Instructions

Social norm is a culturally defined desired way of behavior. It is based on ideas about good and bad deeds, about good, evil and their consequences - these ideas are enshrined in moral and ethical norm X. Moral and ethical norms (and partly aesthetic norms) are included in the complex of so-called “ideological norms”. Only then will the behavior be norm tive when it will be executed “automatically”. Social automatisms underlying norm tive behavior, in the language of sociology is called social rituals - rigidly fixed sequences of obligatory actions. Such rituals include, for example, introduction or the ritual of a student turning to a teacher. The entire set of social automatisms is called norm mi customs; Among them, specific ethnic norms are distinguished.

Among the social norms there are special group– clearly and unambiguously defined. These are the religious norms set forth in the texts of the holy books or otherwise sanctioned by the church. These are the corporate norms (organization norms) operating within them. And finally, these are the legal norms. Rules of law are generally binding, explicitly established by the state in legislation and having coercive force, i.e. provides for punishment in the name of the state for their violation.

Any social norm supported by encouraging behavior that is appropriate norm m (conformal) and through the prevention and punishment of the inappropriate (deviant, deviant). The problem of deviant and conformist behavior - important problem, which is studied by psychologists, cultural scientists, sociologists and criminologists. It is important because, first of all, a change in the ratio of conformity and deviance indicates a change in ideas in society about acceptable and unacceptable behavior, and, consequently, a change in social norms.

Tip 2: What is the social norm for electricity and why is it dangerous for us?

The social norm for electricity has caused a lot of noise, although the law has not even been adopted yet. Our citizens intuitively understand that despite all attempts to disguise this measure as “saving electricity,” they want to force us to pay more. But how much more and how else is this dangerous for us?

What is a social norm

The social norm is hello from the times of the USSR. Then for all kinds utilities such standards were established. They were used to calculate benefits, for example. So that a pensioner who lives in a four-room apartment receives benefits only for a certain amount square meters, and not for the entire apartment.

What is the social norm for electricity consumption?

The social norm is the number of kilowatts per person registered. It’s easy to check if you’re within the norm. Multiply the number of registered ones by the social norm established in your region. It turned out more than you usually pay per month - this will not affect you. Less - you will pay the difference at a higher rate.

For example, during an experiment conducted in certain regions of the country, large families began to pay more. They do laundry more often and heat their rooms with electric heaters.

The norm will be established in each region separately. For example, when calculating, you can focus on 100 kW, this is the most likely figure.

What to do to reduce energy consumption

- Change the lamps in your house to energy-saving ones. This will give you an average saving of around 100 kW per month per apartment.

Improve the thermal insulation of your apartment. This will allow you to use electric heaters less often.

Prepare as much as possible gas stove. For example, I refused electric kettle. And I don’t regret it at all.

