Spelling compound nouns
Spelling of complex nouns and especially adjectives is one of the tense points modern spelling. This reference book in this matter is based on the “Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation of 1956”, as well as on the normative “Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language”. There is also a slightly different approach to writing these words, for example, in the book “Together or Separately?” (experience of a reference dictionary) B.3. Bukchina and L.P. Kalakutskaya (see appendix at the end of the book).
Continuous writing
1. Write complex nouns with the elements auto-, agro-, aero-, bio-, bicycle-, helio-, geo-, hydro-, zoo-, iso-, cinema-, macro-, meteo-, micro- , mono-, moto-, neo-, paleo-, radio-, stereo-, television-, photo-, electro-, etc. regardless of the number of elements named or other words in the stem. For example: auto business, automotobicycle racing, agricultural technology, snowmobile, biostation, cycling, heliotherapy, geobotany, hydromechanics, hydropower resources, veterinary center, animal hygiene, isophoto report, film script, macrocosm, weather report, microradio waves, monoculture, motor parts, neopositivism, paleo-Asians, radio show, stereo cinema, television film , combined heat and power plant, thermohydrodynamics, photography, electrical wire, electric light therapy.
Note 1. When hesitating between the hyphenated and continuous spelling of words of foreign language origin, the second is preferred, if in the Russian language the word does not have component parts with their inherent meaning, for example: blitz-krieg - blitzkrieg, water-mashina - water-mashina, water-polo - waterpolo, gummi- arabic - gum arabic, maitre d'o-tel - maitre d'hotel, table d'ot - table d'hotel. Wed. also: crepe de chine, faide chine, fildecos, fildepers (the words do not distinguish two components with a French preposition between them) - crepe georgette, crepe marroquin, crepe satin, crepe chiffon. Or continuous writing inflected words padegras, padekatr, padepatiner, padespan and hyphenated spelling indeclinable words of the same semantic group pas de deux, pas de trois.
2. Compound nouns with a verbal first part are written together. -And, for example: whirligig, adonis, derzhimorda, hoarder, daredevil, shumigolova. Exception: tumbleweeds.
3. Complex abbreviated words of all types are written together, for example, state committee, trade union committee, Uralmash, Central Bank.
Hyphenation
4. As a rule, complex nouns without a connecting vowel are written with a hyphen, denoting the names of mechanisms, as well as scientific, technical, socio-political terms, for example: automatic stacker, automatic leveler, vacuum apparatus (vacuum pump, vacuum -dryer, vacuum shield, etc.), diesel electric ship, dynamo, cable crane, beam crane, motor generator, stop valve, filter press, syringe machine; chair-bed, raincoat-tent; sawfish; Prime Minister, Lieutenant General, Captain Engineer, Lord Chancellor.
Note 1. Complex words are written together:
- a) with the first part board-: flight engineer, flight mechanic;
b) with the second part -meter: vacuum gauge, dosimeter, millivoltmeter.
Note 2. Words with the first part are written with a hyphen block- And press-: block apparatus, block diagram, block mechanism, block signal, block system (but notepad, blockhouse); press attache, press secretary, press conference, press center; press cliché, press conveyor, paperweight.
5. Complex units of measurement are written with a hyphen, for example: gram-atom (gram-calorie, gram-molecule, etc.), kilogram-hour, tonne-kilometer, man-day, man-bed.
Exceptions: workday, workhour.
6. The compound names of political movements, as well as their supporters, are written with a hyphen, for example: anarcho-syndicalism, national socialism, radical socialist, social revolutionaries, social democrats.
7. The names of intermediate countries of the world are written with a hyphen, for example: southeast, northwest, south-southeast.
8. Words with foreign language elements are written with a hyphen vice-, life-, chief-, non-commissioned-, staff-, ex- in the first part, for example: vice admiral, life guard, chief conductor, non-commissioned officer, staff doctor, ex-champion, ex-vice prime minister (with two hyphens).
9. Complex plant names that contain a personal verb or conjunction are written with a hyphen, for example: love-not-love, don’t-touch-me, Ivan-da-Marya, coltsfoot.
