A participle is a special part of speech, which is a verbal form and denotes a characteristic by action. It should be noted that being a verbal form, pr-ie has some morphological characteristics verb: the type and tense of each verbal form, transitivity and reflexivity can be distinguished in some verbal forms.
Part of speech features
The participle answers the question:
- Which?
- What do you do?
- What did he do?
- What did he do?
Here are some examples: melting snow (what did he do?), melted snow (what did he do), melted snow (what did he do?), a sown field (what?). It should be noted that the question “which?” can be asked for all of the above.
Since this part of speech answers the question “which?” And denotes a sign by action, it has several morphological features of an adjective: number, gender, case.
This part of speech has its own special morphemic features - suffixes:
- ushch (yushch) - ashch (box)
- vsh (sh)
- eat-im (ohm)
- enn (yonn)
These suffixes can be used to distinguish it from other parts of speech.
In a sentence it plays the role of an agreed definition or predicate.
For example:
- There's a melting snowflake in my palm. In this sentence, "melting" is an agreed adjective and is emphasized by a wavy line.
- Snowflake melting. In this sentence, “melting” is part of a compound nominal predicate with an omitted linking verb (present tense modality).
About half of all participles have a short form. The short form is formed from the full way truncation of the morphemic suffix. It is important not to confuse the form short adjective with the short participle form.
In Russian, this part of speech is of two types: active and passive.
Active participle
The active participle denotes the object or person who himself performs the action.
For example: A running person (the person performs the action independently), melting snow (the snow performs the action independently).
- Present tense suffixes: ush-yush, ush-yush.
- Past tense suffixes: wsh (w).
These suffixes will help determine the tense and type of participle. All active present participles are formed from the stem of verbs of the same form.
It should be noted that the suffixes ush (yush) form this part of speech from the verb of the first conjugation, and the suffixes asch-yashch are from the verb of the second conjugation. For example: “sowing” is formed from the verb “to sow” of the first conjugation of the present tense using the suffix "yushch".
Passive participle
The passive form denotes a sign according to the action of the object that itself this action does not perform (experiences this action on the part of another object or person).
For example: a reed shaken by the wind (a reed that shakes the wind, the reed itself did not perform this action), a sown field (a field that someone sowed, the field did not perform the action itself).
- Present passive suffixes: um-em-im
- Passive past tense suffixes: nn, t.
Passive present participle is formed similarly to the real one, only other suffixes are used. When forming the past participle using suffixes nn, t the basis of the infinitive from which this part of speech was formed is preserved.
Exception! During education passive participle from the verb ending with “it” the base of the infinitive will be cut off and a suffix will be added to it enn.
The passive participle can be formed from a single intransitive verb. For example: The words managed and driven are formed from the verbs manage and lead, which are intransitive.
The past passive form is formed from complete perfective and imperfective verbs. However, there are very few participles formed from imperfective verbs in the Russian language.
It is impossible to form such forms from verbs: search, take, love, write, sew, revenge, beat. The verb "to give" has the singular form "given".
It should be noted that there are several verbs in -sti- and -st-, the forms of which are formed from the stem of the future tense.
- Example: Bring - brought, spin - spun
A reflexive postfix can be added to the passive tenses of the present and past tenses "Xia"
- Example: Selling (books, buns), arrogant (children, athletes).
Participial
Before you find out the role of these parts of speech in a turnover, you need to understand what a turnover is. So, participial- this is the creation of a phrase with dependent words. Both in complex and simple sentences the participial phrase can be found:
- Before the defined word;
- After the defined word.
Please note that the participial phrase is always a single member of the sentence, namely by an agreed upon common definition.
For example:
Painting, , hangs in the hall of our museum. IN this proposal participial " written famous artist " comes before the word being defined, "picture," and is the agreed upon common definition.
We hope that our article helped you improve your knowledge of the Russian language and understand what the full passive participle is.
Sacrament Participles established by the Lord Himself last supper- the last meal with the disciples on Easter night before His capture and crucifixion.