Social norms are instructions, requirements, wishes and expectations of appropriate (socially approved) behavior. Norms are some ideal samples (templates) that determine what people should say, think, feel and do in specific situations. They differ in scale.
The first type is norms that arise and exist only in small groups (youth parties, groups of friends, family, work teams, sports teams). These are called "group habits."
The second type are norms that arise and exist in large groups or in society as a whole. These are called "general rules". These are customs, traditions, mores, laws, etiquette, and manners of behavior. Every social group has its own manners, customs and etiquette. There is social etiquette, there are manners of behavior of young people. There are national traditions and mores.
It is with the normativity of social behavior that a person’s role functions in society and a group, determined by his status in this group, are associated. The norm, introduced both into the behavior of the individual and into the mentality of the group and society, dictates the expected behavior, its stereotype, the individual’s idea of ​​his proper behavior.
Social norms perform very important functions in society. They:
regulate general progress socialization;
· integrate individuals into groups, and groups into society;
· control deviant behavior;
· Serve as models and standards of behavior.
How can this be achieved using norms?
First, norms are also the duties of one person towards another or other persons. By prohibiting newcomers from communicating with their superiors more often than with their comrades, the small group imposes certain obligations on its members and places them in certain relationships with their superiors and comrades. Therefore, norms form a network of social relations in a group or society.
Secondly, norms are also expectations: others expect completely unambiguous behavior from a person who follows this norm. When some pedestrians move on the right side of the street, and those walking towards them move on the left, orderly, organized interaction occurs. When a rule is broken, clashes and chaos arise. The effect of norms is even more obvious in business. It is, in principle, impossible if the partners do not comply with written and unwritten norms, rules, and laws. Therefore, norms form a system of social interaction, which includes motives, goals, orientation of the subjects of action, the action itself, expectation, evaluation and means.
Norms perform their functions depending on the quality in which they manifest themselves:
· as standards of behavior (responsibilities, rules);
· as expectations of behavior (the reaction of other people).
The study of social norms involves the analysis of social relations and the activities of individuals. Society is always the result of the interaction of people, expresses the result of the connections and relationships of individuals and their activities.
Social norms have everything general character. Expressing a certain rule of behavior, a social norm extends its effect not only to a specific person (that is, it is not of a specific nature), but to all persons who find themselves in similar situations. Social norms, just like universal rules of behavior, are characterized by versatility of application, duration of actions, uncertainty of the addressee (addressed to everyone who finds themselves in a certain capacity, in certain conditions provided by social norms).
The social interaction of people is objectively manifested in repeated acts of production, exchange, distribution, diverse social connections and relationships. At the earliest stages of the development of society, simultaneously with the emergence of labor and exchange, the need to streamline them also appears. Repeated repetition of certain acts of activity, phenomena and events is a special feature of the historical process, revealing the internal pattern of its development.
A social norm is not just an abstract rule of desired behavior. It also means the real action itself, which has actually been established in life, in practice. In this case, actual actions become the rule.
Thus, a social norm is formed in the course of the conscious, goal-setting activity of people, determined, ultimately, by objective factors that give the norms “objective authority.”
Social norms are extremely diverse, since they are varied and regulated by them public relations.
All social norms can be classified depending on how strictly their implementation is observed:
Violation of some norms is followed by a mild punishment - disapproval, a smirk, an unfriendly look.
For violation of other norms there are strict sanctions - imprisonment, even the death penalty.
A certain degree of non-compliance with norms exists in every society and in every group. Violation of palace etiquette, the ritual of diplomatic conversation or marriage causes awkwardness and puts a person in a difficult position. But it does not entail harsh penalties.
Legal science divides social norms based on such criteria as:
· method of formation;
· scope of action;
· social orientation.
From this point of view, the following stand out:
Legal standards: They are enshrined in laws issued by the state, clearly describing the boundaries of behavior and punishment for their violation. They act as the main points of concentration, determine the features of the entire system and the nature of the relationships between its parts. Compliance with legal norms is ensured by the power of the state.
Moral standards are formed in the process of approval and development of moral views. Morality is the views, ideas and rules that arise as a direct reflection of conditions public life in people's minds in the form of categories of justice and injustice, good and evil, etc. Morality covers almost all spheres of social relations (including those regulated by law).
Political norms: rules governing relations regarding the exercise of political power and management of society. Manifested both in domestic and international external relations with other countries and peoples. They consist of rules of conduct governing relations between states, social groups, parties, in the sphere of exercising political power.
Aesthetic standards: they reinforce ideas about the beautiful and the ugly not only in artistic creativity, but also in people’s behavior, in production and in everyday life. In a word, these are rules associated with ideas about the beauty of human actions. Negative assessments in this case are combined with moral censure.
Religious norms: uh then the rules of behavior of people in the field of religion established by religious organizations or developed in the course of social practice, many of them act as moral norms in content, and also come into contact with legal norms, such as religious norms in the commandments establish “thou shalt not kill, do not steal” and legal prohibitions such actions.
Corporate standards: these are established rules of behavior expressed in the charters, regulations, decisions of public organizations to implement and achieve the goals of their functioning. They regulate relations within a given organization, the order of its activities, the relationships that make up this organization, the procedure for joining and leaving this organization. Corporate standards are ensured by measures provided by this public organization.
Norms of customs and traditions: these are rules of behavior that develop in a certain social environment, are passed on from generation to generation, act as a natural life need of people, and as a result of their repeated repetition become habits for them. Customs were once either moral or religious norms, but over time their true meaning was forgotten. People, following customs, no longer say whether this or that behavior is good or bad, but act in a certain way out of habit.
The above classification is generally accepted and most common.
To summarize the above, we can note that social norms are the consciously volitional activity of people, generally binding rules of behavior of people in their relationships among themselves, ultimately determined by the experience of historical development, national characteristics, existing economic and political relations and ensured by the consciousness of the masses, and also, in necessary cases, by measures of state coercion or public influence.

