And what drugs based on this medicinal raw material can be purchased at the pharmacy?

How are the fruits used?

The uses of barberry fruits are very diverse:

• they are consumed fresh, dried, boiled, pickled;
• medicinal infusions and decoctions are made from the berries, as well as compotes, juices, syrups, jams, liqueurs, marmalades, jams;
• There is a known recipe for preparing barberry with honey (barberry berries are placed in liquid fresh honey), then it is consumed as a healthy delicacy;
• the fruits are also used as a seasoning for pilaf and other meat dishes;
• fresh berries are often taken for diseases of the heart, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, vitamin deficiencies, to lower blood pressure, and for coughs.

Making jam from barberries

1. Prepare 1 kg of fresh fruits and pour them cold water for 8 o'clock.
2. Boil syrup from 6 cups of sugar and 2 cups of water.
3. Drain the berries and add syrup.
4. Cook over moderate heat for 30 minutes.
5. Pour the jam into sterilized jars and roll up the lids.

This is one of the old Russian recipes for barberry jam. This is not only a delicacy, but also an effective antipyretic for colds, flu, and ARVI.

Preparation of a restorative drink from fresh berries

1. Squeeze ½ cup of juice from fresh fruits.
2. Dilute with a glass of boiled water.
3. Take ¼ glass of drink before meals.

This remedy normalizes appetite and also strengthens the immune system. The beneficial properties of barberry berries are preserved until the first frost, so the fruits can be harvested even in October-November.

How to use the leaves

Barberry leaves are no less valuable than the berries, roots and bark of the plant. Where and how are they used?

• In cooking. Only young leaves are used, which can be collected in spring and early summer. In the old days, cabbage soup was cooked from the leaves, added to salads as a seasoning, and marinades were made. You can also use dried leaves as a seasoning to add a more sour taste to first courses.
• Decoctions, infusions, tinctures for internal use. There may be water infusions and alcohol tinctures. To prepare them, take fresh and dry leaves. They are used to treat the gastrointestinal tract, kidneys, and uterine bleeding.
• As an antiseptic and analgesic for external use. To strengthen the gums, it is recommended to chew fresh barberry leaves. A decoction of the leaves can be used to gargle, it is used for douching for gynecological inflammations, and lotions and baths are made from it for diseases of the skin and joints.

Preparation of barberry alcohol tincture

1. Take 2 tbsp. l. crushed dry leaves.
2. Pour in ½ glass of vodka or diluted alcohol (40%).
3. Leave for 14 days in a warm and dark place.

The tincture will have a dark yellow color, a pleasant aroma and a sour taste. Take 20-30 drops three times a day for 3 weeks.

How to use the root and bark

The use of barberry root and bark is advisable for inflammatory processes of the oral mucosa, gynecological inflammation, digestive disorders, as well as for external use - lotions and baths.

Preparation of a decoction of barberry roots

1. Take 1 tsp. chopped roots.
2. Pour a glass of water.
3. Boil and keep in a water bath for 40 minutes.
4. Strain the broth.

Take 1 tsp three times a day. The decoction is especially useful for pneumonia, bronchitis, and pleurisy. This remedy also quenches thirst well.

Pharmacy drugs

• Berberine tablets. The active substance of the drug is barberry alkaloid (berberine). This is a well-known choleretic and antispasmodic drug that is used to treat chronic diseases of the gallbladder and liver. Under the influence of berberine, bile secretion increases, its viscosity decreases, bile secretion increases, and muscle tone of the gallbladder decreases.
• Pharmacy fee. Dried fruits, leaves, bark and roots can be purchased at the pharmacy. Barberry can also be included in other pharmacy preparations.
• Alcohol tincture of leaves. Constricts blood vessels, accelerates blood clotting, and contracts the smooth muscles of the uterus in the postpartum period. Also used as a choleretic agent. Take about 30 drops three times a day for 3 weeks according to strict indications.
• Homeopathic granules "Barberry comp". They are most often prescribed for chronic tonsillitis and adenoids. In homeopathy, a tincture of dried roots is also used; it is taken for a long time in a diluted form for cholecystitis, hemorrhoids, biliary colic, bleeding, rheumatism and other diseases.

Cosmetology

Decoctions and water infusions are prepared from leaves, fruits and bark, which are used to wipe the face. These homemade lotions and tonics have a rejuvenating effect, eliminate skin defects (pigment spots, freckles, acne), smooth out fine wrinkles, and give a healthy complexion. However, when preparing face masks from fresh barberry fruits, you need to remember safety: the acid can severely irritate sensitive skin. It is recommended to make masks on a small area of ​​skin to check the reaction. Also, decoctions and infusions of barberry are effective in general hair care and eliminate dandruff well.

Preparing a decoction for skin rejuvenation

1. Take 1 tbsp. l. crushed barberry leaves (fresh or dry).
2. Pour a glass of boiling water.
3. Leave for 30 minutes.
4. Strain.

The decoction is used morning and evening as a tonic. You can also freeze the broth in the form of portioned cubes and wipe your face with them.

Preparing a hair mask

1. Take ½ cup of barberry fruit.
2. Pour 1 liter of boiling water.
3. Leave for 1 hour.

The medicinal properties of barberry are known not only in folk medicine. Preparations based on barberry are actively used in traditional medicine and pharmacology. Its main pharmacological properties are choleretic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, and hemostatic. Due to the high content of alkaloids, the shrub is classified as a weakly poisonous plant and is dangerous in case of overdose and prolonged, uncontrolled use.

Spreading. Eurasian species. Distributed in all areas of the European part of the country, in Siberia (except for the Arctic), and in the Caucasus.

Habitat. It grows as a weed-ruderal plant near housing, in vacant lots, in gardens, parks, and vegetable gardens. It occurs in small clumps and does not form large thickets. Natural reserves are many times greater than the needs for celandine raw materials.

Preparation. The grass is harvested during the phase of mass flowering of the plant (from June to August), cutting it off with knives or sickles, and when it is dense, mowing the flowering tops with scythes, without the rough lower parts of the stems.

^ Security measures. When harvesting for the renewal of thickets, it is necessary to leave well-developed individuals for seeding, and not to uproot the plants. In order to preserve the thickets, repeated harvesting is carried out no earlier than after 2-3 years.

Drying. Dry without delay in dryers at a temperature of 50-60 ° C, in attics under an iron roof or under a canopy with good ventilation. The raw materials are laid out loosely, in a thin layer, turning over from time to time. When dried slowly, the grass turns brown and rots.

When packaging raw materials, it is necessary to put wet gauze masks on your face, since the dust from it causes severe irritation of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity.

Standardization. GF XI, issue. 2, Art. 47.

External signs. ^ Whole raw materials. Whole or partially crushed leafy stems with buds, flowers and fruits of varying degrees of development, pieces of stems, leaves, flowers and fruits. The stems are slightly ribbed, sometimes branched, hollow at the internodes, slightly pubescent, up to 50 cm long. The leaves are alternate, petiolate, broadly elliptical in outline, the blades are unpaired-pinnately dissected with 3-4 pairs of crenate-lobed segments. The buds are obovate with two pubescent sepals that fall off when the flower opens. Flowers 4-8 in axillary umbellate inflorescences on peduncles that lengthen during fruiting. Corolla of 4 obovate petals, many stamens, superior ovary. The fruit is an oblong, pod-shaped, bivalve capsule. The seeds are numerous, small, ovoid with a pitted surface (under a magnifying glass), with a fleshy white appendage. The color of the stems is light green, the leaves are green on one side and bluish on the other, the corolla is bright yellow, the fruits are grayish-green, the seeds are brownish to black. The smell is peculiar. Taste is not determined (!). Crushed raw materials. Pieces of leaves, stems, flowers and fruits of various shapes, passing through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 7 mm. The color is grayish-green with yellow splashes. The smell is peculiar. Taste is not determined (!).

