Russia in the 17th century. Education in the 17th century

17th century Russian history- this is, first of all, the beginning of the three-hundred-year reign of the Romanov dynasty, which replaced the Moscow Rurik dynasty.
This period began in the midst of a severe political, social and economic crisis. Ivan IV left behind a weakened and impoverished country, and the direct heir Fyodor and Tsarevich Dmitry could not accept the burden of rule, so the boyars took over the actual management of the country. Boris Godunov especially stood out among them, who, through intrigue and manipulation, got rid of all candidates for the throne, and after the tragic death of Tsarevich Dmitry, he reigned alone. This is how the history of the Rurik dynasty ended.

The reign of Boris Godunov was characterized by both positive and negative aspects. The positive ones include reform activities, bringing a certain calm to the public environment, attempts to end the boyar-noble wars and achieve relative external peace. At the same time, his reign saw some of the most difficult times in the entire history of Russia: The Strongest economic crisis, numerous natural disasters and drought leading to mass famine. The exhausted people begin to blame the “damned” king for the disasters.

Against this background, the Polish monarch Sigismund III, in exchange for a promise to bring the country under the protection of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, helps the self-proclaimed “miracle survivor” Tsarevich Dmitry ascend the throne. But later a rebellion breaks out and False Dmitry is killed, and the Polish subject, Marina Mniszech, who, according to the agreement, was married to the impostor, remains the “royal widow.” Soon another impostor appears in Moscow, posing as Dmitry. The Polish woman also recognizes him, but soon he is also killed. Marina herself, according to some sources, was killed along with her son by the “warren”, and according to others, she was imprisoned in prison by the boyars, who saw her as a political threat.

Then the influential boyar Vasily Shuisky took power into his hands - but he was overthrown and forcibly sent to a monastery.
Then power for some time belonged to the council of boyars, which was popularly remembered as the “seven boyars.”
Finally, the boyars decide to turn to the Polish kingdom for help. However, the Polish army is deceived into invading Moscow, which leads to the formation of a "people's militia" organized by Kuzma Minin and led by Prince Dmitry Pozharsky. The Polish intervention was repulsed, and Mikhail Romanov was elected to the throne.

After Michael's accession, peace reigned in the country. Tax cuts took place, production appeared, and the country gradually developed.
Mikhail’s son, Alexey, was nicknamed “The Quietest.” His reign, in particular, was remembered for church reforms, thanks to which the church was actually subordinated to the autocratic king. However, at the same time, the so-called The church schism, headed by Patriarch Nikon, introduced a number of reforms into the existing spiritual practice, which caused a serious split in the clergy and contributed to the emergence of “Old Believers” (baptized with two fingers) who did not accept these reforms.

Subsequently, throughout the seventeenth century in Russia, the Old Believers were subjected to serious persecution, and Nikon was deprived of his rank and imprisoned.
After the death of Alexei Mikhailovich, a new wave of political unrest began, which led to the accession of the daughter of Alexei the Quiet - Sophia, who managed to prove herself to be a fairly successful queen, however, in the meantime, Alexei's direct heir - Tsarevich Peter, had already grown up enough and was ready to take the reins of government myself.

Rus', united by the Moscow kingdom, entered the 17th century in a difficult state. After the death of Ivan IV the Terrible, the weak Fyodor Ivanovich began to rule the state. His authority was extremely low, so soon a struggle for power began in the country. Thanks to the aggressive policy of Ivan the Terrible, the state expanded enormously, and it was quite difficult to maintain it. After Moscow’s aggression during Livonian War relations with Western countries became tense; the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden were Moscow's main opponents in the west. At the same time, the Crimean Tatars, under the protection of the Ottoman Empire, continued to carry out devastating raids on Rus'.

