DIY pipe ladder. Selecting the cross-section of a profile pipe for stairs or other metal structures

Staircase from profile pipe widely used in many households or their homes. Previously, metal structures were used. At the same time, it was believed that the more massive the metal, the higher its strength. But, when assembling excess weight could have a very bad influence.

Now, weighty and angular buildings have replaced elegant structures made of corrugated pipes, which, moreover, cost less and demonstrated high level strength.

If you buy this product at a hardware store, it will be quite expensive. And if you make a staircase from a profile pipe with your own hands, you can save a lot.

Why exactly the profile and which one is better to choose?

The production of stairs from profiled pipes, as practice has shown, turned out to be very good idea. But while the masters came to this decision, they had to experiment with other materials.

The structure was made of channel and metal corner. Only after a certain period of operation did it deform under the influence of load. As a result, over time, an alternative replacement was found - a profile pipe.

Advice! Experts recommend taking 40x60 mm square pipes for work. These sizes are considered the most acceptable. If smaller dimensions are taken for manufacturing, then the corrugated pipe, like a corner, will simply suffer from deformation. And when a product of large cross-section is used for work, then a ladder made of a profile pipe will be too bulky and will have an unpresentable appearance.

The question of which profile pipe to make a staircase from should be answered this way. Thick-walled take a profile for work Not recommended. This is especially important if you need to do lightweight design. Such staircase option turns out to be reliable, but will be very heavy.

Also, if you make a staircase from a thick-walled profile pipe, then additional load will be created on the foundation and supports. Therefore, when deciding what material to use for work, it is necessary to take into account that the optimal cross-section will be from 5 to 7 mm.

Only in such a situation can additional vibration under load be removed. For example, for a lifting internal building in the attic, you should not take pipes with a large cross-section. And for an external passage to the attic, an attached device is quite suitable. Also, to reduce the weight of the attic structure, you can use wooden inserts.

A do-it-yourself structure made from a profile pipe has a wide range of advantages, including:

the ability to make any type of stair lift with different angles of rotation;
profile is acceptable various combinations with other materials;
long time use of the design;
assembly speed, the duration of which is not affected by the level of complexity of the frame;
Such a staircase can be attached to the house at any stage construction work;
affordable price;
the ability to do everything on your own.

Preparatory work

Before making a structure from a profile pipe, it is necessary to carry out careful calculations and draw a drawing on paper. Calculation of a staircase structure constructed from corrugated pipe will make it possible to determine the amount of materials.

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The calculation and diagram must be completed. They put everything “in its place” and will help eliminate all inaccuracies at the design stage. Using calculations, you can accurately calculate the materials not only for the load-bearing elements, but also for the bases for the steps.

In addition, you will have to prepare the tool. You don’t need much of it for this job, it’s:

welder;
Bulgarian;
hammer drill and drill set;
hammer;
roulette;
markers.

Preparation of the drawing and what to consider when making calculations

The quality of a future structure built from a profile pipe depends on the correctness of the preparatory work and the development of the drawing. By preparing a drawing, you can fully understand the dimensions of the future structure.

In addition, in this way, you can see how the future project will look. A well-drawn drawing of a staircase made from a profile pipe greatly facilitates the assembly work. Therefore, everything needs to be depicted on it in very detail.

Also on preparatory stage you need to mark and cut profile blanks to the required dimensions. If you plan to make a simple constructive model, then careful calculation of the markings is not necessary. But, for a complex structure, all parts will require numbering so as not to get confused during assembly.

When the steps during the construction of a staircase are made of plywood or wood, it is necessary to prepare them in the right sizes.

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For additional fastening to the floor, take modules for assembling stairs from a profile pipe. This condition is optional. Mounting modules for assembly is carried out only in situations where it is important to reduce vibration when using the structure. If you decide to install modules for assembly, then they need to be taken into account when developing the circuit.

What types of structures can you make yourself?

Homemade staircase, constructed from profile pipes, can be the following types.

Preparation before welding work

Corrugated pipe is an excellent material for creating buildings of any type. But, in this situation, the master will need certain knowledge of the features of welding work. Otherwise, welding a staircase made of profile pipe will result in the creation of an emergency building, which will be dangerous and unreliable.

Before you start welding the stairs, you need to carefully process the metal. It is recommended to pay special attention to the handrails. After all, the presence of sharp protrusions and hangnails is not acceptable for them.

Also, when welding, you need to ensure the integrity of the entire building. To do this, it is necessary to carry out all work in strict accordance with existing rules.

Ladder

The main purpose in in this case– this is an opportunity to reach a place located at a height. But, for lifting with a load, a prefabricated stepladder should be constructed from corrugated pipe. If you fold it, it will serve as an attached type of structure.

The question of how to weld an extension ladder from profile pipe will not pose any particular difficulties. This design is not difficult to build.

The instructions for working with this structure are as follows:

two professional pipes are prepared, and markings are made on them (the distance between the steps is 35 cm;
the required number of steps is prepared;
steps are attached using a welding machine;
Plastic or rubber tips are placed on the legs of the finished attached product.

As you can see, welding this device is not difficult. Homemade ladder will last a long time. If everything is welded according to technology, then it can withstand a weight of more than 100 kilograms.

Interfloor flight of stairs

A staircase between floors in a private house, made of a profile pipe, is key element, which becomes the center of the interior. At the same time, this is a serious engineering structure that provides comfortable access to the second floor of the house.

