Flat roof in a private house without concrete. We do the roofing ourselves

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Construction of a gable or hip roof not always rational and expedient when it comes to outbuildings, industrial and commercial facilities, and sometimes private houses in a modern style. High material consumption, complex rafter system make the construction of these structures an economically unprofitable, protracted undertaking. While flat roofing projects significantly reduce construction costs, are quick to build and suitable for almost any structure.

A house with a flat roof is reliably protected from increased wind loads. However, without slopes, it cannot quickly drain rain and melt water from the roof surface.

The situation is complicated by the fact that the surface of roofing materials has a rough structure, which does not allow moisture and snow to slide off freely. Therefore, the installation of a do-it-yourself flat roof must meet the strict requirements of building codes for waterproofing, slope and construction technology.

The structure of the roofing pie

The need for a high level of protection from moisture forces the roofing materials of a flat roof to be placed in layers, one above the other, forming a so-called “pie”. If you look at its cross-sectional structure, you can see the following layers:

  1. Flat base made of concrete slabs or profiled metal sheets. It provides rigidity to the structure, bears the weight of the roofing pie, transferring it to the load-bearing partitions and, ultimately, to the foundation. The base of the roof in use must be as rigid as possible.
  2. Vapor barrier. A layer that is necessary to protect a flat roof from the penetration of vapors from internal heated rooms into the thickness of the insulation. When water settles on the thermal insulation in the form of condensation, it irreversibly reduces its insulation properties by more than half. The simplest vapor barrier is polyethylene film or bitumen-based coatings.
  3. Insulation. For thermal insulation of a flat roof, backfill materials are used, such as expanded clay, perlite, slag, rolled materials, for example, mineral wool, and in the form of slabs, in particular polystyrene foam. By the way, insulation is used not only to regulate the temperature, but also to tilt a house with a flat roof. The main requirements for insulation are low hygroscopicity and thermal conductivity, light weight.
  4. Waterproofing. A flat roof allows the use of roll materials for covering to protect against moisture: bitumen, polymer and bitumen-polymer. In addition to high waterproofing qualities, they must be resistant to temperature changes, elastic, and have a long service life.

Types of roofing and nuances of their installation

The construction of a flat roof is determined by the design and nature of its use. Some types that require a special approach during construction include the following:


Roof installation for unheated buildings

If a flat roof is being built with your own hands for an unheated utility room, for example, a barn, gazebo, shed or outbuilding, the slope is organized using support beams.

They are installed at an angle of 3 degrees, which is 30 mm for each linear meter of beam length. Then a base of unedged boards is laid on the beams, secured with nails or self-tapping screws.

Roofing felt, the most affordable material, is used as a waterproofing agent. It is produced and sold in roll form. The waterproofing is cut by cutting strips so as to lay them in the direction of the slope of the flat roof.

Strips of roofing felt are laid in stages with an overlap of 10-15 cm and fixed with wooden slats or steel strips every 60-70 cm in the direction of the drain, so as not to block the path of flowing moisture. A flat roof of an unheated room can be easily installed with your own hands, even by one worker without the help of helpers.

Roof installation for heated structures

If they are building a private house with a flat roof, which they plan to connect to a heating system, then the work takes place in the following order:


To build a house with a flat roof, the length of which exceeds 6 m, a beam with a cross-section of 150x150 mm or more, or a steel I-beam, is used to make support beams.

Monolithic concrete roofing

Another option for building a flat roof with your own hands is to use monolithic concrete. The process looks like this:


Leaning process

– arrangement of a small angle of the roof surface to organize drainage. Before building a house with a flat roof, it is better to decide in advance which drain you will install, internal or external, and make a drawing.

If provided, water should flow into water collection funnels using a slope, which are located 1 per 25 sq.m or more often. If you make an external drain, then moisture should enter the gutter. The slope is formed using the following methods:


A flat roof without proper slope is an unreliable shield between you and bad weather. Moisture that has no outlet will accumulate on the roof surface, causing roof destruction and leaks.

Video instruction

The process of constructing a flat roof cannot be called complicated. Therefore, these works can be done with your own hands, without turning to specialized specialists for help. construction companies. Read more about how to roof a flat roof below.

The construction of this roof uses metal and wooden beams, thanks to which the load is evenly distributed over load-bearing walls the buildings. The beams are mounted and secured first. Then the rest of the roof frame is erected. Installation work begins with drawing up a plan for the roof of a flat roof. It takes into account all the nuances and features of the future design.

The support beams must be quite reliable, because “on their shoulders” lies not only the weight of the roof itself, but also some additional loads. In particular, additional pressure is exerted by various communication elements located in the attic and on the roofing. Another load comes from the weight of the person who repairs or maintains the roof. In addition, we must not forget about snow and wind, which also create additional pressure on the frame. So, it is precipitation for a flat roof, due to the lack of a slope, that is the main load. In order to correctly select the dimensions of the support beams and determine the load, it will be useful to study the technology of how they are built neighbors' houses flat roofs located in your area.

To make a flat roof of better quality, in addition to the support beams, you need to choose the right coating. It must be durable and reliable. In addition, you need high-quality roofing material that has good performance parameters. In addition, it will be important to carry out waterproofing and vapor barrier work correctly. In capital buildings, such roofs are most often made of large slabs, on which a layer made of insulating materials is installed.

A vapor barrier is placed on the slabs, which protects against moisture. The material for this layer is often a polymer-bitumen film reinforced with fiberglass. Its edges are wrapped behind the vertical overlaps, and the seams are soldered. When this is done, the insulation can be laid. If ceramics is used as a heat insulator, you will first need to apply a coating of concrete screed. When using a lightweight roof, polymer insulation is usually glued directly onto the vapor barrier layer. The next layer of waterproofing is laid, which is the most important for the roof. This layer is often called simply “pie”. It is usually made from membrane or polymer-bitumen materials.

The cost of roofing a flat roof is quite high, so it is better to do it yourself, without involving specialized companies.

Types of flat roofs

Today there are several types of flat roofs:

  • One of the most popular options is a soft flat roof, which is also called traditional. Its frame is load-bearing slab, on top of which a vapor barrier layer and a heat insulator are installed. Mineral wool is often used as a material for this purpose. Bitumen-based materials are used for waterproofing.
  • Over time, the design of soft flat roofing has been improved. This improved version is called an inversion flat roof.
  • Operated types of flat roofs. Their base is usually made quite rigid. Such a roof can safely be used for various needs on the farm. A concrete screed is poured under the base of the roof, which can provide the required slope for rainfall drainage. You can also use corrugated sheets. The insulated layer on such roofs experiences various types of loads, so a material with high compressive strength is used as insulation.
  • Unusable type of flat roofs. Such roofs do not require installation, insulation or waterproofing.

Depending on the purpose of the building, the method of arranging the roof is chosen. The premises can be heated or unheated. For each of them are used different types flat roofs. Thus, for unheated buildings, a flat roof with a slight slope is suitable, which is necessary in order to remove precipitation from the surface. In addition, it is easier to remove snow from such a roof. In some conditions it may fall off the roof on its own. This type of roofing is made of several support blocks, on which a shield of wooden boards is laid. A waterproofing layer made of roofing felt is mounted on it. Unfortunately, this simple design usually short-lived, which is why it has to be repaired periodically. When attaching rolled material, it is necessary to maintain a step between the slats of 75 cm. In this case, the slats should not interfere with the removal of moisture from the roof. In order for precipitation to flow off the roof without problems, its slope must be at least 4%.

As for heated rooms, the roof design for them is somewhat different. Today there are quite a lot of technologies for constructing such roofs. If you decide to make a flat roof roof with your own hands, then it is best to use the simplest method. The installation procedure is as follows:

  1. So, support beams are used as a base, and a flooring made of boards is placed on top of them. A waterproofing layer of roofing felt must be laid on them. In this case, it is important that the rolled material is placed with an overlap of 12-16 cm.
  2. Next, expanded clay insulation, slag and other necessary material are poured on top of it. At the same time, remember in which direction the slope will be made to allow precipitation to drain from the roof.
  3. The insulation is leveled, and a cement screed about 4 cm thick is placed above it. This will avoid accidental damage to the roof while removing sediment from the roof.
  4. You need to wait until the screed hardens, and after that it must be treated with a bitumen primer. In addition, you should make sure that precipitation and melt water do not linger on the roof. To do this, make a slight slope towards the edge of the roof.
  5. Then you need to start gluing the rolled carpet. If there are less than 5-7 meters between the walls of the house, then for the support beam you can use a simple wooden beam section 100 by 150 mm. As an option, a metal beam is also suitable. Then the distance between the parts of the structure should be at least 1 m. All these nuances are usually reflected in the roof drawing of a flat roof.

Roof insulation

A flat roof has many advantages. And one of them is that it can be insulated both during construction and after it - during the period of operation. Moreover, this can be done both from the inside and from the outside. It is advisable to first insulate it from the outside and wait until winter. If the insulation is not enough, then you can install an additional layer of insulation on the inside.

More recently, such roofs were insulated with rigid thermal insulation slabs. But this method is bad because it greatly increases the load on the roof. Therefore, when more modern materials, this technology began to be abandoned and is now almost never used.

Today, flat roofs are increasingly insulated using basalt mineral wool. This material has a lot of advantages - it is relatively light in weight and at the same time it is able to provide good thermal conductivity and waterproofing. In addition, mineral wool is not subject to mechanical stress and does not burn. Due to these properties, it is often used as thermal insulation material. As for internal insulation, it is easier to use fire-resistant layers 5-6 cm thick made of polystyrene foam. The plates are installed quite simply. To do this, they are attached to the ceiling every 45-50 cm. wooden blocks, and already polystyrene foam boards are installed on them. They are fixed with mastic.

Roof made of monolithic concrete

Metal beams are usually used as supporting elements for such a roof. In this case, their length is selected depending on the required roof width. If it does not exceed 4-5 meters, then it is enough to take beams 160 mm long. The most suitable material for pouring roof screed, grade 250 concrete is probably considered suitable. To ensure that the solution has the correct consistency, it is recommended to use a concrete mixer when preparing it, rather than mixing it by hand. Moreover, it is important to take all the components of the solution in the required proportions. So, for 7 buckets of crushed stone you need 3 buckets of cement, 2.5 buckets of water and 4 buckets of sand. If necessary, the solution can be supplemented with more water. Next, you need to secure strong bars to the lower beams, and lay roofing felt on their surface. After that, a reinforced mesh is laid in the direction of the beams. To prevent it from accidentally slipping, when pouring the screed, the places where the rods are fastened should be secured with something.

The mesh must be completely covered with concrete mortar. To do this, several pieces of crushed stone are placed down. Thanks to this, it is possible to create a gap of 3-5 cm between the mesh and the roofing felt. The concrete screed should not be less than 17 cm. Please note that you cannot pour concrete into the strip in parts. To ensure a high-quality pour, it is best to fill the entire roof area within one day.

When the pouring is completed, the concrete must be compacted using a vibrator or, in extreme cases, manually. During this work, try not to tear the reinforced mesh or dislodge it. After this, the concrete needs to be covered plastic film. This allows you to reduce the rate of moisture evaporation from concrete, and this will protect the top layer from the formation of cracks on the surface. The concrete under the film is usually left for three days so that it has time to set and dry. After it dries, a layer of insulation is poured, while observing the previously specified slope. All that remains is to make a screed and install the roll carpet.

Flat roof roofing: photo

Flat roof roofing: video

The basic design of thermal insulation for modern flat roofs.

Table 1. Comparative thesis justification for the choice of flat roof design.

Thermal insulating roofing materials

Mineral wool

Foam plastics

Monolithic foam concrete

Type of material

Mineral fiber with organic binder (phenol-formaldehyde resins)

Organic

Inorganic

Shrinkage during operation

The geometric dimensions of the slabs decrease and the roof fails.

Heating behavior

Thermal degradation of organic binder

Thermal destruction

Operating temperature up to 400 degrees.

Compressive Strength

There is no compressive strength, there is a load at 10% deformation. This indicator does not correspond to real work.

Sufficient strength - from 0.3 MPa (10 times higher than that of mineral wool and foam plastic.)

Water absorption

Higher than polystyrene foam, but significantly lower than cotton wool. Only the outer layer of foam concrete up to 10 mm thick gets wet. Foam concrete “self-dries” over time due to hydration of the cement.

Flammability

The polymer binder of mineral wool is burning

Flammable, burns with the release of toxic gases

Absolutely non-flammable.

Roofing pie design

Heterogeneous

The roof structure is homogeneous: thermal insulation, slopes and screed are made of the same material.

Labor-intensive process trimming slabs of material at junctions with parapets, communications, etc. Cold bridges are possible at slab joints.

Effortless filling of any reliefs. There are no joints between the slabs.

Roof durability

During operation, the polystyrene foam and phenol-formaldehyde binder of mineral wool are destroyed.