Microscopy. When examining the leaf from the surface, epidermal cells with sinuous walls are visible. Stomata only on the underside of the leaf with 4-7 parastomatal cells (anomocytic type). On the underside of the leaf along the veins there are sparse long simple hairs with thin walls, often torn, consisting of 7-20 cells, sometimes twisted or with individual collapsed segments. At the top of the crenate teeth, at the convergence of the veins, there is a hydathode with a papillary epidermis and 2-5 large water stomata. Cells of spongy parenchyma with large intercellular spaces (aerenchyma). The veins are accompanied by lacticifers with dark brown granular contents (after boiling in alkali) (Fig. 10.25).

Rice. 10.25. Microscopy of a celandine leaf:

A - epidermis of the upper side; B - fragment of a leaf from the bottom side;

B - fragment of a leaf vein: 1 - hairs; 2 - milkmen; 3 - spongy parenchyma.

^ Chemical composition. All parts of the plant contain alkaloids, isoquinoline derivatives, the amount of which in the grass can reach 2%, and in the roots - 4%. The composition of alkaloids is very complex, and in their structure they belong to different subgroups of isoquinoline derivatives: protoberberine alkaloids (berberine, coptisine, etc.), protopine alkaloids (protopine, allocryptopine), benzophenanthridine alkaloids (chelidonine, homochelidonine, chelerythrine, methoxychelidonine, oxychelidonine, sanguinarine and etc.). In addition to alkaloids, there are saponins, 0.01% essential oil, flavonoids (rutin, kaempferol, quercetin), tannins, organic acids (citric, malic, succinic), vitamins (ascorbic acid, carotenoids).

Storage. In dry, well-ventilated areas, according to list B. Shelf life: 3 years.

^ Medicines.

1. 
   Celandine grass, crushed raw materials. Choleretic, anti-inflammatory agent.
2. 
   Celandine herb extract is included in complex preparations (“Hepatofalk planta”, “Holagogum”, “Holaflux”, etc.).

^ External anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antispasmodic, choleretic agent.

Pharmacological properties. Celandine herb has multifaceted pharmacological activity. However, the main properties are antispasmodic, choleretic and anti-inflammatory (bactericidal). Celandine alkaloids have the greatest pharmacological activity. Chelidonine gives a pronounced analgesic and sedative effect, similar in action to poppy alkaloids - papaverine and morphine, has an antispasmodic effect on smooth muscles, and has hypotensive and bradycardic properties. Homochelidonin, on the contrary, gives an exciting-convulsive effect and has a strong local anesthetic effect. The alkaloid protopine, contained in the plant in fairly large quantities, reduces the reactivity of the nervous system and increases the tone of smooth muscles. Chelerythrine is characterized by a pronounced local irritant effect. Sanguinarine has an anticholinesterase effect (increases intestinal motility and salivary secretion), berberine is a choleretic effect. Celandine preparations inhibit the growth of cancer tumors and the development of metastases, and have a fungistatic and bacteriostatic effect.

Application. Celandine herb is used in the form of a 2.5% aqueous infusion orally as a choleretic and bactericidal agent for diseases of the liver and gall bladder, and also as an external anti-inflammatory agent for various skin diseases. The milky juice of celandine has long been used to reduce warts. Celandine herb extract is part of complex preparations with choleretic and antispasmodic effects.

Celandine herb is used with caution and only as prescribed by a doctor. Use is contraindicated for persons suffering from epilepsy, angina pectoris, bronchial asthma, as well as a number of neurological syndromes. The plant is poisonous; in case of overdose, poisoning can develop (symptoms are nausea, vomiting, paralysis of the respiratory center). It is not recommended to bathe children in a decoction of celandine herb.

^ Numerical indicators. Whole raw materials. The amount of alkaloids, determined potentiometrically, in terms of chelidonine is not less than 0.2%; humidity no more than 14%; total ash no more than 15%; ash, insoluble in a 10% solution of hydrochloric acid, no more than 2%; browned and yellowed parts of grass no more than 3%; organic impurity no more than 1%; mineral impurity no more than 0.5%. Crushed raw materials. The amount of alkaloids in terms of chelidonine is not less than 0.2%; humidity no more than 14%; total ash no more than 15%; ash, insoluble in a 10% solution of hydrochloric acid, no more than 2%; particles that do not pass through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 7 mm, no more than 10%; particles passing through a sieve with holes measuring 0.5 mm, no more than 10%; organic impurity no more than 1%; mineral impurity no more than 0.5%.

^ MACLEAYAE GRASS - HERBA MACLEAYAE

Macleaia cordata - Macleaya cordata (Willd.) R. Br.

Macleaya microcarpa (Maxim.) Fedde

Sem. poppy - Papaveraceae

Botanical characteristics. Macleaia cordate and M. small-fruited are perennial herbaceous plants up to 2.5 m high, containing orange-yellow milky sap. The leaves are heart-shaped, 5-7-lobed, alternate, petiolate, the lower ones up to 25 cm long, the upper ones much shorter. Flowers with a simple calyx-shaped perianth (morphologically this is a calyx), which falls off when the flowers bloom, stamens from 8 to 30. The fruit is a capsule (Fig. 10.26). These two species differ in the structure of flowers and fruits. Macleaia cordate has 25-30 stamens in flowers, a lanceolate-shaped capsule with 2-6 seeds; small-fruited Macleya has 8-12 stamens, a round capsule with one seed. They bloom in July, the fruits ripen in August.

Rice. 10.26. Macleaya cordata (Willd.) R. Br.

Spreading. Homeland - Japan and China. In Russia they are cultivated in the Krasnodar region.

Preparation. The grass is harvested before budding and during budding. The highest content of alkaloids was observed for three-year-old plants. Harvesting of raw materials is mechanized. After mowing, the above-ground part of the plant is cut using silage cutters.

^ Drying. Thermal drying at a temperature of 40-50 °C.

Standardization. FS 42-2666-89.

External signs. The raw material is a mixture of pieces of stems, leaves and buds. Pieces of stems up to 15 cm long and up to 1.5 cm in diameter, cylindrical, longitudinally ribbed, hollow inside, sometimes split lengthwise, outside yellowish-gray to brownish-gray, sometimes with a waxy coating; a cross-section shows a yellowish-brown bark and a white, loose core. Pieces of leaves of various shapes up to 10 cm in size, the upper surface is bare, from brownish-green to brownish-yellow or grayish-green, the lower surface is slightly pubescent, gray or yellowish-gray. Pieces of leaf petioles up to 12 cm long and up to 1 cm thick, irregularly cylindrical, horseshoe-shaped at the base, sometimes flattened, the same color as the stems. The buds are up to 0.7 cm long, cylindrical (Makleya small-fruited) or club-shaped (Makleya cordate) in shape, yellowish-brown in color. The smell is weak. Taste is not determined (!)

Microscopy. When examining a leaf from the surface, numerous submerged stomata with 5-6 parastomatal cells (anomocytic type) are of diagnostic value. Stomata are located only on the underside of the leaf. The hairs are simple, multicellular, straight or slightly curved, found only on the underside of the leaf, usually along the veins. In the mesophyll of the leaf along the veins there are lacticifers with granular contents of orange-brown color.

^ Chemical composition. The herb contains isoquinoline alkaloids (up to 1.2%), the main ones being sanguinarine and chelerythrine (up to 0.8%).

Storage. Raw materials are stored in a cool, dry place, according to list B. Shelf life is 3 years.

^ Medicines.

1. 
   Sangviritrin, solution for external use 0.2%; tablets 0.005 g; liniment 0.5% and 1% (sum of bisulfates of the alkaloids sanguinarine and chelerythrine). Antimicrobial, antifungal agent; has anticholinesterase activity.

^ Pharmacotherapeutic group. Anticholinesterase, antimicrobial, antifungal agent.

Pharmacological properties. The alkaloids sanguinarine and chelerythrine have a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity, affecting gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, yeast-like and filamentous fungi. They have anticholinesterase activity.