The structure leading to the second floor in a private house can be a marching structure, a screw structure, or a combination structure. The configuration of the structure for access to the second floor is selected based on the availability free space for construction. The best option For small house- This is a one-flight building, which consists of sixteen convenient steps.

In a spacious and high room of a private house, the interfloor rise to the second floor contains intermediate platforms and turns. These are complex structural elements can be L-shaped or U-shaped.

If the private house is small, then they use screw options. Classic look such a building is rarely more than 1 m2, and it is easy to install it anywhere, even in the center of the room.

IN big houses buildings are often erected combined type. This decision is dictated, as a rule, not by constructive relevance, but by the taste preferences of the owners. By the way, it should be added that these buildings are the most beautiful.

Metal frame for marching buildings

The metal frame of stairs from profile pipes is produced as follows.

Markings are made for the metal frame and the profile is cut.
Each step is connected by a frame.
Concreting of the necessary elements of the base of the metal frame is carried out.
Stringers are installed. The back part of the steps is strengthened and they are welded together.

Installation is carried out in the following sequence.

Define exact amount steps and their sizes.
The frame of a metal staircase made of a profile pipe is made from a 10x10 cm assortment and a 4x4 cm corner. Metal profile material for the frame in this situation it should be placed instead of a channel. And it copes with its task perfectly, just like the frame is made of metal profile is more rigid.
A pedestal is created for a flat building. A point is placed at the extreme part of the platform to start placing the steps.
A corrugated pipe is welded to the lower platform. And in the upper part of the future building, the surface part is also fixed. Then the corner is welded.
Railings are welded to the side of the profile. As a rule, when installing railings, an indent of 1 inch is made. from the extreme part, which slightly narrows the opening.

Spiral staircases

If we are welding a helical profile structure, we first cut the tubular products prepared for the steps. The dimensions of the riser are 22 cm. Therefore, the height of the room is divided by this value. Thus, the number of elements from which we are making the structure will be clear.

A metal pipe is used to cut the gasket and console. We cook them, and then the resulting parts are joined with pipe materials.

Steps are placed on the spacers and secured with self-tapping screws. When performing this work, distortions and backlashes should not be allowed.

The railings for the building can be made from a 4x4 cm profile, and a 2x2 cm tubular product is used for the handrails.

Making a stepladder

A stepladder made from a profile, made by yourself, is structurally similar to store-bought analogues made of aluminum. But, building a stepladder yourself is much cheaper than buying it in a store.

Such a device, made independently, is simply irreplaceable in home life, and will serve more reliably than soft aluminum. Therefore, a homemade stepladder will not undergo deformation changes.

You don't need many tools to work. You should prepare an electric welder, a grinder, a drill, a marker, a corner and a tape measure.

Work begins with preparing a drawing. Then, in accordance with the plan, sections of corrugated pipes are cut. After this, the steps are attached to the two main frame pipes by welding. After checking the homemade structure for unevenness, you can firmly fix the steps. The second side of the stepladder is made in the same way. After this, the two halves are connected with suitable canopies.

It’s not difficult to do this kind of work yourself; anyone can do it. House master, who has a more or less “full” hand. If you do everything carefully and in accordance with the rules, then installation will not present any difficulties.

Decorative stairs

Decorative flights of stairs made from profile pipes can be found very often. The thing is that the profile is ideally combined with various materials.

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Decorative design staircase construction in a house often becomes the center for further decoration of the room. Everyone will decide for themselves what material to use for decorative decoration, based on their financial capabilities and taste preferences.

Decorative decoration used for both outdoor and indoor buildings. In both cases appearance The buildings have a presentable appearance.

If a home craftsman alone cannot decide how to decorate his staircase, then you can always ask for advice from professional craftsmen. They will help you find the optimal solution and make the necessary calculations.

Staircase structures began to be profiled not so long ago. But this decision, as practice has shown, has become very successful. A properly selected building made from such a pipe will not only fit organically into the overall design of the room, but will also serve reliably for many years.

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When designing any metal structures, the question arises - what kind of rolled metal and what cross-section should be used to ensure the reliability of the structure under the influence of expected loads. You can find accurate calculation methods or use software resources that allow you to calculate almost any structure. However, this is almost always only possible for professionals who know how to use software, who know the technology of production of metal structures and have an understanding of rolled metal.

Very often, when designing small and uncomplicated objects, for example, stairs to the second floor, you have to choose rolled metal based on experience, as they say “by eye.” In order to somehow justify your choice, and at the same time instill confidence in both yourself and the customer, we offer the simplest (“for beginners”) calculation option.

Let's say we need to build metal carcass stairs to the second floor.

Let it be: the length of the stairs is 3m. , tilt angle 30 0, estimated load: 200 kg. – weight of the structure and 500 kg. – additional load. It is necessary to select a profile pipe for the load-bearing beam (string)

The calculation is carried out with a certain degree of approximation. Figure 1 shows a diagram of the staircase beam,

Fig.1 where:

L – beam length,

q – angle of inclination of the stairs

In our case: F = 500kg.

L = 300cm.

q = 30 0

P = 200kg.

For simplicity of calculation and, taking into account that in the end the staircase to the second floor will be quite rigid, allowing the load to be distributed, we will reduce the existing diagram (Fig. 1) to a diagram with a uniformly distributed load,

Fig.2 where: b is the horizontal component of the beam,

For our case: b = L *cos q = 300*cos 30 0 = 260cm.