10. Compound words are written with a hyphen, in which a word with an evaluative meaning is added to the main word, for example: boy-woman, gop-company, would-be leader, good boy, miracle fish, cheers-patriotism.
11. Scientific and technical terms are written with a hyphen, which include the names of letters or letters (most often the Greek and Latin alphabets), for example: alpha particle, gamma radiation, x-rays (x-rays), k-particle, pi meson.
12. Adjectives formed from geographical names with hyphenated spelling retain a hyphen in their spelling, for example: Alma-Ata - Alma-Ata, Orekhovo-Zuyevo - Orekhovo-Zuevo, Los Angeles - Los Angeles. Puerto Rico is Puerto Rican, and nouns formed from this chain are written together, for example: New York - New York, New Yorkers, Costa Rica - Costa Rican, Costa Ricans, Kurgan-Tyube - Kurgan-Tyube, Kurgan-Tyube . The chain of Ku Klux Klan - Ku Klux Klan - Ku Klux Klan member - is subject to the same rule.
13. When combined using a conjunction and two or more compound nouns with the same second part, this part can be given only with the last word, and with the preceding words, a so-called hanging hyphen is written instead. For example: gas and electric welding (cf. gas welding and electric welding); water and gas supply; radio and television programs; auto, motorcycle and bicycle racing (but in the absence of a union And- continuous writing, see above, paragraph 1).
Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation (1956)
Spelling
II. Nouns
§ 78. Written together:
1. Compound nouns formed with connecting vowels, as well as all formations with aero-, air-, auto-, motorcycle-, bicycle-, cinema-, photo-, stereo-, meteo-, electro-, hydro-, agro-, zoo-, bio-, micro-, macro-, neo-, For example: plumbing, farmer, flax harvesting, steam locomotive repair, airport, aircraft, motor rally, motorcycle race, velodrome, film director, photo report, stereo tube, weather report, electric motor, hydraulic structures, agricultural technology, livestock specialist, biostation, micro-reduction, macrocosm, neo-Lamarckism, bicycle racing, aerial photography.
For hyphenated writing of nouns formed with connecting vowels, see § 79, paragraphs. 3, 4.
2. Names of cities, second integral part which is -grad or -city , For example: Leningrad, Kaliningrad, Belgorod, Uzhgorod, Ivangorod.
15. Graphic abbreviations of nouns, consisting of the beginning and end of the word, for example: about(society), dr(doctor), t-vo(partnership), b-ka(library).
16. A hyphen is written after the first part of a compound noun when combining two compound nouns with the same second part, if in the first of the nouns this common part is omitted, for example: ball and roller bearings(instead of ball bearings and roller bearings), steam, electric and diesel locomotives(instead of steam locomotives, electric locomotives and diesel locomotives), party and trade union organizations, north and southeast.
They write together:
1. Words with connecting vowels o and e, as well as words with the initial elements auto-, agro-, aero-, bio-, bicycle-, hydro-, zoo-, quasi-, cinema-, macro-, meteo-, micro -, moto-, neo-, pan-, pseudo-, radio-, stereo-, television-, photo-, electro-.
For example: reservoir, healthcare, agriculture, bird catcher, bus station, agricultural technology, airport, biocurrents, cycling, hydrobiology, livestock specialist, quasi-Marxist, projectionist, macro object, weather report, microcosm, motorboat, neo-Darwinism, pan-Germanist, pseudo-gothic, radio broadcasting, stereo cinema, television, camera, electric welding.
Notes
1. The connecting vowel o is written after stems on a hard consonant, e - after stems on a soft consonant, hissing and c: water supply, armored train, pedestrian, heartbeat, etc. However, in some cases, after final soft stems, a connecting vowel o is also possible: rangefinder (although distant, cf.: Far Eastern), hitching post (although horse, cf.: horse breeder), bloodthirstiness (although blood, cf.: blood filling), etc.; The spelling of such words is determined by the dictionary.
2. In words with the initial avia, the letter is not a connecting vowel, but the final sound of the abbreviated word aviation: aircraft factory, aircraft carrier, etc.
