Charitable wall newspaper for schoolchildren, parents and teachers of St. Petersburg "Briefly and clearly about the most interesting". Issue #88, February 2016.

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"Dwellings of the peoples of the world"

(66 “residential properties” selected by us, from “abylaisha” to “yaranga”)

Wall newspapers of the charitable educational project "Briefly and clearly about the most interesting" (site site) are intended for schoolchildren, parents and teachers of St. Petersburg. They are delivered free of charge to most educational institutions, as well as to a number of hospitals, orphanages and other institutions in the city. The publications of the project do not contain any advertising (only logos of the founders), politically and religiously neutral, written in easy language, well illustrated. They are conceived as an information "slowdown" of students, the awakening of cognitive activity and the desire to read. Authors and publishers, without claiming to be academically complete in the presentation of the material, publish Interesting Facts, illustrations, interviews with famous figures of science and culture and hope to thereby increase the interest of schoolchildren in the educational process.

Dear friends! Our regular readers have noticed that this is not the first time we are presenting an issue related to real estate in one way or another. Recently, we discussed the very first residential buildings of the Stone Age, and also took a closer look at the "real estate" of the Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons (issue). We talked about the dwellings of peoples who have long lived on the lands from Lake Onega to the shores of the Gulf of Finland (and these are Veps, Vods, Izhors, Ingermanland Finns, Tikhvin Karelians and Russians), we talked in the series “Indigenous Peoples of the Leningrad Region” (, and issues). We reviewed the most incredible and peculiar modern buildings in this issue. More than once we also wrote about holidays related to the topic: Realtor's Day in Russia (February 8); Builder's Day in Russia (second Sunday in August); World Architecture Day and World Dwelling Day (first Monday in October). This wall newspaper is a short "wall encyclopedia" of traditional dwellings of peoples from all over the world. The 66 "residential properties" we have chosen are arranged alphabetically: from "abylaisha" to "yaranga".

Abylaisha

Abylaisha is a camping yurt among the Kazakhs. Its frame consists of many poles, which are attached from above to a wooden ring - a chimney. The whole structure is covered with felt. In the past, such dwellings were used in the military campaigns of the Kazakh Khan Abylai, hence the name.

ail

Ail (“wooden yurt”) is the traditional dwelling of the Telengits, the people of the Southern Altai. Timbered hexagonal structure with an earthen floor and a high roof covered with birch bark or larch bark. There is a hearth in the middle of the earthen floor.

Arish

Arish is the summer home of the Arab population of the Persian Gulf coast, woven from palm leaf stalks. A kind of fabric pipe is installed on the roof, which provides ventilation in the house in extremely hot climates.

Balagan

Balagan is the winter dwelling of the Yakuts. Inclined walls made of thin poles coated with clay were strengthened on a log frame. The low sloping roof was covered with bark and earth. Pieces of ice were inserted into small windows. The entrance is oriented to the east and covered with a canopy. On the western side, a cattle shed was attached to the booth.

Barasti

Barasti is a common name in the Arabian Peninsula for huts woven from date palm leaves. At night the leaves absorb excessive dampness, and during the day they gradually dry out, moistening the hot air.

Barabora

Barabora is a capacious semi-dugout of the Aleuts, the indigenous population of the Aleutian Islands. The frame was made of whale bones and snags thrown ashore. The roof was insulated with grass, turf and skins. A hole was left in the roof for entry and lighting, from where they descended inside along a log with steps carved into it. Barabors were built on the hills near the coast, so that it was convenient to observe sea animals and the approach of enemies.

Bordei

Bordei is a traditional semi-dugout in Romania and Moldova, covered with a thick layer of straw or reed. Such a dwelling saved from significant temperature fluctuations during the day, as well as from strong winds. There was a hearth on the clay floor, but the bordey was heated in black: the smoke came out through a small door. This is one of the oldest types of housing in this part of Europe.

Bahareke

Bajareque is the hut of the Indians of Guatemala. The walls are made of poles and branches covered with clay. The roof is made of dry grass or straw, the floor is made of rammed soil. Bahareke are resistant to strong earthquakes that occur in Central America.

Burama

Burama is the temporary dwelling of the Bashkirs. The walls were made of logs and branches and had no windows. The gable roof was covered with bark. The earthen floor was covered with grass, branches and leaves. Inside, bunks were built from boards and a hearth with a wide chimney.