Q = F +P = 500kg.+200kg. = 700kg.

G= Q/ b = 700kg/260cm. = 2.7kg/cm.

Under the influence of loads, the pipe will begin to sag. With minor deflections, after removing the load, the pipe will return to its original state. If the load exceeds the permissible one, deformation (irreparable deflection) of the pipe may occur. In order to avoid deformation, it is necessary to compensate for the bending moment (arising from the action of the load) by the resistance moment of the pipe. In our case, the formula for the bending moment is:

M = q* b 2 /8 Substituting the data we get: M = 22815 kg.cm.

The moment of resistance of the pipe depends on the material of the pipe (stair beam) and is calculated by the formula:

W= M/ R, where: R – calculated metal resistance

pipes, for steel St.3 – R = 2100.

Substituting the values M And R , we get that W = 10.86cm3

The moments of resistance of profile pipes are calculated and tabulated, which can be found in the relevant Internet topics. Using the tables, we need to take pipes with W more than that obtained in our calculations (> 10.86). The moment of resistance is greater than the value 10.86 for pipes 70x70, 80x80, etc. If we take a pipe 50x100, then on the side 100W = 24 cm3, i.e. almost two and a half times more than in our calculation. Thus, for the beam (string) of our stairs to the second floor, a 50x100 profile pipe is quite suitable. Rolled metal for the load-bearing elements of stairs should be taken with a three to fivefold margin against possible loads. Additionally, it is necessary to check the deflection of the beam (strings, stringers of the stairs). In the case of a uniformly distributed load, the deflection is determined by the formula:

f = 5 Gb 4/384 EI Where: f — maximum deflection

G – uniformly distributed load

b – horizontal projection of the beam

E – modulus of elasticity (tabular data)

I – moment of inertia (tabular data).

For our case G = 2.7 kg/cm., b = 260cm., E (for steel St.3) = 20.4*10 5 kg.cm 2 (reference data), I (for a pipe 50x100) = 137cm. 4 (tabular data). Eventually:

f = 0.6 cm.

The deflection is insignificant, but at the beginning we simplified the problem and brought it to the option of a uniformly distributed load. In reality, the load will be concentrated and the deflection can be three times greater. On the other hand, we calculated only one beam (string, stringer). If we take the classic version with two, for example, stringers, then the deflection will again decrease. In general, if the deflection is not permissible, then you should make supports, connect several pipes, or look for others options.

In conclusion, it must be emphasized that we did not try to make accurate calculations, but tried to prove that the 40x80 or 50x100 pipes used in the construction of stairs are quite the correct option.

Made from a profile steel pipe, this is a fairly popular design, as it has many advantages. As a rule, its construction is carried out by experienced craftsmen, since it must be absolutely safe from all points of view. That is, to be able to calmly withstand any possible loads from moving people and cargo, and convenient for lifting and lowering everyone living in the house, including children and family members who have reached a respectable age.

Is it possible to install a staircase from a profile pipe with your own hands? The question is ambiguous, since its construction still requires very high specific skills. Of course, it would be more correct to entrust the installation to specialists. But if the owner of the house has basic engineering knowledge, has successful experience work with all the tools necessary in this case and have become accustomed to always counting on own strength, That Additional Information information about this type of stairs and installation work will not be superfluous for him.

Advantages of staircase designs made from profile pipes

A staircase made independently from profile pipes has a number of significant advantages over both wooden and finished metal structures that can be found on sale. These advantages include the following:

An opportunity to significantly save money allocated from the family budget for construction or repairs.
Properly manufactured and assembled structure the stairs will last a very long time, without the need for repairs and restoration.
This material makes it possible with equal success to produce almost any type of staircase, even one with the most intricate design.
Profile steel pipe goes well with other materials, both technical and operational characteristics, and in its ability to “fit” into any interior style.
The advantages include the speed of manufacturing parts and their installation. But that's an advantage metal structures This will only be true if the master has perfect command of the tools, and his work will be carried out according to pre-developed drawings with exact dimensions.
The construction of a staircase from a profile pipe can be carried out at any stage of the construction process, including in an already built house.
The metal structure, with appropriate processing and finishing, is suitable for installation both outside and inside the building. Its strength qualities, neat and aesthetic appearance give it versatility.

The high strength of rolled steel profiles makes it possible to produce a simplified version of the frame, in which the support for the steps is one profile pipe installed along the center line of the structure.

Types of stairs made of profile pipes

As mentioned above, almost any staircase design can be made from a profile pipe. To verify the correctness of this statement, it makes sense to consider some of them in more detail.

Prices for profile pipes

profile pipe

Marching staircase

A flight of stairs can consist of one or several flights, which, in turn, are connected to each other either by a horizontally installed transition platform, or by a section with winder steps. Both options are approximately equally popular, and the design is chosen depending on the area of the room in which it is planned to install the staircase.

A staircase consisting of one flight is most often installed in a spacious room. If you have to use it in a room of a smaller area, then in this case you have to give it a large angle of steepness. This is sometimes what you have to do when installing staircases to the attic or basement.

Single flight design installed inside two-story house, allows you to rationally use all the space under the stairs. For example, under it you can place a closet or a small storage room, and sometimes even a small bathroom.

Another area where single-flight stairs are used is the entrance to the house from the street, if the building is built on a high base. As a rule, in this case the march has small height and a slight slope angle.