At the beginning of the 17th century, the so-called Time of Troubles. At this time, many cities began to rebel against the central government, and the Orthodox Church split. During the period from 1598 to 1613, the country had six rulers. At this time, the power of the Rurik dynasty ceased, the first prince chosen to reign was installed Zemsky Sobor. Under his rule, Moscow settled some disputes with Western countries and expanded its territory to the east. However, under his rule, the crisis in the state prolonged; both the peasants, whose lives were very difficult, and the nobility, who were deprived of comprehensive power over the slaves, were dissatisfied with him.

By the middle of the 17th century, a new military conflict had matured with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which united Poland and Lithuania. At this time, most of the territory of modern Ukraine was under the rule of the Poles, but the local population resisted Catholicism, and the revelry of the gentry eventually led to the uprising of one of the Cossack atamans, Bogdan Khmelnytsky. He managed to raise a national liberation movement in 1648, as a result of which Ukraine at that time even achieved independence. The Cossacks inflicted several major defeats on the Polish troops. However, in 1654, Bogdan Khmelnitsky died, and the Moscow kingdom, pointing to an agreement between him and the Cossacks (the content of which was never established), accepted new lands under its protectorate, and together with the Cossacks continued the war against Poland. By the end of the 17th century, Tsar Peter I came to power, who subsequently called himself emperor and his state - Russian Empire, or briefly - Russia.

Therefore, Rus' in the 17th century can no longer be briefly characterized as a unification of Russian principalities and Slavic tribes - since the time Kievan Rus so much time has passed that Slavic peoples separated into three main groups - Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians. The territory of modern Belarus came under the rule of Moscow during the war with Poland.

The most comprehensive reference table of key dates and events in the history of Russia 17th century. This table It is convenient to use for schoolchildren and applicants for self-study, in preparation for tests, exams and the Unified State Exam in history.

	Main events of Russia 17th century
	Famine in Russia
	Revolt of peasants and serfs led by Khlopok
	Founding of Tomsk
	The entry of the troops of False Dmitry I into Russian territory
	Reign of False Dmitry I
	Patriarchate of Ignatius
	Uprising in Moscow against the Poles. Murder of False Dmitry I
	Reign of Vasily IV Shuisky
	Peasant uprising led by I. I. Bolotnikov
	Patriarchate of Hermogenes
1606, Oct. – Dec.	Siege of Moscow by Bolotnikov's army. The defeat of Bolotnikov's troops in the Kolomenskoye area near Moscow
	"Code" of Tsar Vasily IV Shuisky. Establishing a 15-year period for searching fugitive peasants
	Capture of Tula by the troops of Vasily Shuisky. Arrest of Bolotnikov (exiled to Kargopol, drowned)
	The beginning of the campaign of False Dmitry II against Moscow. Creation of the “Tushinsky camp”
	Siege of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery by Polish troops
	Siege of Smolensk by Polish troops
	Polish-Swedish invasion of Russia
	Flight of False Dmitry II to Kaluga
	Overthrow of Tsar Vasily IV Shuisky
	Agreement between the “Tushins” and the King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Sigismund III on the calling of Prince Vladislav to the Russian throne
	The reign of the "Seven Boyars" led by Prince Mstislavsky
	Entry into Moscow Polish troops
1611, Jan. – Mar.	Formation of the first militia against Polish troops led by P. Lyapunov
	Uprising in Moscow against Polish troops. Fire in Moscow
	Collapse of the first militia
1611, Sep. – Oct.	Formation of the second militia in Nizhny Novgorod, led by Kuzma Minin and Prince D. M. Pozharsky
	Creation of the “Council of the Whole Earth” (Russian provisional government) in Yaroslavl
	The entry of the troops of the second militia into Moscow. Surrender of the Polish garrison in the Kremlin
	Patriarchate of Philaret
	Convening of the Zemsky Sobor in Moscow
1613, 21 Feb.	Election of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov to the Russian throne by the Zemsky Sobor
	Reign of Mikhail Fedorovich
1617, 27 Feb.	Stolbovsky " eternal peace» with Sweden
	Deulin truce with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
	Return of Mikhail Fedorovich's father, Filaret, from Polish captivity. His elevation to the rank of Patriarch of Moscow (until 1633)
	Founding of Krasnoyarsk
	Military reform. Formation of regular regiments and foreign regiments
	Russia's war with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth for the return of Smolensk
	Polyanovsky peace with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Refusal of King Vladislav IV's claims to the Russian throne
	Patriarchate of Joasaph I
	Introduction of new defensive structures - “zasechnye features” on the southern borders of Russia
	Founding of Simbirsk
	Patriarchate of Joseph
	Campaigns of V. Poyarkov and E. Khabarov for the Amur
	Reign of Alexei Mikhailovich
	Founding of Okhotsk
	"Salt riot" in Moscow. Uprisings in Solvychegorsk, Veliky Ustyug, Solikamsk, Kozlov, Kursk, Voronezh, Tomsk, Surgut, etc.
	S. Dezhnev's hike. Opening of the strait between Asia and America
	Convening of the Zemsky Sobor. Start of work of the Statutory Commission of Prince N.I. Odoevsky
	Adoption by the Zemsky Sobor of a new set of laws - the Council Code of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich
	Uprisings in Pskov and Novgorod