Valcaran

Valkaran (“house of whale jaws” in Chukchi) is a dwelling near the peoples of the coast of the Bering Sea (Eskimos, Aleuts and Chukchi). Semi-dugout with a frame made of large whale bones, covered with earth and turf. It had two entrances: summer - through a hole in the roof, winter - through a long semi-underground corridor.

Vardo

Vardo is a gypsy wagon, a real one-room mobile home. It has a door and windows, an oven for cooking and heating, a bed, boxes for things. Behind, under the tailgate, - storage box kitchen utensils. Below, between the wheels - luggage, removable steps and even a chicken coop! The whole wagon is light enough that one horse could carry it. Vardo got off with skillful carvings and painted bright colors. The heyday of vardo came at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century.

Vezha

Vezha is an ancient winter dwelling of the Saami, the indigenous Finno-Ugric people of Northern Europe. The vezha was made of logs in the form of a pyramid with a smoke hole at the top. The skeleton of the vezha was covered with deer skins, and bark, brushwood and turf were laid on top and pressed down with birch poles for strength. A stone hearth was arranged in the center of the dwelling. The floor was covered with deer skins. Nearby they put "nili" - a shed on poles. By the beginning of the 20th century, many Saami living in Russia had already built huts for themselves and called them the Russian word "house".

wigwam

Tepee is the common name for the dwelling of the forest Indians of North America. Most often it is a dome-shaped hut with a hole for smoke to escape. The frame of the wigwam was made from curved thin trunks and covered with bark, reed mats, skins or pieces of cloth. Outside, the coating was additionally pressed with poles. Teepees can be either round in plan or elongated and have several smoke holes (such designs are called "long houses"). Wigwams are often erroneously called the cone-shaped dwellings of the Indians of the Great Plains - "teepee" (remember, for example, the "folk art" of Sharik from the cartoon "Winter in Prostokvashino").

Wikipedia

Wikiap is the dwelling of the Apaches and some other Indian tribes of the Southwestern United States and California. A small, crude hut covered with twigs, bushes, thatch, or mats, often with additional pieces of cloth and blankets thrown over the top. A kind of wigwam.

sod house

The sod house has been a traditional building in Iceland since the days of the Vikings. Its design was determined by the harsh climate and the scarcity of wood. Large flat stones were laid out on the site of the future house. A wooden frame was placed on them, which was covered with turf in several layers. In one half of such a house they lived, in the other they kept livestock.

diaolou

Diaolou - fortified multi-storey building in Guangdong province in southern China. The first diaolou were built during the Ming Dynasty, when gangs of robbers were operating in southern China. In later and relatively safe times, such fortress houses were built simply following tradition.

Dugout

The dugout is one of the oldest and widespread types of insulated housing. In a number of countries, peasants lived mainly in dugouts until the late Middle Ages. A hole dug in the ground was covered with poles or logs, which were covered with earth. There was a hearth inside, and bunk beds along the walls.

igloo

An igloo is a domed Eskimo hut made of blocks of dense snow. The floor and sometimes the walls were covered with skins. To enter, a tunnel was dug in the snow. If the snow was shallow, the entrance was arranged in the wall, to which an additional corridor of snow blocks was completed. Light enters the room directly through the snowy walls, although they also made windows covered with seal guts or ice floes. Often several igloos were connected by long snowy corridors.

Izba

Hut - log house in the forest zone of Russia. Until the 10th century, the hut looked like a semi-dugout, completed with several rows of logs. There was no door, the entrance was covered with logs and canopy. In the depths of the hut there was a hearth made of stones. The hut was heated in black. People slept on bedding on an earthen floor in the same room as the cattle. Over the centuries, the hut acquired a stove, a hole on the roof for smoke to escape, and then a chimney. Holes appeared in the walls - windows that were covered with mica plates or a bull's bladder. Over time, they began to block the hut into two parts: the upper room and the canopy. This is how the “five-wall” hut appeared.

North Russian hut

The hut in the Russian North was built on two floors. The upper floor is residential, the lower (“basement”) is economic. Servants, children, yard workers lived in the basement, there were also rooms for livestock and storage of supplies. The basement was built with blank walls, without windows and doors. An external staircase led directly to the second floor. This saved us from being covered with snow: in the North there are snowdrifts of several meters! A covered courtyard was attached to such a hut. Long cold winters forced to combine residential and outbuildings into a single whole.

Ikukwane

Ikukwane is a large domed thatched house of the Zulus (South Africa). It was built from long thin rods, tall grass, reeds. All this was intertwined and strengthened with ropes. The entrance to the hut was closed with a special shield. Travelers find that Ikukwane fits perfectly into the surrounding landscape.

