Since 1957, after the adoption of a law that provided for the elimination of excesses in the design of houses, buildings of a new type began to be erected in the USSR. Popularly, such houses were called “Khrushchev” (derived from the surname Secretary General Central Committee of the CPSU N.S. Khrushchev). Such houses received a second name - Khrushchev, mainly due to the inconvenient and disproportionate layout of the rooms, narrow corridors and spans of platforms, thin walls and as a result - terrible sound insulation. In this article we will talk about what the typical Khrushchev series are, and we will try to highlight the main pros and cons of these buildings. We will provide the planning features in the form of descriptions and photos.
Typical series of Khrushchev buildings: the main pros and cons of houses
Let's look at the main characteristics of the apartments and determine the features of each series of Khrushchev buildings that were built over the course of 27 years. It is worth noting that initially the Khrushchev buildings were intended to be used as temporary housing and the operational life of the building ranged from 25 to 50 years. But, as you know, people still live in such houses in our time. The disadvantages of Khrushchev-era apartments include poor sound insulation and thermal insulation (it’s cool in winter, and too hot in the apartment in summer), not always good layout apartments and entrance: narrow corridors, small kitchen, lack of garbage chute and very often an elevator. The main advantages of such houses include their low cost.
The main advantages of such houses include the low cost of housing and developed infrastructure around the building. As a rule, not far from Khrushchev buildings there are kindergartens, schools, shops and excellent transport interchanges. If Money If you don’t have enough money to buy an apartment, it’s not the worst option. Moreover, such buildings in Moscow and other Russian cities are subject to demolition, in which case the owners receive brand new housing, or reconstruction and redevelopment.
Series 1-464 (1960 – 1967)
General drawing:
One of the most popular series of Khrushchev buildings in the USSR was 1-464 (1960 - 1967). This panel house with 5 floors, it is rare to see 3 and 4 storey buildings. All apartments have balconies (also additional storage rooms), but there are no elevators and residents of the building have to go up and down the stairs, which is quite difficult for elderly people and families with small children. The bathrooms in the apartments are combined, there is no common garbage chute in the entrance, and the number of apartments on the site is 4. The height of the ceilings in the apartments is 2.5 m2, the kitchens are less than 6 m2, to be more precise - 5.8 m2. Apartments 1, 2 and 3 rooms.
Picture – drawing:
1 room:
2 room:
3 room:
Series 1-335 (1963 – 1967)
From 1963 to 1967 The territory was built up with houses of the 1-335 series. It is too panel buildings, with a ceiling height of 2.54 m, balconies in each apartment, combined bathrooms, no elevator or garbage chute. The kitchen area is slightly larger than in the previous series - 6.2 m2, the ceiling area is 2.5 m. There are four apartments on the site - from 1 to 3 rooms. In addition to balconies, the apartments have additional storage rooms and built-in wardrobes.
1 room:
2 room:
Series 1-434 (1958 – 1964)
This series was built from 1958 to 1964; in different years of construction, the layout of the apartments was slightly modified. So, for example, in buildings of 1958 in one-room apartments the living room area was 18.6 m2, and in 1959 it decreased to 18.2 m2, in 1969 the room area was 17.7 m2. And so, in all types of apartments, the area of residential premises varied in the direction of decrease and increase. But the kitchen area remained unchanged - 5.8 m2, as well as the ceiling height - 2.5 m. The houses are brick, with combined bathrooms, and each apartment has a balcony, pantry and built-in wardrobes.
Pictures – drawing (by year)
1 room 1958
1 room 1959
1 room 1960
1 room 1961
1 room 1964
2 room 1958
2 room 1959
2 room 1960
2 room 1964
Don Construction College
Construction and operation of buildings and structures
Course project in the discipline "Architecture of civil buildings"
On the topic: "5-storey residential building
Novocherkassk 2015
The designed 5-storey residential building is rectangular in plan with side dimensions of 34.20 x 12.00 m, and according to its typological characteristics, it belongs to the sectional type.