Application. The raw materials are used to obtain the drug “Sangviritrin”, which is the sum of sanguinarine and chelerythrine bisulfates. The drug has antibacterial, anticholinesterase and antifungal activity. It is used internally for myopathy, residual effects of polio, flaccid paralysis, etc. Externally for wound and burn infections, non-healing wounds and ulcers, otitis, periodontitis, etc.

^ Numerical indicators. The content of sanguinarine and chelerythrine (bisulfates), determined spectrophotometrically, is not less than 0.6%; humidity no more than 13%; total ash no more than 13%; stems no more than 40%; organic impurity no more than 1%; mineral impurity no more than 1%.

^ LEAVES OF BARBERRY - FOLIA BERBERIDIS VULGARIS

ROOTS OF COMMON BARBERRY - RADICES BERBERIDIS VULGARIS

Common barberry - Berberis vulgaris L.

Sem. barberry - Berberidaceae

Other names: sour thorn, sour thorn

Botanical characteristics. A thorny shrub up to 3 m high with a well-developed root system. The rhizome is horizontal, a large taproot with lateral branches emerges from it, with bright yellow wood. Branches with spines up to 2 cm long, old trunks are covered with grayish bark. The spines are 3- or 5-parted, less often simple, light brown on young shoots and gray on old ones; short shoots with leaves are located in their axils. The leaves are elliptical or obovate, up to 4 cm long, sharply serrate along the edge, narrowed into a short petiole. The flowers are three-membered, with a double perianth, bright yellow, collected 15-25 times in drooping racemes up to 6 cm long. Fruit – juicy oblong berry-shaped monocarp 9-10 mm long, purple to dark red in color, usually with a faint waxy coating (Fig. 10.27). Blooms in May - June. The fruits ripen in August - September and remain on the bushes until winter.

Rice. 10.27. Common barberry - Berberis vulgaris L.

Spreading. It is found in the Caucasus, Crimea and some southern and western regions of the European part of the country.

Habitat. Grows on rocky slopes, in the mountains, in floodplains of rivers and streams. It lives mainly in disturbed plant communities, bleached pine forests, bush thickets and forest meadows. Common barberry is widely cultivated throughout forest and forest-steppe zones as an ornamental plant.

Preparation. Leaves harvested during the budding and flowering phase. Raw materials are collected by hand and purified from impurities.

Roots barberry can be harvested throughout the growing season. When harvesting, first cut off all above-ground shoots at their base, then dig up the soil around the bush within a radius of 0.5 m and to a depth of approximately 0.5-0.6 m, starting to dig from the trunk. The roots are then uprooted by hand or pulled out using a cable attached to a machine or tractor. The entire underground part is collected, selecting small roots and bark, since they contain significant quantities of berberine. The dug up roots of barberry are cleaned of soil and other impurities, while removing blackened and rotten parts. Washing the roots is not allowed, since berberine is highly soluble in water.

^ Security measures. When harvesting roots, it is necessary to leave at least one barberry bush intact for every 10 m2 of thickets. Procurement of raw materials from the same thickets is permitted no more than once every 10 years.

Drying. Leaves and roots are dried in a well-ventilated area, under a canopy in the open air or in dryers at a temperature of 40-50 ºС.

Standardization. FS 42-536-72 (leaves); FS 42-1152-78 (roots).

^ External signs. Listya solid, 2-7 cm long and 1-4 cm wide, with a wedge-shaped base and rounded apex, thin, covered with a waxy coating on both sides; the edges are finely serrated, the leaf teeth are elongated into a soft needle. The venation is pinnately reticulate, the main vein slightly resembles a broken line. The petiole is bare, grooved, slightly winged in the upper part. The color of the leaves on the upper side is dark green, matte, on the lower side - lighter. The smell is peculiar. The taste is sour.

^ Roots. Wholeraw materials represents cylindrical, straight or curved pieces of woody roots from 2 to 20 cm long, up to 6 cm thick; the fracture is coarse-fibrous. The color of the roots is grayish-brown or brown on the outside, lemon-yellow at the break. The smell is weak and peculiar. The taste is bitter. Crushed raw materials. Pieces of roots of various shapes, passing through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 7 mm.

Microscopy. By revising sheet on the surface of young thin leaves, the epidermal cells are highly convoluted. In old leathery leaves, the epidermis of the upper and lower sides has clearly thickened cell walls. The epidermal cells along the edge of the leaf and especially above the denticles are smaller in size and have rather thick walls; along the edge of the denticles they form pyramidal outgrowths. Stomata of the anomocytic type are located only on the underside of the leaf. There are no hairs or crystals.

On a cross section root the narrow bark and wide wood are clearly visible. The cork is multi-row, gray-brown in color. Lignified bast fibers located in groups or occurring singly are of diagnostic value. Near the medullary rays and in the rays, oval or quadrangular stony cells are found singly or in groups. In the cells of the medullary rays there are single prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate.

^ Chemical composition. Leaves contain a sum of isoquinoline alkaloids (1.5%), the main of which is berberine, as well as polysaccharides, anthocyanins, ascorbic acid, carotenoids, phenolcarboxylic acids, coumarins.

Roots barberry contain alkaloids of the isoquinoline group, the main of which is berberine (0.47-2.38%), in addition to it it contains yatrorizine (yatroricin), magnoflorine, etc. Largest quantity alkaloids accumulate in the root bark - up to 15% (berberine - up to 9.4%). A derivative was also discovered gamma-pyrone – chelidonic acid.

Storage. Raw materials are stored on racks in a well-ventilated area. Shelf life: 3 years.

Medicines.

1. Barberry leaves, crushed raw materials. Anti-inflammatory, choleretic agent.

2. Tincture of barberry leaves (tincture (1:5) in 40% ethyl alcohol). Hemostatic, choleretic agent.

3. Berberine bisulfate, tablets 0.005 g. Choleretic agent.

4. The roots are included in the collection for preparing the mixture according to M.N. Zdrenko.

^ Pharmacotherapeutic group. Choleretic, antispasmodic, hemostatic agent.

Pharmacological properties. In an experiment, barberry infusion and tincture increased bile secretion. Berberine, with complete patency of the common bile duct, causes dilution of bile without changing its quantity, and if the patency of the common bile duct is impaired, it increases the amount of bile and leads to its dilution. The mechanism of action of barberry preparations is associated with both an antispastic effect on the gallbladder and a choleretic effect. Relaxation of the gallbladder is accompanied by cessation of pain. Barberry preparations cause contraction of the smooth muscles of the uterus, constriction of blood vessels, and accelerate blood clotting.

Application. Infusion and tincture from the leaves of barberry are used as an anti-inflammatory and choleretic agent for diseases of the liver and biliary tract. Tincture of barberry leaves is used in obstetric and gynecological practice as an adjuvant for atonic bleeding in the postpartum period, for bleeding associated with inflammatory processes, and in the menopause. Barberry preparations are contraindicated for bleeding associated with incomplete separation of the placenta from the walls of the uterus.

The drug “Berberine bisulfate” is obtained from the roots, which is used as a choleretic agent for chronic hepatitis, hepatocholecystitis, cholecystitis, biliary dyskinesia, cholelithiasis. The drug lowers blood pressure and slows cardiac activity, stimulates uterine contractions, and has chemotherapeutic activity. Barabaris roots are part of M.N.’s collection. Zdrenko.

^ Numerical indicators. Leaves. The content of the total alkaloids, determined by the gravimetric method, is not less than 0.15%; humidity no more than 14%; total ash no more than 5%; crushed particles passing through a sieve with a hole diameter of 3 mm, no more than 5%; leaves that have lost their natural color, no more than 4%; other parts of the plant no more than 2%; organic impurity no more than 2%; mineral impurity no more than 1%. Roots. Whole raw materials. The content of berberine, determined spectrophotometrically, is not less than 0.5%; humidity no more than 12%; roots blackened at the fracture, no more than 5%; organic impurity no more than 1%; mineral impurity no more than 1%. Crushed raw materials. Berberine content not less than 0.5%; humidity no more than 12%; particles that do not pass through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 7 mm, no more than 10%; particles passing through a sieve with holes measuring 0.2 mm, no more than 10%; organic impurity no more than 1%; mineral impurity no more than 1%.

