Ways to solve global problems in modern society. Global problems

At the present stage of development of civilization, questions have arisen more acutely than ever before, without which further development is impossible. forward movement humanity along the way economic progress. Despite the fact that it is only part of universal human activity, from its development in the 21st century. issues of security and preservation of peace, the natural environment and, as well as moral, religious and philosophical values, depend to a greater extent.

The importance of global problems especially increased in the second half of the twentieth century. It is they who significantly influence the structure of the national and. Historically, the world economy as a single whole took shape by the beginning of the twentieth century. as a result of drawing most of the countries of the world into world economic relations. By this time it was finished territorial division of the world, in the world economy has formed two poles. At one pole were industrialized countries, and on the other - their colonies - agricultural raw materials appendages. The latter were involved long before the emergence of national markets there. The involvement of these countries in world economic relations actually did not occur in connection with their needs own development, but was a product of the expansion of industrialized countries. The world economy formed in this way, even after the former colonies gained independence, preserved the relationship between the center and the periphery for many years. This is where the current global problems and contradictions originate.

As a rule, solving global problems requires enormous material and financial resources. The main criteria for classifying a particular problem as global is considered to be its scale and need for joint efforts to eliminate it.

Global problems— discrepancies between the most significant planetary needs and the possibility of satisfying them through the joint efforts of humanity in a certain period of time.

Examples of global problems of the world

Global problems of humanity - These are problems that affect the vital interests of the entire population of the planet and require the joint efforts of all states of the world to be solved.

In modern conditions, global problems include:

Classification of global problems

The exceptional difficulties and high costs of solving global problems require their justified classification.

According to their origin, nature and methods of solution, global problems, according to the classification adopted by international organizations, are divided into three groups. First group constitute problems determined by the basic socio-economic and political tasks of humanity. These include maintaining peace, ending the arms race and disarmament, non-militarization of space, creating favorable conditions for global social progress, overcoming the development gap of countries with low per capita incomes.

Second group covers a complex of problems revealed in the triad “man - society - technology”. These problems should take into account the effectiveness of using scientific and technical progress in the interests of harmonious social development and the elimination of the negative impact of technology on people, population growth, the establishment of human rights in the state, its liberation from the excessively increased control of state institutions, especially over personal freedom as the most important component of human rights.

Third group is represented by problems related to socio-economic processes and the environment, that is, problems of relations along the society-nature line. This includes solving raw materials, energy and food problems, overcoming the environmental crisis, which is spreading to more and more new areas and can destroy human life.

The end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st centuries. led to the development of a number of local, specific issues of development of countries and regions into the category of global ones. However, it should be recognized that internationalization played a decisive role in this process.

The number of global problems is growing, in separate publications recent years More than twenty problems of our time are named, but most authors identify four main global problems: environmental, peacekeeping and disarmament, demographic, fuel and raw materials.

The scale, location and role of individual global problems are changing. The environmental problem has now come to the fore, although recently its place was occupied by the struggle to maintain peace and disarmament. Changes are also taking place within global problems: some of their components lose their former significance and new ones appear. Thus, in the problem of the struggle for peace and disarmament, the main emphasis began to be placed on the reduction of means of mass destruction, the non-proliferation of mass weapons, the development and implementation of measures for the conversion of military production; In the fuel and raw material problem, a real possibility has arisen of the depletion of a number of non-renewable natural resources, and in the demographic problem, new tasks have arisen associated with a significant expansion of international migration of the population, labor resources, etc.

It's obvious that global problems are closely interconnected. For example, the severity of the food problem is aggravated by faster population growth than the growth of agricultural production in many developing countries. To solve the food problem, it is necessary to use the resource potential of industrialized countries or international organizations that develop and implement special assistance programs. Consideration of the impact of global problems on the formation of the world economy requires their detailed analysis and assessment from the positions of both individual countries and the world community as a whole. Features of world development of the second half
XX century are that it has become a constant factor influencing all areas of economic activity. Economic activity has spread to territories and areas that were previously not accessible to humans (the World Ocean, polar zones, space, etc.).

The accelerated development of productive forces, the systematic nature and global scale of technical progress, if not supported by a perfect management mechanism, can lead to irreversible negative consequences. In particular, the unevenness in economic development between countries will increase even more, the gap between the levels of material and spiritual culture of mankind will increase, the balance of the biosphere will be disrupted, and environmental deterioration may lead to the impossibility of life on Earth.

To get out of this crisis situation in the field of food, it is necessary to develop a joint international strategy on issues of food production, redistribution and consumption. Even with current methods of cultivating the land, according to calculations by British experts, it is possible to provide food for over 10 billion people. All this indicates extremely unproductive use of cultivated land.

Solving the problem of developing countries requires overcoming their economic, scientific and technical backwardness, and this is associated with the evolution of the economic space, which will lead to radical socio-economic transformations, the elimination of backward forms of land use and the rise of agriculture based on the introduction of scientific methods of its management.

In this situation, Russia and countries must pay attention, first of all, to preserving and increasing the potential of fertile agricultural lands, increasing the productivity of agricultural production, as well as storage and distribution systems.

The problem of military spending

After graduation Second World War The world community is making gigantic efforts to preserve peace and disarmament. However, humanity still spends huge amounts of money on weapons. Military spending slows down economic and technological development, increases inflation, contributes to inflation, distracts people from solving pressing social problems, increases foreign debt, and has a negative impact on international relationships and their stability.

The negative impact of military spending on a country's economic development can be long-lasting. Excessive military expenditures of past years place a heavy burden on countries with a low level of economic development, which at the present stage of the world economy includes many developing countries.

At the same time, zones of regional and local conflicts have emerged and are expanding, provoking external intervention, increasingly using military force. Participants in such confrontations already possess or in the near future may become possessors of weapons of mass destruction, including nuclear weapons. This forces many countries to maintain high levels of military spending in their budgets.

At the same time, the reduction in military potential, especially in largest states Russia, for example, faces many complex issues, because the military-industrial complex represents thousands of enterprises and millions of people employed in them. Besides, world trade weapons is still one of the most profitable types of business, which annually brings our country $3-4 billion in income.

In conditions of economic instability, limitations and lack of necessary funds, the reduction of armed forces and disarmament in Russia gives rise to additional economic and social problems. Disarmament and reduction of military production in some cases does not lead to the release of funds, but requires significant material and financial resources.

Thus, ensuring security and maintaining peace on the planet is possible with close cooperation between countries and the reasonable use of available resources aimed at eliminating the general military threat and nuclear war.