A residential section (block section) is a cell consisting of several apartments located around one communication node (entrance, vestibule, staircase). The layout of the area of each apartment is made in accordance with the functional diagram of the interconnection of the premises.
In the house being designed, the type of staircase assembly is transverse.
According to operational requirements, the designed residential building belongs to the IInd degree of durability.
According to SNiP 2.01.07-85* “Loads and impacts”, the designed residential building belongs to the II level of responsibility.
According to SNiP 2.01.02-85* “ Fire regulations» the designed residential building belongs to the II degree of fire resistance, since the load-bearing and enclosing structures are made of artificial stone materials: brick walls, reinforced concrete floors and flights of stairs.
By decision of the Department of Municipal Economy of the city of Novocherkassk, permission was given for the construction of a 5-story residential building in the city of Novocherkassk. The shape of the plot is rectangular with an area of 3000.00 m2.
On the site there are: a 5-story residential building, a gazebo, a parking lot, and a children's playground.
The building is oriented latitudinally, which ensures heat savings in winter. The distance to the nearest building is 24.70 m, which satisfies fire and sanitary requirements.
The vertical layout of the site ensures the drainage of rain and melt water.
The site has a 4.00 m wide road for vehicles and pedestrian paths covered with asphalt. There is a blind area 1.00 m wide around the building. The site also has green spaces: row-planted shrubs and deciduous trees.
A space-planning decision is a decision on the basis of which a particular composition and size of premises is made.
The building has rectangular shape; 5 floors and a basement.
This building is designed:
the height of each floor is 2.80 m;
the height of the entire building is 15.60 m;
dimensions in axes - 34.20 m (1-9) and 12.00 m (A-D).
This residential building consists of 20 apartments: 10 two-room and 10 three-room.
The two-room apartment includes: corridor, living room, bedroom, kitchen, bathroom, storage room, loggia, balcony.
The three-room apartment includes: a corridor, a living room, a bedroom, a children's room, a kitchen, a bathroom, a loggia, and a balcony.
Compound: Two sheets and PZ (Facade 1-6 M1:100; Section 1-1 M1:100; 1st floor plan M1:100; Typical floor plan M1:100; General plan M1:500; Unit 1 M1:20; Unit 2 M2:10; Foundation plan M1:100; Floor and covering plan M1:100; Roof plan M1:100; Unit 3,4,5 M1:10; unit 6 M1:20l)
Software: KOMPAS-3D 13 SP2
Most houses in cities are standard brick buildings, with apartments of standard layouts.
Series of Stalin-type houses - brick buildings light shades or mineralized panels. This project stands out for its excellent layout and significant ceiling heights. For external works often used materials with granite chips. Such houses are distinguished by “Kremlin” type towers.
The construction of Stalin buildings started in the 30s of the 20th century. Similar structures were created according to individual developments, but a lot standard houses. Such structures have little resemblance to the structures of the old foundation.
Khrushchev buildings are a panel, brick or block structure. The initiator of such buildings was N.S. Khrushchev; they are completely devoid of any excesses during design and construction. They were built until 1972 inclusive, and in some areas until 1980.
Distinctive characteristics of such buildings:
- ceiling height - 2.5 - 2.6 m;
- at all small kitchens, bathrooms;
- Mostly the layout of 2 rooms is adjacent.
After 2000, houses with 5 floors began to be demolished. Khrushchev buildings on the 8th and 9th floors were not subject to demolition. The first buildings of Khrushchev were houses of the 1-335 series. They were erected in many cities of the USSR. Due to the lack of thermal insulation, such buildings are subject to demolition.
Designs of series 1-439, 1-439Ya are 5-story block-type buildings. This type of building plan was built mainly in the northern regions of the USSR. Khrushchev series 1-447 — popular look developments. Similar structures were built up to and including 1970. The height of the rooms is up to 3 meters.
Panel type buildings
Buildings of type 1-464 are popular panel plan buildings from the times of the USSR. They were erected in the first period of the construction of Khrushchev. Only from 1958 to 1964. development similar designs More than 200 house-building factories in all regions were involved.