^ TUBERS WITH ROOTS OF STEPHANIA GLADKA - TUBERA CUM RADICIBUS STEPHANIAE GLABRAE

Stephania glabra (Roxb.) Miers

Sem. Lunosperiferous - Menispermaceae

Botanical characteristics. Dioecious perennial herbaceous tropical liana, in cultivation reaching 5-8 m in length. The underground organs are represented by an almost round tuber with fibrous roots extending from it in the lower part. The weight of one tuber can reach 20-30 kg (in a three-year culture - 800-1500 g). The stem is climbing, becoming woody at the base with age. Leaves are long-petiolate, alternate, thyroid-shaped, rounded, pointed, glabrous; the length of the leaf blade is 15-20 cm, the petiole is up to 40 cm. The flowers are dioecious, greenish yellow color, collected in hanging umbrella-shaped inflorescences. Male flowers consist of 6 free sepals and 3 obovate fleshy petals; female flowers have 3 sepals and 3 petals. The fruit is a spherical drupe with a juicy pericarp; when ripe, it first turns yellow, then turns red (Fig. 10.28). Under cultural conditions on the Black Sea coast, the beginning of flowering of male inflorescences is observed in the first half of July, female inflorescences - in mid-July. Fruit ripening begins in mid-September. At the first frost (down to -2 °C), the above-ground mass dies and the growing season stops.

Rice. 10.28. Stephania glabra (Roxb.) Miers

Spreading. Grows in tropical and subtropical mountainous regions of Southern China, Japan, Burma, Vietnam, and India. A cultivation technique was developed in the subtropics of Transcaucasia according to the type of economic annual transplant crop. The bulk of raw materials are purchased from India.

^ Preparation and drying. As raw materials, you can use tubers of 2-3-year-old and older plants, collected (for Kobuleti, Georgia) in late October - early November. At the same time, for propagation, they take the upper central part of the tuber with many dormant renewal buds and divide it into 4-6 segments, which are used as planting material for producing seedlings in racing greenhouses. The remaining side parts of the tuber after separation of the planting material and whole tubers are cleared of soil, crushed with a universal tuber cutter and dried in dryers at a temperature of 60-80 ° C.

Standardization. FS 42-1742-81.

External signs. Pieces of tubers with or without roots, flat, wavy curved, of various lengths, up to 2.5 cm thick, wrinkled, yellowish-gray, with tubercles or small sinuous scars protruding above the surface (vascular bundles); Along the edge, less often on the surface of individual pieces, a brownish-gray plug is visible. The roots are straight or curved, branched, longitudinally wrinkled, up to 35 cm long, up to 3 cm thick, brownish-gray on the outside, grayish-yellow at the break, fibrous. The smell is weak, specific; taste is not determined (!).

Microscopy. A cross section of a piece of tuber shows a multilayer plug, sections of the primary cortex and an axial cylinder. In the primary cortex, single or grouped yellow stony cells are found. In the axial cylinder there are numerous, elongated in the tangential direction, open collateral vascular bundles, forming several concentric rings.

A cross section of the root reveals multi-layered cork, narrow bark and wide wood. The wood is divided into triangular sections by multi-row medullary rays, gradually expanding towards the periphery of the root.

Tuber parenchyma cells and root medullary ray cells are filled with simple starch grains 3-59 µm in size. In the parenchyma of the tuber and root, calcium oxalate crystals are found in the form of raphids or small needle-shaped crystals.

^ Chemical composition. In the tubers of smooth stephania, up to 6-8% of alkaloids, isoquinoline derivatives, accumulate. In tubers of Indian origin, up to 30% is gindarin, 15-18% is stephaglabrine (stepharin). Tubers grown in Transcaucasia contain about 6-7.5% of the total alkaloids, of which about 30% is gindarine and about 10% cycleanine; other alkaloids are contained in smaller quantities.

Storage.

^ Medicines.

1. Stephaglabrine sulfate, solution for injection 0.25%. Anticholinesterase agent.

Pharmacotherapeutic group. Muscle relaxant, anticonvulsant, analgesic, anticholinesterase agent.

^ Pharmacological properties. Gindarine has a sedative, mild hypnotic and hypotensive effect. Stefaglabrin has anticholinesterase activity.

Application. The drug "Stefaglabrina sulfate" is used as an anticholinesterase agent for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, myopathy in adults, facial nerve paresis and other diseases of the peripheral nervous system. Previously, the drug "Gindarine hydrochloride" was produced, used for functional disorders of the central nervous system.

^ Numerical indicators. The content of gindarine, determined photocolorimetrically, is not less than 1.3%; humidity no more than 12%; total ash no more than 9%; other parts of stephania (stems, leaves, etc.) no more than 0.5%; organic impurity no more than 0.5%; mineral impurity no more than 1%.

^ LEAVES OF UNGERNIA VICTORIS - FOLIA UNGERNIAE VICTORIS

Ungernia Victoris - Ungernia victoris Vved. ex Artjushenko

LEAVES OF UNGERNIA SEVERTZOWII CUT - FOLIA UNGERNIAE SEWERTZOWII CONCISA

Ungernia Severtsova - Ungernia sewertzowii (Regel) V. Fedtsch.

Sem. amaryllidaceae - Amaryllidaceae

Botanical characteristics. Ungernia Victor- perennial bulbous plant. The bulb is ovoid, 7-12 cm in diameter, covered with dark brown or black-brown membranous scales, elongated into a long (up to 17 cm) neck. The bottom of the bulb is well developed (2-3 cm long and the same thickness), yellow-pink juicy brittle adventitious roots 0.3-0.4 cm thick and 10-25 cm long extend from it. The leaves are arranged in two rows, juicy, fleshy, smooth, linear, obtuse at the apex, 20-40 cm long, 1-4 cm wide; begin to grow at the end of February. After 2-2.5 months, a flattened peduncle 12-30 cm high develops, ending in an almost one-sided umbrella-shaped inflorescence. The inflorescence consists of 2-11 almost regular flowers. Perianth funnel-shaped yellowish-pink, with inside with a pink-purple stripe. The fruit is a three-lobed swollen capsule, 2-3 cm in diameter (Fig. 10.29). It blooms in late July - early August, the fruits ripen in September.

Rice. 10.29. Ungernia Victoris - Ungernia victoris Vved. ex Artjushenko

Ungernia Severtsova- perennial bulbous plant. The bulb is oblong-ovate, quite powerful, 5-10, less often up to 12 cm thick, with numerous membranous, usually coal-black outer scales. The bottom of the bulb is well developed, yellow-pink juicy, fleshy, brittle roots up to 10-50 cm long extend from it. The leaves are from 4 to 12, arranged in two rows, linear, almost equal, the outer ones are about 30-45 cm long, 1 wide .5-2 cm, glaucous, smooth, slightly twisted along the axis. The leaves reach full development in April and dry out at the end of May. 2.5 months after this, a cylindrical peduncle 7.5-45 cm high develops, bearing an umbrella-shaped inflorescence of 5-12 flowers. The perianth is funnel-shaped with 6 narrow-lanceolate, pointed brick-red leaves. The bend is 20-25 mm long, 3 times longer than the tube. The fruit is a three-lobed capsule with wide-heart-shaped valves. It blooms in early August, the fruits ripen in September.

^ Distribution and habitat. Ungernia Victor- endemic to Central Asia, found only in the foothills of the Gissar Range at an altitude of 800-2500 m above sea level. It usually grows in small groups; in old camps it often forms almost continuous thickets. Work is underway to introduce the plant into cultivation in its natural habitat. Included in the Red Book of the USSR (1978).