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	Events in the history of Russia 17th century
	Formation in Moscow of a circle of “zealots of piety” who advocated church reform
1652 – 1658, 1667	Patriarchate of Nikon.
	Establishment of a state monopoly on the trade in grain wine (vodka)
	The beginning of the church reform of Patriarch Nikon
	Pereyaslavskaya Rada. Annexation of Ukraine to Russia
	Russian-Polish War
	Russo-Swedish War
	Founding of Irkutsk
	Peace of Kardis with Sweden
	"Copper riot" in Moscow
	Uprisings in Siberia and Bashkiria
	Postal establishment in Russia
	Church Cathedral. Condemnation of Patriarch Nikon, deprivation of his patriarchal rank
	Patriarchate of Joseph II
	Andrusovo truce with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Return of Smolensk and Chernigov lands to Russia
	Uprising in Solovetsky Monastery(“Solovetsky sitting”)

	Patriarchate of Pitirim
	Patriarchate of Joachim
	Russia's war with Turkey and the Crimean Khanate
	Reign of Fyodor Alekseevich
	Introduction of house-to-house taxation (instead of taxation)
	Bakhchisarai truce with Turkey and the Crimean Khanate
	Abolition of localism (a system of feudal hierarchy that existed since the 15th century)
	The burning of the leaders of the church schism Avvakum, Epiphanius and others in Pustozersk.
	The struggle for power of the boyar groups Naryshkins and Miloslavskys after the death of Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich. Streltsy riot.
	Joint reign of the brothers Ivan V and Peter I
	The reign of Princess Sofia Alekseevna - regent for minor sovereigns
	Creation of “amusing troops” by Peter I
	"Eternal Peace" with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
	Foundation of the Hellenic-Greek (from 1701 Slavic-Greek-Latin) Academy in Moscow
	Crimean campaigns of Russian troops under the command of Prince V.V. Golitsyn
	Nerchinsk Treaty with China. Establishment of the Russian-Chinese border along the Argun and Gorbitsa rivers
	Patriarchate of Hadrian

	Sole reign of Peter I (after the death of Tsar Ivan V)