Boar

Cabanya is a small hut of the indigenous population of Ecuador (a state in the northwest South America). Its frame is woven from a vine, partially covered with clay and covered with straw. This name was also given to gazebos for recreation and technical needs, installed in resorts near beaches and pools.

Kava

Kava is a gable hut of the Orochi, an indigenous people of the Khabarovsk Territory (Russian Far East). The roof and side walls were covered with spruce bark, the smoke hole was covered with a special tire in bad weather. The entrance to the dwelling always turned to the river. The place for the hearth was covered with pebbles and fenced with wooden blocks, which were coated with clay from the inside. Wooden bunks were built along the walls.

Kazhim

Kazhim is a large community house of the Eskimos, designed for several dozen people and many years of service. At the place chosen for the house, they dug a rectangular hole, at the corners of which high thick logs were installed (the Eskimos do not have local wood, so the trees thrown ashore by the surf were used). Further, walls and a roof were erected in the form of a pyramid - from logs or whale bones. A frame covered with a transparent bubble was inserted into the hole left in the middle. The entire building was covered with earth. The roof was supported by pillars, as well as bench-beds installed along the walls in several tiers. The floor was covered with boards and mats. A narrow underground corridor was dug to enter.

Cajun

Kazhun is a stone structure traditional for Istria (a peninsula in the Adriatic Sea, in the northern part of Croatia). Cylindrical cajun with a conical roof. No windows. The construction was carried out using the dry laying method (without the use of a binding solution). Initially served as a dwelling, but later began to play the role of an outbuilding.

Karamo

Karamo is a dugout of the Selkups, hunters and fishermen of the north Western Siberia. A hole was dug at the steep bank of the river, four pillars were placed at the corners and log walls were made. The roof, also made of logs, was covered with earth. An entrance was dug from the side of the water and disguised by coastal vegetation. To prevent the dugout from flooding, the floor was made gradually rising from the entrance. It was possible to get into the dwelling only by boat, and the boat was also dragged inside. Because of such peculiar houses, the Selkups were called "earth people".

Klochan

Klochan is a domed stone hut common in the southwest of Ireland. Very thick, up to one and a half meters, the walls were laid out "dry", without a binder solution. Narrow gaps were left - windows, an entrance and a chimney. Such uncomplicated huts were built for themselves by monks leading an ascetic lifestyle, so one should not expect much comfort inside.

Kolyba

Kolyba is a summer residence of shepherds and lumberjacks, common in the mountainous regions of the Carpathians. This is a log cabin without windows with a gable roof, covered with shingles (flat chips). Along the walls there are wooden benches and shelves for things, the floor is earthen. In the middle is a hearth, the smoke comes out through a hole in the roof.

Konak

Konak is a two- or three-storey stone house found in Turkey, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Romania. The building, in plan resembling the letter "G", is covered with a massive tiled roof, creating a deep shadow. Each bedroom has a covered projecting balcony and a steam room. A large number of various premises satisfies all the needs of the owners, so there is no need for buildings in the yard.

Kuvaksa

Kuvaksa is a portable dwelling of the Saami during the spring-summer migrations. It has a cone-shaped frame of several poles connected by the tops, on which a cover made of deer skins, birch bark or canvas was pulled. A hearth was set up in the center. Kuvaksa is a type of plague, and also resembles a tipi North American Indians, but somewhat more squat.

Kula

Kula is a fortified stone tower of two or three floors with strong walls and small loophole windows. Kulas can be found in the mountainous regions of Albania. The tradition of building such houses-fortresses is very ancient and also exists in the Caucasus, Sardinia, Corsica and Ireland.

Kuren

Kuren (from the word "smoke", which means "to smoke") - the dwelling of the Cossacks, "free troops" of the Russian kingdom in the lower reaches of the Dnieper, Don, Yaik, Volga. The first Cossack settlements arose in floodplains (river reed thickets). The houses stood on piles, the walls were made of wattle, filled with earth and plastered with clay, the roof was reed with a hole for smoke to escape. The features of these first Cossack dwellings can be traced in modern kurens.

Lepa-lepa

Lepa-lepa is the boat-house of the Bajao, the people of Southeast Asia. The Bajao, "Sea Gypsies," as they are called, spend their entire lives in boats in the Pacific's Coral Triangle, between Borneo, the Philippines, and the Solomon Islands. In one part of the boat they prepare food and store gear, and in the other they sleep. They go on land only to sell fish, buy rice, water and fishing gear, and bury the dead.