2. Words without connecting vowels, but with the first part in the initial form: tense, cotyledon, etc.; with the first part in the genitive case: insane, seven days old, etc.; with the verbal first part in and: fidgety, daredevil, etc.; with the first part half- and half-, if the latter does not come before a vowel, consonant l or any capital letter: half-platoon, half-year, half-bun, half-kilometer, etc. (about the hyphenated spelling of words with the element half-; with the second part -grad, - city, -abad, -akan: Kaliningrad, Uzhgorod, Kirovabad, Leninakan, etc.
Exception: tumbleweeds.
3. All complex abbreviated words and abbreviations, for example: city council, district military registration and enlistment office, college, TASS.
Note.
Letter abbreviations connected to numbers are written with a hyphen: TB-3, TU-104, etc.
They are written with a hyphen!
1. Compound nouns without connecting vowels, which are socio-political, scientific, technical and other terms, including words with initial foreign language elements vice-, chamber-, life-, chief-, state-, unter-, franco-, headquarters and staff-, ex-.
For example: anarcho-syndicalism, prime minister, press attaché, vacuum pump, gram molecule, man-day, viceroy, chamberlain, medical officer, chief quartermaster, secretary of state, non-commissioned officer, ex-warehouse, headquarters, staff captain, ex-chairman.
Exceptions: workday, workhour.
Notes
1. Words are written together with the first part - board -, with the second part - meter: flight attendant, vacuum gauge, etc.
2. Articles and particles in foreign personal names are written, as a rule, separately (and with a lowercase letter), for example: Don Basilio, Ludwigvan Beethoven, de Broglie, le Chapelier, von Scheneausen. These elements are written with a hyphen (and with a capital letter) in cases where names are not used without them, for example: Don Quixote, Van Gogh.
2. Geographical names made up of two nouns or a noun and an adjective, for example: Alsace-Lorraine, Mogilev-Podolsky.
Note.
Complex geographical names, which are in origin the first, patronymic and surnames of people, as well as names formed from adjectives and nouns, are written separately: Erofey Pavlovich and Lev Tolstoy stations, the city of Golaya Pristan, etc.
3. Words formed with the help of a particle, conjunction or preposition, for example: love-not-love, don’t-touch-me, Ivan-da-Marya, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Frankfurt-on-Main.
Note.
Foreign names formed with the particles Le-, La-, Los-, San-, etc. are also written with a hyphen, for example: Le Port, La Rochelle, Los Banos, San Marino.
4. Double Russian and foreign surnames, for example: Sholokhov-Sinyavsky, Joliot-Curie.
Note.
Foreign language surnames formed with the particles -bey, -zade, Ibn-, -pasha, Sen-, Saint-, etc. are written with a hyphen, for example: Izmail-bey, Tursun-zade, Ibn-Sina, Osman-pasha, Sen -Juste, Sainte-Beuve.
5. Complex formations, in which a word with an evaluative meaning is attached to the defined word, for example: boy-woman, good boy-boy.
6. Compound words with the initial part half-, if it is followed by a vowel, consonant l or a capital letter, for example: half a cucumber, half a spoon, half a Kyiv.
7. Complex names of geographical directions (intermediate countries), for example: northwest, southeast, north-east, south-west.
Exercise 152. Form complex nouns from the given phrases, indicate what determines the choice of one or another connecting vowel. Check your spelling formed words according to the dictionary and explain under what stems the connective o and v can be used.
Drive shelves, drive deer, carry bombs, carry timber, eat leather, dig potatoes, dig earth, mow hay, water treatment, mud treatment, catch birds, catch mice, wear a crown, carry letters, plow the ground, write fables, conduct gas , store vegetables; cook porridge, cook steel; crush a stone, break a stone; blood circulation; to sing songs.
Exercise 153. Write down from the spelling dictionary 1-3 compound nouns with the initial elements auto-, aero-, bio-, bicycle-, hydro-, zoo-, quasi-, cinema-, macro-, meteo-, micro-, moto-, neo -, pan-, pseudo-, radio-, stereo-, television-, photo-, electro-.
Exercise 154. Write out words with initial avia from the spelling dictionary.