Social norms - general rules and patterns of behavior that have developed in society as a result of long-term practical activities of people, during which optimal standards and models of correct behavior were developed.

Each society has its own specific system of norms, values, standards, etc. Moreover, norms regulate not only the behavior and responsibilities of members of this society, but also determine and set the goals of existence - both of individual people and of the entire society. The system of norms depends on the level of socio-economic, political, spiritual development of a given society, as well as on industrial and social relations. Social norms are formed inevitably as a consequence of communication and cooperation of people; they are inherent and fundamental integral part any form of human socialization. There is not a single society or group of people without a system of norms that determine their behavior.

Social norms perform a variety of functions: orientational, regulatory, sanctioning, informational, correctional, educational, etc. Norms contain certain methods of action, according to which individuals direct, organize and evaluate their activities and regulate their behavior. Social norms focus on the formation of goals of human behavior, but also contain requirements regarding the means of achieving them.

With regard to social norms, different understandings are possible, which entails different directions studying them:

Social norms - as a means of social regulation of the behavior of individuals and groups; - social norms - as a set of requirements and expectations that social community to its members

The first of these understandings has a functional connotation. In other words, norms are viewed instrumentally and dynamically. It is assumed that they are known or, at a minimum, accessible for detection and recording. On the other hand, what is of interest is not this or that specific norm, but what is the mechanism of their action in general, what are the patterns of their emergence, existence, and replacement by other norms? As possible practical use patterns being studied?

The second understanding is rather phenomenological in nature. At the same time, questions of a substantive nature in relation to specific norms, questions of their qualitative differences and similarities are of interest.

Social norms perform many functions and cover all aspects of our lives. Thanks to norms, society gets rid of the need to regulate the same acts of individual behavior. Naturally, regulation occurs in accordance with the dominant system of values, needs, interests, and ideology. Thus, social norms turn out to be a goal-setting tool. Just as naturally, they become a tool for forecasting, social control and correction of deviant behavior in social environment, as well as stimulating human creative and social activity.

It should be noted that the study of social norms is associated with certain difficulties due to the fact that neither epistemology, nor psychology, nor medicine, nor sociology separately can give an answer to the question of the genesis and mechanisms of the emergence of norms. The norm is objectively the point of intersection of many social processes, therefore its study has interdisciplinary significance.

Distinguish three ways in which social norms emerge and function:

• spontaneous (natural);
• systematically conscious (purposeful) and
• mixed.

Moreover, with each of these mechanisms, any types of social norms can arise, and in each case, their own peculiarities of the genesis of norms are revealed, inherent in a specific mechanism.

The origin of norms can be caused by natural processes. One can observe the self-development of social norms, usually functioning in the form of customs, traditions, rituals, etc. Creation and transformation of social norms as a result of purposeful, orderly activity - artificial process. Their emergence is a product of human consciousness, experience, and culture. But although this process is artificial, it does not lose objectivity, because it has objectively established conditions as its prerequisites.

The role of a social norm in the social process is that it is a means of consolidating practical experience people and knowledge, and then translating them into social practice at a higher, more effective level.

Clarification of the essence of the norm as an integral system will become more complete when we highlight from the variety of signs various types norms in general are the basic properties of a norm that make up its structure, characterizing its dialectical nature. Such basic The properties of a social norm are:

• objectivity of reality reflection;
• unambiguity (consistency);
• historicity (continuity);
• compulsory reproduction;
• relative stability (stability);
• dynamism (variability);
• formal certainty (external completeness);
• degree of prevalence, focus on the future;
• optimality; .
• the possibility of its measurement;
• organizing, regulating ability;
• prevention;
• correctional and educational ability.

Social norms are vital to society:

• maintain order and balance in society;
• suppress biological instincts hidden in a person and “civilize” a person;
• help a person to join the life of society and socialize.