During operation, foam concrete increases its strength.

High, taking into account materials for creating slopes and screeds

Low, so all roof elements are made of lightweight foam concrete

Roofing carpet defects

Excessive pressure is created under the waterproofing carpet, creating air bubbles.

Excess pressure is distributed inside the pore space of foam concrete, without the formation of bubbles.

Shrinkage during use.

Foam plastics and mineral wools decrease in size during operation, especially under load from the overlying layers of the roof. At the same time, the roofing “pie” slides down, tearing the waterproofing away from the parapets.





Rice. 4. Traditional roofing with thermal insulation made of mineral wool or expanded polystyrene for 2 years after installation.

1 - waterproofing carpet;
2 - reinforcing mesh;
3 - cement screed;
4 - expanded clay gravel to create slopes to the drainage funnel;
5 - thermal insulation layer made of mineral wool or expanded polystyrene.
Fig.5. The same roof after 3-5 years of operation. Damage to the waterproofing at the junction with the parapet due to subsidence of the thermal insulation layer is shown.

1 - a layer of mineral wool or expanded polystyrene after shrinkage during operation for 1-3 years.

In addition, due to the unevenness snow load, mechanical loads (people walk on roofs along certain paths, and not evenly across the entire roof), due to the heterogeneity of the insulation material itself and the uneven thickness of mortar screeds in traditional roofs, the formation of depressions in the planes of the roof, the so-called lenses, where water accumulates. The roof becomes “lumpy” over time. In places where “lenses” form, the screed is usually broken, and at the slightest violation of the tightness of the top layer of the roofing carpet, water from the lenses enters the roof.
In roofs made of foam concrete, the formation of “lenses” and depressions is impossible even if people are constantly on the roof, since foam concrete is a rigid and durable material.

Compressive Strength

Mineral wool and foam plastics, including extruded ones, do not have compressive strength. They are characterized by load values ​​during deformation. This indicator gives us a strength value that shows the material being 10% compacted. Those. in an uncompressed state, neither mineral wool nor foam plastics are able to resist the load.

Strength at 10% deformation of mineral wool with a density of 100-150 kg/m 3 and extruded foam does not exceed 300 kPa (0.3 MPa). The strength of foam concrete with a density of 200 kg/m 3 starts from 0.3 MPa (300 kPa). Those. foam concrete can withstand the same load as mineral wool or extruded foam when compressed by 10%. But under such a load, foam concrete does NOT deform.

Water absorption of foam concrete.

Most thermal insulation materials used on roofs have high water absorption. 60% of thermal insulating roofing materials are represented by various types of mineral wool, the actual water absorption of which is up to 70% by volume (1500% by weight). This figure exceeds the water absorption of foam concrete by one or even two orders of magnitude.

State standards do not regulate the water absorption of mineral wool, since it is understood that this material should only work in conditions where there is a complete lack of ability to absorb water. Naturally, in practice, under the conditions of a real construction site, this is impossible - both during the period of work and during operation. Also, practice shows that it is almost impossible to dry soaked mineral wool, especially in the conditions of the lower layer of the roofing cake, which cannot be ventilated.

The situation with water absorption is slightly better for polymer foamed plastics, including the highest quality of extruded polystyrene foam achievable today. Despite the low “paper numbers” for water absorption by foam plastics, we forget that on top of the foam plastic there is material for creating roof slopes. In most cases, this is the cheapest bulk material - expanded clay, on top of which a cement screed is made, or sheet materials are mounted (asbestos cement sheet, cement bonded particle board etc.) By the way, exactly the same roof structure is made using mineral wool slabs. But in this case it is not so important, due to the already huge water absorption of mineral wool.

The layer of bulk expanded clay has a thickness of 50 to 400 mm and is a cavity under the screed that can absorb from 25 to 200 liters of water per square meter! Moreover, in the event of a leak through the screed, the leak into the building may be located at a distance of tens of meters from it, finding a free path in the expanded clay layer. Detecting damage to roof waterproofing is extremely difficult. (See Fig. 5.)

A roof with monolithic foam concrete behaves completely differently. Particularly lightweight foam concrete is completely protected from water leaks by a layer of structural “screed” foam concrete, which absorbs water to a depth of about 10 mm. If the waterproofing is damaged, the foam concrete mass can stop the movement of moisture deeper into the roof. It should also be noted that the remarkable fact of self-drying of foam concrete is that water trapped inside the foam concrete mass is used by the cement matrix of the material to continue hydration reactions that occur with the chemical binding of free moisture. The hydration reaction compacts the foam concrete structure and stops further movement of moisture. In case of serious damage to the roofing carpet, the roof hardens locally - only at the site of damage, and not under the entire surface of the screed, as when using expanded clay to create slopes over foam plastic and mineral wool.





Rice. 5. Water leakage into a traditional roof. Through damaged waterproofing, water fills the layer of expanded clay gravel and the voids under the layer of thermal insulation. Then, through discontinuities in the base of the roof, water enters the room.

1 - damage to the waterproofing carpet layer;
2 - layer of water over thermal insulation;
3-layer of water under thermal insulation.

Rice. 6. Water leakage in a foam concrete roof through the waterproofing is localized at the point of penetration.

1 - waterproofing layer;
2 - screed made of foam concrete with a density of D600, protecting the thermal insulating foam concrete D200 from leaks;
3 thermal insulating foam concrete D200.

Flammability

Foam plastics burn well - thanks to numerous fires, citizens farthest from the construction industry know about this. The burning of foam plastics is accompanied by the release of toxic gases, which, however, occurs not only during combustion, but also with the slightest increase in temperature. One drop of welding when performing lightning protection on the roof, and a fire is more than likely, even during the construction period of the building.

Mineral wool does not burn, but smolders. Smoldering is ensured by a phenol-formaldehyde binder. Naturally, when burning, nothing good will be released into the atmosphere either.

Foam concrete is a foamed stone, and stones do not burn. On the contrary, foam concrete can be used as fire protection, for example, for metal structures.

Roofing pie design.

The design of a modern flat roof consists of several elements. As we already described in the “water absorption” section, these are three layers:

A layer of thermal insulation (mineral wool or polystyrene foam);

The layer that forms the slopes of the roof towards the drainage funnels (expanded clay gravel);

Screed ( cement-sand mortar with reinforcing mesh or sheet materials).

In the case of using monolithic foam concrete, the thermal insulation layer and the slope-forming layer are made of monolithic, extra-light foam concrete with a density of 200 kg/m3, which significantly increases the thermal protection of the roof. The screed on top of this layer is also made of foam concrete, only more durable and dense, with a density of 500 kg/m3.

Naturally, homogeneous materials, due to their affinity, work better both in thermal and structural terms. There are no dips, peelings, bubbles or other defects on the roof that are so common with traditional roofs.

Features of the roof structure

When making a layer of thermal insulation from slab material, difficulties always arise when performing thermal insulation of complex architectural elements on the roof, in places where communications pass (electrical wiring, ventilation, sewerage, etc.), places for installing building equipment on the roof (air conditioners, etc.). Accurate cutting of slabs is labor-intensive and practically difficult to control. As a rule, all these places will have problems with freezing and getting wet in the future.

Monolithic foam concrete fills all the voids in the roof, forming a continuous warm shell of the building, monolithizing the roof. By definition, the problems described above with traditional roofs do not arise.

Roof durability

Both expanded polystyrene and mineral wool (which contains a polymer binder), like any other polymer material, are subject to destruction during operation. Especially in extreme roofing conditions associated with overheating and often moisture.

Hundreds of books and articles tell us that any polymer has a limited service life. This is especially true for thermal insulation polymers.

Foam concrete, like any concrete, only gains strength during use. Our own research shows that foam concrete, which has a strength of 0.3 MPa at the age of 28 days, will strengthen to 0.5 - 0.7 MPa after a year of operation. Let us recall that hardening occurs when free moisture in the material is bound, due to which the foam concrete self-dries, even in sealed conditions.

Roofs made of monolithic foam concrete are lighter than traditional roofs, which in some cases makes their installation a non-alternative option, especially when carrying out reconstruction work.

Table 2. The weight of a traditional roof insulated with polystyrene foam.

Material

Thickness, mm

Density, kg/m 3

Weight kg/m2

Roof thermal insulation

Expanded polystyrene

Roof slopes

Expanded clay

(Average value from 50 to 350 mm)*

Screed for sticker roll carpet

Cement-sand with reinforcing mesh

Total weight of 1 m 2 roof

Table 3. Weight of a roof insulated with monolithic foam concrete.

Please note that monolithic foam concrete allows slopes of a smaller degree than traditional roofs with expanded clay screed.

Defects in roofing carpet.

The most common defect of a traditional roof is the presence of swellings on the roofing carpet when it is heated in the summer. This occurs when water vapor under the waterproofing layer is heated. Foam concrete roofs are practically free of defects of this type, since the excess pressure of water vapor is evenly distributed in the pore space of foam concrete. The mechanism of this phenomenon is discussed in more detail in our article “Buffer foam concrete screeds in the reconstruction of flat roofs” in the magazine “ Construction Materials" for November 2012.

Appendix 1. Work in winter conditions

The main disadvantage of roofs with monolithic foam concrete is the limited possibilities for winter work. Industrial production of foam concrete is possible at positive temperatures, for a combination of reasons - the main one of which is freezing of water supply hoses. In addition, we fundamentally do not recommend performing roofing work in winter conditions, also for a number of reasons:

  • Excessive consumption of gas for removing ice and snow;
  • Overspending on wages for removing ice and snow;
  • Inability to control the absence of snow and ice inside roof structures;
  • Excessive consumption of gas for sticking the waterproofing layer;
  • Damage to materials and equipment due to frost.

However, it should be noted that the technology allows work to be carried out at temperatures down to -7 degrees.

Appendix 2. Polystyrene concrete as insulation.

The use of polystyrene concrete on roofs is most often unjustified for economic reasons, since polystyrene foam granules, which are filler, are most often unreasonably expensive.

At the same time, there are additional negative circumstances that must be taken into account when working with this material. Polystyrene granules decrease in size during operation. As a result, after a year or two, instead of polystyrene concrete, we get large-porous concrete with expanded polystyrene chips. As a result, the strength and thermal conductivity of polystyrene concrete sharply deteriorates. The photos below show a polystyrene block at 5 years old.

Common people often use two completely different words - roofing and roof - with the same meaning. In reality, this cannot be done. And any experienced builder will explain to everyone that a roof in this area means everything that is in the room, that is, above the living space, which is usually called the attic. But the roof refers to the very top part of the building, that is, the roof covering itself, which is irrigated by all kinds of precipitation, covering the inside of the house from piercing winds and hot sun rays.

The roof of the house protects from external natural factors, such as rain, wind, snow, so it’s worth thinking about durable and quality roof Your house.

However, you need to remember that before you think about creating a roof, you need to first arrange the roof. That is why, first of all, you need to learn the rules of how to do it yourself in a residential building or non-residential, but no less in need of covering, premises. Although it sounds proud - he made the roof with his own hands, any person capable of abstract thinking will understand that it will not only be difficult but, most likely, impossible to cope with such a difficult task alone.

Main types of roofs

Varieties of roof shapes. The most common are single-pitch and gable roofs.

Experts name only 2 types of roofs, which are considered the main ones in construction. These are flat and sloped. Both from the point of view of the materials used in this matter, and from the point of view of construction technology, they are fundamentally different from each other.

In order to make a roof of any type, you will need the following tools and materials:

  • nails;
  • bars;
  • lathing board;
  • roofing felt;
  • hacksaw;
  • hammer;
  • chockline;
  • roofing material.

How is a flat roof made?

Flat roofs, which we see mainly in industrial plants, factories, and, of course, on residential buildings, can be built with your own hands.

The main material from which a flat roof can be made is considered to be concrete slabs, and, whatever one may say, it will not be possible to build such a roof on a high-rise building with your own hands.

Flat roof structure.

Unless, of course, you are Hercules or Titan, who is capable of holding the firmament and can compete in strength with heavy construction equipment. But if you need to make a roof for some kind of adjoining building such as a cellar or garage, then almost any man will be able to independently erect a flat roof. Provided that the roof will be assembled from small elements or will be a monolith of reinforced concrete.

A stacked flat roof is made as follows: we lay beams, which can be made of metal or wood, on the walls of the building to be covered. They will serve as load-bearing structures, which will subsequently bear the main load of the roof. At this stage, you need to pay significant attention to how thick the installed beams will be. After all, they have to support not only the weight of the roofing material, but also the weight of snow, which is absolutely inevitable in the conditions of the Russian winter. Plus, the weight of at least one person who will have to clean this snow. Since it will not melt on its own for a long time, a flat roof does not imply snow rolling away on its own.