Two staircase often installed in a room designed specifically for this design - the so-called staircase. However, this option is quite possible in residential premises - it all depends on the area that can be allocated for the installation of an interfloor passage.

To maximize space savings, such stairs are often installed along walls that converge in the corner, that is, marches are made perpendicular each other. This option also allows you to create a small storage area under the stairs.

In the design of a staircase with two or more flights that are long, platforms are most often installed at the turns, which, among other things, give the frame higher strength than winder steps.

Many home owners prefer to design transition platforms for stairs with short spans. It should be noted that this option is really more convenient than winder steps, which have different widths along its length. Thus, the side of the step attached to the wall is much wider than the opposite side, located at the center of the turn. In this regard, there is a very significant risk of tripping and getting injured.

Prices for wooden stairs

wooden staircase

We can agree that a staircase with winder steps often looks more original, and also somewhat more compact. But, as mentioned above, this design option is less safe to use compared to stairs with similar basic parameters, but whose spans are connected by platforms. This is especially important to take into account in cases where elderly people or small children live in the house.

Of course, it also happens that the area allocated for the construction of the staircase does not allow for the construction of a platform between the flights. It is in this case that a section with winder steps is installed instead.

If for a number of reasons it is necessary to build a staircase with winder steps, then you will have to carefully calculate its parameters, since the design must fully comply with the existing safety rules for moving along it. detailed information on how to create a project and make the necessary calculations for subsequent installation, see the article on our portal.

Spiral staircase

A spiral staircase can be called the most compact design, since it occupies a minimum of usable space in the room. Such an interfloor passage can be “fitted into a space” with dimensions of only 1500×1500 mm.

The spiral staircase certainly looks original and aesthetically pleasing, but such a compact design has quite a few disadvantages.

The first of them is that it will be almost impossible to lift a massive piece of furniture or household appliances up to the second floor, since it is not very convenient to climb up this structure even empty-handed. installed in case of emergency, that is, if it is impossible to erect another structure due to small area Houses. True, this is also practiced - a similar structure is created as an additional one, carrying more decorative functions, and for lifting large loads the house also has a staircase.

If the area of the room allows and there is a desire to install aesthetic option staircases are similar to a spiral one, it is better to choose a rotary design similar to it. Having erected it, you will not have to install an additional straight staircase, since with such a design, with a significantly large turning radius and a large flight width, it is quite possible to lift any furniture to the second floor.

Prices for metal stairs

metal staircase

IN turning staircase all steps are the same size, so there will be no inconvenience both during descent andrise to the second floor. However, this design is quite complex both in calculations and in installation. Therefore, its construction or at least the development of the project is best entrusted to experienced specialists.

Step ladder

A profile pipe can also be perfect for making a stepladder, which is often necessary in the everyday life of a private home. In order to mount such a mobile staircase, you will need a profile pipe with a cross-section of 40×40 or 50×50 mm for the support posts, and 20×20 mm for the rungs-steps.

In addition to the profile pipe, a special hinge mechanism will be required. It is clear that the specific type is selected based on the cross-sectional dimensions of the profile pipe, since the hinge is put on the racks and then attached to them with self-tapping screws or bolts.

The hinges on the mounting areas have special holes through which they will be fixed to the metal racks. In addition, the hinge design includes a stopper, which is designed to fix the ladder racks in the required position.

If you plan to make such a structure yourself, you need to attach tips or horizontal jumpers-stops to the underside of the racks, which will make the ladder safe to use.

Naturally, for the manufacture of any metal structure you will need special tools and the ability to work with them. A pre-drawn drawing of a stepladder is also necessary, which will make it much easier to produce installation work. As an example or “starting point”, one of the options is shown in the illustration above.

Types of frames made of profile pipes

One cannot ignore the question of what kind of frames can be used for staircases made from profile pipes. The material seems to be the same everywhere, but the principles of the structure have significant differences.

Prices for steps for stairs

The most economical option The use of a profile pipe in the manufacture of stairs is a frame on a central stringer. This option can be made in two versions - it is a broken stringer, repeating the shape of the steps, or a straight one, made from a profile pipe that is solid along the entire length of the flight.

A broken stringer is more difficult to manufacture, as it is assembled from separate sections of pipe, cut to fit right angle, which are connected to each other into a common part by welding. Then, on each of the horizontal surfaces the stringer is welded the so-called "sole"(installation platform), made of sheet metal 3÷4 mm thick. The tread boards will be attached to this “sole”. To fix them, four to six holes are pre-drilled in the metal plates. Self-tapping screws will be screwed into the wood through them. For this design, a profile pipe with a cross-sectional size of 80×60 mm may well be suitable.

The second version of the central stringer is made from one pipe, usually with a cross-sectional size of 100×50 mm, which is cut only at the ends, at a certain angle. Then, plates or peculiar legs are welded to the end parts of the pipe forming the span, with the help of which the stringer will be secured to the ceiling and to the floor.

Markings are made on the stringer pipe along which stands will be welded for installing the steps. The stands consist of a leg, also of a piece of profile pipe, with cut at the right angle(depending on the steepness of the flight of stairs) at the ends, onto which “soles” are welded with holes for fixing tread boards on them.

For massive stairs, a more reliable version of metal structures is usually chosen, consisting of straight stringers onto which frames for the steps are welded. For their base, a pipe of 80×60 or 100×50 mm is used, and for the manufacture of a frame for steps - profile 25x25 mm or even a corner with shelves of the same size, which gives certain savings in metal costs. In the lower and upper parts of the frame, stands cut from a metal sheet are fixed by welding.