Functions:

- Regulatory. These norms establish the rules of behavior in society and regulate social interaction. By regulating the life of society, they ensure the stability of its functioning, the maintenance of social processes in the required state, and the orderliness of social relations. In a word, social norms support a certain systematicity of society, the conditions for its existence as a single organism.

- Evaluation. Social norms act in social practice as criteria for attitudes towards certain actions, as the basis for assessing social meaningful behavior specific subjects (moral - immoral, legal - illegal).

- Broadcasting. We can say that social norms concentrate the achievements of mankind in the organization of social life, the culture of relations created by generations, and the experience (including negative ones) of the social structure. In the form of social norms, this experience and culture are not only preserved, but also “broadcast” into the future, passed on to subsequent generations (through education, upbringing, enlightenment, etc.).

In order to exist in the social world, a person needs communication and cooperation with other people. But essential for the implementation of joint and purposeful action should be a situation in which people have a common idea of ​​​​how to act correctly, and how incorrectly, in what direction to make their efforts. In the absence of such representation, concerted action cannot be achieved. Thus, a person, as a social being, must create many generally accepted patterns of behavior in order to successfully exist in society, interacting with other individuals. Such patterns of behavior of people in society, regulating this behavior in a certain direction, are called social norms.

Main public purpose social norm can be formulated as the regulation of social relations and behavior of people. Regulating relationships through social norms ensures voluntary and conscious cooperation of people.

Regulatory - This is one of the main functions of social norms. By and large, its essence lies in regulating and streamlining the interaction of people and their associations. Thereby stabilizing and organizing society, as well as creating the basis for its existence and development of society.
Another important function is evaluative . Being standards and examples of socially necessary or acceptable behavior. The evaluative function is, in some way, a criterion for treating specific acts of behavior of people and their associations as immoral or moral, etc.
But don't forget the importance broadcast functions. Since social norms concentrate and historical memory people and their communities regarding the optimal forms of their relationships within society. After all, knowledge about various types norms are transmitted through the education system, and norms of behavior, in turn, are transmitted from generation to generation, thus, over many years, and the possibility of using the historical experience of regulatory regulation in new conditions is laid down.

Social norms perform a number of important social functions:

• Socialization - norms are a means of introducing people to a certain social and cultural experience.
• Transmission of culture - its transfer from generation to generation.
• Social control - norms regulate the behavior of individuals.
• Social integration - social and intra-group cohesion is maintained through norms.
• Sacralization - norms sanctify various social relations and objects, both real and fictional. Norms are not visible until they are violated. Violation of social norms can be a sign of anemia in a society.

There are various classifications of social norms. The most important thing is the division of social norms depending on the characteristics of their emergence and implementation. By this basis There are five types of social norms: moral norms, customary norms, corporate norms, religious norms and legal norms.

Moral norms are rules of behavior that are derived from people’s ideas about good and evil, justice and injustice, good and bad. The implementation of these norms is ensured by public opinion and the inner conviction of people.

Norms of customs are rules of behavior that have become habitual as a result of their repeated repetition. The implementation of customary norms is ensured by the force of habit. Customs with moral content are called mores.

A variety of customs are traditions that express the desire of people to preserve certain ideas, values, useful forms behavior. Another type of customs are rituals that regulate the behavior of people in the everyday, family and religious spheres.

Corporate norms are the rules of conduct established by public organizations. Their implementation is ensured by the internal conviction of the members of these organizations, as well as by the public associations themselves.

Religious norms refer to the rules of conduct contained in various holy books or established by the church. The implementation of this type of social norms is ensured by the internal beliefs of people and the activities of the church.

Legal norms are rules of behavior established or sanctioned by the state; church norms are rights established or sanctioned by the state, and sometimes directly by the people, the implementation of which is ensured by the authority and coercive power of the state.