Flat roof for unheated rooms

An unheated structure, for example, a barn, garage, gazebo, terrace or canopy, requires a flat roof slope over the entire area of ​​the room. To do this, the load-bearing beams are immediately installed with a slope. Then a wooden board is laid over them, which is obtained by continuously laying boards, on top of which roofing material is laid, which must be laid tightly to each other, thus constructing a kind of carpet. The higher the density of the roof lining with roofing felt, the lower the likelihood of leakage.

It is recommended to fasten roofing felt using slats, which in any case can be replaced with metal strips. They are nailed at a distance of 60-70 cm from each other along the slope, and this will not interfere with the flow of water. Leave the slope at least 3%. This means that for every m of roof length, at least 3 cm of elevation is made.

Flat roof for living quarters

Attaching roofing material to a flat roof.

You can also make a flat roof with your own hands for heated buildings. In this case, you need to proceed as follows: the laid load-bearing beams are covered with a flooring of wooden boards and 1 layer of roofing felt or roofing felt is laid on top of it. The overlap of the strips must be at least 15 cm; insulation is poured on top of this layer, usually slag or expanded clay. With the help of insulation, a slope is formed in the direction where rainwater will flow and snow will be dumped. We apply a cement mortar screed over the insulation, the thickness of which should be at least 2 cm. We wait until the screed is completely dry and treat it with a bitumen primer, onto which a rolled roofing felt carpet is glued.

Monolithic flat roof made of concrete

When constructing a monolithic concrete roof, I-beams are used as support beams.

To successfully install a flat roof made of monolithic concrete, it is necessary to use metal I-beams as load-bearing structures. When considering the construction of a roof whose span is 4-5 m, experts recommend using beams whose height is approximately 12-15 cm. In the language of professionals, this sounds like a “fifteenth I-beam”. It is better to buy concrete used to create a monolithic floor ready-made, because Mixing concrete with your own hands without using a concrete mixer will not allow you to achieve a uniform connection of all the components. The concrete will turn out to be heterogeneous, which will negatively affect the quality of the coating. To prepare concrete with your own hands you need:

  • 3 buckets of cement;
  • 4 buckets of sand;
  • 8 buckets of crushed stone.

All this is mixed using 2 buckets of water. Sometimes a little more water is needed, so you can adjust the amount yourself.

Next, boards are laid on the lower flanges of the beams, on top of which 1 layer of roofing material or roofing felt should be laid dry. Then the reinforcement is placed so that with its help it forms a kind of mesh with cells, the approximate size of which should be 2x2 cm. In order to prevent the mesh from moving during concrete laying, the rods at the intersections must either be electrically welded together or tied together wire whose diameter does not exceed 2 mm. You also need to provide a small space between the mesh and roofing felt of at least 4 mm so that the reinforcement is completely covered with concrete. To achieve this goal, small pieces of crushed stone must be placed under the mesh. Prepared concrete is placed between the beams minimal layer at 15 cm.

When laying the monolith on the roof of a building, keep in mind that the stripes between the beams must be filled one at a time. Since this work will most likely take more than one day, and in order to achieve the highest quality screed, you should under no circumstances divide the concreting of one strip into several approaches. During this work, you need to carefully compact the concrete using a vibrator, and if you don’t have one, you can use a manual tamper. In this case, you need to try very hard not to displace or damage the reinforcing mesh laid in the base of the concrete screed.

After the concrete is laid, builders recommend covering it with plastic film to prevent moisture from evaporating too quickly from the concrete. It is especially important to do this in hot summer weather. If this is not done, the top layer of the roof will soon crack. Withstand concrete mixture Under the film you need at least 3 days, after which the film can be removed.

After the concrete has completely dried, you can begin installing a slope, which is constructed using insulation, installing a cement screed, and, finally, gluing the rolled carpet. These steps are described above.

From the detailed description of how to make a flat roof with your own hands, it is clear that there are no particular technological difficulties here. Things are much more complicated with a pitched roof, the construction of which requires high precision measurements in the manufacture of load-bearing structures, and then the roof itself. You can hardly cover it yourself, because a pitched roof has a greater angle of inclination than a flat one.

Pitched roof and how to create it yourself

They prefer to build pitched roofs on low-rise buildings - private one-, two- and three-story houses, as well as dachas, small cottages and, of course, five-story Khrushchev buildings. Often pitched roofs complete unique structures.

A pitched roof that crowns a not very massive structure, for example, garden house, a bathhouse or a gazebo, you can do it yourself even if only 1 person will do this work. And if you decide to build a pitched roof on a fairly large building, then it’s unlikely that you can do it alone; you’ll have to call two or three assistants.

How to make a pitched roof?

The basis of a pitched roof is taken from rafters, with the help of which quite complex structures are formed. In professional construction, this type of structure is called the well-known word “trusses”. As a rule, the rafters rest directly on the walls, but experts recommend installing a Mauerlat. In other words, a beam that is laid on the wall and secured to it with anchors. And the rafters rest against these bars, to which they are attached with metal brackets or other methods that ensure a reliable connection of the load-bearing structures.

The stages of creating a pitched roof involve the following sequence of actions:

  • install the Mauerlat;
  • we strengthen the rafters;
  • we construct and install ridge beams;
  • we make the sheathing.

Rafter system pitched roof for two spans of 6 meters.

We lay the roof directly along the created sheathing. When building a roof of this type, they try to extend the rafters beyond the edges of the walls, so that the roof overhang created in this way protects the wall of the building from moisture getting on it, for example, during rain or when snow melts. The best option is to lengthen the rafters themselves, onto which you need to nail a board 2-3 cm thick. In the future, this board can be used as a base to which the overhang of the wind board will be sewn.

Rafters, as a rule, are assembled directly on the roof, having previously lifted the prepared elements onto them and assembled them according to the approved scheme directly on the roof. There is also the option of completely assembling the finished roof truss, which consists of 2 rafter legs, stands and, of course, puffs, right on the ground. After that assembled structure, which is quite bulky in size, is lifted vertically exactly to the place where it should stand. You cannot do this procedure yourself, no matter how hard you try, so you will have to use heavy equipment. After installing the truss on top of the house under construction, we attach it to the Mauerlat.

After completing the installation of the existing rafter structures, you can begin to connect them using a ridge beam, and then start lathing.

Creating a roof sheathing for the roof

The construction of the frame of any roof is carried out in two stages: installation of the rafter structure and completion of the roof sheathing.

The easiest way to make a sheathing is from boards that are nailed “in a run,” that is, after some distance between them, or “solidly,” when the boards are nailed end to end. To ensure that this stage does not turn out to be too costly, you can use edged lumber with a thickness of only 25 mm. Before strengthening the boards on the roof, they must be thoroughly cleaned of bark residues. To nail the sheathing to the rafters, use 70 mm nails. Boards, as a rule, are not perfectly flat, so in the case of a device continuous sheathing they will need to be adjusted on site using an ax to reduce the gaps between them.

The design of those elements that are used for sheathing and their sizes depend on what roofing materials you plan to use in your work. If your roof is covered with metal tiles, then unedged board not recommended for use. It is better to replace it with timber, which must be nailed “in a running start”, at a distance equal to the wave of the roofing material used.

For those who use ondulin or various kinds of bitumen shingles, the sheathing is done as follows: purlins made of timber, the size of which is 40x50 mm, are nailed to the rafters at a distance of about 50 cm. OSB sheets are reinforced onto the resulting purlins using self-tapping screws. This solution will be successful for those who plan, for example, to create a living room. This solution is called a mansard roof, thanks to which it is possible to successfully increase the living space of the house.

There is a wonderful microclimate under the block roof


By itself, a well-insulated roof truss made of wooden blocks cannot create the cozy atmosphere that arises under a monolithic roof. Reason: roof elements made of porous concrete or brick have not only thermal insulation properties - they accumulate heat. Thus, a monolithic roof - good alternative traditional wooden beams.

The most expensive part construction work The construction of a monolithic roof falls on the stage preceding the laying of the slabs. While in a timber beam truss support the worst-case scenario can be padded and the gable walls take their final shape later, in a monolithic roof there is hardly any room for correction at a later date. Therefore, when constructing the supports of a monolithic roof, you need to do the work very pedantically. Already when determining right angles horizontal projection it takes a lot of effort. But if the building is characterized by sloping corners and balconies, then it is necessary to recheck the angles of the roof and the position of the ridge crest repeatedly and with mathematical precision.

It is best to pull the cords in the plane of the support of the slabs. Each block is first fitted dry and the line of curvature of the supports is marked. Cutting blocks is very easy and simple, especially if you build from porous concrete and have a band saw at your disposal.

If a reinforced concrete ring anchor is needed to support the slabs, the work can be difficult, since the connecting reinforcement is removed from the support, which then must fit accurately into the gaps between the slabs. In this case, the cooperation of a construction expert is recommended. The formwork for the ring anchor is made from thin blocks on the side. Then the reinforcement of the ring anchor is coupled with the connecting reinforcement and poured with concrete. Pre-wet the masonry walls. Advice: the static will calculate whether to build the support with masonry or make it concrete.

With a monolithic roof, supports and formwork are unnecessary

Once the monolithic roof slab supports are in place, you lay the precast blocks with two helpers and a construction consultant from the monolithic roof supplier. Within a few hours the roof is covered.

Roof slabs consist of reinforced porous concrete or reinforced brick elements, which have full load-bearing capacity already upon delivery. Therefore, with a monolithic roof, supports and formwork are unnecessary.

Typically, monolithic roof slabs made of porous concrete lie on the gable walls and load-bearing internal walls. Any roof slope and almost any span are feasible. But for production reasons, prefabricated blocks may have maximum length only 6 m. If they must overlap large spans, then you need reinforced concrete beams and steel I-beams, which you are already familiar with from the porous concrete floor (p. 57). While reinforced concrete beams under the roof, like large lintels, cross the room and are visible, steel supports can be built into the plane of the slab and later completely invisible. In this way, monolithic roof structures are manufactured for almost every plan.

In a monolithic roof, you can also build windows into the roof plane. In any case, this is only done with a custom made steel frame. Such a steel building part in most cases rests on the side walls and serves as a reliable support for those roof slabs that were disconnected to construct a window in the roof plane. The larger the window needs to be, the more expensive the frame will cost.

Tip: Windows in the roof plane can be made from a steel frame near load-bearing internal walls running parallel to the gable, if the disconnected roof slabs respectively have at least two supports (on the gable and on the internal wall). The roof slabs are then laid as cantilever slabs (similar to balcony slabs, page 60), without the need for a steel frame. A self-build consultant can help you with detailed planning.

The support of the monolithic roof is being prepared: lay the blocks dry and mark the roof slope.

The sawn block is placed, as usual, on thin layer solution.

Now prefabricated monolithic roofing blocks are delivered to the top by truck crane.

The easiest way to cover large purlins is with I-beams.

Steel frames made from individual order, allow windows to be built into the roof plane.

Dormer windows are also possible in combination with a monolithic roof (here: monolithic brick roofing).

After laying the roof slabs, its edge is covered.

Support boxes with curtain shutters can be built into the ring anchor. Discuss the details with the static.

Steel rods should be placed in the gaps between the prefabricated slab blocks.

You can now concrete the ring anchor. Then fill the gaps with mortar.

Now they begin laying the wooden beams. Align the roof overhang with the cord.


Wooden beams are secured with bolts and nails in accordance with the calculation of static load parameters.

It goes without saying that a chimney sweep hatch can also be made into a monolithic roof. In this case, load transfer will help, which is already known from the construction of a pipe passage in a porous concrete floor.

Important: retroactive integration of a window into the plane of a monolithic roof is completely excluded. A monolithic roof (as well as a floor covering) is building block, the bearing capacity of which is guaranteed in unified system calculation of static load parameters.

A reinforced concrete ring anchor is built around a monolithic roof

Now the roof slabs have been laid and the cladding of its edge begins. This work is familiar to you from the construction of floors from prefabricated blocks. From the inside, heat-insulating slabs are placed on the side blocks, then a ring anchor is assembled and concreted (use spacers and wet the masonry). Before the gaps between the slabs are filled with mortar, steel rods are placed in them. By the way, the ring anchor is also installed under the ridge of the roof.

Now we are talking about roofing work. If the roof space is later to be used as a living space, additional thermal insulation is required. First, a wooden beam is placed edgewise on the roof slabs. In this case, you need to choose a beam with cross section corresponding to the thickness of the insulating material: the beams must be at least 4 cm higher than the thickness of the insulating material. This space will later be used for ventilation. The thermal insulation thickness of a group with a thermal conductivity coefficient of 0.35 is from 5 to 8 cm (approximate values). Hint: ask your consultant how thick the insulation should be.