The development of the productive forces of the world economy requires not only a constant influx of material and fuel and energy resources, but also the use of significant monetary and financial resources.

The transformation of the world economy into a single market for goods, services, labor, capital and knowledge leads to a higher stage of internationalization (globalization). The single world market creates a volume of economic space and plays exclusively important role in servicing the structural restructuring of national economies. At the same time, it can contribute to deepening imbalances in the world economy.

Global goals of humanity

The priority global goals of humanity are as follows:

V political sphere— reducing the likelihood and, in the future, completely eliminating military conflicts, preventing violence in international relations;
in the economic and environmental spheres - the development and implementation of resource- and energy-saving technologies, the transition to non-traditional energy sources, the development and widespread use of environmental technologies;
V social sphere— improving living standards, global efforts to preserve people’s health, creating a global food supply system;
in the cultural and spiritual sphere - the restructuring of mass moral consciousness in accordance with today's realities.

Taking action towards the realization of these goals constitutes the survival strategy of humanity.

Emerging Global Issues

As the world economy develops, new global problems arise and will continue to arise.

In modern conditions, a new, already formed global problem is space exploration. The entry of man into space was an important impetus for the development of both fundamental science and applied research. Modern systems communications, forecasting many natural disasters, remote exploration of mineral resources - this is only a small part of what has become a reality thanks to space flights. At the same time, the scale financial costs, necessary for further exploration of outer space, today already exceed the capabilities of not only individual states, but also groups of countries. The extremely expensive components of research are the creation and launch of spacecraft and the maintenance of space stations. Thus, the cost of manufacturing and launching the Progress cargo spacecraft is $22 million, the Soyuz manned spacecraft is $26 million, the Proton spacecraft is $80 million, and the Space Shuttle is $500 million. dollars. The annual operation of the International Space Station (ISS) costs approximately 6 billion dollars.

Enormous investments are required to implement projects related to the exploration and future development of other planets in the solar system. As a consequence, the interests of space exploration objectively imply broad interstate interaction in this area, the development of large-scale international cooperation in the preparation and conduct of space research.

Emerging global problems currently include study of the structure of the Earth and control of weather and climate. Like space exploration, the solution to these two problems is only possible on the basis of broad international cooperation. Moreover, weather and climate management requires, among other things, global harmonization of behavioral norms of economic entities with the aim of universally minimizing harmful effects economic activity on the environment.

Essay. Global problems of our time

In the modern world, people face a huge number of problems, the solution of which determines the fate of humanity. These are the so-called global problems of our time, that is, a set of socio-natural problems, the solution of which determines the social progress of mankind and the preservation of civilization. In my opinion, global problems that put all of humanity at risk are a consequence of the confrontation between nature and human activity. It was man, with all the diversity of his activities, that provoked the emergence of many global problems.

Today the following global problems are identified:

the North-South problem - the development gap between rich and poor countries, poverty, hunger and illiteracy;

the threat of thermonuclear war and ensuring peace for all nations, preventing the world community from unauthorized proliferation of nuclear technologies and radioactive pollution of the environment;

catastrophic environmental pollution;

provision of resources to humanity, depletion of oil, natural gas, coal, fresh water, wood, non-ferrous metals;

global warming;

ozone holes;

terrorism;

violence and organized crime.

Greenhouse effect;

acid rain;

pollution of seas and oceans;

air pollution and many other problems.

These problems are characterized by dynamism, arise as an objective factor in the development of society and require the united efforts of all humanity to be solved. Global problems are interconnected, cover all aspects of people's lives and affect all countries. In my opinion, one of the most dangerous problems is the possibility of the destruction of humanity in a third world thermonuclear war - a hypothetical military conflict between states or military-political blocs possessing nuclear and thermonuclear weapons. Measures to prevent war and hostilities were already developed by I. Kant at the end of the 18th century. The measures he proposed: non-financing of military operations; rejection of hostile relationships, respect; concluding relevant international treaties and creating an international union seeking to implement a policy of peace, etc.

Another serious problem is terrorism. In modern conditions, terrorists have at their disposal a huge number of lethal means or weapons capable of destroying a huge number of innocent people.

Terrorism is a phenomenon, a form of crime, directed directly against a person, threatening his life and thereby seeking to achieve its goals. Terrorism is absolutely unacceptable from a humanistic point of view, and from a legal point of view it is a grave crime.

Environmental problems are another type of global problem. It includes: lithosphere pollution; hydrosphere pollution; atmospheric pollution.

Thus, today a real threat hangs over the world. Humanity must take measures as quickly as possible to resolve existing problems and prevent the emergence of new problems.

Trends in the development of human culture are contradictory; the level of social organization, political and environmental consciousness often does not correspond to the active transformative activity of man. The formation of a global human community, a single sociocultural space has led to the fact that local contradictions and conflicts have acquired a global scale.

The main causes and prerequisites for global problems:

accelerating the pace of social development;
constantly increasing anthropogenic impact on the biosphere;
population increase;
strengthening the interconnection and interdependence between different countries and regions.

Researchers offer several options for classifying global problems.

The challenges facing humanity at the present stage of development relate to both the technical and moral spheres.

The most pressing global problems can be divided into three groups:

problems of a natural and economic nature;
social problems;
problems of a political and socio-economic nature.

1. Environmental problem. Intensive human economic activity and consumer attitudes towards nature have a negative impact on the environment: soil, water, and air are polluted; the animal becomes impoverished and vegetable world planet, its forest cover has been largely destroyed. These processes together pose a threat to humanity of a global environmental catastrophe.

2. Energy problem. IN last decades In the global economy, energy-intensive industries are actively developing, and in connection with this, the problem of non-renewable reserves of organic fuel (coal, oil, gas) is becoming more acute. Traditional energy increases human pressure on the biosphere.

3. Raw materials problem. Natural mineral resources, which are the source of raw materials for industry, are exhaustible and non-renewable. Mineral reserves are rapidly declining.

4. Problems of using the World Ocean. Humanity is faced with the task of rational and careful use of the World Ocean as a source of biological resources, minerals, fresh water, as well as the use of waters as natural routes of communication.

5. Space exploration. Space exploration contains great potential opportunities for scientific, technological and economic development society, especially in the field of energy and geophysics.