All social norms in force in modern society, are divided on two grounds:
by the method of their establishment (creation);
- by means of protecting their claims from violations. Based on this, there are the following types social norms:
1. Rules of law - rules of conduct that are established and protected by the state.
2. Norms of morality (morality) - rules of behavior that are established in society in accordance with people’s moral ideas about good and evil, justice and injustice, duty, honor, dignity and are protected by the power of public opinion or internal conviction.
3. The norms of public organizations are rules of behavior that are established by public organizations themselves and are protected through measures of social influence provided for by the charters of these organizations.
4. Norms of customs are rules of behavior that have developed in a certain social environment and, as a result of their repeated repetition, have become the habit of people. The peculiarity of these norms of behavior is that they are fulfilled due to habit, which has become a natural human need in life.
5. The norms of traditions appear in the form of the most generalized and stable rules of behavior that arise in connection with the maintenance of time-tested progressive foundations of a certain sphere of human activity (for example, family, professional, military, national and other traditions).
6. Norms of rituals are a type of social norms that determine the rules of behavior of people when performing rituals and are protected by measures of moral influence. Ritual norms are widely used during national holidays, weddings, official meetings of state and public figures. The peculiarity of the implementation of ritual norms is their colorfulness and theatricality.
The division of social norms is carried out not only by the method of establishing them and protecting them from violations, but also by content. On this basis, political, technical, labor, family norms, cultural norms, religious norms and others are distinguished.

There are many classifications of social norms proposed by scientists in the legal literature; such a variety of classifications can be explained by the fact that a particular classification is based on different classification criteria. The most common systematization is based on two criteria:

1. By scope social norms are distinguished between economic, political, religious, environmental, etc. The boundaries between them are drawn depending on the sphere of social life in which they operate, on the nature of social relations - the subject of regulation. Economic norms are of particular importance for our country in the conditions of the emergence of a market economy and are self-regulating principles economic activity society. Political norms are designed to regulate the relations of social groups, citizens to state power, relations between peoples, participation of the people as a whole and individual social groups in state power, organization of the state, relationships of the state with other organizations political system society. Religious norms regulate the relationship of believers to God, the church, each other, the structure and functions of religious organizations. Religious norms are of great importance. The existence of different faiths and movements dictates the need to identify a set of moral and ethical principles - an integral part of religious beliefs. Religious canons are a regulatory system operating in society from the most ancient stages of human development. A special role in the possibility of the existence and recognition of religious norms was played by the provision of the “Universal Declaration of Human Rights”: “Every person has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes the freedom to change one's religion or belief as an individual. So also in common with others, public or private, in teaching, worship and the performance of religious and ritual rites.”;

2. By mechanism(or regulatory features): morality, law, customs and corporate norms. Here the difference lies in the process of formation of norms, the form of their fixation, the nature of the regulatory impact and the methods and methods of enforcement.

The number of social norms is huge. According to content there are different quantities types of social norms depending on how social relations regulated by social norms are distinguished. There is no clear classification here.

Traditionally there are:

• Political norms (rules governing relations regarding the exercise of political power and management of society);
• Economic norms (rules governing relations regarding the production and distribution of social goods);
• Cultural norms (rules governing the behavior of people in the non-productive sphere of society; here, first of all, we mean norms governing creative, sports and other activities to realize human interests);
• Aesthetic norms (rules associated with ideas about the beauty of human actions, as well as the external manifestations of the beautiful and the ugly);
• Religious norms (rules governing the relations of believers with each other, with religious organizations, religious rituals, etc.);
• Other social norms.

According to the mechanism of action, social norms are divided into socially autonomous and socially heteronomous, which reflects various ways the impact of social norms on individual behavior.

Socially autonomous norms are rules of behavior based on the internal convictions of an individual (for example, moral norms).
Social heteronomous norms are rules of behavior that are external to a person’s personality, imposed from outside, their implementation is strictly regulated and ensured by external coercion (for example, legal norms).
From the point of view of legal science, the main classification of social norms is the classification, the criterion of which is the method of formation and method of ensuring social norms. On this basis, all social norms are divided into two groups: legal norms and other social norms.
Legal norms, both by the method of formation and by the method of enforcement, are associated with the state. They are established or sanctioned by state power, on the one hand, and ensured by the power of state coercion, on the other.
Other social norms are formed by other social institutions and are ensured by other - non-state - measures of influence. Depending on the characteristics of the formation and provision of other (non-legal) social norms, they are divided into three main types:

Customs are historically established rules of behavior of a general nature that have become the habit of people as a result of repeated repetition and are a regulator of social relations.

From the point of view of the method of formation, customs develop historically, naturally as established and most acceptable options for behavior; they are formed by society independently of the state. From the point of view of the method of enforcement, customs are maintained primarily by the force of habit; In addition, like all social norms, they are secured by the power of public opinion.