Let's return to the installation of wooden beams. There should be up to two connecting elements with a monolithic roof per meter of length. In this case, to facilitate the work, it is enough to make every third connection using dowels and screws. Other connecting elements are nailed. When in doubt, ask the static how the connections should be made in your case. Tip: Pre-drill the holes. Not only for bolts, but also for nails. Thermal insulation is laid between the wooden beams. The following steps are comparable to those for the construction of a conventional wooden truss: a film permeable to the diffusion of water vapor is laid over the wooden structure, which is reinforced with counter strips. A transverse sheathing is placed on top. Then a gutter is installed and the roof is made. The minimum distance from the slightly sagging underlying film to the thermal insulation is 2 cm.

Monolithic roof: options




A monolithic roof is often combined with wood. If you do not want the attic living space to rise to the ridge, but prefer the usual height of the room, then only part of the slope is covered with a monolithic roof. The rest of the slope has a conventional ceiling made of prefabricated blocks (diagram above). A small roof truss is then erected over the monolithic roof, resulting in attic space, which can be used, for example, as a warehouse. Under a monolithic roof, there is also no need to give up the atmosphere created by wooden beams: even before finishing, install planed beams (not treated), and then sheathe the monolithic roof with boards from below.


Anyone who has chosen a monolithic roof does not need to give up a dormer window. The consultant will tell you what structural details you need to pay attention to when laying the walls of the dormer window. The sides of the dormer windows on a monolithic roof are either plastered or sheathed (with shingles or profile boards). It is rational for construction to make dormers from prefabricated parts, which are supplied disassembled and which can be assembled by two people in half a day, including on a monolithic roof. Dormer window It is simply placed in the window hole in the roof plane.

In a monolithic roof, sheathe the overhang at the end of the work

After the monolithic roof is covered, you still need to sheathe the roof overhang along the gable edge and at the gutter. The wooden beams, between which there is thermal insulation, should protrude from the gutter above the facade. The side overhang of the roof is made by overhanging roof sheathing. First, a wind board is screwed from below to the roof slats, to which another plank is already nailed. Planks for the side overhang are later screwed to this board from below. But until it comes to this, the wooden beams near the gutter are sheathed. Tongue and groove boards are also sewn at the bottom. A ventilation grille is mounted in front so that an air flow can occur, which carries out periodically occurring condensation through the roof ridge (between the thermal insulation and the underlying film). Now the planks are nailed firmly along the gable wind board.

Important: For all work on the roof, follow the instructions of the construction trade union on the prevention of accidents.


Thermal insulation boards are laid between the wooden beams if there is a living space under the roof.


If film and lathing are placed on the main structure...


...then a monolithic roof can no longer be distinguished from a conventional roof with beams.


The sheathing and gutter are installed in the same way as a traditional roof.


Looking through the thermal insulation: the pipe passage is visible internal drainage in a ring anchor.


By using flexible pipe a connection is made to the exhaust ventilation pipe nozzle.


Shear: A wind board with a screwed-on roof strip provides lateral support for the sheathing.


The roof overhang at the gutter is sheathed with boards (tongue and tongue).


A ventilation grille is attached in front of the roof overhang.


Finally, the sheathing boards are screwed from below behind the gable wind board.

Worth knowing


Monolithic brick block roofs do not always extend from gable to gable. With the so-called rafter laying, the prefabricated blocks pass from the bottom to the top. In this case, supports must be installed. Tip: openings for windows in the roof plane in brick monolithic roofs are already provided, so there is no need to build in steel parts in the form of a frame. Roofing work is carried out in the same way as in the case of a monolithic roof made of porous concrete.

A flat roof in a private house provides many different possibilities. With such a simple design, you can save on roofing materials and labor, and installation is carried out in a shorter time. It is also easier to place various systems on its surface: antennas, hoods, solar panels and others. In addition to all this, additional space can be used by arranging a garden, recreation area or greenhouse on it.

However, despite the cheaper installation, many nuances must be taken into account so that such a roof does not become a “headache” for the home owner.

Flat roof design

A flat roof, like any other, must fully perform all its functions: protection from water and its drainage and thermal insulation. In addition, it must have sufficient strength to withstand external loads.

This is what determines the structure of the roofing pie, which consists of the following mandatory elements.

  1. Base. This part bears all the main loads. The ceiling must be very durable, but it all depends on whether the roof will be used or not. Most often, the base is a reinforced concrete slab laid on load-bearing walls, less often on non-residential buildings - a layer of profiled sheets.
  2. Vapor barrier layer. Performs a protective function, which consists in preserving materials from steam penetrating from inside the room.
  3. Thermal insulation. Reduces heat consumption from the house.
  4. Waterproofing. A flat roof does not drain away all the water completely, like gable roofs; as a result, high-quality protection is needed from the penetration of room moisture.

For normal moisture removal, a slope is used. Most often, this is a screed that forms angles of inclination along which water can flow into a prepared system of trays for its removal from the roof plane.

Saving on any parts of a flat roof is unacceptable, otherwise it will lead to leaks, freezing and other negative phenomena of a poorly installed roof pie.

Types of Flat Roofs

The presence, order and sequence of individual elements of the roofing pie determine the type of roof. The following types of flat floor structures are distinguished:

  • Unexploited. These structures can be seen on multi-story buildings. It is believed that their surface is not intended for use and is designed for short-term stay of people. In this option, on non-residential buildings you can use a profiled sheet as a base.
  • Exploited. In this case, it is necessary to have a concrete base capable of withstanding heavy loads. The surfaces can be used as a garden, recreation area or even car parking. In addition to a solid base, it is important to observe the angle of inclination, which should not exceed 3 degrees.

  • Inversion. The design involves changing the order of layers of the cake. The waterproofing is placed under the insulation, which allows it to be protected from damage. Quite often this type of roofing is used in the construction of private residential buildings.
  • Ventilated. These types of roofing have a ventilation system (built-in aerators) that evaporate excess moisture from the thickness of the roofing cake. Can be combined with other types of roofs.

In addition, the type of roof depends on other factors, for example, whether the room is heated or not.

Installation of a flat roof on different types of buildings

Depending on whether the room will have a heating system or not, the technology for assembling the roof may differ during installation.

Roofs on unheated premises

Typically, unheated buildings are garages, sheds, gazebos, and various pavilions.

  • The required slope of 3 degrees on such buildings is formed by the load-bearing roof beams. The height difference is about 30 millimeters per 1 meter of beam length.
  • After laying the beams, a flooring is made that will serve as a base. These can be boards or profiled sheets. They are secured with self-tapping screws or other suitable fasteners.
  • If the room is unheated, you may miss a layer such as thermal insulation. Waterproofing material is laid on the base. Roofing felt is used as a waterproof coating. It is spread in overlapping strips (about 150 mm) and additionally fixed with slats, which are placed along the slope of the roof.

This is the simplest version of a flat roof, which can be mounted on a utility unheated room with your own hands at a minimal cost of money and time.

Assembling a flat roof on heated buildings

In residential buildings with a heating system, the roofing pie of a flat roof will be different. Here you will definitely need a thermal insulation layer, high-quality hydro- and vapor barrier. The presence of the latter is no less important, since water vapor can gradually ruin the entire roofing pie.

  • The floor under the base is assembled from wooden beams, which are placed at intervals of 900-1000 mm.
  • They are covered with flooring made of boards with a cross-section of 40-50 millimeters. The thickness of the lumber is selected depending on the distance between the beams. The larger it is, the thicker the boards are needed.
  • Roofing felt is laid on the flooring, it is cut and straightened in advance. Waterproofing sheets are laid with an overlap of about 100-150 mm.
  • The thermal insulation layer can be made using the bulk method. To do this, fill the resulting base with a layer of expanded clay up to 300 mm and level it.
  • Next, a cement-sand screed (minimum 30 mm thick) is poured onto the layer of thermal insulation backfill.
  • After the cement has hardened, the surface is covered with bitumen-based soil and covered with a layer of roofing felt.

You can also install a more solid roof made of monolithic concrete.

Monolithic concrete flat roof

In this option, you make a durable concrete base with your own hands.

  • An I-beam is used as support beams, which are laid level without forming a slope.
  • For pouring, you will need to prepare concrete of a grade not lower than M250; it is prepared in a concrete mixer, maintaining a ratio of 4:1.5:1:1, where the ingredients are crushed stone (20-25mm), cement (m400), water and sand, respectively.
  • For pouring, a base is made of boards, which are mounted on the lower flanges of I-beams and covered with roofing felt.
  • Fine crushed stone is poured on top of the waterproofing, which is filled with the resulting concrete. The filling must be done at one time, otherwise the structure of the roof will not be the same.
  • Next, expanded clay is poured in and a slope is made.

Leaning

Sloping is the formation of slight slopes on the surface of a flat roof, which allows water to be removed from its surface. The drainage system is assembled in two versions: external and internal. That is, the trays can be attached to the end of the roof or on its surface.

If the drainage gutters are located internally, the presence of drainage basins is planned in advance, the number of which is calculated as follows - 1 funnel per 25 square meters of roof area.

The slope can be formed in the following ways.

  • When filling expanded clay, plan the required slope. After which the bulk material is filled with a cement screed.
  • If a heat insulator is used in the form of cotton wool or polystyrene foam, its sheets are positioned so that they form the required slope of the plane.
  • For a monolithic concrete roof, pouring is carried out in such a way as to form the required slope of 3 degrees.

The entire unbending process should be planned in advance and a preliminary drawing diagram should be made. If you do not maintain the required slope, the accumulated water will gradually ruin the entire roofing pie, negating its protective function.

During the construction of urban high-rise buildings and industrial facilities, the basis of a flat roof is usually a reinforced concrete slab. But for private houses, especially frame and wooden ones, such a choice is most often unacceptable. In this case, a flat roof is built on wooden beams. Its main advantage is its light weight, which reduces the load on the walls and foundation.

The installation of such a roof is simpler and cheaper than using heavy reinforced concrete slabs. But the functionality is the same. Therefore, this option of a flat roof is often chosen by those who want to build it with their own hands.

The main share of such roofs falls on private houses and cottages, whose owners value futuristic style, convenience and practicality. Also - for covering verandas, terraces, balconies, garages. As a rule, all these buildings are wooden or frame, requiring a lightweight roof structure. But it is not mandatory rule. The wall material can be anything - brick, aerated concrete, foam concrete, etc. In this case, wooden beams often crash into the mauerlat - a wooden beam that runs along the perimeter of the walls and is connected to them using anchor bolts or hairpins.

Flat roofing is especially attractive to developers because its horizontal surface can be used as a usable area. Moreover, this is possible even for a roof with wooden beams at its base.


Of course, you shouldn’t use the freed up meters for a parking lot, swimming pool or tennis court. Still, such projects require a more monumental foundation. But wooden beams can easily support an open terrace, an observation deck, or a home greenhouse. The main thing is to make the calculation correctly and not skimp on the thickness of the lumber.

Types of flat roofs on beams

On wooden floors You can build the following types of flat roofs:

  • unexploited;
  • exploited;
  • inversion

That is everything possible types- no limits.

Unused roof– ordinary, completed with a waterproofing finishing coating. It is intended solely to protect the premises from environmental conditions and has no other purpose. Use it as a resting place, move around big companies, installing terrace furniture and flowerpots is prohibited. The covering of such a roof is designed for the fact that 1-2 people will periodically climb onto it, solely for maintenance of the structure.

Operable roof- already more interesting and more complex. In addition to its direct protective functions, such a roof plays the role of additional usable space for the homeowner. The design pie ends not with waterproofing (prone to damage), but with a protective coating - paving stones, decking, wooden flooring, paving slabs, turf layer, crushed stone or gravel.

Inversion roof– inverted roofing, a qualitatively different option. It can be either exploited or unexploited. Its peculiarity is the inverted order of placing layers in the pie. If in a conventional roof the waterproofing is laid on top of the insulation, then in an inversion roof the opposite is true. The waterproofing lies under the insulation, and the vapor barrier is completely excluded from the structure of the cake. Due to this, the waterproofing is protected from the street environment and its service life is increased.

However, under the influence of unfavorable street conditions, the insulation becomes insulated, so the choice of this type of insulation in inversion roofs is limited. Only EPS (extruded polystyrene foam) and nothing more! This material has virtually zero water absorption, high density and strength. On top of the EPS in inversion roofs is loaded with washed gravel, paving stones, paving slabs or a turf layer.


An interesting option for exploited roofs (including inversion ones) is green roof. It can also be supported on wooden beams. The pie of such a roof ends with a soil layer on which plants are planted. There are other elements that are not used for other types of roofs: a drainage layer (gravel, expanded clay, crushed pumice or geomats), a filtration layer (geotextile).

Flat roof frame on a wooden base

The frame of the described roofs is made of wooden beams laid like an interfloor ceiling. Full size can be used wood lumber or composed of several elements (glued). Often beams are made from boards with a section of 100x150 mm.