Mázanka

Mázanka - practical country house steppe and forest-steppe Ukraine. The hut got its name according to the old construction technology: a frame made of branches, insulated with a reed layer, was abundantly coated with clay mixed with straw. The walls were regularly whitewashed inside and out, which gave the house an elegant look. The four-pitched thatched roof had large overhangs so that the walls would not get wet in the rain.

Minka

Minka is the traditional dwelling of Japanese peasants, artisans and merchants. Minka was built from readily available materials: bamboo, clay, grass and straw. Instead of internal walls sliding partitions or screens were used. This allowed the inhabitants of the house to change the location of the rooms at their discretion. The roofs were made very high so that the snow and rain immediately rolled off, and the straw did not have time to get wet.

Odag

Odag is the wedding hut of the Shors, a people living in the southeastern part of Western Siberia. Nine thin young birches with foliage were tied from above and covered with birch bark. The groom kindled a fire inside the hut with a flint and flint. The young remained in the odage for three days, after which they moved to a permanent home.

Pallazo

Pallazo is a type of dwelling in Galicia (northwest of the Iberian Peninsula). A stone wall was laid out in a circle with a diameter of 10-20 meters, leaving openings for the front door and small windows. A cone-shaped straw roof was placed on top of a wooden frame. Sometimes two rooms were arranged in large pallazos: one for living, the second for livestock. Pallazos were used as housing in Galicia until the 1970s.

Palheiro

Palheiro is a traditional farmer's house in the village of Santana in the east of Madeira. This is a small stone building with a sloping thatched roof to the ground. The houses are painted white, red and blue. Palera began to build the first colonizers of the island.

Cave

The cave is probably the most ancient natural refuge of man. In soft rocks (limestone, loess, tuff), people have long cut down artificial caves, where they equipped comfortable dwellings, sometimes entire cave cities. Yes, in cave city Eski-Kermen in the Crimea (pictured) rooms carved into the rock have hearths, chimneys, “beds”, niches for dishes and other things, water tanks, windows and doorways with traces of loops.

Kitchen

The kitchen is the summer dwelling of Kamchadals, the people of the Kamchatka Territory, the Magadan Region and Chukotka. To protect themselves from water level drops, dwellings (like a plague) were built on high piles. Logs thrown ashore by the sea were used. The hearth was placed on a pile of pebbles. The smoke escaped through a hole in the middle of the sharp roof. Under the roof, multi-tiered poles were made for drying fish. Povarni can still be seen on the shores of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk.

pueblo

Pueblo - the ancient settlements of the Pueblo Indians, a group of Indian peoples of the Southwest of the modern USA. A closed structure built of sandstone or raw brick, in the form of a fortress. The living quarters had ledges of several floors - so that the roof of the lower floor was a courtyard for the upper one. They climbed to the upper floors by ladders through holes in the roofs. In some pueblos, for example, in Taos Pueblo (a settlement of a thousand years ago), the Indians still live.

pueblito

Pueblito is a small fortified house in the northwest of the US state of New Mexico. 300 years ago they were built, as expected, by the Navajo and Pueblo tribes, who were defending themselves from the Spaniards, as well as from the Ute and Comanche tribes. The walls are made of boulders and cobblestones and held together with clay. The interiors are also covered with clay plaster. The ceilings are made of pine or juniper beams, over which rods are laid. The pueblitos were located in high places within sight of each other to allow long-distance communication.

Riga

Riga (“residential riga”) is a log house of Estonian peasants with a high thatched or thatched roof. Hay was lived and dried in the central room, heated in black. In the adjacent room (it was called "threshing floor") they threshed and winnowed grain, stored tools and hay, and kept livestock in winter. There were still unheated rooms ("chambers"), which were used as pantries, and in warm weather as living quarters.

Rondavel

Rondavel - round house Bantu peoples (southern Africa). The walls were made of stone. The cementing composition consisted of sand, earth and manure. The roof was poles made of branches, to which bundles of reeds were tied with grassy ropes.

Saklya

Sáklya is the home of the inhabitants of the mountainous areas of the Caucasus and Crimea. Usually this is a house made of stone, clay or raw brick with flat roof and narrow windows, like loopholes. If the sakli were located one below the other on the mountainside, the roof of the lower house could easily serve as a courtyard for the upper one. The beams of the frame were made protruding to equip cozy canopies. However, any small hut with a thatched roof can be called a sakley here.