The history of Russia in the 17th century is a time of change and rebellion. This era knew many rulers from Boris Godunov to Peter I. A time of bloody coups and palace conspiracies, betrayals, reforms and unrest.
The accession of Boris Godunov in 1598, although it happened, at first glance, was accidental: with the accidental murder of Ivan the Terrible of his son, but, according to historians, it is not such. A series of secret conspiracies at court between the boyars and the Godunov family, the secret death of Ivan IV himself, and Boris’s strong political position contributed to his ascension to the throne. He was a progressive and far-sighted politician, he advocated the renewal of all ties with Western Europe. His goal was the comprehensive development of the state, and for this he attracted to the state not only military reformers, but also scientists, doctors, industrialists and traders. He sent talented compatriots to study various sciences abroad, and wanted to found a university in Rus'. But all these innovations were actively opposed by the Russian conservative clergy, which subsequently contributed to the overthrow of his son Fyodor Godunov from the throne after the death of Boris in 1605.
The King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Sigismund III conceived an insidious plan to overthrow Godunov from the throne. Taking advantage of strong rumors about Boris Godunov as a regicide, he decided to install a “true” tsar on the throne. For these purposes, a fugitive monk approached, posing as Dmitry, the heir of Ivan the Terrible. Sigismund endowed him with a detachment of four thousand, which was subsequently joined not only by the villagers and townspeople supporting False Dmitry, but also by government troops. With this powerful support, in June 1605, False Dmitry came to Moscow and installed himself on the throne. Having become a ruler, he pardoned the freedom of prisoners under Boris Godunov, increased the salaries of officials, fought against bribery, and opened borders for subjects to travel outside the state. Along with this, False Dmitry had to fulfill preliminary agreements with Sigismund, namely, he married Marina Mnishek to weaken his position Orthodox Church, confiscated many lands from them. He bestowed money and privileges on the nobles to whom he owed his ascension to the throne. All this, as well as the threat of an upcoming war with the Turks, caused outrage among the boyars and clergy. The indignation grew into an uprising and False Dmitry I was killed in 1606, and the body was handed over to the people for desecration.
Three days after the overthrow and murder of the liar, the people gathered on Red Square to decide the question of the future ruler of the state. The Shuisky family enjoyed great support from the church and nobles, and Vasily Shuisky’s people did not fail to take advantage of this. At a general meeting, they shouted the name of their prince, and the crowd supported him. After ascending the throne, Tsar Vasily provided comprehensive support to the Orthodox Church, and in particular to Metropolitan Hermogenes. Despite the wide support of the church and past military merits, Vasily’s reign was not calm. The Polish mercenary Ivan Bolotnikov (1606) and False Dmitry II and his wife Marina Mnishek (1607) tried to challenge the right to power. Shuisky was able to suppress all these uprisings, but still the pressure exerted by Procopius Lyapunov and the nobles forever shook the throne under Shuisky. He was dethroned and handed over to the Polish king Sigismund, and was later tonsured a monk (1610).
The period from 1610 to 1612 is known as the "Seven Boyars". The leadership of the state passed into the hands of seven boyars led by Fyodor Mstislavsky. Their main task was the restoration of peace and order in Rus' and the accession of a legitimate ruler, but the boyars did not have unity on the question of who should become this ruler. Some supported the idea of transferring power to the son of the Polish king Sigismund and the transition of Rus' to the fold catholic church. Others were not against the heir to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, but were ardent supporters of the Orthodox Church. The third was advocating for the accession of False Dmitry II. Against the backdrop of all these events, the discontent of the people and the desire to expel all the gentry from Russian soil are growing. So the merchant Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky gathered a militia and went to Moscow, where their actions were crowned with success, and in October 1612 the Poles were forced to flee the capital.