A more complex version of a staircase made from a profile pipe is a broken structure consisting of two stringers, in some cases fastened together by jumpers.

How frame structures of this type are manufactured and assembled will be discussed in detail in the instruction table below.

Calculations main parameters of stairs made of profile pipes

Starting to talk about calculations, it is necessary to immediately talk about how to correctly decide on the choice of a profile pipe according to its size. The first thing to remember is that for a standard small home staircase with two stringers, you should not choose a pipe with too thick or thin walls. Metal that is too thick will make the structure too heavy, and a thin profile unreliable.

To correctly determine this parameter, you can refer to the data presented in this table. In this case, the length of the march is calculated between the support points. That is, it is possible to provide reinforcement elements - racks that rest against the floor surface and stringers to make the free span shorter, if necessary.

Table maximum loads for flights of stairs, depending on their length and parameters of the profile pipe:

Length of the flight of stairs in mm	1000	2000	3000	4000	5000	6000
Pipe cross-section size and metal thickness mm
50×25×2	684	167	69	34	16	6
60×40×2	1255	308	130	66	35	17
80×40×2	1911	471	202	105	58	31
80×40×3	2672	658	281	146	81	43
80×60×3	3583	884	380	199	112	62
100×50×4	5489	1357	585	309	176	101

However, the dimensions of the pipe should be selected after the staircase design has been selected and its basic parameters have been determined, calculations have been made and a drawing has been drawn up.

So, to make a ladder you need to decide on the following parameters:

The number of marches in the structure.
The height of the stairs or each flight, and the slope angle, which should be the same along the entire length of the stairs, regardless of the number of flights.
The design of connecting two flights is a platform or winder steps.
Number, width and height of steps.
The perimeter of the staircase opening in the ceiling.
Based on the calculated dimensions and the drawn up drawing, the amount of material required for installation of the structure.

In each specific case, all these parameters may be different, since the area of the premises allocated for the stairs and the height of the ceilings also differ, so measurements are always made individually.

The dimensions of the ceiling opening will depend on the slope of the upper flight of the structure. And such an opening should begin in the place where the distance from the ceiling to the step of the stairs will be 2000 mm, that is, a little more than the height of a tall person.

The slope angle of a flight of stairs depends on the height of the rise (and this is the height of the flow plus the thickness of the ceiling) and the area that can be allocated for construction, that is, on the length horizontal projection march onto the floor plane. If the size of the room does not allow one flight to be accommodated (and this happens quite often), it is divided into two or even more. In this case, the calculation will be carried out for each flight separately, but in compliance with the mandatory conditions - the angle of steepness and the dimensions of the steps are maintained throughout the entire staircase.

Well, knowing these values, it is easy to determine the length of the span itself.

Below are two calculators that should help determine these values.

The choice of a profile pipe for the installation of stairs is due to the fact that this design is easier to operate and much more variable in design; it is suitable for use both indoors and outdoors. However, making a reliable design with your own hands is only possible if you have experience. welding work.

Profiled pipe – universal material, at the same time light and durable, aesthetic in itself and goes well with other construction and finishing materials.

You can make it from a metal profile as follows: stationary stairs, located in the house and on the street, and mobile structures for economic purposes.

Any staircase consists of steps and a support system - a stringer, on which the steps rest from above, or a bowstring, to which the steps are attached at the end.

The support system for staircases made of corrugated pipe is usually a supporting beam, on which steps are laid on top.

There are:

straight stringer - a straight beam is located along the entire length of the flight of stairs, the legs on which the steps will rest are welded to the main beam;
a broken stringer consists of horizontal and vertical pipe sections connected to each other, forming a stepped structure, on which the steps rest directly.

The type of staircase is determined by the configuration of its main elements: marching, spiral staircases and stepladders differ in structure. Additional details, such as railings and balustrades, add convenience and aesthetics to the structure.

Marching

Structures of this type are the most convenient for lowering and lifting and are quite simple to design and install, which is why they are most often built in private houses.

A staircase consists of one or more flights - arranged in a row of parallel steps, supported by one stringer or two or three parallel ones.

A single-flight structure can be installed inside the house if there is enough space. If there is a shortage of free space that can be used to organize movement between floors, the staircase is erected in several flights. At the same time, when turning, the structure is supplemented with a platform or winder steps.

The landing provides additional strength, but significantly eats up space. To save space between flights, winder steps are made - their edges are not parallel, the width decreases from the edge of the stairs to the turning point.

To make the structure more reliable and save space, flight stairs are placed along the walls, and they try to organize turns in the corners between two walls.

Flight structures are also erected on the street - if the house has a high base or a non-residential first floor, a one- or two-flight porch is made.

Note! Winder steps are more dangerous due to the difference in the width of their surface. The risk of tripping and getting injured is especially high among children and the elderly.

Screw

Stairs of this type are the most aesthetically pleasing and space-efficient, but they are also the most difficult to design and install, so they are not universally popular.

The support system consists of one spiral stringer, on which the wide edge of the step rests in the shape of a truncated sector, and a central pillar, to which the steps are attached with the narrow edge of the step.

The screw designs look really original, and they can literally fit on a small space. But climbing a narrow spiral staircase is difficult even on your own; lifting furniture and household appliances up it is out of the question.