Exercise 155. Write out words with initial half- and semi- from the spelling dictionary.
Exercise 156. Write out 1-3 words from the spelling dictionary with the initial elements vice-, chamber-, life-, chief-, state-, non-commissioned-, staff-, ex-.
Exercise 157. Write out 1-3 words from the spelling dictionary with the prefixes anti-, archi-, ipfra-, counter-, super-, ultra-, extra-.
Exercise 158. Write down from the spelling dictionary the names of geographical directions that begin with the elements north, south, south, north.
Exercise 159.
Motor transport, airmail, Aeroflot, spinner, pastime, orphanage, bunker, housewife, dredger, quasi-scholarship, film, Kirovakan, root vegetable, lekpom, Lengaz, Leningrad, macrostructure, meteorological service, aviation meteorological service, microrelief, Mosselmash, neo-romantic, NIIS, vegetable storehouse, half a bucket, half-megra, half-garden, half-circle, half-turn, pseudo-acids, fiftieth anniversary, village council, hay harvesting, hoarder, overalls, stereoscope, crazy, telephoto lens, motor ship, workday, photo reporter, electric record player, electric light and water treatment clinic.
Exercise 160. Explain the spelling of compound nouns.
Alpha rays, White Church, Baudouin de Courtenay, flight mechanic, vacuum dryer, Vsevolod the Third Big Nest, lieutenant general, gop-company, Gus-Khrustalny, di-Vittorio, diesel engine, Don Juan, quixoticism, Don Juanism, Don Pedro, south-west, reading room, Ilya Muromets, chamberlain, rear admiral, counter-offensive, Leonardo da Vinci, coltsfoot, Moscow-Tovarnaya, chief master, tumbleweed, half-arshin, half-inch, half-America, half-tape, half-minute, half-China, press bureau, paperweight, Rostov-on-Don, Saint-San, Sergeev-Tsensky, dust jacket, non-commissioned officer, von der Goltz, Friuli-Venezia Giulia (region), human dose, philanthropy, miracle fish, ex-champion, Yasnaya Polyana.
Exercise 161. Rewrite by inserting the missing letters. Write down nouns with connecting vowels in one column, and without connecting vowels in another.
1. I stand near the handrail of a staircase that runs steeply down, I watch the steam... carts jumping, and I see there, in the distance, a paper-blue sea and a sail cut at an angle, as if glued on. And suddenly the mother’s voice bursts into this half-sleep. (Andreev) 2. Dubrovsky’s sudden madness had a strong effect on his imagination and poisoned his triumph. (P.) 3. Skripkin entered the bread ... plant. (Gin) 4. Can thousands compare? gas ovens with at least one missile equipped with a nuclear warhead? (Gin.) 5. “What are you talking about, you miserable penny... love!” - Grandfather got angry. (Stelm.) 6. In America, it takes one person...an hour of working time to produce a hundredweight of grain. (Iv.) 7. Arriving home, Varya turned on the electric stove.. (Iv.) 8. It’s bad, we don’t have root... fruits. (Iv.) 9. Our floor is ready, and there are these verts ... tails. (Iv.) 10. Three years ago, on his fifth...tenth...anniversary, Artamonov received the Order of Lenin. (Koch.) 11. Life in the High...Mountains was in full swing, the high...mountainers were constantly written about in the newspapers; In illustrated magazines, photographs from Vysok...mountains flashed every now and then. Kin...these people have taken hold of the screens even more firmly - now the animals...water in front of you, now the masters of corn, now the birds...water, then themselves...activity. (Koch.)
Exercise 162. Rewrite, opening the parentheses and adding a hyphen where necessary.