At first next year A Zemsky Sobor took place, but in which it was decided to place the descendant of Ivan the Terrible, Mikhail Romanov, on the throne. This was a formal coronation, since all power remained in the hands of Metropolitan Philaret, until the death of the metropolitan in 1633. After his death, Mikhail Romanov ruled for another 12 years before his death. In general, during this time, thanks to skillful leadership and the attraction of foreign capital, significant progress was achieved in the country's economy and industry.
After the death of his father in 1645, Alexey Romanov became the successor to the throne. For a long time he was secular and entrusted the rule of the state to his teacher, boyar Boris Morozov, which the latter did not fail to take advantage of in his own interests. Extortionate exactions from subjects, bribery, arbitrariness on the part of officials - all this characterizes the first time of Alexei's reign. That period was faced with two major riots: “salt” and “copper”. The discontent of the people grew so much that in 1648, during a religious procession, rebellious Muscovites carried out a pogrom of the houses of the boyars and clerks. The Streltsy refused to contain the rebellion and actually took the side of the angry people. Most of the boyars were torn to pieces, while the sovereign begged to spare at least his favorite Morozov. The people obeyed the tsar, and the guilty boyar was sent to a monastery. In order to calm the townspeople, the boyars invited Muscovites home for lunch, and the archers were given additional salaries. After some time, with these measures the boyars were able to calm the anger of the townspeople. The Tsar, for his part, began to distribute land to landowners and reduced taxes, and agreed to convene a Zemsky Sobor to solve pressing problems. At the meeting, the council decided to develop a new set of laws, which was adopted literally in a matter of months and was in force for 200 years. The code of laws included 25 chapters and regulated most areas of civil legal activity, and provided for severe penalties for their violations, including the death penalty. All segments of the population came under the protection of the Code, except peasants and slaves, who remained completely defenseless. Tax privileges from settlements were also taken away. The death penalty I was waiting not only for the instigator of the riot, but also for the one who reported it. New law finally consolidated serfdom in Russia.
In 1676, Tsar Alexei died, and power passed to his son Fedor. Since he was not particularly healthy, his reign was not long. During the years of his reign, the military system underwent significant reform. Positions began to be occupied not only by boyars and nobles, but by people with merit and dignity. A census was taken in 1678, and a year later the taxation system was changed. As a result of the war with Ottoman Empire the lands of Left Bank Ukraine and Kyiv were recognized as Russia. In 1681, Fyodor Alekseevich stood at the origins of the creation of the Typographic School.
In 1682, Fyodor Alekseevich died and the question arose about the next successor. Both his brothers Peter and Ivan were young and in poor health, and there were palace conspiracies and the Streletsky rebellion. In order to avoid further pogroms and riots, a hasty decision was made to recognize Ivan as the first tsar, and Peter as the second. The Sagittarius demanded that his elder sister Sophia become regent under Ivan, and Peter and his mother retired to a palace near Moscow. Sophia was an ambitious and prudent ruler who successfully strengthened Russia's foreign policy ties. In the meantime, the heirs to the throne grew up, but if the first successor, Ivan Alekseevich, had no claims to the throne, then Peter, on the contrary, tried in every possible way to overthrow Sophia, which he subsequently succeeded in. So in 1689, as a result of the Streletsky conspiracy and the betrayal of her inner circle, Sophia was forced to cut her hair as a nun.
After the overthrow of Sophia, the actual rule of the country was taken over by Petra's mother Natalya Kirillovna. All reforms and innovations of Sophia were stopped, while the heir's mother and her henchmen indulged their whims and wasted the treasury. Peter I was absorbed in the study of military affairs and shipbuilding. In 1694, Natalya Kirillovna died, and the reins of power passed to her son Peter. The century has ended, and the era of a new ruler has begun and new Russia.