^ Ungernia Severtsova - endemic to Central Asia, grows only in the Western Tien Shan at an altitude of 800-2700 m above sea level, in the foothills and middle mountain zone. It is confined to ephemeral wheatgrass steppes, where it grows in sparse thickets. Work is underway to introduce the plant into cultivation in its natural habitat. Procurement is carried out in Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan.

Preparation. The leaves of Victor's Ungernia are collected from mid-April to mid-May, Severtsov's Ungernia - from April 15 to April 25, when they reach 30-35 cm in length. They are cut with sickles or knives; you cannot tear them off, as this often damages the growing point. Cut leaves should not be placed in large piles - they turn black and slimy. Fresh leaves must be crushed on the day of collection; they are cut into pieces 2-5 cm long.

^ Security measures. To preserve thickets, harvesting on one massif is carried out no more than once every 3 years.

Drying. Airy, sunny. The crushed leaves are spread in a thin layer on a tarpaulin or on open asphalt areas. To speed up drying, they need to be turned over with a rake 2-4 times a day. During collection, cutting and drying, do not allow the leaves to become wet.

Standardization. FS 42-1520-80 (leaves of Ungernia Victor); VFS 42-1257-82 (cut leaves of Ungernia Severtsova).

^ External signs. Raw materials Ungernia Victor It is cut pieces of leaves of various shapes, 0.5-3 cm long. The leaf blades are flat, rather thick, dense, fragile, glabrous, with parallel venation. The color of the raw material is yellowish-green or brownish-green. The smell is weak; taste is not determined (!).

Raw materials Ungernia Severtsova represented by pieces of linear leaves of various shapes measuring 0.5-5 cm with parallel veins. The pieces are flat, rather thick, bare on both sides, dense, brittle. The color ranges from yellowish to brownish-green, with blackened pieces occurring. The smell is weak. Taste is not determined (!).

Microscopy. When looking at the sheet Ungernia Victor from the surface it is clear that the epidermal cells are straight-walled and have an elongated shape. Stomata are abundant on both sides of the leaf, arranged in longitudinal rows. The stomata are of anomocytic type, the parostomatal cells cover the guard cells with “ears”.

When looking at the sheet Ungernia Severtsova from the surface on both sides, epidermal cells of an elongated rhombic shape are visible, sometimes with a folded cuticle. Stomata of the anomocytic type are located in longitudinal rows on both sides of the leaf. On the lower epidermis, the parostomatal cells sometimes cover the guard cells with “ears.” In the mesophyll there are large lysigenic receptacles and calcium oxalate raphides.

Storage. Raw materials are stored according to list B. Shelf life is 2 years.

^ Chemical composition. The bulbs and leaves of both types of Ungernia contain up to 0.5% alkaloids, the main ones being galantamine and lycorine. Victor's ungernia mainly contains galantamine (about 0.15%), accompanied by lycorine, hordenine, tazettin, etc. Severtsov's unhernia contains lycorine (up to 0.8%) and other alkaloids are present in much smaller quantities.

^ Medicines.

1. Galantamine hydrobromide (Nivalin), injection solution 0.1%, 0.25%, 0.5% and 1%. Anticholinesterase agent.

2. Licorina hydrochloride, tablets 0.0002 g (with sodium bicarbonate). Bronchodilator, expectorant, emetic.

^ Pharmacotherapeutic group. Anticholinesterase agent; bronchodilator, expectorant, emetic.

Pharmacological properties. Galantamine is a reversible cholinesterase blocker. Facilitates the conduction of nerve impulses in the area of ​​neuromuscular synapses, enhances excitation processes in the reflex zones of the spinal cord and brain. Increases tone and stimulates contraction of skeletal muscles, secretion of digestive and sweat glands; causes miosis, spasm of accommodation, reduces intraocular pressure.

Licorin has a bronchodilator, expectorant and emetic effect. It has anticholinesterase activity, increases the tone of the intestines and skeletal muscles, and stimulates the bladder muscles.

Application. The drug "Galantamine hydrobromide", obtained from the leaves of Ungernia Victor, is used to treat residual effects of poliomyelitis, polyneuritis, radiculitis, as well as for traumatic injuries of sensory and motor nerves.

The drug "Likorina hydrochloride", obtained from the leaves of Ungernia Severtsov, is used as an expectorant for chronic and acute inflammatory processes in the lungs, bronchi, and bronchial asthma.

^ Numerical indicators. Leaves of Ungernia Victor. The galantamine content, determined by the photocolorimetric method, is not less than 0.05%; humidity no more than 12%; total ash no more than 12%; browned and blackened leaves no more than 20%; yellowed leaves no more than 10%; organic impurity no more than 2%; mineral impurity no more than 1%.

^ Ungernia Severtsova leaves, cut. The content of lycorin, determined by the spectrophotometric method, is not less than 0.1%; humidity no more than 13%; total ash no more than 12%; particles larger than 5 cm up to 10%; particles passing through a sieve with holes measuring 0.5 mm, no more than 5%; browned and blackened leaves no more than 20%; yellowed leaves no more than 10%; organic impurity no more than 2%; mineral impurity no more than 2%.

Medicinal plant raw materials containing indole group alkaloids

^ Ergot horns of ERGOTAMINI (ERGOTOXIN) STRAIN - CORNUA SECALIS CORNUTI STAMM ERGOTAMINI (ERGOTOXINI)

Ergot - Claviceps purpurea (Fries) Tulasne

Sem. Ergotaceae - Clavicipitaceae

Division of marsupial fungi - Ascomycota

A shrub with 3-5 separate spines at the base of the leaves. It has many medicinal properties (choleretic, diuretic, laxative, hemostatic, etc.). Known as an ornamental plant.

Ask the experts a question

Flower formula

The formula of the common barberry flower is: *H3+3L3+3T∞P1.

In medicine

In scientific medicine, the roots and leaves of barberry are mainly used. Tinctures from the leaves and roots of barberry are widely used in gynecological practice, in particular for uterine hypotension in the postpartum period, bleeding during menopause, in combination with other medications - for postpartum endometritis and uterine subinvolution. The drug "Berberine bisulfate", obtained from the roots of barberry, is used as a choleretic agent for chronic hepatitis and cholelithiasis. Tincture from barberry leaves also has a moderate choleretic effect; for diseases of the gallbladder (chronic recurrent cholecystitis, gallbladder dyskinesia), its use leads to an improvement in the outflow of bile, a reduction in pain and inflammation. In Russia, barberry berries are used as a choleretic, diuretic, and laxative. Barberry is also used for peptic ulcers of the stomach and duodenum, inflammation of the upper respiratory tract, and tuberculosis. Cures diarrhea, dysentery, asthma.

In dermatology

Tincture of barberry leaves is used for eczema and neurodermatitis, complicated by diseases of the liver and digestive tract. Also, a tincture of barberry roots or a decoction of its bark is used for phytodermatitis. Barberry is included in the preparations used in the treatment of allergic skin diseases. Berberine, contained in barberry, is effective in the treatment of leishmaniasis, including pendian ulcer.

On the farm

For economic purposes, hard yellow barberry wood is used to make souvenirs and small crafts. A dye for paper, flax, and wool is prepared from ripe fruits with alum; from the roots - a yellow dye for leather and wool.

Classification

Common barberry (lat. Berberis vulgaris) is a species of the genus Barberry (lat. Berberis) of the Barberry family (lat. Berberidaceae). The genus includes about 580 species.