Social problems

1. Demographic and food problems. The world's population is constantly increasing, which entails an increase in consumption. In this area, two trends are clearly visible: the first is the demographic explosion (sharp population growth) in the countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America; the second is low birth rates and the associated aging of the population in Western European countries.
Population growth increases the need for food, industrial goods, and fuel, which leads to increased stress on the biosphere.
The development of the food sector of the economy and the efficiency of the food distribution system lag behind the rate of population growth on the planet, as a result of which the problem of hunger is worsening.

2. The problem of poverty and low living standards.

It is in poor countries with underdeveloped economies that the population is growing fastest, as a result of which the standard of living is extremely low. Poverty and illiteracy among large sections of the population and insufficient medical care are one of the main problems in developing countries.

Problems of a political and socio-economic nature

1. The problem of peace and disarmament. At the present stage of human development, it has become clear that war cannot be a way to solve international problems. Military actions not only lead to massive destruction and loss of life, but also give rise to retaliatory aggression. The threat of nuclear war has made it necessary to limit nuclear tests and weapons at the international level, but this problem has not yet been completely resolved by the world community.

2. Overcoming the backwardness of underdeveloped countries. The problem of closing the gap in the level of economic development between Western countries and Third World countries cannot be solved by the efforts of lagging countries. The states of the “third world,” many of which remained colonially dependent until the mid-20th century, have embarked on the path of catching-up economic development, but they still cannot provide normal living conditions for the vast majority of the population and political stability in society.

3. The problem of interethnic relations. Along with the processes of cultural integration and unification, the desire of individual countries and peoples to assert national identity and sovereignty is increasing. Manifestations of these aspirations often take the form of aggressive nationalism and religious and cultural intolerance.

4. The problem of international crime and terrorism. The development of communications and transport, population mobility, transparency of interstate borders contributed not only to the mutual enrichment of cultures and economic growth, but also to the development of international crime, drug trafficking, illegal weapons business, etc. The problem of international terrorism became particularly acute at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. Terrorism is the use or threat of force to intimidate and suppress political opponents. Terrorism is no longer a problem of one single state. The scale of the terrorist threat in the modern world requires joint efforts of different countries to overcome it.

Ways to overcome global problems have not yet been found, but it is obvious that to solve them it is necessary to subordinate human activity to the interests of human survival, preserving the natural environment and creating favorable living conditions for future generations.

The main ways to solve global problems:

1. Formation of humanistic consciousness, a sense of responsibility of all people for their actions;

2. A comprehensive study of the causes and prerequisites leading to the emergence and aggravation of conflicts and contradictions in human society and its interaction with nature, informing the population about global problems, monitoring global processes, their control and forecasting;

3. Development of the latest technologies and methods of interaction with the environment: waste-free production, resource-saving technologies, alternative energy sources (solar, wind, etc.);

4. Active international cooperation to ensure peaceful and sustainable development, exchange of experience in solving problems, creation of international centers for the exchange of information and coordination of joint efforts.

Commoner B. Closing circle. Nature, man, technology. L., 1974.
Pechchen A. Human qualities. M., 1980.
Global problems and universal values. M., 1990.
Sidorina T.Yu. Humanity between death and prosperity. M., 1997.

Global problems of the world - a breakthrough into the future world order

Global Studies, Global forecasting and modeling has been emerging and rapidly developing since the middle of this century. This is due to the awareness and study of global problems of the modern world.

The concept “global” comes from Lat. globus is a globe and is used to record the most important, planetary problems of the modern era facing humanity.

There have always been and will continue to be problems facing people, humanity.

Which of the totality of problems are called global?

When and why do they occur?

Global problems highlight by object , in terms of the breadth of reality, these are social contradictions that cover humanity as a whole , and every person. Global problems affect the fundamental conditions of existence; This is a stage in the development of contradictions that poses Hamlet’s question to humanity: “to be or not to be?” — touches on the problems of the meaning of life, the meaning of human existence.

Global problems and methods for solving them. They can only be resolved through the joint efforts of the world community and integrated methods. Here, private feasibility measures are no longer enough. To solve modern global problems it is necessary a new type of thinking, where the main ones are moral and humanistic criteria.

The emergence of global problems in the twentieth century is due to the fact that, as V.I. Vernadsky predicted, human activity acquired a planetary character. There has been a transition from the thousand-year spontaneous development of successive local civilizations to world civilization.

The founder and president of the Club of Rome (the Club of Rome is an international non-governmental organization uniting about 100 scientists, public figures, and businessmen, created in 1968 in Rome to discuss and study global problems, promoting the formation of public opinion regarding these problems) A. Peccei wrote: “The diagnosis of these difficulties is not yet known, and no effective drugs can be prescribed for them; at the same time, they are aggravated by the close interdependence that now connects everything in the human system... In our artificially created world, literally everything has reached unprecedented sizes and proportions: dynamics, speed, energy, complexity - and our problems too. They are now simultaneously psychological, social, economic, technical, and, in addition, political.”

In modern literature on global studies, several main blocks of problems are identified. The main problem is the problem of the survival of human civilization.

What is the main threat to humanity?

Production and stockpiling of weapons of mass destruction, which can get out of control.

Increasing anthropogenic pressure on nature. Ecological problem.

Related to the first two are raw materials, energy and food problems.

Demographic problems (uncontrolled, rapid population growth, uncontrolled urbanization, excessive concentration of population in large and major cities).

Overcoming comprehensive backwardness by developing countries.

Fighting dangerous diseases.

Problems of space exploration and the World Ocean.

The problem of overcoming the cultural crisis, the decline of spiritual, primarily moral values, the formation and development of a new social consciousness with the priority of universal human values.

Let us characterize the last of these problems in more detail.

The problem of the decline of spiritual culture has long been called among the main global problems, but right now, at the end of the twentieth century, scientists and public figures it is defined as the key one on which the decision of everyone else depends. The most terrible of the catastrophes that threaten us is not so much the atomic, thermal and similar options for the physical destruction of humanity, but rather the anthropological one - the destruction of the human in man.

Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov in his article “The World Through Man” wrote: “Strong and contradictory feelings cover everyone who thinks about the future of the world in 50 years - about the future in which our grandchildren and great-grandchildren will live. These feelings are dejection and horror before the tangle of tragic dangers and difficulties of the immensely complex future of humanity, but at the same time hope for the strength of reason and humanity in the souls of billions of people, which alone can withstand the impending chaos.” Further, A.D. Sakharov warns that... “even if the main danger is eliminated—the destruction of civilization in the fire of a major thermonuclear war—the situation of humanity will remain critical.