1. The day before, a group of virgin lands returned from (logging) logging. (Iv.) 2. The duty of the “mechanized shepherd” is to look after the milking equipment and move (electric) fences. (Iv.) 3. There, among antique furniture, lives Vyacheslav Vinokurov, who, as you, of course, remember, was the artistic director of our theater and who has now become the (vice) burgomaster of the city. (Field.) 4. Having looked at them, a visiting person could immediately get a complete picture of how the local people live: “(Procured) grain”, “(Procured) flax”, “(Union) fruit”, “(Procured) fur " (Combat.) 5. The arrows indicated: “Reading room”, “(Cinema) hall”, “Cabinet of (jun) natov”. (Combat) 6. Utilities are urban transport, (water) supply systems, sewerage and (storm) drainage systems, (heating) networks, (bath) laundry trusts and hotels. (Zalyg.) 7. (Franco) cutting area - seven rubles. Seven and a half. What about delivery? Roads in the mountains - what kind of roads? Only by tug. And to get there by horse-drawn horse, to load there, to come from there, to unload—it takes a (man) day and a (horse) day. Total - forty-three rubles. Direct. Plus the care of the horses, the wages for the grooms - once. (Hay) preparations - two. (Special) clothing - three. (Zalyg.) 8. The day came when Lydia finished work in the giant house that was being completed, which looked like Small town with its own (electrical) substation, (cinema) theater, department store, fashion studio. (Sh.-S.) 9. Swarms of crimson (firefly) signals (auto) cars flew up and down Kutuzovsky Prospekt. (Sh.-S.) 10. It was necessary to walk along long corridors and halls filled with different things- refrigerators, washing machines, (dust) suckers, (radios, (TVs. (Sh.-S.)
The formation of complex nouns occurs by combining several (usually two) independent parts into one semantic whole. Their role can be played by various parts of speech, both independent and auxiliary. Their display in writing has its own characteristics. Today we will talk about how to write such words.
First, let's talk about what options exist. A compound noun in Russian can be written either with a hyphen, or together, or separately. The principle behind distinguishing these options is highlighting words in writing. Words are separated by spaces, and their parts are written together. However, the application of this rule has its own characteristics. The fact is that in language, whole words and their combinations are not always clearly opposed. Therefore, in addition to separate and continuous writing, there is a semi-continuous, or hyphen. A hyphen serves to separate words into parts (for example, firebird), or connects parts of a phrase into one whole (science fiction writer). After reading this article, you will learn how to correctly write this or that complex noun.
Continuous writing
Words that are formed using connecting consonants are written together. This also includes all formations with auto-, aero-, air-, cinema-, motorcycle-, photo-, auto-, electro-, meteo-, stereo-, agro-, hydro, micro-, bio-, zoo-, neo-, macro. There are many examples, here are just a few: flax harvesting, farmer, water supply, airport, motorcycle racing, motor rally, photo report, electric motor, bicycle racing, macrocosm.
Compound nouns are written together if they are inflected and their first verb part ends in -i. Examples: holding the tree, adonis, whirling neck, holding the muzzle, hoarder, spinning tail, daredevil.
Hyphenation
A compound noun should be written with a hyphen if it has the meaning of one word and it consists of 2 nouns, used independently, connected by the vowels e or o. Examples: boy-baba, firebird, cafe-restaurant, diesel engine, major general, prime minister, Buryat-Mongolia. Note that in this case, when the word is declined, only the second noun changes.
The following examples apply to this rule: purchase and sale, hut-reading room, saw-fish, good boy, Moscow River. However, in these cases both nouns are modified by declension.
In addition, the names of political movements and parties that are constituent parts, as well as their supporters, should be written with a hyphen. Examples are as follows: social democrat, social democracy,
Complex units of measurement
Hyphenation is correct if we are dealing with complex units of measurement. It does not matter whether this complex noun is formed with the help of a connecting vowel or not. Examples: kilowatt-hour, ton-kilometer, man-day. However, there is an exception to this rule - this word workday, which should be written together.
Other cases of hyphenation
Let's continue to look at the spelling of compound nouns. A hyphen should be used when naming foreign and Russian intermediate cardinal points. Examples: northeast, northeast etc.
Combinations of words that have the meaning of nouns are written through a hyphen if these combinations include:
a) verb used in personal form (flower love-not-love, plant Dont touch me);
b) union (plant ivan-da-marya);
c) preposition ( Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Rostov-on-Don, Frankfurt-on-Main).