Norms of morality (morality) are general rules of behavior based on people’s ideas about good, evil, honor, duty, justice, etc. categories supported by the internal conviction of the individual and the strength of public opinion.
From the point of view of the method of formation, moral norms develop in society, are absorbed by the individual in the process of socialization, and are introduced into consciousness through education. From the point of view of methods of ensuring specific to moral norms, it is the support by the force of the internal conviction of the individual; In addition, moral norms are supported by the power of public opinion, and for them this method is more significant than for other social norms.

Corporate norms - rules of conduct, installed themes or other association of people, regulating relations between members of this association and supported by measures of influence of these public associations themselves.
Examples of such norms can be the charters of various public associations, interest clubs, for example, a cat lovers club, a philatelist club, house committees, etc.

From the point of view of both the methods of formation and methods of enforcement, these norms are associated with various non-state associations of citizens; they are established by these associations independently, in order to streamline their relationships in the process of communication based on interests. At the same time, citizens independently introduce measures of influence on those members of the association who violate the norms established by it. The most significant measure to ensure corporate norms is exclusion from members of a given society.

All classifications of social norms closely intersect with each other. Characterize separate group social norms is possible only by reflecting its features from the point of view of various classifications.

The word "norm" has Latin roots. Translated, it means “standard”, “rule”, “sample”. Norms can relate to a wide variety of processes and phenomena: social, natural, technical. Rules indicate the limits within which an object retains its ability to function, its qualities and does not lose its essence. Next, consider the concept of social norm.

Areas of distribution

Social norms are rules by which people's actions are regulated. They have a number of features. In particular, social norms of behavior directly concern people and the relationships between them.

Objectivity

Being a complex structure, the sphere of relations between people needs constant regulation. Social norms are also formed in accordance with this. Society itself shapes them. They are formed naturally and historically. A system of social norms is created under the pressure of reality. They act as a generalization, a fixation of repeated stable connections and acts of interaction. The need to reproduce and consolidate the necessary relationships gives rise, in turn, to the structure of social-normative regulation. At the same time, the influence of the subjective factor should be taken into account. Social norms cannot arise and exist separately from people’s consciousness. The need for certain rules must be realized.

Abstractness

The concept of social norm is general. Rules are defined in the abstract, without specific reference to the individual. They act as standard regulatory mechanisms. Addressees are determined by indicating their characteristics: sanity, age, status, and so on. Abstractness is also expressed in repeated repetition. So, the rule comes into effect every time it occurs typical case, provided as a condition for the validity of the norm, its entry into the regulatory process. In this case, it should be noted that the norm always has a certain content. But it is expressed in a typical way, acting as a general behavioral model.

Other signs

Social norms reflect the degree of freedom of an individual. They set the limits of his capacity, activity, ways of satisfying his needs and interests. One of the most important features of norms is bindingness. In a given situation they have a prescriptive character. Social regulation is procedural. This means that there are certain forms, detailed procedures for the implementation and operation of the rules. Social norms are also characterized by authorization. Each regulator has its own mechanisms that ensure its action. Distinctive feature norms is their consistency. It can apply to both a set of rules and individual regulations.

Classification

Human social norms operate in different relationships. They manifest themselves most clearly in the political, religious, corporate, and cultural spheres. Law occupies a special place in the system of social norms. At the same time, all types of rules and regulations interact quite closely, being implemented within the framework of relationships. A comparative assessment of their regulatory features is carried out taking into account their sources, subject of management, degree (nature) internal organization, forms of existence, methods of influence, means of support, goals and other things. Morality and law in the system of social norms act as the main regulatory mechanisms.

Policy Prescriptions

In a broad sense, these include social norms of law. However, there is an opinion that law acts as a political instrument. At the same time, law has a natural basis and reflects the degree of freedom of the individual. In this regard, legal social norms cannot be called a political instrument. In this area of ​​regulation, they are classified primarily according to their content and scope, as well as the subject of regulation. In this regard, such norms can be found not only in political documents (manifestos, declarations, etc.), but also in acts of public associations and legal regulations. They can also act as rules of ethics.