Humanity is threatened by the decline of personal and state morality, which is already manifested in the deep collapse in many countries of the basic ideals of law and legality, in consumer selfishness, in the general growth of criminal tendencies, in international nationalist and political terrorism, in the destructive spread of alcoholism and drug addiction. IN different countries the reasons for these phenomena are somewhat different. Yet it seems to me that the deepest, primary reason lies in the internal lack of spirituality, in which a person’s personal morality and responsibility are crowded out and suppressed by an authority that is abstract and inhuman in its essence, alienated from the individual.”

Aurelio Peccei, reflecting on various options solutions to global problems, he also calls the main “Human Revolution” - that is, a change in man himself. “Man has subjugated the planet,” he writes, “and now must learn to manage it, to comprehend the difficult art of being a leader on Earth. If he finds the strength to fully and fully understand the complexity and instability of his current situation and accept a certain responsibility, if he can achieve a level of cultural maturity that will allow him to fulfill this difficult mission, then the future belongs to him. If he falls victim to his own internal crisis and fails to cope with the high role of defender and chief arbiter of life on the planet, well, then man is destined to witness how the number of such people will sharply decrease, and the standard of living will again slide to the level that has been passed for several centuries back. And only New Humanism is capable of ensuring the transformation of man, raising his quality and capabilities to a level corresponding to the new increased responsibility of man in this world.” According to Peccei, three aspects characterize the New Humanism: a sense of globality, love of justice and intolerance of violence.

From general characteristics global problems, let's move on to the methodology of their analysis and forecast. In modern futurology and global studies, attempts are being made to study global problems in a complex, interconnected manner. A classic example of global predictive models is still considered the “Limits to Growth” model, carried out by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology project team led by Dr. D. Meadows. The group's findings were presented as its first report to the Club of Rome in 1972.

J. Forrester proposed (and the Meadows group implemented this proposal) to calculate from a complex set of global socio-economic processes several that are decisive for the fate of humanity, and then “play out” their interaction on a cybernetic model using a computer. The growth of the world population, as well as industrial production, food, a decrease in mineral resources and increased pollution of the natural environment were chosen as such.

Modeling showed that at the current growth rates of world population (over 2% per year, doubling in 33 years) and industrial production (in the 60s - 5-7% per year, doubling in about 10 years) during the first decades of the 21st century, mineral resources will be exhausted, production growth will cease, and environmental pollution will become irreversible.

To avoid such a catastrophe and create a global balance, the authors recommended sharply reducing the growth rate of population and industrial production, reducing them to the level of simple reproduction of people and machines according to the principle: new only to replace the old that retires (the concept of “zero growth”).

Let us reproduce some elements of the methodology and techniques of predictive modeling.

1) Construction of a basic model.

The main indicators of the base model in the case we are considering were:

Population. In D. Meadows' model, population growth trends are extrapolated into the coming decade. Based on this, a number of conclusions are formed: (1) there is no possibility of flattening the population growth curve before 2000; (2) most of the probable parents of 2000 have already been born; (3) we can expect that in 30 years the world population will be about 7 billion people. In other words, if we reduce mortality as successfully as before, and, as before, we try unsuccessfully to reduce fertility, then in 2030 the number of people in the world will increase 4 times compared to 1970.

Production. There was a conclusion that production growth outpaced population growth. This conclusion is inaccurate, because it is based on the hypothesis that the increasing industrial production of the world is evenly distributed among all earthlings. In fact, most of the world's growth industrial products occurs in industrialized countries where population growth rates are very low.

Calculations show that in the process economic growth The gap between the rich and poor countries of the world is growing tirelessly.

Food. A third of the world's population (50-60% of the population in developing countries) suffers from malnutrition. And although overall agricultural production in the world is increasing, per capita food production in developing countries is barely maintained at its current, rather low level.

Mineral resources. Possibility of increasing production food products ultimately depends on the availability of non-renewable resources.

At the current rate of consumption of natural resources and their further increase, according to D. Meadows, the vast majority of non-renewable resources will become extremely expensive in 100 years.

Nature. Will the biosphere survive? Man has only recently begun to show concern about his activities on the natural environment. Attempts to quantitatively measure this phenomenon arose even later and are still imperfect. Since environmental pollution is complexly dependent on population size, industrialization and specific technological processes, it is difficult to give an accurate estimate of how quickly the exponential curve of overall pollution is rising. However, if in the year 2000 there were 7 billion people in the world, and the gross national product per capita was the same as the US today, then total environmental pollution would be at least 10 times higher than today's levels.

Whether natural systems will be able to withstand this remains to be seen. Most likely, the permissible limit will be reached on a global scale with exponential growth in population and the pollution produced by each person.

Model 1 “standard type”

Initial parcels. It is assumed that there will be no fundamental changes in the physical, economic or social relationships that historically determined the development of the world system (for the period from 1900 to 1970).

Food and industrial output, as well as population, will grow exponentially until rapid resource depletion causes industrial growth to slow. After this, the population will continue to increase for some time due to inertia, and at the same time, environmental pollution will continue. Eventually, population growth will be halved as a result of increased mortality rates due to lack of food and medical care.

Model 2

Initial parcels. It is assumed that “unlimited” sources nuclear energy will make it possible to double existing natural resources and implement an extensive program for reuse resources and their replacement.

Forecasting the development of the world system. Since resources will not be depleted as quickly, industrialization can reach a higher level than with the standard type model. However, a large number of larger enterprises will pollute the environment very quickly, which will lead to an increase in the mortality rate and a decrease in the amount of food. At the end of the relevant period, resources will be severely depleted, despite the doubling of the initial reserves.

Model 3

Initial parcels. Natural resources are fully utilized and 75% of them are reused. The emission of pollutants is 4 times less than in 1970. The yield per unit of land area has doubled. Effective birth control measures are available to the entire world population.

Predicted development of the world system. It will be possible (albeit temporarily) to achieve a stable population with an average annual per capita income almost equal to the average income of the US population today. However, in the end, although industrial growth will be halved and the mortality rate will increase as a result of resource depletion, pollution will accumulate and food production will decline.

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………….3

1. The concept of global problems of modern society…………………….5

2. Ways to solve global problems……………………….15

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………….20

List of used literature………………………………………………………23

Introduction.

A sociology test is presented on the topic: “Global problems of modern society: the reasons for their occurrence and aggravation at the present stage of human development.”