Botanical description

Common barberry is a highly branched, thorny shrub, 1.5 - 2.5 m high, with horizontal woody rhizomes, from which a fairly large main root with lateral branches emerges. The shoots are numerous, erect, yellowish or yellowish-purple, later whitish-gray. Buds up to 1 mm long, sharp, glabrous, surrounded by dilated remaining leaf sheaths. On shortened shoots, normal leaves develop; on elongated shoots, instead of leaves, spines develop, 3-5 in number, usually 3, less often 5 separate, 1-2 cm long. Leaves are alternate, back - ovate or elliptical, up to 4 cm long, 2 cm wide. cm, wedge-shaped narrowed towards the base, with a rounded, less often somewhat pointed apex, finely and sharply serrated, on short petioles. Racemes 15 - 25, up to 6 cm long. Flowers are yellow, 6 - 9 mm in diameter, in axillary drooping racemes. The brush consists of 15 - 25 flowers. Each flower has six back-ovate sepals and petals. At the base of the flower there are bright orange nectaries. One pistil, many stamens. The formula of the common barberry flower is: *H3+3L3+3T∞P1. The fruit is a berry, oblong - elliptical, bright red or purple, up to 12 mm long, has a sour taste. Seeds are 4 - 5 mm long, somewhat flattened and narrowed in the upper part. Blooms in April - May. The fruits are edible and ripen in September - October.

Spreading

It grows in the south of the European part of Russia, mainly in the Caucasus. Settles on the slopes of ravines, in river valleys, on rocky lands and forest edges. In many areas of the southern and central zone European Russia widely grown as an ornamental and fruit plant.

Regions of distribution on the map of Russia.

Procurement of raw materials

Barberry leaves, roots, bark and fruits are used for medicinal purposes. Barberry leaves are harvested in May - June, during the flowering period. They are cut with scissors, protecting hands from thorns. The raw materials are dried by laying them out in a thin layer on cloth or paper under a canopy, in attics with an iron roof. Dried leaves are dark green above, light green below, thin, brittle, twisted, have a peculiar smell, slightly acidic taste. Store in dry, well-ventilated areas, on shelves. The shelf life is usually 1-1.5 years. The roots are harvested in the fall, in October - November, or in the spring, in April. They dig it up, shake it off the ground, cut off small roots, dry it in air (do not wash it, since the berberine they contain dissolves well in water), then cut it into pieces up to 2 cm. Dry under a canopy, in attics, in a dryer or oven at a temperature 45-50°C for 4-5 days. The dried roots are longitudinally wrinkled, lemon-yellow inside, brownish outside, weak odor, bitter taste.

It is not recommended to use the entire root system; it is necessary to leave a root cutting 10-15 cm long. For every 10 m2 of barberry thicket area, one untouched bush should be preserved. For roots with a diameter of more than 6 cm, only bark with a small amount of pith is used. They are packed in bags. Shelf life 3 years. The bark is harvested in April - May from young branches during sap flow. The branches are cut in a ring shape at a distance of 10-15 cm, longitudinal cuts are made and the bark is removed. Dried in the same way as roots. The dried raw materials have the appearance of tubes or grooves, with small remains of wood on the inner surface. The color of the bark inside is yellowish-gray, outside - gray or brownish-yellow. The smell is weak, specific, the taste is bitter. Shelf life 3 years. The fruits are harvested when ripe, in late autumn after the first frost. Dry in the sun, attics, under a canopy, in ovens, warm ovens.

Chemical composition

Part of the common barberry contains alkaloids (up to 0.3%). The alkaloids berberine, berbamine, berberrubine, palmitine, iatrocin, etc. were found in the leaves and roots. In the bark of the roots of barberry, in addition to berberine, the alkaloid oxyacanthin, leontine, and palmitine were also found; in the bark of the branches, in addition to alkaloids, there are tannins, dyes and resins. Tannins and resinous substances, essential oil, vitamins C, E, as well as malic and ascorbic acids, carotene, phylloquinone, and tocopherols were found in the leaves. Barberry fruits contain sugars, carotene, vitamins K, C (up to 172 mg/%), citric, malic, tartaric acids, berberine, tannins, pectin, dyes, and mineral salts.

Pharmacological properties

The effect of barberry is mainly associated with the presence of the alkaloid berberine, which has antispasmodic and analgesic properties, as well as antibacterial activity. Barberry preparations have anti-inflammatory, choleretic, diuretic, antimicrobial, astringent, hemostatic and antiseptic effects. The mechanism of action of barberry preparations is associated with both an antispastic effect on the gallbladder and a choleretic effect. Relaxation of the gallbladder causes a suction effect, drainage of the bile ducts and cessation of painful pain. Berberine lowers blood pressure, slows the pulse (with tachycardia), and increases the secretion of bile. A tincture of barberry leaves and bark accelerates blood clotting, constricts the vessels of the uterus and enhances its contraction, helping to stop bleeding.

Use in folk medicine

Barberry was known in ancient times; it was known in Ancient Babylon and India. In the library of the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal, inscriptions on clay tablets made 650 BC mention barberry berries as a “blood purifier.” In the Middle Ages, the fruits and roots of barberry were widely used for various diseases: jaundice, scurvy, etc.

Tincture of barberry leaves in folk medicine is used in obstetric and gynecological practice for various bleeding, as well as as a choleretic agent for hepatitis, hepatocholecystitis, cholelithiasis, for dyskinesia of the gallbladder, exacerbations of chronic cholecystitis without fever, for cholelithiasis not complicated by jaundice . An infusion of barberry bark is used for hepatitis, cholecystitis, inflammatory diseases of the kidneys and bladder. An infusion of barberry leaves is used as an anti-inflammatory and choleretic agent for diseases of the liver and gall bladder. A decoction of the roots and bark of barberry is used for cholelithiasis, fever, postpartum uterine bleeding as a hemostatic and anti-inflammatory agent; it can also be used to wash bleeding wounds, ulcers, and inflamed mucous membranes of the eyes. A decoction of barberry flowers is taken for pain in the heart, hypertension, hepatocholicystitis, and fever. An infusion of fruits is taken to improve appetite, for gastritis with low acidity of gastric juice, to quench thirst in feverish patients, as an anti-sclerotic agent and to strengthen the capillaries of blood vessels.

Literature

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3. State Pharmacopoeia of the USSR. Eleventh edition. Issue 1 (1987), issue 2 (1990).

4. State Register of Medicines. Moscow 2004.

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12. Mannfried Palov. "Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants". Ed. Ph.D. biol. Sciences I.A. Gubanova. Moscow, "Mir", 1998.

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The barberry family includes numerous barberry shrubs. One of the most common species is common barberry. The plant grows both in mountainous areas and on plateaus. Gardeners are partial to barberry for its decorative and beneficial properties.

The species characteristics of barberry differ in the color of the foliage, the size and shape of the bush. Common barberry comes in red, purple, yellow and variegated colors.

Common barberry description

Common barberry is represented by a thorny shrub, about two to three meters high. The trunk and shoots are covered with sharp thorns, and the branches form leaves in the shape of an ellipse measuring 4.5x2.5 cm. Thanks to its decorative features and thorny “protection”, often used as a living, impenetrable hedge.

Autumn colors barberry leaves in bright colors of burgundy, purple and fiery colors. Barberry blooms in the spring, forming tassels of 20 small yellow flowers, the plant continues to bloom for about two weeks. Being an excellent nectar bearer, barberry is widely used to produce aromatic honey.

Common barberry bushes generously, producing many arched shoots of medium length; the bushes are shaped by pruning. The trunk of the bush has a brown tint. Root system well developed, produces creeping rhizomes, which are located in upper layers soil and nourish the plant.

The fruits of barberry are elongated, barrel-shaped berries of scarlet color, sour and tart. The weight of one berry is about 4 grams, the length is about 2 cm.

Ripening begins in early autumn; “green” barberry berries are dangerous to eat for food purposes, since their high content of alkaloids is dangerous for humans and promises poisoning.

Types and varieties of barberry

The variety of barberry varieties allows a summer resident to choose exactly the one that will satisfy his needs. The plant is represented by several species, which in turn include various varieties.

The largest group and most common type of barberry. It grows in the south of Russia, settling along forest edges, forest-steppe, hilly areas and in the Caucasus mountains. A spreading shrub, not exceeding three meters, is protected by thorns. The shoots of the bush are arched and prone to lodging. The foliage of common barberry is green and red in shades, round-oval in shape, located on short petioles. In spring, the shrub blooms with small yellow inflorescences, and in autumn, bright and noticeable fruits appear, suitable for consumption.