The beams are laid with support on the walls, similar to interfloor ceilings. If the building is wooden or frame, then the beams rest on the upper crown of logs or the upper frame. If it is brick or block, then on a pre-fixed Mauerlat. A timber with a cross section of 150x150 mm or 150x100 mm is usually used as a Mauerlat. It is mounted on the upper chord of the walls using anchors or studs. To protect the wooden Mauerlat from the wall material, 1-2 layers of waterproofing (roofing felt) are laid between them.

Cuts are made on the beams for the Mauerlat, they are laid and secured with metal corners or nails. The pitch between the beams is maintained at 50-120 mm (depending on the calculated load).

When installing beams, it is important to ensure a roof slope of 1-6°. Despite the fact that the roof is called flat, it is not absolutely horizontal. A slight slope is necessary to ensure that water moves towards the drain and thus prevents it from stagnating.

You can create the required slope in the following ways:

  1. Immediately lay the beams with the desired slope. Then, if a horizontal ceiling is supposed to be installed under the roof in the room, it is made suspended or sewn onto a horizontal sheathing.
  2. Lay the beams horizontally, and nail wooden plates of different heights to them to maintain the required angle.
  3. Lay the beams horizontally and form the angle using different thicknesses thermal insulation laid on top of the frame.
  4. Use beams with unequal allowance in height.

Most often, the first option is used, that is, the beams are immediately laid with a slope. The easiest way to do this is to attach a strong beam or board along the top of the load-bearing wall, which will raise the frame(s) on one side. Instead of a transverse purlin, you can also install short radial beams extending from the central double diagonal beam.

Flat roof pie: what's inside?

A flat roof pie on a wooden frame can have a different structure. There are many design options, many of them are posted on the Internet. And they will all work!

Option 1. Roof with insulation over beams

Flat roof insulation layers can be laid on top of the beams. For example, a proven working option (classic roofing with insulation):

  • floor beams;
  • vapor barrier;
  • waterproofing material – polymer membrane.

When using EPPS insulation and PVC membranes simultaneously in the structure, a separating layer (geotextile, fiberglass) must be laid between them. The fact is that these two materials are incompatible and when they come into direct contact, the PVC is destroyed.

The polymer membrane is fixed to the insulation mechanically or loaded with ballast. Crushed stone or gravel (for all types of roofs), paving stones (for maintained roofs), and soil (for green maintained roofs) are used as ballast. However, when choosing ballast, you should soberly assess the reliability of the wooden frame and its maximum load.


If the final coating is to use a weld-on waterproofing or an EPDM membrane with adhesive fixation, a change is made to the scheme discussed above. It consists in laying sheets of plywood, OSB or DSP between the insulation and waterproofing.

This results in the following diagram:

  • floor beams;
  • vapor barrier;
  • insulation – EPPS, mineral wool;
  • plywood sheets, OSB, DSP;
  • waterproofing material.

Installation of a built-up roof traditionally requires the use of a gas burner, therefore, according to existing fire standards, it is not allowed on wooden structures. Therefore, they act as follows. The first layer of waterproofing is nailed or glued to wooden base, and the second layer is fused as it should be. It is also convenient to use euroroofing felt with a special adhesive base, for which it is recommended cold installation without heating with a burner.

The installation of a membrane roof on a wooden base is shown in the video:

Option #2. Roof with interbeam insulation

Another principle of assembling a flat roof pie is associated with laying insulation in the space between the beams. This option is more convenient than the first if EPDM membranes with adhesive fixation or fused roofing are used as waterproofing.


The following roofing pie scheme is often used:

  • floor beams;
  • vapor barrier (between beams);
  • insulation (between beams);
  • lathing (if necessary);
  • continuous cladding made of plywood, CBPB, OSB;
  • waterproofing.

In principle, a similar system is used in the formation of classical pitched roofs.

Option #3. Roof with internal insulation

In this case, sheets of plywood, OSB or DSP are sewn onto the supporting structure (beams), and waterproofing is laid over them. The remaining insulating layers of the roofing pie are sewn on the side of the room.

A rough ceiling (made of boards or sheet materials), planks are screwed to it, perpendicular to the load-bearing beams, in increments of 40 cm. Polystyrene foam boards are placed between the planks, gluing them to mastic or glue. A vapor barrier film is sewn to the insulating layer. Cover the insulation cake with a finished ceiling.

When constructing an inversion roof, you can use the following diagram (from bottom to top):

  • beams;
  • continuous sheathing;
  • waterproofing;
  • separating layer (when using PVC membrane as waterproofing);
  • EPPS insulation;
  • separating layer – geotextile;
  • ballast, paving slabs, decking, etc.

The principle of inversion roofing is often used to install green roofs. For example, you can do this:

What topcoat should I use?

The wooden base of a flat roof, along with its advantages, also has features with a minus sign. This is an increased fire hazard and low load-bearing capacity (compared to reinforced concrete slabs).

To waterproof such a roof, it is advisable to use materials that do not require hot installation. Ideally, polymer membranes. When choosing built-up bitumen-polymer coatings (from the Euroroofing felt series), the first layer of material is installed mechanically, and the second - by fusing. In order to minimize the possibility of fire in structures during installation, it is recommended to use non-combustible CBPB boards as continuous cladding (on which the waterproofing is laid).

When constructing serviceable and ballasted roofs, you should also remember that excessive load on a wooden base can be fatal. Therefore, if the load-bearing capacity of the beams used is small, lightweight materials should be selected for the finishing coating - decking, deck boards, rubber paving slabs (rubber mats), etc.

Flat roofs nowadays are undeservedly forgotten and not spoiled by the attention of developers. In private housing construction, they are found mainly in the southern regions, where heavy rains and snowfalls are rare. Hip roofs, on the contrary, have become firmly established in the projects and minds of homeowners.

This state of affairs can be explained simply: until recently, builders did not have reliable and durable waterproofing.

Standard roofing felt - cardboard impregnated with bitumen - cannot resist moisture and temperature changes for long. Even a thick 4-layer coating from it has to be changed after 6-8 years.

Today, interest in flat roofs is beginning to grow.

There are several reasons for this:

  • Economic benefit. The cost of arrangement is lower than that of a tent structure (simpler design and smaller area);
  • Additional usable space. There is a possibility of its rational use (flower garden, playground, recreation area, swimming pool);
  • Availability of maintenance and operation (cleaning drains, installing air conditioners, antennas, inspecting coatings, ventilation and smoke ducts);
  • A layer of snow acts as additional thermal insulation, reducing heating costs.
  • Original appearance building.

Types of flat roofs

Strictly speaking, you will not see a completely flat roof on a building. Any of them has a minimum slope of 1 to 4%, necessary for precipitation runoff.

There are four types of flat roofs:

  • unexploited;
  • exploited;
  • green (lawn);
  • combined.

Unused roofs are found on industrial buildings.

Operated roofs have found application in public and private construction. They are equipped with recreation areas, cafes and restaurants, and used as parking lots and helipads.

Green (lawn) coverings are made to decorate buildings, as well as when there is not enough space on the site. In addition to the aesthetic function, they perform an important practical task. A layer of plant turf is an excellent heat and sound insulator.

Combined roofs with a flat surface are the most common option. Comfortable stay in the fresh air surrounded by green grass and flowering plants everyone likes it.

According to the method of drainage, houses with a flat roof are divided into two types:

  • With internal drain;
  • With external water discharge (along the perimeter of the roof).

Internal drainage is cheaper than external drainage because it does not require a large number of gutters, pipes, funnels and high-rise work to install them. It is more difficult to execute. Errors in creating a slope and poor-quality sealing of joints lead to leaks and damage to the integrity of the protective layer of waterproofing.

In operation, flat coverings with internal drainage are more profitable. In winter, icicles do not grow on the eaves of such a roof. Drainpipes run inside the building and therefore do not freeze. Cleaning debris funnels is easier and easier than hanging gutters.

Device Features

According to the method of arrangement and arrangement of structural layers, experts distinguish two types of flat roofs:

  • Classic;
  • Inversion.

The classic roofing “pie” is equipped using the following technology:

  • a slope is made from cement-sand mortar on reinforced concrete floor slabs;
  • lay vapor barrier and insulation;
  • lay a waterproofing membrane or roofing felt carpet;
  • if the coating is to be used, the waterproofing is protected with ceramic tiles.

Classic flat roof structure

The main disadvantage of the traditional design is the vulnerability of the outer insulating layer from solar ultraviolet radiation and temperature changes.

Working to solve this problem, engineers came up with the idea of ​​an inversion coating. In it, the main structural elements (insulation and waterproof membrane) are swapped. Waterproofing is hidden under polystyrene foam, which external influences protected by a gravel ballast layer or a tile finish.

Inversion coating design

The technology of work is changing accordingly. A waterproof carpet made of roofing felt or EPDM membrane is glued to the slab or spread on it, fixing it in places adjacent to the parapet.

The slope in this case is created in one of two ways:

  • Mortar screed on the slab;
  • Insulation, changing the thickness of its installation.

Installing thermal insulation on a flat roof

Water inlet funnels and pipes are installed in the most low points slope In addition to them, ventilation is installed to remove water vapor that accumulates in the area of ​​contact between the vapor barrier and the insulation.

When arranging a covering designed for planting plants, the structure is supplemented with a top layer of waterproofing. Drainage layers of gravel are poured over it, geotextiles are laid and a fertile layer of soil is poured.

In addition to roofing coverings laid according to reinforced concrete slabs, designs of houses with a flat roof on wooden beams have been developed.

Construction technology in this case may include the following operations:

  • Beams are mounted on the walls in increments of 50-100 cm, fixing them to the masonry with anchor pins. The cross-section of the beams depends on the span width, the design load and can range from 10x20 cm to 15x25 cm;
  • Lay on beams OSB boards, tightly joining them together;
  • Spread the waterproofing membrane in 2 layers, carefully gluing the joints of the sheets.
  • Thermal insulation is made from durable (extruded) foam, gluing it to the membrane. A slope for water drainage is created by laying insulation in layers of different thicknesses;
  • The heat insulator is protected from above with a cement screed reinforced with mesh or tiled.

Examples of private houses

There are many supporters of flat roofs among developers. They are attracted by the ease of construction, low cost of work and the possibility of placing a site for summer recreation.

A thick layer of snow on a flat roof is not a problem, but additional insulation

The design of buildings with such a roof fits perfectly into the style of minimalism, providing project developers with a wide field for creativity.

Spacious, comfortable and nothing superfluous is the motto of everyone who chooses a house with such a roof. A pitched roof visually weighs down the building, while a flat roof, on the contrary, makes it light and airy.

The appearance of the facade of a one-story house with a flat roof compares favorably with the rather boring variations of the “teremkovy” character.

On it, most often you will not see gutters and pipes, the water from which gets on the walls and spoils the appearance of the finish. Internal drainage is efficient, practical and invisible.

The invention relates to the field of construction, namely to the arrangement of roofs. The technical result of the invention is to increase the operational reliability of the roof. In a monolithic roof - a protective coating for operational purposes, made multilayer and consisting of a slope-forming screed 2 laid on the base 1 of the load-bearing floor slab, a primer layer 3, when applied covered with quartz sand 4, which performs the function of a vapor barrier layer, the waterproofing layer 5 is made in the form of a waterproofing membrane pouring from polymer materials of increased elasticity, for example methyl methacrylate, types of matacrylic, polyurethane and other polymers that can withstand stretching (elongation) at break of at least 200%. The load-bearing high-strength layer 6 is made of a polymer binder of similar origin, but with lower deformation characteristics and is filled with quartz sand at least 100% by weight of the binder. In the finishing top layer 7, made of polymer, thickness, color, chemical resistance, degree of roughness and other characteristics are determined by the operating conditions of a particular roof, while all polymer layers are made in a seamless monolithic design. 5 salary f-ly, 4 ill.

Drawings for RF patent 2441121

The invention relates to the field of construction, namely to the arrangement of roofs or protective coverings of various structures for operational purposes, such as parking lots, sports facilities, residential buildings, leisure centers, shopping and exhibition halls, etc.

The modern choice of thermal insulation, waterproofing and finishing materials makes it possible to operate the roof practically without any serious technical barriers and to include these materials in projects when designing new cottages and estates. Such usable roof solutions save space and are also an attractive architectural design element.

The installation of a serviceable roof is a complex engineering task that requires compliance with a number of requirements for modern high-tech roofing coverings.

A known roof for a building with a flat roof is made multilayer, consisting of a waterproofing layer located on the surface of the base of the roof, a heat-insulating layer of tightly packed rubber crumbs, a layer of polymer material, a porous layer, which is a hardened binder made of a polymer material with a filler in the form of rubber crumb placed in it, all layers, except for the heat-sound-insulating and waterproofing layers, are laid using the pouring technology method with the possibility of ensuring their interconnection through the polymer material and the formation of a monolithic coating structure roofing (RF patent No. 58577, published November 27, 2006).