Target test work The next one will be to consider the causes of global problems of modern society and their aggravation.

Tasks test work :

1.Explain the concept of global problems of modern society, their causes.

2. Characterize ways to solve global problems at the present stage of human development.

It should be noted that sociology studies the social.

Social in our life is a combination of certain properties and features public relations, integrated by individuals or communities in the process of joint activity (interaction) in specific conditions and manifested in their relationships to each other, to their position in society, to the phenomena and processes of social life.

Any system of social relations (economic, political, cultural and spiritual) concerns the relationship of people to each other and to society, and therefore has its own social aspect.

A social phenomenon or process occurs when the behavior of even one individual is influenced by another or a group (community) regardless of their physical presence.

Sociology is designed to study precisely this.

On the one hand, the social is a direct expression of social practice, on the other hand, it is subject to constant change due to the influence of this very social practice on it.

Sociology is faced with the task of cognition of the stable, essential and at the same time constantly changing in the social, analysis of the relationship between the constant and the variable in the specific state of a social object.

In reality, a specific situation acts as an unknown social fact that must be realized in the interests of practice.

A social fact is a single socially significant event, typical for a given sphere of social life.

Humanity has experienced the tragedy of two of the most destructive and bloody world wars.

New means of labor and Appliances; the development of education and culture, the affirmation of the priority of human rights, etc., provide opportunities for human improvement and a new quality of life.

But there are a number of problems to which we need to find an answer, a path, a solution, a way out of a disastrous situation.

That's why relevance test work is that now global problems - this is a multidimensional series of negative phenomena that you need to know and understand how to get out of them.

The test consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, and a list of references.

Authors such as V.E. Ermolaev, Yu.V. Irkhin, V.A. Maltsev helped us a lot when writing the test.

The concept of global problems of our time

It is believed that the global problems of our time are generated precisely by the pervasive unevenness of the development of world civilization, when the technical power of mankind has immeasurably surpassed the level of social organization it has achieved and political thinking has clearly lagged behind political reality.

Also, the motives of human activity and his moral values are very far from the social, environmental and demographic foundations of the era.

Global (from French Global) is universal, (Latin Globus) is a ball.

Based on this, the meaning of the word “global” can be defined as:

1) covering the entire globe, worldwide;

2) comprehensive, complete, universal.

The present time is the boundary of a change of eras, the entry of the modern world into a qualitatively new phase of development.

Therefore, the most characteristic features of the modern world will be:

information revolution;

acceleration of modernization processes;

compaction of space;

acceleration of historical and social time;

the end of the bipolar world (confrontation between the USA and Russia);

reconsidering the Eurocentric worldview;

growing influence of eastern states;

integration (convergence, interpenetration);

globalization (strengthening interconnection and interdependence of countries and peoples);

strengthening national cultural values and traditions.

So, global problems- this is a set of problems of humanity, on the solution of which the existence of civilization depends and, therefore, requiring coordinated international action to solve them.

Now let's try to find out what they have in common.

firstly, they affect all of humanity, touching on the interests and destinies of all countries, peoples and social strata;

secondly, global problems do not respect borders;

thirdly, they lead to significant losses of an economic and social nature, and sometimes to a threat to the existence of civilization itself;

fourthly, they require broad international cooperation to solve these problems, since not one state, no matter how powerful it may be, is unable to solve them on its own.

The relevance of global problems of humanity is determined by a number of factors, the main of which include:
1. Sharp acceleration of social development processes.

This acceleration clearly revealed itself already in the first decades of the 20th century. It became even more obvious in the second half of the century. Reason accelerated development socio-economic processes is scientific and technological progress.

In just a few decades of scientific and technological revolution, more changes have occurred in the development of productive forces and social relations than in any similar period of time in the past.

Moreover, each subsequent change in human activities occurs at shorter intervals.

In the course of scientific and technological progress, the earth's biosphere has been powerfully impacted by various types of human activity. The anthropogenic impact of society on nature has increased sharply.
2. Global population growth. He posed a number of problems to humanity, first of all, the problem of providing food and other means of subsistence. At the same time, environmental problems associated with human living conditions have become more acute.
3. The problem of nuclear weapons and nuclear disaster.
These and some other problems affect not only individual regions or countries, but also humanity as a whole. For example, the consequences of a nuclear test are felt everywhere. The depletion of the ozone layer, caused largely by an imbalance in the hydrocarbon balance, is felt by all inhabitants of the planet. The use of chemicals used to control field pests can cause mass poisonings in regions and countries geographically distant from the place of production of contaminated products.
Thus, the global problems of our time are a complex of acute socio-natural contradictions that affect the world as a whole, and with it local regions and countries.

Global problems must be distinguished from regional, local and local ones.
Regional problems include a range of pressing issues that arise within individual continents, large socio-economic regions of the world or in large states.

The concept “local” refers to problems either of individual states or large areas of one or two states (for example, earthquakes, floods, other natural disasters and their consequences, local military conflicts; the collapse of the Soviet Union, etc.).

Local problems arise in certain regions of states and cities (for example, conflicts between the population and the administration, temporary difficulties with water supply, heating, etc.). However, we should not forget that unresolved regional, local and local problems can become global. For example, a disaster Chernobyl nuclear power plant directly affected only a number of regions of Ukraine, Belarus and Russia (a regional problem), but if you do not accept necessary measures security, its consequences may in one way or another affect other countries, and even become global. Any local military conflict can gradually turn into a global one if its course affects the interests of a number of countries other than its participants, as evidenced by the history of the First and Second World Wars, etc.
On the other hand, since global problems, as a rule, are not solved on their own, and even with targeted efforts a positive result is not always achieved, in the practice of the world community they strive, if possible, to transform them into local ones (for example, to legally limit the birth rate in a number of individual countries with demographic explosion), which, of course, does not exhaustively solve the global problem, but it does provide a certain gain in time before the onset of catastrophic consequences.
Thus, global problems affect not only the interests of individuals, nations, countries, continents, but can affect the prospects for the future development of the world; they cannot be resolved on their own or even through the efforts of individual countries, but require focused and organized efforts of the entire world community.

Unsolved global problems can lead in the future to serious, even irreversible consequences for humans and their environment. The generally recognized global problems are: environmental pollution, resource problems, demography and nuclear weapons; a number of other problems.
The development of a classification of global problems was the result of long-term research and generalization of the experience of several decades of their study.

Other global problems are emerging.

Classification of global problems

The exceptional difficulties and high costs of solving global problems require their justified classification.