Series brick houses 1-466 are typical examples of residential properties with 1-5 floors. The height of the rooms is 3 m. They were built exclusively in Moscow (its northern part). The walls of brick houses are made of fragile vibrobrick. Up to 6 panels are installed at the end. Such houses are short-lived.
House series 1-467 - the first panel construction, which has a step load-bearing walls. For the first time, the design of such buildings included a variation in the layout of a 1,2,3-room apartment. Houses with 1-5 floors of a similar plan were built in the Moscow region and other parts of the country.
Houses of the 1-510 series are quite common block 5-story houses. Their peculiarity is the thickness of the outer walls, which is up to 40 cm. These are durable buildings, but some of them are demolished during various reconstructions of city districts.
Structures of type 1-511 - multi-sectional structure, brick Khrushchev building in Moscow. In such houses there are apartments with 1-2-3 rooms. There are several modifications of buildings, which differ in the height of the apartments, quality building materials, roof type.
Types of gas pipeline facilities
Houses 1MG-300 or MG-300 are panel buildings with 5 floors. Their peculiarity is the presence of square balconies, the cubic capacity of which is small. There are 3 apartments on each floor of this building. They were built until 1968 inclusive.
Buildings of type 1R-303-2 are a 5-story panel building, the second most frequently built in Moscow and the region. Distinctive feature 5-storey buildings have sloping balconies, including end ones. Structures of type 11-07 are among the first panel houses 5 floors on the territory of Moscow (its southwestern part). Construction period - 1958-1961. These houses in in emergency condition, most of them have already been demolished.
Buildings 07/11/19 are panel buildings with fragile external walls made of vibrobrick. Often the houses are tiled, each of them has 4 narrow windows at the ends. Almost all structures of this format are in disrepair, but their demolition is carried out only in the western parts of Moscow. Houses 11-17 - modification of series 1-510. Have increased areas studio apartment and a large area of a 3-room apartment. Such houses were built in the 60s. last century in Izmailovo, Nagatino.
Objects for small families
This is an example of Khrushchev buildings above 5 floors in Moscow. Most of them are 8- and 9-story block structures. Each apartment in such a house has a hip bath; V two-room apartments The rooms are often adjacent.
House series 11-18-01/09 MIC - brick buildings 9 floors, analog block structures 11-18-01/09.
Building 11-32 is a typical panel house made of vibrobrick, external walls which is tiled.
A characteristic feature of such buildings is balconies on support pillars. A variation of this series - 11-32-130 - houses with small apartments (small families). They are designed for small families. The room has an average of 9-13 square meters. m., and the kitchen has a cubic capacity of no more than 3-3.5 square meters. m.
Buildings 11-34 are an example of 5-story brick structures with small-family apartments. Similar buildings were built in the capital in different places (1-2 houses in residential areas). These are two-building houses that are connected by a one-story section, in the center of which there is a room - a dining room.
Structures type 11-35 - 5-storey brick houses with two rooms and three-room apartments. Their distinctive feature is the presence of rather large external panels. Such houses were often built in 1959-1962. Today they have all been demolished.
Objects 11-38 and Brezhnevka
Structures 11-38 are the first panel-type houses made from volumetric elements. The apartment rooms were assembled in factories, and they were only assembled at construction sites. These were experimental, trial structures; they were erected in 1959-1962. in Lyublino, Cheryomushki. Such structures can also be found in Perm and Minsk. Type K-7 - Khrushchev frame, panel type. These are massive buildings in Moscow, built in 1958. Their walls are the thinnest among all, so their demolition is a priority.
The Khrushchev era, which did not justify itself at all, was replaced by the Brezhnev era. At first these were 8- and 9-story buildings, which later turned into 12- and 16-story buildings. These are the first structures with elevators and garbage chutes. The layout of apartments in such buildings has become more advanced and modern. They have improved noise and heat insulation.
The layout of apartments in such houses has become more convenient. The construction of such houses began in the 70s. last century. Such houses can rightfully be called prototypes of modern buildings. After Brezhnev, they began to build buildings according to standard projects. The most common series of modern panel structures are KOPE, KOPE-M-PARUS, 155 and i-155m, p-3m, P-44m.