To solve this problem, you can build an additional flight of stairs on the street, and leave the spiral structure in the house more for beauty.

It is almost impossible to imagine a house without stairs. Even if the building has only one floor, stairs are mounted on the porch or ascent to the attic and attic.

Materials to create similar designs a lot, but today special meaning for the consumer purchased an option made from metal pipe rectangular section. There are many reasons for this, but the main ones are ease of construction and excellent performance characteristics.

Today we will look at how to make a staircase from a profile pipe with our own hands: video and detailed instructions will be attached.

Any serious work begins with the need to draw up a project for the structure being built, or at least make sketches in the form of a sketch. Calculation of staircase structures does not belong to the category higher mathematics, but you should still treat it carefully so as not to end up with inconsistencies when assembling the stairs.

Calculation of the flight of stairs

So, let's first look at how calculations are performed for marching metal stairs from a profile pipe.

A flight of stairs is a structure assembled from one or several sections with a direct rise. Depending on the number of marches, single-march and multi-march execution options are distinguished. The choice depends entirely on the location of the stairs and the desired lifting height.

In multi-flight structures, the marches are connected using platforms or winder steps

Such stairs can be turned 90 degrees - they are installed when there is enough space for a long flight. The platform is most often located closer to the floor level of the first floor, in the corner of the room

180 degrees - this design allows you to fit two smaller flights. The rise of such a staircase is gentle and convenient for movement. Continuing the design, you can make a rise to any number of floors.

270 degrees - in this case, the staircase has three flights, each of which turns 90 degrees relative to its neighbors. The design is very compact, allowing it to be installed in narrow spaces, e.g. small bay window or corridor.

Knowing the types of structures, you can begin calculations.

You need to act in the following sequence:

We decide on the place where we want to install the ladder.
Having assessed the scale of the room and the height of the ceilings of the second floor, you can decide on the number of flights. Remember that at this stage all conclusions are estimates. We can see everything in more detail during the calculation.
We measure the lifting height, taking into account the thickness of the interfloor ceilings.

Advice! You should not neglect millimeters, so as not to end up making mistakes in your calculations. Do everything as accurately as possible at once.

To make it convenient for both adults and children to move along the stairs, it is necessary to optimally select the ratio of the length and height of the step. These parameters are also called the dimensions of the tread (the place where the foot rests when lifting) and the riser (vertical decorative strip). Optimal sizes fit into the following ranges: length 25 – 33 centimeters, height 15 – 22 centimeters.
As for the ratio, it should fit into the formulas 2x + y = 60 (64) or x + y = 47. All values are indicated in centimeters and adjusted to the step width of a person of average height (175 - 180 centimeters).
The number of steps is calculated very simply - just divide the height of the opening by the height of the riser. Having received this value, you can calculate the length of the march - you need to multiply it by the length of the tread.
These values are directly related to the angle of inclination of the stairs. As you understand, we have obtained an imaginary triangle, which, by transferring it to scale onto paper, we can accurately measure the angle of inclination.

Advice! It is most convenient to carry out drawings and calculations on a lined sheet from a school math notebook.

But for the calculation we are missing one more quantity - the length of the march itself. Any sixth grade student familiar with the Pythagorean theorem can calculate it. Well, we remember: a² + b² = c² (the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the legs). Let’s say the height of our imaginary floor is 260 cm, and the length of the stairs is 400 cm. We perform the calculation: (260*260) + (400*400) = 227600. We extract the root and get 477 cm with a “tail” - this is the length of the flight.
Let's see if it will be possible to fit such a staircase in the intended place; if not, then you can try changing the parameters of the tread and riser, or, if the angle of inclination suits you, then save it, breaking the rise into several flights.
In general, the angle of inclination for a home staircase is very important, since both small children and elderly people will walk along it. The flatter the climb, the easier it will be to overcome it. According to regulations, the value of this parameter should be from 23 to 45 degrees.

But it is best when the value does not exceed 33 degrees, since steeper stairs are less convenient. Lower values are more suitable for ramps than for stairs.

Advice! When doing calculations, you are unlikely to be able to adjust the parameters to fit whole numbers - there will always be a small remainder. Round the result up. All deviations from the specified parameters can be eliminated due to the lower frieze step.

Calculation of a spiral staircase

The spiral staircase is very beautiful and is chosen by designers precisely for this reason; moreover, it takes up much less space than the marching version of the design. But it also has plenty of disadvantages: such a staircase is considered the most dangerous when climbing; it is difficult or even impossible to lift large loads; the price that the craftsmen call for assembly is prohibitively high.

But if you have nowhere to go, and you need to install just this option, don’t worry! We will tell you in detail how to make such a metal frame for a staircase from a profile pipe, as well as how to properly finish it.

Savings are obvious. The only thing that is required of you is the ability to work with welding machine and the workforce that will move large workpieces.

Calculation screw design may seem too complicated to some, but we assure you that by following us, you cannot go wrong, since you only need to use a few formulas. As a last resort, you can always use special calculators that can be easily found on the Internet.