When a political norm is enshrined in a legal document, it acquires a certain legal status. The formation of such rules is carried out on the basis of ideas, assessments, principles and value orientations. In this case, they act as social norms of the state, being the result of people’s awareness of the politics of special interests. First of all, these include economic needs. Political norms regulate the activities and relations of individual politicians, classes, nations, peoples, states and citizens.

Customs

These social norms develop historically, within specific relationships and as a result of repeated repetition. Customs become habits. These norms have the following features:

• They are located in the public consciousness, and specifically in social psychology.
• From the point of view of regulatory abilities, they have a prescriptive character to the least extent.
• Customs sometimes penetrate deeper into the sphere of an individual’s consciousness than moral principles.
• Their formation occurs spontaneously, as a result of repeated repetition of identical behavioral acts.
• Every custom has a social basis - a reason for its occurrence. Subsequently, this sign may be lost. In this case, the custom itself will continue to operate.
• Customs have a local scope.
• The means of ensuring these norms are public opinion and force of habit.
• Customs do not form a holistic education. This is due to the spontaneity of their appearance, as well as the duration of these processes.

Specifics of customs

First of all, it is necessary to note the peculiarities of the formation and operation of customs. In this regard, they often act as a form of other social norms. These include, for example, moral principles, hygiene rules, and so on. They may also have legal form. For example, this could be a business or legal custom. At the same time, any norm, when transformed, loses its special mechanism of influence and regulatory specificity. Becoming a custom, it begins to rely on the power of habit.

Types of customs

Norms that have a moral basis are called mores. Business customs (customs) are developed in the process of operation state institutions, in the course of commercial and economic activities. They operate in conjunction with legal norms. The rules regulating rituals also act as a variety. The latter are quite complex procedures that are carried out in the religious, family, and everyday spheres. Customs of this type are called rituals. The norms governing official, solemn rituals are called ceremonies.

Traditions

Tradition acts as a type of custom. Its occurrence is associated with the action of subjective factors. In society, people can consciously create certain traditions, as well as contribute to their development. Therefore, the emergence of these norms is not always due to a long historical process. Tradition relies more on public opinion. It expresses people’s desire to preserve certain useful behavior patterns, values, and ideas.

Legal standards

They displace unwanted, harmful customs (blood feud, for example). Socially necessary, useful norms can be given legal sanction. In this case, they acquire the status of legal custom. At the same time, customs mean less than morality for the implementation and formation of legal possibilities.

Corporate rules

They have certain similarities with legal norms. In particular, general features include:

• Consolidation in documents - regulations, charters, instructions, and so on.
• Systematicity.
• Availability of a fixed set of support tools.
• Clearly binding nature.
• The need to ensure external control of implementation.

Distinctive features of corporate rules should be considered:

• Expression in them of the interests and will of members of a certain organization and the extension of action specifically to them.
• Regulation of relations within the enterprise.
• Authorization by specific measures of influence specific to each organization.

Features of the interaction of prescriptions

Legal norms form the basis for the formation and functioning of various associations. The Constitution deals with this issue in several articles. The law does not allow the creation of organizations harmful to the state and society. It is also prohibited for associations to go beyond the scope of tasks and goals established in the charter in their activities. Corporate and legal norms interact in determining the legal personality of organizations - the spheres of relations into which an enterprise is allowed to enter.

Technical and legal rules

There are two positions on the issue of considering their status. According to some authors, these rules cannot be classified as social norms; according to others, on the contrary, they can. In these norms, a technical rule acts as a regulatory requirement, and a legal rule acts as a sanction. Their content is determined by the laws of technology and nature. The subject of regulation is not human interactions, but the attitude of people to the object. From this position they are recognized as non-social norms. Measures to ensure them are the adverse consequences of violations of technical regulations and natural laws. Nevertheless, a number of authors consider these rules to be a type of social norms, because:

• The main object of regulation is the actions of people.
• The rules have a social orientation, the importance of which is increasing rapidly with the development of the technical side of life.

Today, one of the most relevant technical standards is considered to be the one that regulates the relationship between people and the environment.