17th century in Russia: a century of great unrest and great changes.

Considering the 17th century, events and changes of rulers, historians characterize this period as a “rebellious century,” a century when an “unborn sovereign” could ascend to the royal throne. It was in this century that the dynasty of the last emperor of Russia, the family, began. The Russian economy still rests on agriculture, new territories are being developed in the Volga region, Siberia and on the southern borders. The first manufacture is born.

Trade in a landlocked country is developing poorly. Changes are taking place in cultural life- the spread of secular knowledge; in painting, architecture and sculpture there is a distance from the canons of the church. The church itself is weakened and is being subordinated to the state. Speaking about the 17th century, the events of the internal and external activities of the state, we should turn to a somewhat earlier period - the death and ascension to the reign of Boris Godunov.

Boris Godunov

Boris Fedorovich Godunov, after the death of his father in 1569, was raised by his uncle, the landowner Dmitry Godunov. He served as an oprichnik for Grigory (Malyuta) Skuratov, who headed the “oprichnina investigation” under Ivan IV, and was married to his daughter. Having become a boyar in the fall of 1580, Boris Fedorovich and his relatives, gaining influence, acquired a significant position among the nobility of Moscow. Intelligent, careful, able to choose the right moment for action, Godunov had necessary qualities policy.

Boris Fedorovich, in last years reign of Ivan the Terrible, was close to the tsar and influenced his court. After the death of Ivan IV, Fedor, his son, was crowned on the throne. The king, suffering from dementia, needed an adviser, a country to govern. A guardian council was drawn up from among the boyars, and Godunov was included among these boyars. Thanks to his skillful actions, the council collapsed, Boris Godunov's opponents were subjected to various repressions. Actual power in the state passed to Boris Fedorovich.

In 1581, under strange circumstances (from stab wound), the young Tsarevich Dmitry dies, in 1589 Fyodor Ioannovich died. Amid the crowd's cries of “Boris for the Tsar,” Godunov was crowned the Tsar. This is how the Rurik dynasty ended. Strengthening state foundations was the core of Boris Fedorovich’s policy, which he pursued within the country. The introduction of the patriarchate in 1859 strengthened the position of the tsar. Thanks to the consistent line, domestic politics royal power was productive.

On the outskirts of Rus', fortifications and fortresses are appearing, urban construction is underway, and “Yuriev Day” is being restored. Boris Fedorovich was the first to invite foreign specialists to work and send noble offspring to study abroad. In order to unite society, he stopped repressions against the boyars. He began to develop the Volga region. Foreign policy Godunova characterizes him as a skilled diplomat. He was able to conclude a successful peace treaty with Sweden, returning the captured Russian lands. The lean years of 1601–1603 and the onset of famine caused massive discontent among the population and led to a riot led by Cotton in 1603—the first mass uprising of the “rabble,” which was soon suppressed.

False Dmitry I

The year 1603 was marked not only by the rebellious performance of Cotton. This year, “Tsarevich Dmitry” appears - the fugitive monk Otrepiev, known as. Wanting to get Western Russian lands, the Polish king and Grand Duke Lithuanian Sigismund III decides to use the impostor for his own purposes. The king gives the money necessary for the army and allows the nobility to participate in the campaign. The impostor promises to marry the daughter of the Sambir elder Mniszek - Marina, give the western territories to the Poles and contribute to the introduction of Catholicism in Rus'.

In the summer of 1604, a four-thousand-strong combined detachment, led by False Dmitry I, landed near the Dnieper. The detachment is replenished with villagers and townspeople, False Dmitry advances to Moscow. In May 1605, fate presented a gift to the impostor - Tsar Boris Fedorovich suddenly died. Part of the government troops went over to his side and in June 1605, False Dmitry I occupied the capital, where he was crowned on the throne. By making concessions to the nobility, the impostor increases the period of search for fugitive peasants, but “Yuriev Day”, promised to the people, was not returned. He quickly emptied the state treasury, giving gifts to the gentry, however, he was in no hurry to spread Catholicism. The dissatisfied mood of the Moscow nobility and among the common people intensified after his wedding to M. Mnishek. On May 17, 1606, in Moscow, under the leadership of the Shuisky boyars, an uprising began - and False Dmitry I was killed.

Vasily Shuisky

In 1606, the Zemsky Sobor elected Vasily Shuisky, who had previously distinguished himself in battles and campaigns, as king. During his reign, an uprising broke out under the leadership of a Polish mercenary with the goal of elevating Tsar Dmitry to the throne. In October 1606, rebel troops even besieged Moscow. The uprising itself was suppressed in October 1607, Bolotnikov was executed. In the same year, False Dmitry II appears with Marina Mnishek as his wife. The impostor's attempt to ascend the throne failed - he was killed in 1610. Dissatisfied with Shuisky's rule, the nobles, led by Procopius Lyapunov, overthrow him and in July 1610 hand him over to King Sigismund. Subsequently, Shuisky was tonsured a monk.