“And while they were eating, Jesus took bread, and blessed it, and broke it, and gave it to the disciples, and said, Take, eat: this is My body. And, taking the cup and giving thanks, he gave it to them and said: drink from it, all of you, for this is My Blood of the New Testament, which is shed for many for the remission of sins" (Matthew 26:26-28), "...do this in remembrance of Me" (Luke 22:19). In the Sacrament of the Flesh and Blood of the Lord ( Eucharist - Greek. “thanksgiving”) there is a restoration of that unity between the nature of the Creator and the creation that existed before the Fall; this is our return to paradise lost. We can say that in Communion we receive, as it were, the germs future life in the Kingdom of Heaven. The mystical mystery of the Eucharist is rooted in the Savior's Sacrifice on the Cross. Having crucified His Flesh on the cross and shed His Blood, the God-man Jesus offered the Sacrifice of Love for us to the Creator and restored fallen human nature. Thus, the communion of the Body and Blood of the Savior becomes our participation in this restoration. « Christ is risen from the dead, death by death trampled down, and gave life to those in the tombs; and giving us eternal life...”
Eating the Flesh and Blood of Christ in the Sacrament of the Eucharist is not a symbolic action (as Protestants believe), but quite real. Not everyone can accommodate this secret.
« Jesus said to them, “Truly, truly, I say to you, unless you eat the flesh of the Son of Man and drink his blood, you have no life in you.”
He who eats My Flesh and drinks My Blood has eternal life, and I will raise him up on the last day.
For My Flesh is truly food, and My Blood is truly drink.
He who eats My Flesh and drinks My Blood abides in Me, and I in him.
Just as the living Father sent Me, and I live through the Father, so he who eats Me will also live through Me.
This is the bread that came down from heaven. Not as your fathers ate manna and died: whoever eats this bread will live forever.
…………………………………………
Many of His disciples, hearing this, said: What strange words! who can listen to this?
…………………………………………
From that time on, many of His disciples departed from Him and no longer walked with Him” (John 6:53–58, 60, 66).
Rationalists try to “bypass” the mystery, reducing mysticism to a symbol. The proud perceive what is inaccessible to their reason as an insult: Leo Tolstoy blasphemously called the sacrament “cannibalism.” For others it is a wild superstition, for others it is an anachronism. But the children of the Church of Christ know that in the Sacrament of the Eucharist, under the guise of bread and wine, they truly partake of the Body and Blood of Christ in Their essence. Indeed, it is not human nature to eat raw flesh and blood, and therefore at Communion the Gifts of Christ are hidden under the image of bread and wine. However, under outer shell Corrupt matter conceals the imperishable substance of the Divine nature. Sometimes, by special permission, the Lord lifts this veil of mystery and allows those in doubt to see the true nature of the Holy Gifts. In particular, in my personal practice there were two cases when the Lord wanted to allow those who were communing to see His Body and Blood in their authentic form. Both times were first communions; in one case, a person was sent to the Church by psychics for their own reasons. In another, the reason for coming to the temple was very superficial curiosity. After such a wonderful event, both became faithful children of the Orthodox Church.
How can we at least approximately understand the meaning of what is happening in the Sacrament of Communion? The nature of creation was created by the Creator akin to Himself: not only permeable, but also, as it were, inseparable from the Creator. This is natural given the holiness of created nature - its original state of free unity and submission to the Creator. The angelic worlds are in this state. However, nature our the world is distorted and perverted by the fall of its guardian and leader - man. Nevertheless, she did not lose the opportunity to reunite with the nature of the Creator: the clearest evidence of this is the incarnation of the Savior. But man fell away from God voluntarily, and he can also reunite with Him only through free will (even the incarnation of Christ required the consent of a person - the Virgin Mary!). In the same time deification
inanimate, without free will, nature, God can do it naturally, without permission
. Thus, in the divinely established Sacrament of Communion, the grace of the Holy Spirit at the established moment of the service (and also at the request of a person!) descends on the substance of bread and wine and offers
them into a substance of a different, higher nature: the Body and Blood of Christ. And now a person can accept these highest Gifts of Life only by showing his free will! The Lord gives Himself to everyone, but those who believe Him and love Him—the children of His Church—accept Him.