Another common type of barberry, combining a huge number of varieties. The Thunberg bush is popular among gardeners for its decorativeness and unpretentiousness. The plant is a medium-sized shrub about two to three meters in height. A strong plant needs pruning due to the large number of shoots. The trunk and branches are covered with thorns and over time change color from burgundy to brown; the shrub looks impressive as part of a hedge. Barberry foliage has different shapes and colors, most often the shape of a pointed oval of burgundy or green color, located on short petioles; the leaves do not reach large sizes (average size 4x2 cm).

The inflorescences of Barberry Thunberg can be solitary or racemose, the flowers appear in mid-May, producing colorful fruits in the fall. Summer residents note some of the most notable varieties of Thunberg:

Red barberry Red Pilar, an ornamental plant, a low bush with attractive, lush forms. The foliage is lilac in color, with burgundy and bluish tints.

Barberry variety yellow Golden Ring, a medium-sized bush about three meters, with a lush hat. The foliage is purple, tinged with red and edged with yellow. Flowering is abundant, bright, begins in the spring, and barberry berries can be collected in the fall.

Orange Rocket, an orange variety of barberry, an ornamental shrub with bright foliage and abundant fruiting. The color of the leaves varies from bright red to orange flowers. Saturated berries coral color, elongated in shape and sour-tart in taste.

Ottawa hybrid species

Obtained by crossing the barberry Atropurpurea and Thunberg.

It has a purely decorative purpose and is similar to Thunberg's barberry. Leaf colors come in shades of purple, violet and dirty pink. The plant develops quickly, is stable and unpretentious. Requires pruning and sunlight. In autumn, the bright burgundy Ottawa barberry bush looks great against the gloomy gray background of the garden. Varieties preferred by summer residents: Superba, Auricoma, Silver Miles, these representatives of the species have a bright appearance and are unpretentious in care.

Barberry common purple Anthropurpurea or red-leaved

The bush is lush, spreading, up to two meters high, very popular among summer residents. Anthropurpurea has burgundy or purple leaves, blooms with orange inflorescences, producing bright, large, shiny berries.

The purple species also has the variegated form of barberry Albovariegata, differing from anthropopurpurea in a more squat shape, and green foliage with white streaks and veins.

Aureomarginata With variegated leaves, framed by a bronze border, is another form of anthropurpurea. This type It is demanding on the presence of sunlight; in the shade, the bright color of the foliage fades, and the bush begins to stretch upward, losing its “lushness.”

Serrata, another form of purple barberry, has serrated leaves.

Sulcata, long, ribbed shoots, Lutea, yellow fruits, Macrocarpa bears fruit well Alba produces white berries, and Asperms the berries do not have a seed.

Amur barberry bush

Spreading, lush, deciduous plant. Primorye is considered the birthplace of the plant. Externally, Amurskikh is similar to Ordinary; it is a large, tall (up to three meters), prickly barberry bush, with wide, jagged leaves. The spring green color, Amur, gives way to an autumn shade of flaming, scarlet color. This species is unpretentious, resistant to low temperatures, and grows well on any soil. Reproduction by cuttings and layering always brings good results. The Amur species of barberry, due to its growth, is perfect for constructing a hedge on the site.

Red barberry Cabernet

A low bush, not reaching a meter in height, the thorns reliably protect the plant from uninvited “guests”. Closer to autumn, the foliage changes color from red to dark burgundy or fiery orange.

It blooms mainly in spring and bears fruit in autumn. The flowers are yellow, small. The berries are raspberry-red. The plant prefers sunny places with good moisture.

Needs pruning and does not tolerate drought well.

Variegated Barberry Harlequin

The plant grows slowly and is capricious low temperatures.

The leaves are variegated, with white spots. The shoots are covered with small thorns. Flowering begins from May to June. The flowers, small, light yellow, are located throughout the shoot. Harlequin can't stand it acidic soils and swampiness.

Planting common barberry

The time for planting barberry should be determined by temperature indicators. These are mainly the autumn months, before the onset of cold weather or in the second decade of spring. It is preferable to plant barberry seedlings in the evening.

Growing barberry is not difficult; even a novice gardener can cope with the shrub; the main thing is to follow some recommendations when planting the plant. In order for barberry to please bright colors, you should choose a well-lit, quiet place. The planting distance for barberry seedlings varies from one and a half meters, if we are talking about a single planting, and not about the construction of a hedge.

Barberry bushes can be planted in either a linear or checkerboard pattern; the plant will begin to grow in any case.

As for the suitable soil, it should be turf; ideally, chernozems are suitable, with low acidity (high soil acidity is eliminated by liming), and a high humus content. If the soil on your site is poor, enrich it artificially, add rotted manure and mineral fertilizers. Like anyone else ornamental plants, barberry needs light, both to form fruits and to maintain the brightness of the bush.

The next step is drainage. Barberry will not survive long-term stagnation of moisture in the soil, will not tolerate waterlogging and will simply rot.

Therefore, it would not be superfluous to add sand in the amount of a quarter of a bucket when planting barberry in the hole.

So, in a well-lit place, dig a planting hole about 40-50 cm deep and about 35-45 cm wide. Pour about 7-8 cm of river sand, add sawdust on top with a layer of 5 cm, the third layer is turf soil , mixed with mineral fertilizers, after drainage is formed, pour a bucket of water into the recess and begin planting.

The barberry seedling is placed vertically in the hole, the roots are sprinkled with wood ash, and then covered with soil; it would not be superfluous to add peat or dry leaves into the planting hole in a middle, thin layer, and cover it with the remaining soil on top. Do not cover the root collar; it should be visible from the soil.

The planted seedling is watered abundantly and the top is cut off to form side shoots and a lush bush. Rotted manure can be spread on the soil surface, which will solve the problem of fertilizing. Before winter, the plant is mulched or covered with spruce branches.

Barberry ordinary care

Caring for the plant is simple and with timely implementation of simple agricultural techniques, your barberry bush will be for a long time make you happy with your appearance. Care activities include: watering, weeding, loosening, hilling, pruning and fertilizing.

Barberry bushes do not tolerate waterlogging; watering is limited to once a week. Weeding and hilling should be carried out as necessary, preventing the growth of weeds in the area. The method of mulching the soil around a young seedling will save you from unwanted plants. It is enough to fertilize barberry only once a year in early spring. The plant responds well to nitrogen, organic matter and nitroammophoska.

In order for the plant to remain in “shape” for a long time, it is necessary to perform pruning; in addition, decorative pruning will create the appearance of a well-groomed plant and will please you with its appearance. Barberry branches tolerate pruning painlessly, in early spring, as soon as the snow melts, or in late autumn.

When pruning the shoots, make sure that at least four living buds remain on it, so that the branch can continue to grow and not dry out.

The common barberry can be given any shape, thanks to the lush growth and rapid growth of the bush; the bushes look most impressive in the form of a “ball”.

Sanitary treatment of plantings before wintering is mandatory; old, dry and diseased growth is pruned.

Treating the soil with fungicides or a strong solution of manganese will protect the plant from fungal infection. For the winter, young plantings must be mulched or covered with spruce branches.

Adult plants winter well and tolerate low temperatures, but in severe winters, they also need additional shelter, like all garden vegetation.

Beneficial properties of barberry

Speaking about the usefulness of barberry, many will doubt it, since common barberry is grown largely for its decorative value.

However, the opinion can be considered erroneous. Jelly, compotes, marshmallows, and molasses are made from barberry. They prepare jellies, mousses, syrups, tinctures, liqueurs. Used in marinades, added to dishes as an aromatic seasoning, pickled berries are in demand in national Caucasian cuisine.

Barberry berries have a choleretic and antipyretic effect.

Decoctions of barberry root serve as an aid in eliminating attacks associated with exacerbation of cholelithiasis, normalize the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract, eliminating constipation. Table varieties of barberry contain a huge amount of vitamins and organic acids.