The disadvantages of the analogue are associated with the high degree of deformability of the structure, which uses elastic polymer materials filled with rubber crumbs. For any heat and sound insulating layer, a necessary condition for ensuring thermophysical characteristics is the invariance of its geometric shapes, since any changes (deformations) change the density of the heat-insulating layer and its porosity, and, consequently, the thermal conductivity characteristics towards deterioration. In addition, the roofing technology used in the analogue creates heterogeneity of the structure in the heat-insulating layer, since after pouring polymer material over this layer, in its upper part the entire porous space is filled with polymer material, and thus it becomes divided into two parts: the lower - porous and top with filled pores of the self-leveling layer material. In this case, the porous (upper finishing) layer is also filled with rubber crumbs and polymer material, only initially mixed with it in the bulk layer. Such a structure, heterogeneous in properties, but connected into a monolith during the period of sharp daily temperature fluctuations in winter period, for example, in St. Petersburg, where normal daily differences are from -10 to +10°C, increases the likelihood of a dew point appearing inside the structure, with all the ensuing negative consequences.

The low resistance of elastic polymer structures to piercing and cutting loads requires the creation of a protective layer, for example, from gravel or crushed stone, which is unacceptable for a heat insulating layer. In addition, any other loads on the roof (pedestrian traffic, mechanical loads, including transport, snow) due to its deformability can change geometric parameters, including specified slopes, which will lead to the formation of chaotically located places on the roof where water accumulates (puddles), which turn into ice in winter. For these reasons, the operation of such a roof is impossible.

A traditional flat roof in use is known, consisting of a vapor barrier layer, rigid insulation, a slope-forming layer and screed, a waterproofing layer consisting, for example, of a welded roll material or a polymer roll membrane, connected to each other welded seams, a protective layer, including a geotextile layer to protect against spillage of gravel with sharp edges; for example, granite gravel is used as drainage, and a top layer consisting, for example, of paving slabs(SNiP II-26-76. Roofs. Appendix II, type P-9, p. 14).

The disadvantages of the prototype are that although such a roof protects the waterproofing layer from the fall of heavy and sharp objects, improves fire-fighting properties due to the protective layer of granite gravel and paving slabs, however, this type of roof is not intended for use as an operational roof with the corresponding loads and functional purposes, for example, parking lots, traffic and parking of vehicles and cleaning equipment, recreational areas and terraces, ramps and overpasses, galleries, cafes, sports grounds.

An inversion roof is known, consisting of a concrete floor slab with a slope arranged on it, on top of which there is a reinforced screed made of cement-sand mixture, primed with bituminous primer TECHNONICOL No. 1, a roofing carpet made of two layers of waterproofing material, the bottom one from Technoelastmost B or Technoelast-Fix, the top one from Technoelastmost B or Technoelast-Green, which is covered with a layer of needle-punched geotextile TechnoNikol, a layer of thermal insulation located on top of the waterproofing layers and performing the function of protecting the building from moisture entering it, a drainage layer for removing moisture arranged on the upper surface thermal insulation boards, with insulation laid on it, on which a drainage layer of granite gravel is applied, on top of which a reinforced screed is laid, before laying which the previous surface is covered with glassine or roofing felt, forming a separating layer on which the top layer is applied - asphalt concrete (Guide to the design and installation of operating roofs using bitumen-polymer materials from the TechnoNIKOL company, M., 2005, section 3, subsection 3.1. Inverted operable structure used for moving or parking vehicles).

Based on the largest number of similar features and the result achieved when used, this technical solution was chosen as a prototype of the claimed invention.

The disadvantages of the prototype are the overloading of the structure due to the slope-forming (under the waterproofing layer) and protective (above the heat-insulating layer or in its absence above the waterproofing layer) screeds, as well as the upper operating layer leads to high loads on the load-bearing slab, to remove which it is necessary to carry out additional expensive measures to increase the bearing capacity of the foundation. If the continuity of the waterproofing layer is broken (leaks occur) and if it is necessary to carry out repair work, for example, dismantling the top layer of an inversion roof, reuse which, like screeds above the thermal insulation layer, is impossible, as a result of which a new screed is required, which is an expensive operation. Due to the multi-layer structure of the roof, which involves draining water from several intermediate layers, even with slight deformations of one of them, the risk of leaks increases due to movements in transition zones (joints) and along multi-level drainage funnels, which requires frequent repairs with partial dismantling the roof in drainage areas.

The technical result to be achieved by the claimed invention is to increase the efficiency and expand the types of operation of the roof, optimize and reduce the cost of its design and increase reliability during operation.

To achieve the specified technical result in a monolithic roof - a protective coating for operational purposes, made multilayer and consisting of a slope-forming screed laid on the base of the load-bearing floor slab, a primer layer, when applied filled with quartz sand, performing the function of a vapor barrier layer, the waterproofing layer is made in the form of a poured waterproofing membrane made of polymer materials of increased elasticity, for example methyl methacrylate, types of matacrylic, polyurethane and other polymers that can withstand tension (elongation) at break of at least 200%, the supporting high-strength layer is made of a polymer binder of similar origin, but with lower deformation characteristics and is filled with quartz sand of at least than 100% by weight of the binder, and in the finishing top layer, made of polymer, the thickness, color, chemical resistance, degree of roughness and other characteristics are determined by the operating conditions of a particular roof - a protective coating, while all polymer layers are made on a slope-forming concrete screed in a seamless monolithic design.

In addition, the declared decision has optional features that characterize its special cases, namely:

To protect the slope-forming concrete screed from cracking and ensure the strength of the base under the polymer layers, it is made of concrete with a strength of at least M250 (B20), a thickness in its lower part of at least 40-50 mm, and a thickness of at least 0.75t over the entire area, where t is the thickness of the slope-forming concrete screed, with cards with a pitch L of no more than 6 × 6 m, expansion temperature-shrinkage joints filled with polymer material of a monolithic roofing-protective coating are cut;

The expansion joint of a slope-forming concrete screed is made of a waterproofing key installed in the lower part of the joint, on top of which the entire space is filled with elastic polymer material, so that waterproofing membrane and the deformation layer worked together without an intermediate primer layer, laid only on the concrete base of the slope-forming concrete screed and the vertical surfaces of the expansion joints and junctions of the screed to the walls (parapets);

At the junctions, the waterproofing membrane is placed on the walls (parapets), while the composition of the polymer material includes thixotropic additives, and the load-bearing highly filled layer of polymer material is made in the form of a plinth with a height h of at least 10-15 cm, the space between the slope-forming concrete screed and the parapet is filled elastic polymer material;

To relieve stress concentrations on the polymer layer, the sharp corners of the slope-forming concrete screed in expansion joints and junctions are cut at an angle of 45°;

When using a monolithic roof - a protective coating in temperate climatic zones or with minor temperature changes that do not cause significant temperature deformations in the screed, a waterproofing membrane can be applied only in places of possible structural movements of the load-bearing elements of the building, abutments to the walls of parapets or expansion joints, and the load-bearing The high-strength roofing layer is applied directly to the primer layer.

The distinctive features of the proposed device from the one mentioned above, which is closest to it, are the implementation of a waterproofing layer in the form of a poured waterproofing membrane from polymer materials of increased elasticity that can withstand tension (elongation) at break of at least 200%, the implementation of a high-strength load-bearing layer from a polymer binder of similar origin, but with lower deformation characteristics, filled with quartz sand at least 100% by weight of the binder, making the finishing top layer polymer and making all polymer layers in a seamless monolithic design.

Due to the presence of these features in the proposed monolithic roofing - a protective coating for operational purposes, the solidity and seamlessness of the coating is preserved, since the use of a material of the same origin, but with different characteristics(brands) allows, with a small roof thickness, to meet the requirements for operating roofs. In this case, the multilayer structure works as a single monolithic structure with different characteristics and functional purposes of the layers, but high adhesive and mechanical interlayer strength, water resistance, for example, vapor barrier - primer layer, waterproofing - elastic layer, load-bearing - high-strength layer, top - protective and finishing top -layer. Making layers of polymer materials makes it possible to regulate (improving, if necessary, existing brands) various characteristics layers, the introduction of special additives into the polymer composition, for example, thixotropic additives - for application to vertical surfaces, fire retardant additives - to increase fire resistance classes, etc.

Filling expansion temperature-shrinkage (and expansion joints and junctions with walls (parapets)) with elastic polymer composition waterproofing membrane improves the performance characteristics of a slope-forming concrete screed by creating a protective damping layer that unloads this screed from extreme temperature-shrinkage deformations that prevent its destruction, and increases the reliability of the waterproofing membrane while ensuring the continuity of the waterproof layer, since the main volume of deformation loads is “damped” in the seams, creating a “strength reserve” for the main waterproofing layer of the proposed roof.

All layers of a monolithic roofing - protective coating are completely waterproof, both individually and in a monolith. Accordingly, the collection and drainage of water into drainage funnels is carried out only from the surface of the proposed roof and does not require multi-tiering.

The multilayer nature of such a roof makes it possible to redistribute loads between layers, creating a kind of “reserve” of strength, which, when one layer is destroyed, does not entail the immediate destruction of the next one. In the proposed invention, due to the created rigid adhesive bonds between the layers of the polymer coating, the possibility of water penetration under the polymer layer is excluded. Possible destruction, for example, disruption of the continuity of the waterproofing membrane, will be limited only to a local area, which is easily identified visually and does not require dismantling the entire roofing carpet.

The use of colored quartz sand in the load-bearing high-strength layer makes this roof decorative. And if necessary, you can create drawings using a combination of different colors of sand. Drawings (areas of different colors) are made using separate cards according to templates and do not violate the continuity (water resistance) of the load-bearing high-strength layer. Another design solution could be to lay a film with photo drawings on the supporting layer and cover it with a transparent finishing layer. In addition, the finishing layer itself can be colored (pigmented).

The minimum thickness of the waterproofing membrane, and therefore the loads transferred to the base, create significant reserves for the installation of additional operational structures on it, for example, sports fields, fountains, mini-pools, flower beds, a helipad, without strengthening the existing load-bearing elements of the building structure.

The high degree of resistance to temperature deformations and the small thickness of the roof make it possible to install heating systems on a slope-forming concrete screed, without deteriorating the characteristics of the roof carpet, ensuring the absence of frozen and snow-covered areas during periods of negative temperatures.

The proposed monolithic roofing - protective coating for operational purposes is illustrated by the drawings presented in Figs. 1-5.

Figure 1 shows a section of a monolithic roof - a protective covering.

Figure 2 shows cutting of expansion expansion joints.

Figure 3 is a cross-section of the junction of a monolithic roof-protective covering with an expansion joint.

Figure 4 is a section of the junction of the monolithic roof-protective covering to the walls (parapets).

A monolithic roofing-protective coating for operational purposes consists of a roof base 1, for example, a load-bearing floor slab, a slope-forming concrete screed 2, a vapor barrier layer of a primer polymer 3, quartz sand 4, a waterproofing membrane made of an elastic polymer material 5, a load-bearing high-strength layer 6 of a polymer a binder of similar origin with lower deformation characteristics and filled with quartz sand 4, finishing top layer 7, expansion temperature-shrinkage joints 8 filled with polymer material 9, expansion joints of the screed 10 and base slab 11, abutment 14 of the upper part of the concrete screed 2 to the walls ( parapets) 12, plinths 13, waterproofing dowels 15.

Monolithic roofing - a protective coating for operational purposes works as follows (Fig. 3).

A slope-forming concrete screed 2 with a concrete strength of at least M250 (B20) and a thickness in its lower part at the drainage funnels of at least 40-50 mm is laid on the base of the proposed roof - a protective covering consisting of a load-bearing slab 1 of the floor. Expansion joints 10 of the slope-forming concrete screed 2 are combined with expansion joints of the load-bearing slab 1 of the floor. In places where expansion joints 10 are installed and where 14 of the slope-forming concrete screed 2 is connected to the wall (parapet) 12 (Fig. 4), removable formwork is installed. Next (Fig. 2), after laying the concrete in the slope-forming concrete screed, expansion temperature-shrinkage joints 8 are cut over the entire area to a depth of at least 0.75t with 2 cards with a pitch L of no more than 6×6 m and filled with polymer material 9. The sharp corners of the slope-forming screed The concrete screed 2 in the upper part of the expansion joints 10 and the junctions with the walls (parapets) 12 are cut at an angle of 45° (Fig. 3, 4). After preparing the base of the roof 1, removing the removable formwork, grinding and removing dust from the slope-forming concrete screed 2, a primer layer 3 is applied from a polymer material, for example methyl methacrylate, which has not only the characteristics required for the operation of a monolithic waterproofing roof, but also technological advantages compared to other polymer materials ( rapid, within 1-2 hours, strength gain); to increase the adhesion of the primer with the overlying layers, quartz sand is sprinkled evenly over its surface 4. Along with applying a vapor barrier layer of primer polymer 3, 9 expansion temperature-shrinkage joints 8 are also filled with polymer material. In the lower part of expansion joints 10 and junctions 14 in the slope-forming concrete In screed 2, waterproofing dowels 15 are installed.