So, let’s remember the designations of the staircase parameters:

N– span height. As in the case of a flight of stairs, it takes into account the thickness of the floor.
H1– the distance between the turns of the staircase. That is, the distance from one step to another, located exactly above it. The minimum comfortable value that should be observed is 2 meters. Yes, even A tall man won't hit your head when lifting.
h– step height. Risers on spiral staircases are rarely made, but the parameter remains unchanged, as for marching stairs. For convenient lifting, this value is reduced to 12 - 22 centimeters.
h1– step depth. An ambiguous value, since the steps of spiral staircases have the shape of a trapezoid. GOSTs and SNiPs set the size of the smaller side to 10 cm, and the larger side, in principle, is not limited (depending on the width of the rise), but the recommended value is about 40 centimeters.
Working depth of step- this is a conditional line along which a person will climb. Its parameters need to be calculated so that the value fits into the standardized 25 - 33 centimeters.
L– length of the stairs along a given radius.
R– outer radius. This value should not be less than 80 centimeters. When placing a staircase in a round bay window, it is advisable to increase it to the inner radius of the room in order to be able to rest the free edges of the steps on the walls.
r1– working radius, the same line along which a person moves when lifting.
r– radius of the central support. It will be required for calculations when the structure does not have an internal pillar, and the staircase will rest on stringers or adjacent walls. The execution of such stairs will be an impossible task for beginners, so we will not paint them.

As in the previous case, we start by measuring the height of the span. Let's assume that for us it is equal to 3 meters. Then we determine the outer radius of the structure, focusing on the dimensions of the room in which the installation will be performed. For convenience of calculations, we will take 1 meter.

Next, we determine the entry and exit points. Let’s assume that they are located on top of each other, that is, the angle of rotation during ascent will be exactly 360 degrees. This data will be sufficient to calculate the outer lift length.

As we remember from the school geometry course, the circumference of a circle is calculated using the following formula: L = 2πR – where L is the length, R is the radius, and π is a constant that is approximately equal to 3.14.
We count: 2*3.14*100(cm) = 628, that is, 6m 28 centimeters.
Now you need to find out the number of steps, but to do this you will first need to determine the working length of the march. It is generally accepted that a person climbs along a radius that is 2/3 of the outer radius. Based on this, the answer can be obtained in three ways.

First, 628*2/3 = 419, rounded up;
The second, according to the formula Lwork = 4/3πR = 4/3*3.14*100 = 419, also with rounding;
Third, first calculate the working radius and perform the calculation using the formula for finding the circumference: 2/3*100*3.14*2 = 419 - 4m 19 centimeters.

Now, knowing the working length, we can select the optimal tread width. Let's say we want 30 centimeters. Divide the working length by this number: 419/30 = 14, rounded up. This is the number of steps in the flight
It remains to check the height of the tread. To do this, divide the span height by the number of steps: 300/14 = 21.42. The value is a little steep, so let's try reducing the tread width to 25 centimeters: 419/20 = 17; 300/17 = 17.6 cm. Now the rise will be smooth and comfortable.
Oh yes! Almost forgot! We completely determine the geometry of the step by calculating its external length: 628/17 = 36.9. Not enough! Then we return to selecting parameters again until we find the optimal value.

But this is not the end, it remains to determine the size of the output area, taking into account the value of h1. As you rise, each step will subtract the riser height from the total span height. Due to the fact that h1 is limited to a limit of two meters, the width of the platform should not be more than 4-5 treads - do not forget about the thickness of the floor.

The process of assembling a staircase frame from a profiled pipe

After all the drawings are ready, you can begin making the stairs. Accurate adherence to all dimensions obtained in the calculations will not allow you to make mistakes when marking the workpieces, so be careful.

Tools and materials

To complete all the work we will need the following tools:

	You can also fasten the elements using bolted connections, but such a structure will become loose over time due to loads, and you will be required to constantly inspect the load-bearing units. Welding will create monolithic structure, which, moreover, will look neater.
	They are used in conjunction with a welding machine and are consumables.
	A grinder (angle grinder) and a metal cutting disc will allow you to cut pipes.
	Abrasive and flap discs are used when processing welds. The first option is intended for rough grinding, and the second will allow you to bring the surface to a perfectly smooth state.
	A hammer drill is required for drilling holes in concrete and brick surfaces for fasteners, which can be steel anchors or pieces of reinforcement.
	Used in conjunction with a hammer drill for the purposes already described.
	Sledgehammer or big hammer will be needed when driving pins and anchors into the concrete surface.
	To drill holes in pipes for fasteners, for steps you will need metal drills. They can be installed in a hammer drill through an adapter chuck, or in an electric drill with high speeds.
	We will use wrenches to tighten the anchors, although it is better to replace them with a suitable drill attachment.
	To clearly set horizontal and vertical lines, you will need a small building level. It is better to purchase an option with magnetic tape so as not to be distracted by holding the tool during installation.
	An indispensable tool for similar works. Easily allows you to mark workpieces for a 90 or 45 degree cut.
	Will be needed when marking parts. It is better to buy several markers, since their nap tips quickly deteriorate on rough metal surfaces.

Let's also list the main materials we will work with:

	Actually, the profile pipe itself is for the stairs. Options with different cross-sections may be useful for work. We will tell you which profile pipe to use for the stairs as we explain the frame installation procedure. For a screw design you will also need round pipe, from which the support pillar will be made.
	By cutting it into pieces of 12-15 centimeters, we will make welded fasteners. To do this, a hole is drilled in the base, which is one step smaller than the diameter of the rod, and then the workpiece is hammered into it with a sledgehammer. We can weld the racks and beams of the structure to the protruding end of the rod.
	Anchors replace the above-described method of attaching staircase frame elements. For ease of tying at the lower ends vertical racks support platforms with drilled holes are welded through, through which fixation occurs. The beams are drilled through and fastened horizontally. In fairness, it is worth noting that the first method of fastening for beams is the most reliable.
	From pieces of plywood or similar materials, you can assemble a stencil for the steps so that they are the same size and shape.