"Seven Boyars" and the Polish intervention

The leadership of the state passes to a group of boyars (“seven boyars”), headed by Fyodor Mstislavsky. As a result of intrigues and disagreements over who should rule the state, a decision was made to “call to the throne” Prince Vladislav, the son of King Sigismund III. Being a Catholic, Vladislav did not intend to change his faith to Orthodox - as tradition required. Having agreed to come to the “bride” in Moscow, where he arrived with the army. It was possible to defend the independence of the country only with the help of the people. The first independent militia was assembled in Ryazan in the fall of 1611 by Prokopiy Lyapunov - but he was killed after entering into conflict with the Cossacks.

Second militia. Minin and Pozharsky

The second militia was assembled at the end of 1611, in Nizhny Novgorod under the leadership of Prince Dmitry Pozharsky and with money collected by the merchant Kuzma Minin. The militia, commanded by Pozharsky, moved to Yaroslavl - where in the spring, in 1612, a new government was created. After staying in Yaroslavl for four months, determining tactics and recruiting people, the militia begins active operations. The fighting on the outskirts of Moscow, and in the city itself, continued throughout the summer and until October 26, 1612. The Poles fled.

Mikhail Romanov

At the Zemsky Sobor, which took place at the beginning of 1613 with the representation of broad sections of the population, under pressure from the Cossacks, sixteen-year-old Mikhail Romanov was elected tsar. The Romanovs were related to Ivan IV through his first wife. Mikhail's father, Metropolitan Philaret, was in captivity among the Poles, and his mother took monastic vows. Upon the return of Father Mikhail from captivity in 1619, dual power began in the country - with the formal rule of Mikhail and practical guide country Filaret.

This situation continued until 1633 - until the death of Filaret. During Mikhail's reign, taxes were reduced, the activity of foreign entrepreneurs intensified, who were allowed to build factories, and the growth of the metallurgical and metalworking industry began. Foreign policy was balanced, with virtually no wars. Mikhail Romanov died in 1645.

Alexey Romanov

After the death of his father, his son, Alexei, ascends to the throne. And during his reign, Alexey Mikhailovich, nicknamed “The Quietest,” carried out a number of transformations and reforms, incl. church and city. In 1645 it was published Cathedral Code. The Code consolidated the inviolability of the power of the monarch, finally formalized serfdom and strengthened the role of the nobles. Thanks to church reform, Alexei Mikhailovich was able to take control of the church. For this purpose, he legislated:

the church is obliged to pay taxes to the treasury;
the king was the judge of the church;
deprived monasteries of the right to acquire land.

Patriarch Nikon, who also dealt with issues of church reformation - introducing foreign experience into Russian Orthodoxy, spoke out against the rise of secular power over spiritual power. caused opposition from supporters of the old church traditions, led by Archpriest Avaakum. And it began church schism. As a result:

for opposition to strengthening the influence of the monarch, Patriarch Nikon was defrocked and imprisoned in a monastery prison;
Archpriest Avaakum, for refusing to follow the official line of the church, was defrocked and cursed at the cathedral.

The city reform established:

being recognized as free, the townspeople were assigned to their place of residence;
peasants could now sell their goods only wholesale, and townspeople could conduct retail trade.

Period of Sophia's regency

In 1676, after the death of Alexei Mikhailovich, his sick son Fyodor was crowned to the throne; power was practically in the hands of relatives on his mother’s side. After his death, in 1682, the actual management of the state passed to Princess Sophia - due to the minority of princes Ivan and Peter and lasted until 1689. Results of her reign:

liberation of the townspeople from mandatory attachment to the city;

unsuccessful Crimean campaigns allow us to conclude that it is necessary to find a direct access to the sea.

Results

The 17th century is a time of unrest and contradictions in history Russian state. With the dominant position of the feudal structure in the country's economy, the emergence of a capitalist economic system begins. Serfdom was being formalized, but given the general difficult situation of the people, it was he who could help the contender to the royal throne ascend, to ascend the throne.