According to their origin, nature and methods of solution, global problems, according to the classification adopted by international organizations, are divided into three groups. The first group consists of problems determined by the main socio-economic and political tasks of humanity. These include maintaining peace, ending the arms race and disarmament, non-militarization of space, creating favorable conditions for global social progress, and overcoming the development gap of countries with low per capita incomes.

The second group covers a complex of problems revealed in the triad “man - society - technology”. These problems should take into account the effectiveness of using scientific and technological progress in the interests of harmonious social development and the elimination of the negative impact of technology on people, population growth, the establishment of human rights in the state, its liberation from the excessively increased control of state institutions, especially over personal freedom as the most important component of human rights.

The third group is represented by problems related to socio-economic processes and the environment, that is, problems of relations between society and nature. This includes solving raw materials, energy and food problems, overcoming the environmental crisis, which is spreading to more and more new areas and can destroy human life.

The number of global problems is growing; in some publications in recent years, more than twenty problems of our time are named, but most authors identify four main global problems: environmental, peacekeeping and disarmament, demographic, fuel and raw materials.

The energy problem in the global economy

The energy resource problem as a global one began to be discussed after the energy (oil) crisis of 1972-1973, when, as a result of coordinated actions, member states of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) simultaneously increased the prices of the crude oil they sold by almost 10 times. A similar step, but on a more modest scale (OPEC countries were unable to overcome internal competitive contradictions), was taken in the early 80s. This allowed us to talk about the second wave of the global energy crisis. As a result, for 1972-1981. oil prices increased 14.5 times. In the literature, this was called the “global oil shock,” which marked the end of the era of cheap oil and caused a chain reaction of rising prices for various other types of raw materials. Some analysts of those years regarded such events as evidence of the depletion of the world's non-renewable natural resources and the entry of humanity into an era of prolonged energy and raw material “hunger”.

Energy and raw materials crises of the 70s - early 80s. dealt a heavy blow to the existing system of world economic relations and caused grave consequences in many countries. First of all, this affected those countries that, in the development of their national economies, relied heavily on relatively cheap and sustainable imports of energy resources and mineral raw materials.

The most profound energy and raw material crises affected most developing countries, calling into question the possibility of implementing a national development strategy in them, and in some, the possibility of economic survival of the state. It is known that the vast majority of mineral reserves located in developing countries are concentrated in about 30 of them. The remaining developing countries, in order to ensure their economic development, which in many of them was based on the idea of industrialization, are forced to import most of the necessary mineral raw materials and energy resources.

Energy and raw materials crises of the 70-80s. also contained positive elements. Firstly, the united actions of natural resource suppliers from developing countries allowed outsider countries in relation to individual agreements and organizations of raw material exporting countries to pursue a more active foreign trade policy in raw materials. Thus, the former USSR became one of the largest exporters of oil and other types of energy and mineral raw materials.

Secondly, the crises gave impetus to the development of energy-saving and material-saving technologies, strengthening the regime for saving raw materials, and accelerating the structural restructuring of the economy. These measures, taken primarily by developed countries, have made it possible to significantly mitigate the consequences of the energy crisis.

In particular, only in the 70-80s. Energy intensity of production in developed countries decreased by 1/4.

Increased attention has been paid to the use alternative materials and energy sources.

For example, in France in the 90s. Nuclear power plants produced about 80% of all electricity consumed. Currently, the share of nuclear power plants in global electricity production is 1/4.

Thirdly, under the influence of the crisis, large-scale geological exploration work began to be carried out, which led to the discovery of new oil and gas fields, as well as economically viable reserves of other types of natural raw materials. Thus, the North Sea and Alaska became new large areas for oil production, and Australia, Canada, and South Africa for mineral raw materials.

As a result, pessimistic forecasts for the supply of world energy and mineral raw materials gave way to optimistic calculations based on new data. If in the 70s - early 80s. supply of main types of energy resources was estimated at 30-35 years, then at the end of the 90s. it increased: for oil - up to 42 years, for natural gas - up to 67 years, and for coal - up to 440 years.

Thus, the global energy resource problem in the previous understanding as the danger of an absolute shortage of resources in the world does not now exist. But the problem of reliably providing humanity with raw materials and energy remains.

Ecological problem.