So, Communion is the grace-filled communion of the soul with the higher nature and in it with eternal life. Bringing this down greatest secret to the realm of everyday image, we can compare Communion with the “nutrition” of the soul, which it should receive after its “birth” in the Sacrament of Baptism. And just as a person is born into the world by flesh once, and then feeds for the rest of his life, so Baptism is a one-time event, and we must resort to Communion regularly, preferably at least once a month, possibly more often. Communion once a year is the minimum acceptable, but such a “hungry” regime can bring the soul to the brink of survival.
How is Communion celebrated in the Church?
It is necessary to properly prepare for participation in the Eucharist. A meeting with God is an event that shakes the soul and transforms the body. Worthy communion requires a conscious and reverent attitude towards this event. There must be sincere faith in Christ and an understanding of the meaning of the Sacrament. We must have reverence for the Savior’s Sacrifice and awareness of our unworthiness to accept this great Gift (we accept It not as a well-deserved reward, but as a manifestation of mercy loving Father). There must be reconciliation of the soul: you need to sincerely forgive in your heart everyone who has “saddened us” in one way or another (remembering the words of the Lord’s Prayer: “And forgive us our debts, as we forgive our debtors”) and try, if possible, to reconcile with them ; This applies even more to those who, for one reason or another, consider themselves offended by us. Before Communion, one should read the prayers defined by the Church and compiled by the holy fathers, which are called: “Following to Holy Communion”; These prayer texts are present, as a rule, in all editions of Orthodox prayer books (collections of prayers). It is advisable to discuss the exact amount of reading of these texts with the priest to whom you turn for advice and who knows the specifics of your life. After the Sacrament of Communion is performed, it is necessary to read “Prayers of Thanksgiving for Holy Communion.” Finally, preparing to accept into yourself - into your flesh and into your soul - the Mysteries of the Body and Blood of Christ, terrible in their greatness, you must cleanse yourself with body and soul. Fasting and Confession serve this purpose.
Corporal fasting involves abstaining from eating savory food. The duration of fasting before Communion is usually up to three days. Directly on the eve of Communion, one must abstain from marital relations and from midnight one must not eat any food (in fact, one must not eat or drink anything in the morning before the service). However, in specific cases, significant deviations from these norms are possible; They should, again, be discussed individually.
Communion in Church
The Sacrament of Communion itself takes place in the Church at a service called liturgy . As a rule, the liturgy is celebrated in the first half of the day; exact time The beginning of services and the days of their performance should be found out directly in the temple you are going to go to. Services usually begin between seven and ten o'clock in the morning; The duration of the liturgy, depending on the nature of the service and partly on the number of communicants, is from one and a half to four to five hours. In cathedrals and monasteries, liturgies are served daily; in parish churches on Sundays and on church holidays. It is advisable for those preparing for Communion to attend the service from the beginning (for this is a single spiritual action), and also to attend the evening service the day before, which is prayerful preparation for the Liturgy and the Eucharist.
During the liturgy, you need to stay in the church without going out, prayerfully participating in the service until the priest comes out of the altar with a cup and proclaims: “Approach with the fear of God and faith.” Then the communicants line up one after another in front of the pulpit (first children and the infirm, then men and then women). Hands should be folded crosswise on the chest; You are not supposed to be baptized in front of the cup. When your turn comes, you need to stand in front of the priest, say your name and open your mouth so that you can put in a spoon with a particle of the Body and Blood of Christ. The liar must be thoroughly licked with his lips, and after wiping his lips with the cloth, reverently kiss the edge of the bowl. Then, without venerating the icons or talking, you need to move away from the pulpit and take a drink - St. water with wine and a particle of prosphora (in this way, it is as if the oral cavity is washed, so that the smallest particles of the Gifts are not accidentally expelled from oneself, for example, when sneezing). After communion you need to read (or listen in Church) thanksgiving prayers and in the future carefully guard your soul from sins and passions.