In general, there are two meanings of the term "norm" :

1. norm as a natural state of some object (process, relationship, system, etc.) in accordance with its nature – natural state

2. norm as a guiding principle, a rule of behavior associated with the consciousness of people, arising in the process of cultural development and social organization of society – social norm

Norms– these are certain standards, samples, benchmarks, models of behavior of participants in social communication. They are established by society itself. Without them, human society is impossible. Norm is always a stereotype designed for indefinite number of cases. Society- this is society.

Signs of social norms:

1. regulate relationships between people

2. regulate recurring (common, mass, typical) situations

3. are general rules (that is, they establish the rules of behavior in society, i.e. they determine what the behavior of subjects can or should be from the point of view of the interests of society)

4. designed for many people, and not specific and not personally defined

5. they are created by intelligent beings, created by the will of people, by their consciousness

6. they have a certain form(this can be a form in the form of an action - ritual, rite, custom)

7. has a sanction (may be in the form of public censure)

8. they arise in the process of historical development (as its factor and result) and the functioning of society. in addition, they stabilize society, which means they are both a product of and a regulator of social relations

9. they correspond to the type of culture and the nature of the social organization of society (European and Asian culture)

Social norms– associated with the will and consciousness of people, general rules for regulating the form of their social interaction, arising in the process of historical development and functioning of society, corresponding to the type of culture and the nature of its organization.

These are objectively necessary rules of joint human existence, indicators of the boundaries of what is proper and what is possible.

They develop and become more complex with the development of society. They reflect patterns social development, but they themselves are not such.

Types of social norms:

1. Rituals- a rule of behavior in which the emphasis is on outside its execution, and this form is strictly canonized. This is a ceremony, a demonstration. Characterized by mass character.

2. Rituals– (separated from ritual actions) these are rules of behavior consisting of symbolic actions, but, unlike ritual, they penetrate deeper into the psyche of people and pursue educational goals. Performed by a special, “knowledgeable” person. Affects people's psychological experiences. (marriage, healing, burial rituals). Each action is filled with a certain meaning and is, as it were, a symbol.

3. Myths– (arise with the development of speech) these are legends, stories, stories about gods, spirits, deified heroes, ancestors, trying to explain the world. It has an ideological load and contains examples to follow. An explanation of sorts. It has an emotional and associative beginning.

4. Customs- (rather complex, more subtle social norms) rules of behavior that have developed historically, over the course of several generations, which have become universal as a result of repeated repetition. Characterized by stability. Reflect the pattern of life. They are universal. "Household Customs" These also include business customs or business practices. Customs are based on patterns of specific behavior and practical activities. Their instructions are highly detailed.

5. Moral standards- rules of conduct that define what is good and evil. The incentive for their implementation is the “voice of conscience.”

6. Etiquette standards– norms of everyday, everyday, “well-mannered” behavior, correct behavior, rules of decency. Ethics is the science of morality.

7. Political norms– rules of conduct that regulate relations developing in the sphere of management, relations between various social groups related to the exercise of state power, the method of its organization and purpose in society.

8. Corporate standards– rules of conduct that regulate relationships among members of public organizations, associations, and mass movements. They are expressed in charters, regulations, programs, decisions. They are mandatory only for members of such associations.

9. Economic norms- rules of human behavior that regulate economic relations, ensuring the inviolability of various forms of property, ... Norms of religion - rules of behavior that regulate social relations through the requirements of divine principles, relations in the field of religion.

10. Family norms- rules of behavior that develop between family members.

11. Rules of law- rules of conduct established by the state and which are formally binding certain rules behavior that is officially enshrined and provided with the possibility of state coercion.

12. Technical and legal standards- these are the rules for the most rational handling of people with tools and objects of nature. They relate to social norms in the sense that in case of non-compliance with them, sanctions may be established. They become technical and legal norms. (technical standards do not apply to social norms, since they do not regulate relations between people)

Three functions of social norms:

1. regulatory. These norms establish the rules of behavior in society and regulate social interaction. Ensure the stability of the functioning of society.

2. evaluative. They act in social practice as criteria for attitude towards certain actions, the basis for assessing the socially significant behavior of specific subjects (moral - immoral, legal - illegal).

3. broadcast. By recording the cultural, spiritual principles, social experience of a generation, social norms represent a kind of legacy for future generations and are transmitted into the future.

Social norms differ in the process of formation, form of fixation (existence), nature of regulatory action, methods and methods of enforcement.

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