ECOLOGICAL PROBLEM

(from the Greek oikos - abode, house and logos - teaching) - in a broad sense, the whole complex of issues caused by the contradictory dynamics of the internal self-development of nature. The basis of the specific manifestation of E.p. at the biological level of the organization of matter there is a contradiction between the needs of any living unit (organism, species, community) for matter, energy, information to ensure its own development and the capabilities of the environment to satisfy these needs. In a narrower sense, environmental protection is understood as a set of issues that arise in the interaction of nature and society and concern the preservation of the biosphere system, the rationalization of resource use, and the extension of ethical standards to the biological and inorganic levels of the organization of matter.
E. p. is characteristic of all stages of social development, since it is a problem of normalizing living conditions. Definition of E.p. how the problem of human survival at the present stage makes it easier to understand its content.
E. p. is the core in the system of global contradictions ( cm. GLOBAL PROBLEMS). The main factors destabilizing the global situation are: the buildup of all types of weapons; lack of effective technological and legal support the process of destruction of certain types of weapons (eg chemical); development of nuclear weapons, operation of nuclear power plants in economically and politically unstable countries; local and regional military conflicts; attempts to use cheaper bacteriological weapons for the purposes of international terrorism; population growth and extensive urbanization, accompanied by a gap in resource consumption levels between the “have” countries and the remaining “have-not” countries; poor development of both alternative environmentally friendly types of energy and decontamination technologies; industrial accidents; uncontrolled use of genetically modified crops and organisms in the food industry; ignoring the global consequences of the storage and disposal of toxic military and industrial waste, uncontrollably “buried” in the 20th century.
The main reasons for the modern environmental crisis include: industrialization of society based on waste technologies; the predominance of anthropocentrism and technocracy in scientific support and socio-economic and political decisions in the field of environmental management; confrontation between capitalist and socialist social systems, which determined the content of all global events of the 20th century. The modern environmental crisis is characterized by a sharp increase in all types of pollution of the biosphere with substances that are evolutionarily unusual for it; reduction in species diversity and degradation of stable biogeocenoses, undermining the ability of the biosphere to self-regulate; anti-ecological orientation of the cosmization of human activity. The deepening of these trends can lead to a global environmental catastrophe - the death of humanity and its culture, the disintegration of the evolutionarily established spatiotemporal connections of living and nonliving matter of the biosphere.
E. p. is complex in nature and is the focus of the entire system of knowledge, starting from the second. floor. 20th century In the works of the Club of Rome, the ecological prospects of humanity were studied by constructing models of the modern relationship between society and nature and futurological extrapolations of the dynamics of its trends. The results of the research revealed the fundamental insufficiency of private scientific methods and purely technical means of solving this problem.
From ser. 1970s interdisciplinary study of socio-ecological contradictions, causes of aggravation and alternatives for future development is carried out in the course of interaction of two relatively independent directions: general scientific and humanitarian. Within the framework of a general scientific approach, V.I.’s ideas received significant theoretical development. Vernadsky, K.E. Tsiolkovsky, representatives of “constructive geography” (L. Fsvr, M. Sor) and “human geography” (P. March, J. Brun, E. Martonne).
The beginning of the humanitarian approach to environmental protection was laid by the Chicago school of environmental sociology, which studied various forms of human destruction of the environment and formulated the basic principles of environmental protection (R. Park, E. Burgess, R.D. Mackenzie). Within the framework of the humanitarian approach, patterns of abiogenic, biogenic and anthropogenically modified factors and their relationships with a set of anthropological and sociocultural factors are identified.
General scientific and humanitarian directions are united by a qualitatively new task for the entire system of knowledge of understanding the nature of changes in the structure of life caused by the global expansion of modern man. In the process of consistent consideration of this task, in line with the greening of knowledge at the intersection of the humanities and natural sciences, a complex of environmental disciplines is being formed (human ecology, social ecology, global ecology, etc.), the object of study of which is the specifics of the relationship different levels fundamental life dichotomy “organism - environment”. Ecology as a set of new theoretical approaches and methodological orientations had a significant influence on the development of scientific thinking in the 20th century. and the formation of environmental consciousness.
Formed in the second. floor. 20th century Philosopher interpretations of the problem of interaction between nature and society (naturalistic, noospheric, technocratic) over the years of environmental alarmism, the development of the international environmental movement and interdisciplinary research on this problem have undergone certain stylistic and substantive changes.
Representatives of modern naturalism are traditionally based on the ideas of the intrinsic value of nature, eternity and the binding nature of its laws for all living things, and the predetermined nature of nature as the only possible environment for human existence. But a “return to nature” is understood as the continued existence of humanity only in conditions of stable biogeochemical cycles, which means the conservation of the existing natural balance by stopping large-scale technological and social changes in the environment, reducing the rate of population growth, rationalizing consumption, authoritative enforcement of environmental discipline and environmental protection, and the spread of action ethical principles at all levels of life.
Within the framework of the “noosphere approach”, the idea of the noosphere, first expressed by Vernadsky in his doctrine of the biosphere, is developed as the idea of co-evolution. Vernadsky understood the noosphere as a natural stage of biosphere evolution, created by the thought and labor of a single humanity. At the present stage, coevolution is interpreted as further joint dead-end development of society and nature as interconnected, but in various ways self-reproduction of life in the biosphere.

Humanity can develop, so to speak. representatives of the noospheric approach, only in a self-developing biosphere. Human activities must be included in stable biogeochemical cycles. One of the main tasks of coevolution is to manage human adaptation to changed environmental conditions. The co-evolutionary development project provides for a radical restructuring of technologies and communication systems, large-scale waste disposal, the creation of closed production cycles, the introduction of environmental control over planning, and the dissemination of the principles of environmental ethics.
Representatives of the post-technocratic version of the future interaction between society and nature supplement the basic idea of removing any limits from the transformative activity of humanity through a radical technological restructuring of the biosphere with the idea of qualitatively improving the mechanism of evolution of man himself as biological species. As a result, humanity will allegedly be able to exist in environmentally unfamiliar environments both outside the biosphere and in a completely artificial civilization within the biosphere, where social life will be ensured by artificially reproduced biogeochemical cycles. In essence, we are talking about the development of the radical idea of autotrophy of humanity, expressed at one time by Tsiolkovsky.
Ontological and epistemological analysis of E.p. at the present stage, it allows us to avoid one-sided theoretical conclusions, the hasty implementation of which can sharply worsen the ecological situation of humanity.

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And it even goes beyond its borders. Considering the heterogeneity of humanity, its activities simply cannot but be accompanied by certain contradictions. If they cover the entire planet and near-Earth space, then these are global problems.

peace cover all aspects of human life, affect all countries, peoples and segments of the population, relate both to the surface of the earth and to the World Ocean, atmosphere, space, and lead to serious economic and social losses. Consequently, solving these problems is a task for the whole world, requiring universal unification.

Global problems are divided into several types:

Global problems of humanity at the state and international levels are currently considered, unfortunately, as something very abstract and requiring solutions only in the distant future. As for the individual level, with rare exceptions people take a position of neutrality, they say, this does not concern me personally. All this indicates a lack of understanding among the masses of the seriousness of global problems.

Global problems of society have several characteristic features:

They are universal in nature, covering the interests of all peoples (and sometimes all living things) and every person in particular.
If they are not resolved, sooner or later they will lead to a global catastrophe and the death of humanity.
They require the joint efforts of all humanity.
They require an integrated, synergetic approach.

In essence, humanity’s global problems reflect the unevenness and imbalance of its development. By developing industry, people have lost contact with nature, as a result of which environmental problems have worsened. The trend towards the creation of an information society and the dominance of capitalism has led to a spiritual crisis. The predominance of individualism and infantile egoism brought political, weapons and social problems to the fore. This is how cause-and-effect relationships are realized between seemingly crises in completely different areas. However, the solution to one problem will not, according to the law, cause a positive correlation with the solution to others: a single integrated approach is required here, based on a global reconstruction of the consciousness of humanity in favor of a collective way of existence, effective interaction and harmonious development in connection with nature and the next and previous generations.

In the course of the development of civilization, humanity has repeatedly faced complex problems, sometimes of a planetary nature. But still, this was a distant prehistory, a kind of “incubation period” of modern global problems.

They fully manifested themselves in the second half and especially in the last quarter of the 20th century. Such problems were brought to life by a complex of reasons that clearly manifested themselves during this period.

In fact, never before has humanity itself increased quantitatively by 2.5 times during the lifetime of only one generation, thereby increasing the strength of the “demographic press”. Never before has humanity entered into, reached the post-industrial stage of development, or opened the road to space. Never before have such quantities of natural resources and the “waste” they return to the environment been required to support its life. All this since the 60s and 70s. XX century attracted the attention of scientists, politicians, and the general public to global problems.