Foreign language elements often have their own characteristics. Using them in different rules often specified separately. In our case, the hyphenated spelling of compound nouns is correct if their first component- foreign language elements non-commissioned, chief, vice, headquarters, ex-. Examples include the following: life physician, ex-champion, vice president, headquarters.
Spelling of compound nouns, the first part of which is half-
If the first part of a compound word is floor-(meaning “half”), and then follows a noun in R. p., which begins with the consonant " l" or with a vowel, the correct spelling would be a hyphen. Examples: half an apple, half a turn, half a lemon. In other cases, complex nouns are written together. Examples: half an hour, half a meter, half a room. However, if after floor- It would be appropriate to use a hyphen if you have complex nouns. Examples: half of Europe, half of Moscow. Words that begin with semi-. Examples: semicircle, stop, half a mile from the city.
Features of app highlighting
If the word being defined is immediately followed by a one-word clause, a hyphen should be placed between them. Examples: Anika the warrior, Masha the playful one, the old mother.
If a one-word application, which in meaning can be equated to an adjective, follows the word being defined, the hyphen is not inserted. Example: handsome son.
If the application or the word being defined is itself written with a hyphen, it is not placed between them. Example: Social Democrats Mensheviks.
Russian compound surnames
Compound surnames that were formed by adding two personal names should be written with a hyphen, that is, when they are combined to form compound nouns. Examples: Skvortsov-Stepanov, Rimsky-Korsakov, Andersen-Nexe, Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, etc..
Personal surnames and given names associated with nicknames are written separately with them. Examples: Muravyov the Hanger, Vanka Cain, Ilya Muromets.
Foreign language compound surnames
It is necessary to put a dash between parts of the word if we are dealing with foreign-language compound surnames in which the first part St. or Sen-. Examples: Saint-Saens, Saint-Just, Saint-Simon etc. Oriental personal names (Arabic, Turkic, etc.) should also be written with a final or initial component indicating social status, family relationships, etc. Examples: Osman Pasha, Izbail Bey, Tursun Zade, Ibn Fadlan and etc.
However, it should be clarified that with a hyphen compound names, the first part of which is Don-, are written only in cases where the main part of the name is not used separately in Russian. Examples: Don Quixote, Don Juan. However, if the word “don” means “master”, it should be written separately. Examples: Don Basilio, Don Pedro.
It is also necessary to take into account that particles and articles, which are parts of foreign language surnames, are written without a hyphen, that is, separately. Examples: le Chapelier, von Bismarck, de Valera, de Coster, Lope de Vega, Leonardo da Vinci, von der Goltz, Baudouin de Courtenay. Particles and articles, without which surnames of this type are not used, must be written with a hyphen. Example: Van Dyck.
It should be said that some other foreign-language surnames have their own characteristics in the Russian transmission. The particles and articles in them are written together, so their spelling can be separate in the corresponding languages. Examples: Delisle, Decandolle, Laharpe, Lafontaine. The writing of complex nouns, which are proper names of foreign origin, as you can see, has many nuances. We have looked at the main ones, it remains only to talk about the last one.
Please note that the names different categories are not connected by hyphens to each other, like Russian surnames, first names and patronymics. Example: Gaius Julius Caesar.
Let us now turn to the features of displaying geographical names in writing.
Place names consisting of two nouns
They are written with a hyphen if they consist of two nouns. Examples: Kamenets-Podolsk, Orekhovo-Zuevo, Heart-Stone. The same applies to words consisting of a noun and an adjective following it. Examples: Gus-Khrustalny,
Other cases of hyphenated geographical names
Combinations consisting of a particle or article with a significant part of speech should also be written through a hyphen. The following examples can be given: Bay of De Castries, the city of La Carolina, the city of Le Creusot.
Names are written with a hyphen settlements if they include as the first part: top-, salt-, ust- etc. The same applies to some titles with the first part lower-, upper-, old-, new- etc., except in cases where geographical maps or a continuous spelling has been adopted in reference books. Examples: Verkh-Irmen, Sol-Iletsk, Ust-Abakan, Novo-Vyazniki, But: Maloarkhangelsk, Novosibirsk, Novoalekseevka, Starobelsk.