Russian is considered one of the most difficult languages to learn. And this fact is very easy to explain only by the number of parts of speech in it, not to mention their special forms. In the school course of the Russian language, children are introduced to the participle as a special verbal form, but many linguists argue that it is an independent part of speech, which has its own grammatical features.
Communion in Russian
The definition in the textbook for grade 7 sounds something like this: a participle is a special form of words denoting an action with clearly expressed signs of an adjective that answer questions Which? what is he doing? and what did he do? Essentially, these are verbs that describe the action of an object and at the same time define its characteristics in a certain period of time. It is precisely this feature of this part of speech that is not only a stumbling block in determining its independence, but also common mistake in indicating the function of words in a sentence that relate to it. Quite often, schoolchildren confuse participles with verbs or adjectives. Such errors lead to incorrect spelling of words and incorrect punctuation in sentences. How to distinguish a participle from a verb or an adjective, how to understand whether it is a full or short participle? Examples that will clearly show how participles are formed from verbs in different conjugations can be found in this article. Also here you can find a description of active, passive participles and verbal adjectives.
Similarities of participles with verb and adjective
The participle includes grammatical features of two parts of speech: a verb and an adjective. Like a verb, it can be perfect or imperfect, or, in other words, it can mean a completed or unfinished action. May have a reflexive form and may be active or passive. Like adjectives, there are full and short participles. In addition, this form of the verb changes in gender, case and number, which may well mean its independence. It should also be noted that participles can only have present and past tenses. It does not have a future tense form. For example: jumping is an imperfect form in the present tense and jumped off is a perfect form in the past tense.
Features of participles
All participles, depending on what attribute they indicate, are divided into two types: passive (indicating the attribute of the object to which the action is directed) and active (indicating the attribute of the object that performed the action). For example: guided - guide, openable - opening. Depending on which verb is taken to form the participle, a different tense form comes out. For example: look - looking, looking, looking; view - viewed, viewed. The example shows that from a verb of the imperfect form, where there is no indication that the action will be completed, the past and present participles are formed, and from the perfect form only the past. From here we can also conclude that the formation of a participle is directly related to the type and transitivity of the verb, the form of which it represents. In turn, passive participles are also divided into two types: short participle and full participle. Another feature of the participle is that it, together with the words dependent on it, quite often forms a phrase, which is highlighted in writing with commas.
Active participles
To form active participles in the present tense, the initial form of the verb is taken as a basis and a suffix is added to the first conjugation -ush-, -yush-, and to the second -ash-, -box-. For example: galloping - galloping, treating - healing. To form the active participle in the past tense, suffixes -t- and -t- replaced by -sh- and -vsh-. For example: to go - traveling, to carry - carrying.
Passive participles
Passive participles are also formed by replacing suffixes. To form the present tense, suffixes are used for the first conjugation of verbs -eat-, and for the second -them-. For example: love - beloved, keep - stored. In order to obtain the passive past participle, the infinitive with the ending is taken as the basis -at or -et and adds a suffix to the verb -nn-. For example: draw - drawn, stick - pasted. For verbs ending in -it, when forming participles use a suffix -enn-. For example: paint - painted, whiten - bleached. If the ending of the verb -ot, -ut or -yt, then to obtain a participle the suffix is used -T-. For example: inflate - inflated, flog - flogged.
Short and full communion
Passive participles have two forms: short and full. The short participle has the same grammatical features as short name adjective. They are formed from full form participles can change by number and gender, but are not declined by case. In a sentence, a short participle often acts as a nominal part of a compound predicate. For example: I'm not loved by anyone. However, there are exceptions in which the short participle is used as a separate definition associated with the subject. For example: pale as a toadstool. Full participles contain the grammatical features of both the adjective and the verb, and in a sentence they are always a modifier.