Project of a 5-storey apartment building. dwg
Sections AR, KZH, EO, VK, OV
Project of a 5-storey residential building. Description of design solutions
Construction solutions and structures
The building is 5-storey, monolithic frame, reinforced concrete. Floor height -3.0 meters.
After developing the pit, carry out a soil analysis (if other foundation soils are found, inform the project developers).
The foundations are designed for foundation soils - hard loams with the following design characteristics: y=19kN/m3, U=19 deg. c = 25 kPa. (stock material “report on engineering-geological surveys at the site: “Shop on Perova Street”. Arch. No. 930 DSP). Collapse loams of the first type
Foundations and monolithic walls technical undergrounds should be made with sulfate-resistant cement.
The foundations for the columns are monolithic reinforced concrete columnar, for the walls of the technical underground and the rigidity diaphragms are strip foundations.
Technical underground walls - monolithic reinforced concrete thickness 300 mm. with insulation with mini-slab 100 mm thick.
Columns are monolithic reinforced concrete with a section of 400x400 mm.
The stiffening diaphragms are monolithic reinforced concrete with a thickness of 200 mm.
Floors and coverings are monolithic, reinforced concrete with a thickness of 220 mm. The blind area is concrete.
Coat all unspecified surfaces of structures in contact with the ground with hot bitumen 2 times, using a primer of liquefied bitumen.
Concreting at negative temperature environment and temperatures above +25 degrees. The requirements of SNIP RK 5.03-37-2005 “Load-bearing and enclosing structures” must be met.
When carrying out all types of work, be guided by SNIP RK 1.03-05-2001 “Occupational health and safety in construction.
Paint steel structures with enamel PF-115 GOST 6465-76 in 2 layers over primer GF-021 GOST 25129-82 in 1 layer according to SNIP RK 2.01-19-2004.
Fire protection steel structures perform with intumescent coating VPM-2 (GOST 25131-82) at a consumption of 6 kg/m2 and with a coating thickness after expansion of 4 mm.
Water supply and sewerage
The following technical solutions were adopted in the project:
Laying distribution networks for cold and hot water supply on the technical underground.
- release of domestic sewerage to a public well.
- a water metering unit with a cold water meter is installed at the entrance to the building
- hot water supply - central (see section "HVAC")
Heating and ventilation
The heating and ventilation project for a residential building was developed in accordance with the drawings of the AS, in accordance with the requirements of SNiP RK 4.02-05-2001, SNiP RK 3.02.01-2001.
The design temperature of the outside air for heating is assumed to be Tn = -31 C.
The source of heat supply to the building is a thermal power plant.
The duration of the heating period is 200 days.
The total calculated heat supply is 580,000 kcal/hour.
Coolant parameters 130 - 95 C.
Hot water supply - from the heating unit.
The heating system of a residential building is single-pipe, dead-end with U-shaped risers and distribution of supply and return lines through the technical underground.
Accepted as heating devices cast iron radiators M90-108.
Ventilation of the residential building is provided - exhaust, natural, through the ventilation ducts of kitchens and bathrooms. Ventilation ducts should be made of cross-section. 200x200 from a flat asbestos-cement sheet.
Accepted steel water and gas pipes in accordance with GOST 3262-75 **
Installation of heating and ventilation systems should be carried out in accordance with SNiP 3.05.01-85.
Power supply and lighting
An ASU type switchboard is used as an input distribution device, which is installed in the technical underground of the house. To supply electricity to apartments, supply lines depart from the input distribution board and are suitable for ShchE 3300 cabinets.
ShchE electrical cabinets are installed on staircase landings floors. The cabinets house apartment electricity meters, automatic devices for protecting group lines of apartments and distribution boxes for low current devices.
In ShchE floor lighting panels, reinforce the cabinet doors with a locking device, ensuring access to them only by the personnel of the power supply organization. Electricity metering for basement lighting and stairwells carried out by a counter installed on the ASU panel.
Group lighting lines are made with PUNP brand wire, laid in a pipe hidden along the ceiling, in wall grooves.