If geographical names, which are composite, are formed from the names of parts of one or another geographical feature using a connecting vowel or without it, then in this case a dash is also placed. Examples: Alsace-Lorraine, Austria-Hungary. Exception - Czechoslovakia.
Separate spelling of geographical names
However, in some cases geographical names should be written separately. This applies primarily to words consisting of an adjective followed by a noun; or if a noun follows a numeral. Examples: Nizhny Tagil, White Church, Seven Brothers, Yasnaya Polyana.
You also need to write nouns separately if they are surnames. Examples: Erofey Pavlovich station, Lev Tolstoy village.
Names of cities with the second part -grad or -city
The names of cities are written together if their second component is -city or -grad. Examples: Ivangorod, Uzhgorod, Belgorod, Kaliningrad, Leningrad.
Spelling variations
It should be noted that in the writing of some difficult words, which appeared in the language recently, fluctuations are observed. Examples: parking space and parking space, tonne-kilometre and tonne-kilometre, tonage-day and tonage-day. These spelling variations are explained by the presence of connecting vowels ( ton-o-kilometer, car-o-place). Thus they are influenced general rules writing It is preferable to write them together.
So, we looked at the continuous and hyphenated spelling of complex nouns. Of course, we have examined only the main cases. There are many nuances in this topic, so it can take a long time to improve in it. However, we have presented the basic information, and in most cases it is quite enough to write complex nouns correctly.
The Russian language is great and rich, has huge opportunities changes in various word forms and the formation of new parts of speech. Perhaps no other language contains such extensive lexicon taking into account the different shades of meaning of each word. One of the ways of word formation is to combine two or more stems into one combined word, which can be both an adjective and a noun.
Definition
Basics of continuous writing
When using elements of electro-, film-, micro-, photo-, neo-, zoo-, hydro-, etc. Complex nouns can only be written together. | Hitchhiking, aerial photography, biocycle, solar technology, hydromass, animal farm, movie hero, microsensor, unicycle, neorealism, radio direction finding, television broadcasting, electric drill, video, photo studio. |
Words of foreign origin are written together if, when translated into Russian, the component parts with their inherent meanings are not separated. | Blitzkrieg, gum arabic, crepe de chine, fildepers, head waiter, price list. For comparison: crepe chiffon, second-hand, creme brulee, crepe georgette. |
It is necessary to write words together with a verb in the first part that ends in -i. | Redstart, hoarding, tree-keeping. BUT: tumbleweed. |
When using abbreviated stems, the resulting word is never written separately. | City committee, trade union committee, Central Bank, head teacher. |
Also, compound nouns are written together in the following cases: if the first link in the word board-; if the final link in the word is meter. | Logbook, flight radio operator. Tonometer, pentameter. |
Writing with a dash
Let's first look at the basics of hyphenation, and then study the rest of the nuances.
When forming a compound noun created without the use of connecting letters, and using it as the name of a mechanism or a political or scientific term, the rules establish the hyphenated spelling of this word. Also, complex nouns are written with a hyphen when using the components press and block. | Vacuum unit, diesel hammer, submachine gun, dress-suit, swordfish, prime major, lord mayor. Press release, block point, block diagram, press center. Exceptions: blockhouse, notebook. |
When writing a two-part unit of measurement, do not forget about the use of a dash. | Man-bunk. Exceptions: labor hours, workdays. |
The names of supporters of various parties and currents in politics themselves are written using a hyphen. | Radical revolutionism, national socialist. |
When indicating cardinal directions, hyphens are used. | Nord-east, north-west. |
The presence of foreign components in the word, such as vice-, label-, headquarters-, results in the fact that this complex noun is spelled with a hyphen. | Life hussar, headquarters captain, ex-vice mayor, chief burgomaster. |
Plant names that include a conjunction are written with a hyphen. | Coltsfoot. |
If one element included in a complex word expresses an assessment of another, in this case a hyphen is placed. | Boy-girl, miracle-stove, unfortunate fisherman, cheers-patriot. |
If a word contains letters of a foreign alphabet and it represents a scientific and technical term, then a hyphen is used when writing it. | Alpha decay, x-unit, gamma globulin. |
Sentences sometimes contain a list of complex words with an identical second part. To avoid writing it every time, you can leave this part only in the final word, and use a hanging hyphen for previous words. | Electricity and energy consumption, television and radio broadcasting, motorcycle and bicycle travel. |
Correct spelling of compound proper names
Let's figure out how to correctly write complex nouns that are proper nouns.