Participles and verbal adjectives
Participles are characterized not only by the presence of morphological features of the verb, but their meaning in the sentence is especially important. They have the ability to subjugate words, forming phrases that have already been mentioned. However, if the temporary signs that bind the action to themselves are lost, then the sign of the object becomes permanent. And this can only mean that the participle has lost all its verbal characteristics and has become an adjective that depends on the noun. For example: restrained character, taut strings, high spirits. Considering this possibility of a participle turning into an adjective, one should analyze the word very carefully so as not to confuse these two similar, but at the same time different parts of speech.
Scheme of morphological analysis of the participle
Although the participle is not isolated as a separate independent part of speech, they only say that it is a special verb form with elements of an adjective, but still morphological analysis is carried out according to the same scheme as the analysis of independent parts of speech. First of all, determine the name, in in this case this is a participle. Next, its morphological characteristics are described: the initial shape is determined. That is, they put the word in the nominative case in masculine and singular; describe constant signs, which include the following indicators: active participle or passive, indicate the time in which the word is used in a sentence and the type of participle; next item - description inconsistent symptoms: number, gender and case (for full participles). At the end of the analysis, the syntactic function of the participle in a sentence is described (whether it is a definition or acts as a nominal part of the predicate).
In Russian it is a form of a verb, but also has the characteristics of an adjective. Therefore, not all linguists distinguish the participle in separate part speech.
But in schools, a participle is a special one that has many of the characteristics of an adjective. In addition to the fact that the participle answers questions about adjectives, it also
denotes a sign of an object, but this sign is associated with an action and is also called a verbal sign or a sign of action. For example, falling snow is snow that falls.
Students become familiar with what a sacrament is in the 6th grade. Before this, it is not distinguished from an adjective. Like adjectives, participles can be of any kind, and can also be in plural. The participle has an initial form. It has gender and number. For example, the word "flying" can have the form "flying", "flying" and "flying". Participles are also declined according to cases and can be in a short form, for example, “opened”, “painted”. It is always a definition in a sentence, just like an adjective.
What is a participle from the point of view of verb features? There are present and past participles, but there are no future participles. For example, “sitting now” and “sitting before.” Another verbal feature is aspect, and in phrases built according to the type of control, participles require a noun in accusative case. There are reflexive participles, for example, “stumbling.”
It is very important to correctly determine the conjugation of the verb from which the participle was formed, otherwise you may make a mistake in writing the suffix. It is also important to be able to determine the basis of transitivity and know what reflexive verbs. Therefore, before studying what a participle is, you need to study the topic “Verb” in detail.
All participles are divided into two large groups. They are active and passive. They can be distinguished not only by meaning, but also by suffixes. indicate that the object itself does something. The suffixes -ush-, -yush-, -ash-, -yash- are added to the stem of the present tense verb, and for the past tense verb -vsh- and -sh-. For example, sleeping, chewing, flying.
If the action is performed not by the object itself, but by someone else, then the sign of this action is indicated by passive participles. The suffixes -nn-, -enn-, -t- are involved in their formation. For example, licked, closed, turned on. Passive participles are not formed from all verbs. For example, the verb "to take" does not have a passive participle form, from intransitive verbs such participles are also not formed. But only passive participles form a short form.
Students experience great difficulties not from completing the topic “What is a participle” itself, but from the inability to correctly write participle suffixes. Students make a lot of mistakes when writing double letters"n".
What the sacrament is, you need to remember and know even after school. To use words correctly in writing and oral speech, you need to be able to form them.
μετοχή ) is an independent part of speech, or (depending on the point of view) a special form of the verb, which has the properties of both a verb and an adjective. Indicates the attribute of an object by action and answers questions what?, what?, what does he do?, what did he do?, what did he do? The verb features of the participle are the category of aspect, voice, as well as a special predicative form of tense. Adjective (associated with the adjective) features of a participle are the categories of gender, number and case, the possibility of forming short forms for passive participles, syntactic function agreed upon definition. In addition, participles tend to become adjectives: brilliant fire - brilliant performance.The participle is used in many Indo-European languages, Arabic, Hungarian, and also in many Eskimo languages (for example, Sireniki). In other languages, together with the gerund it forms special part speeches - English Participle, German Partizip.