Global problems are problems that: firstly, concern all of humanity, affecting the interests and destinies of all countries, peoples, social strata; secondly, they lead to significant economic and social losses, and if they worsen, they can threaten the very existence of human civilization;
thirdly, they can only be resolved through cooperation on a planetary basis.

Priority problems of humanity are:

the problem of peace and disarmament;
environmental;
demographic;
energy;
raw materials;
food;
use of the resources of the World Ocean;
peaceful space exploration;
overcoming the backwardness of developing countries.

The essence of global problems and possible ways to solve them

The problem of peace and disarmament- the problem of preventing a third world war remains the most important, highest priority problem for humanity. In the second half of the 20th century. Nuclear weapons appeared and a real threat arose of the destruction of entire countries and even continents, i.e. almost all modern life.

Solutions:

Establishing strict control over nuclear and chemical weapons;
Reduction of conventional weapons and arms trade;
A general reduction in military spending and the size of the armed forces.

Ecological- degradation of the global ecological system as a result of irrationality and its pollution with waste from human activity.

Solutions:

Optimization of the use of natural resources in the process of social production;
Protection of nature from the negative consequences of human activity;
Environmental safety of the population;
Creation of specially protected areas.

Demographic- continuation of the demographic explosion, rapid growth of the Earth's population and, as a consequence, overpopulation of the planet.

Solutions:

Carrying out a thoughtful .

Fuel and raw materials- the problem of reliable provision of humanity with fuel and energy, as a result rapid growth consumption of natural mineral resources.

Solutions:

Increasing use of energy and heat (solar, wind, tidal, etc.). Development ;

Food- according to FAO (food and agriculture) and WHO (World Health Organization) between 0.8 and 1.2 billion people are hungry and undernourished in the world.

Solutions:

An extensive solution is to expand arable land, pastures and fishing grounds.
The intensive way is an increase in production through mechanization, automation of production, through the development of new technologies, breeding high-yielding, disease-resistant plant varieties and animal breeds.

Use of ocean resources- at all stages of human civilization was one of the most important sources of maintaining life on Earth. Currently, the ocean is not just a single natural space, but also a natural-economic system.

Solutions:

Creation of a global structure of the maritime economy (allocation of oil production, fishing and zones), improvement of the infrastructure of port-industrial complexes.
Protection of the waters of the World Ocean from pollution.
Prohibition of military testing and disposal of nuclear waste.

Peaceful space exploration. Space is a global environment, the common heritage of humanity. Testing various types of weapons could threaten the entire planet at once. "Littering" and "clogging" of outer space.

Solutions:

"Non-militarization" of outer space.
International cooperation in space exploration.

Overcoming the backwardness of developing countries- the majority of the world's population lives in poverty and squalor, which can be considered extreme forms of backwardness. Per capita income in some countries is less than $1 per day.

Modernity is a series of social problems of the development of civilization, which, however, are not limited exclusively to the social aspect, and affect almost all areas of society: economic, political, environmental, psychological. These problems have been formed over many years, which are characterized by the rapid development of various spheres of human life, and therefore the methods for solving them do not have clear options.

Philosophy and global problems of our time

Awareness of any problems is the first stage in solving them, because only understanding can lead to effective actions. For the first time, the global problems of our time were comprehended by philosophers. Indeed, who else but philosophers will be engaged in understanding the dynamics of the development of civilization? After all, global problems require full analysis and consideration of different points of view.

The main global problems of our time

So, he studies global processes. They arise as an objective factor of human existence, i.e. arise due to human activities. Global problems of our time are not numerous:

The so-called “neglectable aging”. This problem was first raised in 1990 by Caleb Finch. Here we are talking about expanding the boundaries of life expectancy. A lot has been devoted to this topic. scientific research, which were aimed at studying the causes of aging and methods that can slow it down or even reverse it. However, as practice shows, the solution to this issue is quite a long way off.
The North-South problem. It includes understanding the large development gap between northern and southern countries. Thus, in most countries of the South, the concepts of “hunger” and “poverty” are still a pressing problem for large parts of the population.
The problem of preventing thermonuclear war. It implies the damage that could be caused to all of humanity in the event of the use of nuclear or thermonuclear weapons. The problem of peace between peoples and political forces, the struggle for common prosperity, is also acute here.
Preventing pollution and maintaining ecological balance.
Global warming.
The problem of diseases: AIDS, cancer and cardiovascular diseases.
Demographic imbalance.
Terrorism.

Global problems of our time: what are the solutions?

Negligible aging. Modern science is taking steps towards studying aging, but the question of the feasibility of this still remains relevant. In the mythological legends of different peoples one can find the idea of eternal life, however, the elements that make up the concept of evolution today conflict with the idea of eternal life and prolongation of youth.
The problem of the North and South, which is illiteracy and poverty of the population of southern countries, is solved with the help of charitable actions, but it cannot be solved until the countries lagging behind in development become developed in political and economic aspects.
The problem of preventing the use of nuclear and thermonuclear weapons, in fact, cannot be exhausted as long as the capitalist understanding of relations dominates in society. Only with a transition to another level of assessment of human life and peaceful coexistence can the problem be solved. Acts and agreements concluded between countries on non-use are not a 100% guarantee that war will not break out one day.
The problem of maintaining the ecological balance of the planet today is being solved with the help of political forces that are concerned about this, as well as with the help of organizations that are trying to preserve endangered species of animals, are engaged in planting and organize events and campaigns that are aimed at attracting public attention to this problem . However, a technological society is unlikely to be able to preserve the environment 100%.
Questions about global warming have long worried scientists, but the causes that cause warming cannot currently be eliminated.
The problems of incurable diseases at the present stage find a partial solution offered by medicine. Fortunately, today this question is relevant for scientific knowledge and states allocate funds so that these problems are studied and effective medicines are invented by doctors.
The demographic imbalance between the countries of the south and the north finds a solution in the form of legislative acts: for example, Russian legislation encourages high birth rates in the form of additional payments to large families, and, for example, Japanese legislation, on the contrary, limits the ability of families to have many children.
Currently, the problem of terrorism is very acute after a number of high-profile tragic incidents. The internal security services of states are doing everything possible to counter terrorism on the territory of their country and prevent the unification of terrorist organizations on an international scale.