Double surnames
Complex surnames from a number of components are written with a dash, and each part must be written with a capital letter.
Examples: Petrov-Sidorov, Andersen-Nexe.
Foreign names
There are rules for multi-component non-Russian names.
- If in a double or triple name the first word does not change during declension, then its parts are connected by a hyphen. Examples: Jean-Paul Belmondo.
- Combined first and last names are distinguished by separate spellings, including Latin names, which are compound nouns. Examples: Arthur Conan Doyle .
- If parts of a name without a surname serve as a means of naming, then they use a dash when writing. Examples: Maria Teresa .
Functional parts of speech in foreign names
The writing of function words in foreign names is also carried out according to certain rules.
- Functional words in a non-Russian name are written separately with a small letter. Examples: von der Stolz, le Chapelier.
- In eastern languages, a component of a name that carries a certain semantic load, is written with a small letter and is attached through a dash to the subsequent part of the word or, in its absence, to the previous one. Examples: Alif ed-Din, Imran el-Kuni.
- Sometimes, if in the parent language a function word is written with a capital letter, it retains its spelling in the Russian version. Examples: Francois De Morel, Andrea De Fournier.
- The links of the names O", Mac-, Saint-, San-, Saint- are written before the surname with a capital letter. The letter O- is separated by an apostrophe, the remaining elements are separated by a hyphen. Examples: O" Neill, McClain, Saint-Vincent, Saint- Laurent.
- The word “don”, if “master” is meant, is written separately with a small letter. Examples: Don Jose, Don Nicholas. (When using this word as an element of a proper name, it is written with a capital letter and uses a dash in its style. Examples: Don Quixote, Don Juan).
The use of the above words in a common noun meaning determines their continuous spelling with a small letter. Examples: Don Juan, Don Quixote.
Asian names and surnames
In Asian proper names of countries such as Korea, Japan, China and others, all components are written with a capital letter and separately. The element -san, used as an address in Japanese names, written with a small letter separated by a dash. Examples: Ban Ki-moon, Otoyama-san, Wu Tan.
Rules for writing geographical names
The components of toponyms are written with a capital letter and connected with a dash in the following cases:
- If two nouns are combined that have the meaning of a whole object or its parts. Examples: Ulan-Ude, Spas-Demensk.
- If the name of the city consists of a noun at the beginning and an adjective at the end. Examples: Leninsk-Kuznetsky, Gus-Khrustalny.
- When combining the component salt-, ust-, top- with the name of a geographical location. Examples: Verkh-Narym, Ust-Ilimsk . Exception: Solvychegodsk .
- When combining foreign language components. Examples: Sierra Leone, Monte Carlo.
Please note: despite the fact that toponyms are written with a hyphen, the names of the residents living in a given settlement are written together. As an example, consider a sentence with two compound nouns: “Ulaanbaatar residents live in the city of Ulaanbaatar.”
Additionally
Usually homogeneous members sentences are separated from each other by a comma. However, there are exceptions to this rule. The following paired combinations are written through a dash, eventually becoming part of a sentence with compound nouns:
- Paired combinations are synonyms. Examples: there is no end in sight, learn about life, determine benefits .
- Antonyms that form complex nouns. Examples: purchase and sale agreement, acceptance and issuance of money, collect questions and answers.
- Combinations that have associative connections. Examples: eat all sorts of birds and fish, go into the forest to pick mushrooms and berries, treat them with bread and salt.
Summarizing
Of course, it is impossible to cover all the variety of complex words and the rules for writing them in one article, but the main provisions have been discussed here. Compound nouns can differ in their method of formation, gender, spelling, meaning, etc.
The formation of complex words by adding them is one of the rather interesting functions of the Russian language, which helps to increase its vocabulary, and is also used to more accurately display certain meanings of certain objects.