On the thus prepared primer layer (polymer) 3, with a thickness of at least 1.5-3.0 mm, a waterproofing layer in the form of a waterproofing membrane made of elastic polymer material 5 with high deformation characteristics, for example acrylic compounds Nanten DC 225, is applied over the screed using the pouring method. or the modified urethane coating Nanten Matacryl, which has high adhesion to acrylics.

Before applying a layer of waterproofing membrane, these compositions fill the expansion joints 10 and the junction 14 of the inner part of the slope-forming concrete screed 2 to the walls (parapets) 12, and in the places where the upper part of this screed 2 adjoins the walls (parapets) 12, the waterproofing membrane is smoothly filled with a slight increase in thickness the corner part is placed on the walls (parapets) 12. This allows the expansion joints 10 to withstand various loads during operation (compression, bending and tensile deformations, etc.), i.e. perform the functions inherent in a load-bearing structural element, while simultaneously protecting the slope-forming concrete screed 2 and acting as a stress compensator from the occurrence of extreme stresses that can cause its destruction.

Similarly, expansion temperature-shrinkable joints 8, made to relieve stress in concrete and prevent it from operating under extreme (destructive) deformation loads, when filled with a polymer composition, actually glue the sections cut into cards, on the one hand, they create additional strength reserves for the action of extreme loads, and on the other hand, they create a monolithic base on the slope-forming concrete screed 2, along which the load from external (vertical) loads associated with the operation of the proposed roof is evenly distributed. Thus, filling the deformation 10 and expansion temperature-shrinkage 8 joints in this roof with polymer materials provides for the creation of rigid adhesive bonds between the polymer and concrete in the seams, giving a new quality to the slope-forming concrete screed 2, which works as a monolithic slab (structure) of concrete and polymer, which makes it possible to evenly redistribute all emerging loads (stresses) on it, significantly increasing the operational reliability of this roof base.

Next, a high-strength load-bearing layer 6 made of a polymer binder, for example, is applied to a waterproofing membrane with a thickness of at least 2-6 mm. acrylic varnish Nanten DC 205, which has less tensile strength (elongation) but greater compressive strength, filled with quartz sand 4 with a mass of at least 100% by weight of the binder. At the junction 14 of the slope-forming concrete screed 2 to the walls (parapets) 12, the load-bearing high-strength layer 6 is made in the form of a plinth 13 with a height h of 10-15 cm.

In climatic zones where temperature fluctuations during the day are large, for example in St. Petersburg, it is advisable to mix Nanten 225 and Nanten 205 in a ratio of 50:50, which will significantly increase the deformation characteristics of the load-bearing high-strength layer 6 without changing its compressive strength. And the size of the quartz sand fraction 4 is selected depending on the thickness of the load-bearing high-strength layer 6 and is no more than 1/3 of its thickness. The use of colored quartz sand expands the decorative possibilities of the proposed monolithic roof - protective coating, without compromising its characteristics and is selected based on the selected architectural solutions for this roof - protective coating.

On top of the supporting high-strength layer 6 by painting or pouring, depending on the thickness of the layer, a finishing top layer 7 of acrylic coating is applied, for example Nanten 305 varnish, which must be highly durable and resistant to ultraviolet radiation. The thickness of the coating, color, and when filling the high-strength load-bearing layer with colored quartz sand, its colorlessness, degree of roughness and other decorative and geometric parameters of the finishing top layer 7 are selected based on the actual operating conditions of the proposed roofing-protective coating.

Rigid adhesive bonds between the layers completely prevent the penetration of water into the interlayer space. In the event of a violation of the continuity of the waterproofing membrane 5 in the proposed roofing - protective coating, the destruction can be local and easily detected, and repairs are carried out within several hours without dismantling most layers.

Therefore, the creation of a single monolithic, rigidly bonded, multilayer homogeneous polymer structure, on the one hand, makes it possible to redistribute the loads transferred to it, and on the other hand, due to the individual properties of each layer together with other roof elements (deformation 10 and compensation temperature-shrinkage 8 seams, abutments 14) assume the maximum loads for this particular area: in the lower layer - tensile deformations, in the upper part - compressive stresses. In the event of failure or destruction of one layer, this does not entail the immediate destruction of others, since stress relief occurs only in the destroyed layer, and the rest remain completely waterproof. Those. multi-layer roofing actually creates several levels of protection for the structure and localizes possible violations continuity of waterproofing. And the presence of a waterproofing key 15 prevents the flow of water from the roof into the underlying premises of the building in the event of destruction of the entire multi-layer structure.

The absence of technological operations associated with the use of fire (for example, the mandatory use of a burner for fusing rolled materials on traditional roofs) significantly increases fire safety the proposed roof - a protective coating both during its construction and during repairs.

Thus, the proposed roofing - protective coating for operational purposes makes it possible to increase the reliability of the roofing - covering during its operation and its efficiency due to the multi-layer coating, giving a new quality to the slope-forming concrete screed, as the main load-bearing element of the roof, located in a rigid adhesive bond with the polymer coating, eliminate water tightness localize violations of the continuity of waterproofing as a whole, create additional reserves for the strength of the load-bearing base of the roof.

CLAIM

1. Monolithic roofing is a protective coating for operational purposes, made multi-layered and consisting of a slope-forming screed laid on the base of the load-bearing floor slab, a primer layer, when applied filled with quartz sand, performing the function of a vapor barrier layer, characterized in that the waterproofing layer is made in the form of a waterproofing membrane poured from polymer materials of increased elasticity, for example methyl methacrylate, types of matacrylic, polyurethane and other polymers that can withstand tension (elongation) at break of at least 200%, the supporting high-strength layer is made of a polymer binder of similar origin, but with lower deformation characteristics and is filled with quartz sand not less than 100% by weight of the binder, and in the finishing top layer, made of polymer, the thickness, color, chemical resistance, degree of roughness and other characteristics are determined by the operating conditions of a particular roof - a protective coating, while all polymer layers are made on a slope-forming concrete screed in a seamless monolithic design.

2. Monolithic roofing - a protective coating according to claim 1, characterized in that to protect the slope-forming concrete screed from cracking and ensure the strength of the base under the polymer layers, it is made of concrete with a strength of at least M250 (B20), with a thickness in the lower part of at least 40 -50 mm, and over the entire area with a thickness of at least 0.75t, where t is the thickness of the slope-forming concrete screed, while compensation temperature-shrinkage joints filled with polymer material of the monolithic roof - protective coating are cut with cards with a step L of no more than 6 × 6 m .

3. Monolithic roofing - a protective coating according to claim 1, characterized in that the expansion joint of the slope-forming concrete screed is made of a waterproofing key installed in the lower part of the seam, on top of which the entire space is filled with an elastic polymer material, so that the waterproofing membrane and the expansion layer worked together without an intermediate primer layer, laid only on the concrete base of the slope-forming concrete screed and the vertical surfaces of expansion joints and junctions of the screed to the walls (parapets).

4. Monolithic roofing - a protective coating according to claim 1, characterized in that at the junctions the waterproofing membrane is placed on the walls (parapets), while the composition of the polymer material includes thixotropic additives, and the load-bearing high-strength layer of polymer material is made in the form of a plinth with a height h not less than 10-15 cm, the space between the slope-forming concrete screed and the parapet is filled with elastic polymer material.

5. Monolithic roofing - a protective coating according to claim 1, characterized in that to relieve stress concentrations on the polymer layer, the sharp corners of the slope-forming concrete screed in expansion joints and junctions are cut at an angle of 45°.

6. Monolithic roofing - protective coating according to claim 1, characterized in that when using a monolithic roofing - protective coating in temperate climatic zones or with minor temperature changes that do not cause significant temperature deformations in the screed, the waterproofing membrane can be applied only in places where possible structural movements of the load-bearing elements of the building, abutments to the walls of parapets or expansion joints, and the load-bearing high-strength layer of the monolithic roof - the protective coating is applied directly to the primer layer.

Common people often use two completely different words - roofing and roof - with the same meaning. In reality, this cannot be done. And any experienced builder will explain to everyone that a roof in this area means everything that is in the room, that is, above the living space, which is usually called the attic. But the roof refers to the very top part of the building, that is, the roof covering itself, which is irrigated by all kinds of precipitation, covering the inside of the house from piercing winds and hot sun rays.

The roof of the house protects from external natural factors, such as rain, wind, snow, so it is worth thinking about a durable and high-quality roof for your house.

However, you need to remember that before you think about creating a roof, you need to first arrange the roof. That is why, first of all, you need to learn the rules of how to do it yourself in a residential building or non-residential, but no less in need of covering, premises. Although it sounds proud - he made the roof with his own hands, any person capable of abstract thinking will understand that it will not only be difficult but, most likely, impossible to cope with such a difficult task alone.

Main types of roofs

Varieties of roof shapes. The most common are single-pitch and gable roofs.

Experts name only 2 types of roofs, which are considered the main ones in construction. These are flat and sloped. Both from the point of view of the materials used in this matter, and from the point of view of construction technology, they are fundamentally different from each other.

In order to make a roof of any type, you will need the following tools and materials:

  • nails;
  • bars;
  • lathing board;
  • roofing felt;
  • hacksaw;
  • hammer;
  • chockline;
  • roofing material.

How is a flat roof made?

Flat roofs, which we see mainly in industrial plants, factories, and, of course, on residential buildings, can be built with your own hands.

The main material from which a flat roof can be made is considered to be concrete slabs, and, whatever one may say, it will not be possible to build such a roof on a high-rise building with your own hands.

Flat roof structure.

Unless, of course, you are Hercules or Titan, who is capable of holding the firmament and can compete in strength with heavy construction equipment. But if you need to make a roof for some kind of adjoining building such as a cellar or garage, then almost any man will be able to independently erect a flat roof. Provided that the roof will be assembled from small elements or will be a monolith of reinforced concrete.

A stacked flat roof is made as follows: we lay beams, which can be made of metal or wood, on the walls of the building to be covered. They will serve as load-bearing structures, which will subsequently bear the main load of the roof. At this stage, you need to pay significant attention to how thick the installed beams will be. After all, they have to support not only the weight of the roofing material, but also the weight of snow, which is absolutely inevitable in the conditions of the Russian winter. Plus, the weight of at least one person who will have to clean this snow. Since it will not melt on its own for a long time, a flat roof does not imply snow rolling away on its own.

Flat roof for unheated rooms

An unheated structure, for example, a barn, garage, gazebo, terrace or canopy, requires a flat roof slope over the entire area of ​​the room. To do this, the load-bearing beams are immediately installed with a slope. Then a wooden board is laid over them, which is obtained by continuously laying boards, on top of which roofing material is laid, which must be laid tightly to each other, thus constructing a kind of carpet. The higher the density of the roof lining with roofing felt, the lower the likelihood of leakage.

It is recommended to fasten roofing felt using slats, which in any case can be replaced with metal strips. They are nailed at a distance of 60-70 cm from each other along the slope, and this will not interfere with the flow of water. Leave the slope at least 3%. This means that for every m of roof length, at least 3 cm of elevation is made.

Flat roof for living quarters

Attaching roofing material to a flat roof.

You can also make a flat roof with your own hands for heated buildings. In this case, you need to proceed as follows: the laid load-bearing beams are covered with a flooring of wooden boards and 1 layer of roofing felt or roofing felt is laid on top of it. The overlap of the strips must be at least 15 cm; insulation is poured on top of this layer, usually slag or expanded clay. With the help of insulation, a slope is formed in the direction where rainwater will flow and snow will be dumped. We apply a cement mortar screed over the insulation, the thickness of which should be at least 2 cm. We wait until the screed is completely dry and treat it with a bitumen primer, onto which a rolled roofing felt carpet is glued.

Monolithic flat roof made of concrete

When constructing a monolithic concrete roof, I-beams are used as support beams.

To successfully install a flat roof made of monolithic concrete, it is necessary to use metal I-beams as load-bearing structures. When considering the construction of a roof whose span is 4-5 m, experts recommend using beams whose height is approximately 12-15 cm. In the language of professionals, this sounds like a “fifteenth I-beam”. It is better to buy concrete used to create a monolithic floor ready-made, because Mixing concrete with your own hands without using a concrete mixer will not allow you to achieve a uniform connection of all the components. The concrete will turn out to be heterogeneous, which will negatively affect the quality of the coating. To prepare concrete with your own hands you need:

  • 3 buckets of cement;
  • 4 buckets of sand;
  • 8 buckets of crushed stone.

All this is mixed using 2 buckets of water. Sometimes a little more water is needed, so you can adjust the amount yourself.