To attach the steps to the frame, bolts or self-tapping screws with washers are used. The bolted connection is through, and fastening with self-tapping screws can be made invisible by driving them into the step from below.

Assembling the marching structure

Two main types of construction are common, although they are far from the only ones. The first one has an inclined beam and welded holders for the steps, and the second one has a broken pipe stringer. Let's look at both options.

The first option is much easier and faster, but in the end it will be a little more expensive, and the appearance of the structure will look very simple and unassuming. It is better to use this method when the staircase frame is completely hidden after the sheathing, or to build the structure on the same support with the platforms, as shown in the photo above.

The rise in cost of the structure is due to the fact that a profile pipe for stairs with a section of 100x100 or even 150x150 is used as a beam. In addition, you will have to weld on platforms made of sheet metal 3 mm thick, which will also be more expensive than profiled pipes.
When assembling, the first step is to install the inclined supports. If the structure has 2 flights, then first the frame of the intermediate platform is mounted, which will become the support for the beams.
There are two ways to weld the pads. The first is that after determining the angle of inclination, a metal sheet is welded horizontally to the beam. In order for it to withstand the weight of a moving person, a vertical support made of reinforcement or a piece of pipe is welded under it in front.
In the second method, triangles of pipes are first welded onto the beam, which are connected at right or acute angles, in case you want the risers to go inward in order to increase the tread area.
A platform is already welded on top of these supporting elements, although you can do without it. The edges of the tread between the parallel corners can be connected with crossbars made of pipes or, even directly, screwed onto them wooden steps, at least 4 cm thick.

Advice! Additionally, it is worth noting that the weight of the structure of this type It is quite large and it is possible for the ladder to tip over sideways. To avoid this, we weld support platforms made of metal 5 mm thick onto the racks - this way we will more evenly distribute the weight of the entire structure.

The video in this article will show you clearly how to weld a staircase from a profile pipe.

The second design option looks more beautiful, but you will have to tinker with it longer to assemble it. Optimal cross-section The pipes for it are considered to be 40x60 mm, more is possible, but keep in mind that the weight of the ladder will increase, which is not always justified.

There are also two ways to connect parts to make a finished stringer:

With the first method the pipe is cut into separate parts corresponding in length to the treads and risers. Their edges are cut at an angle of 45 degrees (for a more accurate cut, it is better to get miter saw) and welded together, forming a ladder. In theory, everything is simple, but in reality you will have to do a lot of welding work and constantly monitor the accuracy of the parts. To simplify the task, cut out a stencil from plywood, inside which you place the blanks.
The second method is much easier– take a solid pipe and mark it so that the corner cut point is the vertex of an equilateral triangle. The second triangle will be rotated 180 degrees relative to the first, that is, its vertex will be on the opposite face. We draw triangles on both sides, and then cut them out of the pipe so that the edge to which the vertices fit remains in place. Next, we will need to bend the pipe in this place and weld the connection.

Instead of a platform on the stringers, we also weld crossbars.

Making a spiral staircase

Installation of a spiral staircase begins with the installation of a central support column. Its diameter should not be less than 10 centimeters so that we can maintain the size of the adjacent edge of the step. Savings when purchasing this element are inappropriate, since the axis of the spiral staircase experiences serious loads.

The bottom edge of the post should rest against a strong, reliable foundation - best in concrete floor. You will also need a device support platform to distribute the weight of the ladder.

Advice! If you are installing a staircase at the same time as building a house, then in order not to buy an expensive sheet metal, the support can be built in the form of a cross from sections of the same pipe, which is then walled up in a concrete screed.

Supports for steps can be of two types, which depend on the cross-section of the pipe used. In terms of strength and external aesthetic component, they are not much different.

If you purchased pipes with a cross-section of 20x20 or 30x30 centimeters, then it is better to weld a full-fledged frame around the entire perimeter of the tread. For convenience, we again use a stencil. Calculating the angle of divergence of the faces is very simple. As you remember, our theoretical calculations resulted in 17 steps. We take the rotation angle and divide it by this value: 360/17 = 22 degrees. That's the whole calculation.
The second option is much faster. It will require pipes with a cross section of 40x60. No patterns are needed here - we take a piece of pipe, 8 cm long less than the length of the tread, apply a second piece from the end, which will correspond to the width of the step, and weld them together in a “T” shape. You can also add a cross element in the middle, as shown in the photo.

Finishing

So you actually collected spiral staircase with your own hands. All that remains is to refine it. Due to the fact that the number of materials for this is very large, and there are even more finishing methods, we will list only the main stages.

First, we sand the surface of the stairs, paying special attention to the welds. Ideally, they should not be palpable and should be smooth and even.
We coat the metal with a rust converter and wash it off according to the instructions on the package.

We prime the metal surface.
We paint the entire structure.
We cover the steps and make decorative finishing around if it is planned.

Most often, in private houses, wood is used as steps for such frames. It is enough to install only treads, and the staircase will take on an attractive appearance. “Stairs from a profile pipe” - the video we have selected will show how this procedure is performed. Well, that's all for us! See you again!