In pharmacology I use all parts of the plant, in the form of oils, dietary supplements and teas. In the fight against uncomplicated hepatitis of various etiologies, use a decoction of barberry leaves; for this, 50 grams of the raw material is poured with a glass of boiling water, infused and drunk half a glass on an empty stomach. Barberry oil is used as a wound healing and decongestant.

Barberry fruits are harvested when they are fully ripe; unripe berries can harm the body and cause severe poisoning. The collected berries are dried in the sun and then stored in fabric bags. Thus, the berries do not spoil for a long time and do not lose their beneficial properties.

Medicinal preparations of the barberry plant are used as a choleretic agent for cholelithiasis not complicated by jaundice, biliary dyskinesia, and hepatitis.
Barberry tincture is prescribed in the postpartum period for atonic bleeding, endometriosis, and menopausal bleeding.
Barberry decoction is used for neuralgia, pleurisy, malaria, rheumatism and pulmonary tuberculosis.
The juice of barberry fruits is drunk as a diuretic and antipyretic.
For eye inflammation, barberry is recommended for external use.
Researchers believe that, perhaps, even before humans appeared on Earth, animals “used” the healing properties of some plants for diseases. Among such plants, known since ancient times, is barberry. It was known as a medicinal plant in ancient Babylon and India.
In the library of the Assyrian king Shurbanipal for 650 BC. E. Inscriptions were made on special clay tablets that stated that barberry berries are considered a “blood cleanser.” In the Middle Ages, the fruits and roots of barberry were used for various diseases - scurvy, liver diseases. Indian doctors believed that barberry was very effective in treating leishmaniasis, “Pendian ulcer” - a skin disease that is caused by protozoa and is transmitted by mosquitoes. Italian doctors used barberry to enlarge the spleen in patients with malaria.
In Rus' barberry became known as a medicinal plant no later than the 16th century. The word first existed in two forms - barberry and berberis. Both have their origin in the New Latin word "berberis", in which it literally means "Berber" (Berbers are a people living in North Africa). The Arabs used the word “berberis” to name a genus of shell, and the plant was named so for the similarity of the barberry fruit to this shell.
Berberis vulgaris has been known as a medicine for a very long time. In the 11th century, Ibn Sina recommended its use as a choleretic, hemostatic and healing intestinal ulcer. In the 13th century, Arabs used it as a dye and medicinal substance. In 1824, the alkaloid berberine was isolated from Berberis by Gütgenschmidt. Berberine salts and the alkaloid itself began to be used as a tonic bitter substance for stomach diseases, bleeding and malaria in doses of 0.05–0.25 g several times a day. With even greater success than in malaria, berberine was used in leishmaniasis. Subsequently, berberine and its salts (sulfate, hydrochloric acid and nitric acid) ceased to be used in general medicine.
It is currently known that barberry preparations have a sedative, anti-inflammatory, choleretic and diuretic effect. As a choleretic agent, barberry is used for biliary dyskinesia (in the hyperkinetic form), hepatitis, hepatocholecystitis, cholelithiasis not complicated by jaundice. The use of barberry is effective for inflammatory processes of the urinary system (glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, hemorrhagic cystitis). In obstetric and gynecological practice, a tincture of barberry leaves and roots is used for atonic bleeding in the postpartum period, endometritis, and bleeding during menopause.
Currently, barberry preparations are used in scientific medicine: berberine bisulfate, cholelitin, barberry tincture.
In folk medicine, a decoction of the bark and roots is used for malaria, pleurisy, tuberculosis, kidney stones, edema, gout, rheumatism, lumbago; leaf tincture - for liver diseases and malaria. Juice from barberry fruits is used as a choleretic and mild laxative. It quenches thirst well, increases appetite, and lowers body temperature. It is useful to use the juice for pneumonia, fever and cough.
In Bulgarian folk medicine, a decoction of the fruit is prescribed for diseases of the spleen and stomach cramps; decoction of leaves - for scurvy, diarrhea, dysentery. The root and bark are a long-standing remedy for liver diseases, jaundice, inflammation of the kidneys, bladder, gout, radiculitis, and rheumatism. It is also used for stomach cramps, and a decoction of the leaves is used for bleeding. In China and England, barberry is known as a hemostatic for internal bleeding, and in America - as a remedy for the treatment of diseases of the liver and gall bladder, as a tonic for the gastrointestinal tract. Barberry fruits are used in France to stimulate the function of the digestive tract, as a bactericidal, antifever, and to lower blood pressure. In Austria - for diseases of the liver and gall bladder. In Germany, decoctions, infusions and syrups are prescribed for diseases of the lungs, gastrointestinal tract, oral cavity and throat, when coughing, open wounds.
In Karachay-Cherkessia, a decoction of the roots is widely used for stomach diseases, rheumatism, pleurisy, and tuberculosis; infusion of flowers - for heart disease; in Transbaikalia - as a diaphoretic and astringent. In folk medicine of Uzbekistan, barberry fruits are prescribed to strengthen the heart muscle, for neurasthenia, as an antipyretic and antidiarrheal agent, and a decoction of the roots is prescribed for fever, rheumatism, diseases of the oral cavity, and eyes.
In folk medicine of Belarus, barberry fruits are used in the treatment of hypertension, and a decoction of the root is used for liver diseases and jaundice.
In Polish folk medicine, an alcoholic tincture of the roots of this species is used as a choleretic and also as a means of influencing the function of the gastrointestinal tract.
Previously, in the Wallachian region (Czechoslovakia), barberry was used for stomach diseases in the form of “barberry drops,” which is a tincture of barberry with rye vodka.
There is evidence that barberry has an antitumor effect. In folk medicine, preparations made from barberry leaves are more widely used than from the roots. An infusion of the leaf is used for diseases of the liver, bile ducts and gallbladder, various forms hepatitis, with jaundice. A decoction of the leaf and dried fruit is recommended for pregnant women who are vomiting.
The tincture is used for digestive disorders, inflammatory processes in the gastrointestinal tract, chronic diarrhea, cramps, gastrointestinal bleeding, stomach ulcers, and dysentery.
A decoction of the plant is drunk during feverish conditions as an antipyretic, for pneumonia, pleurisy, and skin tuberculosis.
Ripe barberry fruits with honey are a valuable product for increasing protective functions body under radioactive irradiation.
The fruits, juice, leaf infusion, fruit decoction, and bark are used to treat drug addiction. A decoction of the root is used to make baths and douching for inflammation of the female genital organs. A decoction of the roots and bark is used for rinsing for inflammation of the mouth and gums, and for diphtheria - internally and for rinsing. For inflammation of the eyes, wounds, eczema, washes and lotions are used.
A decoction of the plant is used internally and in the form of lotions, compresses, and rubs for arthritis, rheumatism, radiculitis, leg muscle spasms, and osteochondrosis as an anti-inflammatory agent.
There is information that for uterine bleeding, under medical supervision, use barberry leaf tincture 20-30 drops 3 times a day.
A decoction of the bark or roots is used for bleeding, a tablespoon every hour.
Barberry root is included in collections for the treatment of blood diseases.
Collection for the treatment of anemia:
Calamus (rhizome) 10.
Common barberry (leaf) 10.
Silver birch (leaf) 20.
Angelica officinalis (herb) 10.
Gray blackberry (leaf) 10.
Wild strawberry (herb) 20.
Decoction: 1 tablespoon of raw materials per 1 glass of water, boil for 1 minute. , leave for 1 hour, strain before use, take 0.5 cups 4-5 times a day before meals.
Collection that normalizes the number of leukocytes in the blood:
Common barberry (leaf) 20.
Silver birch (leaf) 20.
Angelica officinalis (plant) 20.
Lovage officinalis (herb) 30.
Oats (green stalks) 20.
Horsetail (herb) 10.
Decoction: 1 tablespoon of raw materials per 1 glass of water, boil for 1 minute. , leave for 30 minutes. , strain before use, take 0.25-0.5 cups 3 times a day before meals.

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