In russian language
The question of the status of the participle has been and is being resolved ambiguously in Russian studies, but linguists agree that participles are formed from a verb. The formation of participles is closely related to the category of aspect and transitivity. For example, present and past participles can be formed from imperfect verbs, but only past participles can be formed from perfect verbs. In addition, passive participles can only be formed from transitive verbs. Present participles are formed from the present tense stem. Active voice forms are formed using suffixes -ush- growing) And -asch- holding). Forms of the present passive voice are formed using suffixes -om- , -eat- for verbs of the first conjugation ( slave) And -them- - for verbs of the second conjugation ( persecuted).
Past participles are formed from the stem of the infinitive. Active participles are formed using a suffix -vsh- for verbs whose stem ends in a vowel ( holding). Using a suffix -sh- such participles are formed from verbs with a stem on a consonant ( growing up).
Some verbs have specificity in the formation of participles; such verbs include verbs in -is , during the formation of which the original base is truncated ( sat down). From verbs with suffix -Well- It is possible to form two forms of participles, for example, extinguished - extinguished.
Passive past participles are formed using suffixes -nn- (from verbs to -at : read, Lost), -enn- (from verbs to -it And -whose : baked), -T- (from monosyllabic verbs: crumpled).
Passive participles usually have full ( verified) and short ( verified) shapes. Short forms vary by gender and number. However, not all present passive participles have a short form. Since passive present participles ( slave, readable) relate primarily to book speech; there are some stylistic restrictions on the formation of such forms. Therefore, from colloquial and some neutral verbs (for example, beat, cover, feed and so on) often passive present participles are not formed. Also, not all verbs form passive past participles in Russian.
Adjectivation
Adjectivation called transition various parts speech into an adjective, but participles are subject to adjectivization to a greater extent. When adjectivated, participles lose their verb categories and begin to denote a constant, static, unchanging sign, thus a rethinking of the participles occurs. Highlight:
- participles turned into adjectives with figurative meaning (brilliant career);
- participles that have turned into adjectives with new, additional meanings ( thinking creature);
- participles that have turned into adjectives denoting the intended purpose of performing some action ( typewriter);
- participles turned into adjectives with the meaning of the ability to be subjected to any influence ( inflected nouns);
- participles turned into adjectives with the meaning of a state caused as a result of some action ( condensed milk).
Grammatical features
The participle changes according to the characteristics of the adjective. It changes by numbers, by cases, by gender in the singular. The participle can be perfective or imperfective, past or present tense; these signs do not change; for the sacrament they are constant.
Examples of active participle
- Rain, watering land.
- Horror, flying on the wings of the night.
- Human, read book.
- fallen leaves from the tree.
- Birch, leaning over wet bushes.
Examples of passive participle
- Earth, watered rain.
- Plant, grown in the garden.
- Book, read everyone.
Perfect
The short form of the passive past participle of perfective verbs is used in Russian to form passive perfect forms: the book has been read(present perfect), the house was built(past perfect) the road will be paved(future perfect).
Subjunctive participle
The question of the existence in the Russian language of the subjunctive participle formed by adding to active participle past tense particles would, is debatable. However, similar forms are sometimes found in the works of N.V. Gogol, and in the form of a stable circulation would be an honor- from many other authors.
Participial
A participle with dependent words is called participial phrase. In a sentence, the participial phrase and the participle are a separate or non-separate agreed definition.
In Russian, the participial phrase is often separated by commas. If the participial phrase comes after the word being defined, it is separated by commas on both sides. When the participial phrase stands before the word being defined, commas are not placed, except in cases where the word being defined is expressed by a personal pronoun.
- Program, written in haste, performed an illegal operation.
- Written in a hurry The program performed an illegal operation.
Complex sentences can be overloaded with participial phrases:
- Woodpecker, hammering tree, growing In the woods, buried snow, falling from the branches, very cold.