Next, boards are laid on the lower flanges of the beams, on top of which 1 layer of roofing material or roofing felt should be laid dry. Then the reinforcement is placed so that with its help it forms a kind of mesh with cells, the approximate size of which should be 2x2 cm. In order to prevent the mesh from moving during concrete laying, the rods at the intersections must either be electrically welded together or tied together wire whose diameter does not exceed 2 mm. You also need to provide a small space between the mesh and roofing felt of at least 4 mm so that the reinforcement is completely covered with concrete. To achieve this goal, small pieces of crushed stone must be placed under the mesh. The prepared concrete is laid between the beams in a minimum layer of 15 cm.

When laying the monolith on the roof of a building, keep in mind that the stripes between the beams must be filled one at a time. Since this work will most likely take more than one day, and in order to achieve the highest quality screed, you should under no circumstances divide the concreting of one strip into several approaches. During this work, you need to carefully compact the concrete using a vibrator, and if you don’t have one, you can use a manual tamper. In this case, you need to try very hard not to displace or damage the reinforcing mesh laid in the base of the concrete screed.

After the concrete is laid, builders recommend covering it with plastic film to prevent moisture from evaporating too quickly from the concrete. It is especially important to do this in hot summer weather. If this is not done, the top layer of the roof will soon crack. The concrete mixture must be kept under the film for at least 3 days, after which the film can be removed.

After the concrete has completely dried, you can begin installing a slope, which is constructed using insulation, installing a cement screed, and, finally, gluing the rolled carpet. These steps are described above.

From the detailed description of how to make a flat roof with your own hands, it is clear that there are no particular technological difficulties here. Things are much more complicated with a pitched roof, the construction of which requires high precision measurements in the manufacture of load-bearing structures, and then the roof itself. You can hardly cover it yourself, because a pitched roof has a greater angle of inclination than a flat one.

Pitched roof and how to create it yourself

They prefer to build pitched roofs on low-rise buildings - private one-, two- and three-story houses, as well as dachas, small cottages and, of course, five-story Khrushchev buildings. Often pitched roofs complete unique structures.

A pitched roof, which crowns a not very massive structure, for example, a garden house, a bathhouse or a gazebo, can be made with your own hands even if only 1 person will perform this work. And if you decide to build a pitched roof on a fairly large building, then it’s unlikely that you can do it alone; you’ll have to call two or three assistants.

How to make a pitched roof?

The basis of a pitched roof is taken from rafters, with the help of which quite complex structures are formed. In professional construction, this type of structure is called the well-known word “trusses”. As a rule, the rafters rest directly on the walls, but experts recommend installing a Mauerlat. In other words, a beam that is laid on the wall and secured to it with anchors. And the rafters rest against these bars, to which they are attached with metal brackets or other methods that ensure a reliable connection of the load-bearing structures.

The stages of creating a pitched roof involve the following sequence of actions:

  • install the Mauerlat;
  • we strengthen the rafters;
  • we construct and install ridge beams;
  • we make the sheathing.

Rafter system of a pitched roof for two spans of 6 meters.

We lay the roof directly along the created sheathing. When building a roof of this type, they try to extend the rafters beyond the edges of the walls, so that the roof overhang created in this way protects the wall of the building from moisture getting on it, for example, during rain or when snow melts. The best option is to lengthen the rafters themselves, onto which you need to nail a board 2-3 cm thick. In the future, this board can be used as a base to which the overhang of the wind board will be sewn.

Rafters, as a rule, are assembled directly on the roof, having previously lifted the prepared elements onto them and assembled them according to the approved scheme directly on the roof. There is also the option of completely assembling a finished rafter truss, which consists of 2 rafter legs, racks and, of course, tie rods, right on the ground. After this, the assembled structure, which is quite bulky in size, is lifted vertically exactly to the place where it should stand. You cannot do this procedure yourself, no matter how hard you try, so you will have to use heavy equipment. After installing the truss on top of the house under construction, we attach it to the Mauerlat.

After completing the installation of the existing rafter structures, you can begin to connect them using a ridge beam, and then start lathing.

Creating a roof sheathing for the roof

The construction of the frame of any roof is carried out in two stages: installation of the rafter structure and completion of the roof sheathing.

The easiest way to make a sheathing is from boards that are nailed “in a run,” that is, after some distance between them, or “solidly,” when the boards are nailed end to end. To ensure that this stage does not turn out to be too costly, you can use edged lumber with a thickness of only 25 mm. Before strengthening the boards on the roof, they must be thoroughly cleaned of bark residues. To nail the sheathing to the rafters, use 70 mm nails. The boards, as a rule, are not perfectly level, so if a continuous sheathing is installed, they will need to be adjusted on site using an ax to reduce the gaps between them.

The design of those elements that are used for sheathing and their sizes depend on what roofing materials you plan to use in your work. If your roof will be covered with metal tiles, then unedged boards are not advisable to use. It is better to replace it with timber, which must be nailed “in a running start”, at a distance equal to the wave of the roofing material used.

For those who use ondulin or various kinds of bitumen shingles, the sheathing is done as follows: purlins made of timber, the size of which is 40x50 mm, are nailed to the rafters at a distance of about 50 cm. OSB sheets are reinforced onto the resulting purlins using self-tapping screws. This solution will be successful for those who plan, for example, to create a living room instead of an attic. This solution is called a mansard roof, thanks to which it is possible to successfully increase the living space of the house.

The process of constructing a flat roof cannot be called complicated. Therefore, these works can be done with your own hands, without turning to specialized construction companies for help. Read more about how to roof a flat roof below.

The design of this roof uses metal and wooden beams, thanks to which the load is evenly distributed over the load-bearing walls of the building. The beams are mounted and secured first. Then the rest of the roof frame is erected. Installation work begins with drawing up a plan for the roof of a flat roof. It takes into account all the nuances and features of the future design.

The support beams must be quite reliable, because “on their shoulders” lies not only the weight of the roof itself, but also some additional loads. In particular, additional pressure is exerted by various communication elements located in the attic and on the roofing. Another load comes from the weight of the person who repairs or maintains the roof. In addition, we must not forget about snow and wind, which also create additional pressure on the frame. So, it is precipitation for a flat roof, due to the lack of a slope, that is the main load. To correctly select the dimensions of the support beams and determine the load, it will be useful to study the technology of how neighboring houses with a flat roof are built in your region.

To make a flat roof of better quality, in addition to the support beams, you need to choose the right coating. It must be durable and reliable. In addition, you need high-quality roofing material that has good performance parameters. In addition, it will be important to carry out waterproofing and vapor barrier work correctly. In capital buildings, such roofs are most often made of large slabs, on which a layer made of insulating materials is installed.

A vapor barrier is placed on the slabs, which protects against moisture. The material for this layer is often a polymer-bitumen film reinforced with fiberglass. Its edges are wrapped behind the vertical overlaps, and the seams are soldered. When this is done, the insulation can be laid. If ceramics is used as a heat insulator, you will first need to apply a coating of concrete screed. When using a lightweight roof, polymer insulation is usually glued directly onto the vapor barrier layer. The next layer of waterproofing is laid, which is the most important for the roof. This layer is often called simply “pie”. It is usually made from membrane or polymer-bitumen materials.

The cost of roofing a flat roof is quite high, so it is better to do it yourself, without involving specialized companies.

Types of flat roofs

Today there are several types of flat roofs:

  • One of the most popular options is a soft flat roof, which is also called traditional. Its frame is made up of a load-bearing slab, on top of which a vapor barrier layer and a heat insulator are installed. Mineral wool is often used as a material for this purpose. Bitumen-based materials are used for waterproofing.
  • Over time, the design of soft flat roofing has been improved. This improved version is called an inversion flat roof.
  • Operated types of flat roofs. Their base is usually made quite rigid. Such a roof can be safely used for various household needs. A concrete screed is poured under the base of the roof, which can provide the required slope for rainfall drainage. You can also use corrugated sheets. The insulated layer on such roofs experiences various types of loads, so a material with high compressive strength is used as insulation.
  • Unusable type of flat roofs. Such roofs do not require installation, insulation or waterproofing.

Depending on the purpose of the building, the method of arranging the roof is chosen. The premises can be heated or unheated. For each of them, different types of flat roofs are used. Thus, for unheated buildings, a flat roof with a slight slope is suitable, which is necessary in order to remove precipitation from the surface. In addition, it is easier to remove snow from such a roof. In some conditions it may fall off the roof on its own. This type of roofing is made of several support blocks, on which a shield of wooden boards is laid. A waterproofing layer made of roofing felt is mounted on it. Unfortunately, such a simple design is usually short-lived, which is why it has to be repaired periodically. When attaching rolled material, it is necessary to maintain a step between the slats of 75 cm. In this case, the slats should not interfere with the removal of moisture from the roof. In order for precipitation to flow off the roof without problems, its slope must be at least 4%.

As for heated rooms, the roof design for them is somewhat different. Today there are quite a lot of technologies for constructing such roofs. If you decide to make a flat roof roof with your own hands, then it is best to use the simplest method. The installation procedure is as follows:

  1. So, support beams are used as a base, and a flooring made of boards is placed on top of them. A waterproofing layer of roofing felt must be laid on them. In this case, it is important that the rolled material is placed with an overlap of 12-16 cm.
  2. Next, expanded clay insulation, slag and other necessary material are poured on top of it. At the same time, remember in which direction the slope will be made to allow precipitation to drain from the roof.
  3. The insulation is leveled, and a cement screed about 4 cm thick is placed above it. This will avoid accidental damage to the roof while removing sediment from the roof.
  4. You need to wait until the screed hardens, and after that it must be treated with a bitumen primer. In addition, you should make sure that precipitation and melt water do not linger on the roof. To do this, make a slight slope towards the edge of the roof.
  5. Then you need to start gluing the rolled carpet. If there are less than 5-7 meters between the walls of the house, then for the support beam you can use a simple wooden beam with a section of 100 by 150 mm. As an option, a metal beam is also suitable. Then the distance between the parts of the structure should be at least 1 m. All these nuances are usually reflected in the roof drawing of a flat roof.

Roof insulation

A flat roof has many advantages. And one of them is that it can be insulated both during construction and after it - during the period of operation. Moreover, this can be done both from the inside and from the outside. It is advisable to first insulate it from the outside and wait until winter. If the insulation is not enough, then you can install an additional layer of insulation on the inside.

More recently, such roofs were insulated with rigid thermal insulation slabs. But this method is bad because it greatly increases the load on the roof. Therefore, when more modern materials appeared, this technology began to be abandoned and now it is almost never used.

Today, flat roofs are increasingly insulated using basalt mineral wool. This material has a lot of advantages - it is relatively light in weight and at the same time it is able to provide good thermal conductivity and waterproofing. In addition, mineral wool is not subject to mechanical stress and does not burn. Thanks to these properties, it is often used as a thermal insulation material. As for internal insulation, it is easier to use fire-resistant layers 5-6 cm thick made of polystyrene foam. The plates are installed quite simply. To do this, wooden blocks are attached to the ceiling every 45-50 cm, and polystyrene foam boards are installed on them. They are fixed with mastic.

Roof made of monolithic concrete

Metal beams are usually used as supporting elements for such a roof. In this case, their length is selected depending on the required roof width. If it does not exceed 4-5 meters, then it is enough to take beams 160 mm long. The most suitable material for pouring a roof screed is probably considered to be grade 250 concrete. To ensure that the solution has the correct consistency, it is recommended to use a concrete mixer when preparing it, rather than mixing it by hand. Moreover, it is important to take all the components of the solution in the required proportions. So, for 7 buckets of crushed stone you need 3 buckets of cement, 2.5 buckets of water and 4 buckets of sand. If necessary, the solution can be supplemented with more water. Next, you need to secure strong bars to the lower beams, and lay roofing felt on their surface. After that, a reinforced mesh is laid in the direction of the beams. To prevent it from accidentally slipping, when pouring the screed, the places where the rods are fastened should be secured with something.

The mesh must be completely covered with concrete mortar. To do this, several pieces of crushed stone are placed down. Thanks to this, it is possible to create a gap of 3-5 cm between the mesh and the roofing felt. The concrete screed should not be less than 17 cm. Please note that you cannot pour concrete into the strip in parts. To ensure a high-quality pour, it is best to fill the entire roof area within one day.

When the pouring is completed, the concrete must be compacted using a vibrator or, in extreme cases, manually. During this work, try not to tear the reinforced mesh or dislodge it. After this, the concrete must be covered with plastic film. This allows you to reduce the rate of moisture evaporation from concrete, and this will protect the top layer from the formation of cracks on the surface. The concrete under the film is usually left for three days so that it has time to set and dry. After it dries, a layer of insulation is poured, while observing the previously specified slope. All that remains is to make a screed and install the roll carpet.

Flat roof roofing: photo

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