Seneca

Senek is a “log yurt” of the Shors, the people of the southeastern part of Western Siberia. The gable roof was covered with birch bark, which was fastened on top with half-logs. The hearth was in the form of a clay pit opposite the front door. A wooden hook with a bowler hat was hung over the hearth on a transverse pole. Smoke escaped through a hole in the roof.

Tipi

Tipi is a portable dwelling of the nomadic Indians of the Great Plains of America. Tipi has the shape of a cone up to eight meters high. The frame is assembled from poles (pine - in the northern and central plains and from juniper - in the south). The tire is sewn from bison skin or canvas. Leave a smoke hole at the top. Two smoke valves regulate the smoke draft of the hearth with the help of special poles. In case of strong wind, the tipi is tied to a special peg with a belt. Teepee should not be confused with wigwam.

Tokul

Tokul is a round thatched hut of the inhabitants of Sudan (East Africa). The load-bearing parts of the walls and the conical roof are made from long trunks of mimosa. Then hoops of flexible branches are put on them and covered with straw.

Tulow

Tulou is a fortress house in the provinces of Fujian and Guangdong (China). A foundation was laid out of stones in a circle or square (which made it difficult for the enemies to dig during the siege) and the lower part of the wall was built about two meters thick. Above, the wall was completed from a mixture of clay, sand and lime, which hardened in the sun. Narrow openings for loopholes were left on the upper floors. Inside the fortress there were living quarters, a well, large containers for food. In one tulou, 500 people representing one clan could live.

Trullo

Trullo - original house with a conical roof in the Italian region of Apulia. Trullo walls are very thick, so it is cool in hot weather and not so cold in winter. The trullo is a two-tiered one, the second floor was reached by a ladder. Trulli often had several cone roofs, each with a separate room.

Tueji

Tueji is the summer home of the Udege, Orochi and Nanais, the indigenous peoples of the Far East. A gable roof covered with birch bark or cedar bark was installed over the dug pit. The sides were covered with earth. Inside, the tueji is divided into three parts: female, male and central, in which the hearth was located. Above the hearth, a platform of thin poles was installed for drying and smoking fish and meat, and a cauldron was hung for cooking.

Urasá

Urasá - the summer dwelling of the Yakuts, a cone-shaped hut made of poles, covered with birch bark. Long, poles, placed in a circle, were fastened from above with a wooden hoop. From the inside, the frame was stained reddish-brown with a decoction of alder bark. The door was made in the form of a birch bark curtain, decorated with folk patterns. For strength, the birch bark was boiled in water, then the upper layer was scraped off with a knife and sewn into strips with a thin hair cord. Inside, bunks were built along the walls. There was a hearth in the middle on the earthen floor.

Fale

Fale is a hut of the inhabitants of the island nation of Samóa (South Pacific Ocean). A gable roof made of coconut palm leaves is installed on wooden poles arranged in a circle or oval. Distinctive feature fale - the absence of walls. The openings between the pillars, if necessary, are hung with mats. wooden elements the structures are connected with ropes woven from threads of coconut husks.

Fanza

Fanza is a type of rural dwelling in Northeast China and Far East Russia among indigenous peoples. Rectangular building on a frame of pillars supporting a gable thatched roof. The walls were made of straw mixed with clay. Fanza had an ingenious space heating system. A chimney ran from the earthen hearth along the entire wall at floor level. The smoke, before going out into a long chimney built outside the fanza, heated the wide bunks. Hot coals from the hearth were poured onto a special elevation and used to heat water and dry clothes.

felij

Felij - the tent of the Bedouins, Arab nomads. The frame of long poles intertwined with each other is covered with a cloth woven from camel, goat or sheep wool. This fabric is so dense that it does not let rain through. During the day, the awning is raised so that the dwelling is ventilated, and at night or in strong winds, they are lowered. The felij is divided into male and female halves by a patterned fabric curtain. Each half has its own hearth. The floor is covered with mats.

Hanok

Hanok is a traditional Korean house with clay walls and a thatched or tiled roof. Its peculiarity is the heating system: pipes are laid under the floor, through which hot air from the hearth is carried throughout the house. The ideal place for hanok is this: behind the house there is a hill, and in front of the house a stream flows.

Hut

Khata is the traditional home of Ukrainians, Belarusians, southern Russians and part of the Poles. The roof, unlike the Russian hut, was made four-pitched: thatched or reed. The walls were built from half-logs, smeared with a mixture of clay, horse manure and straw, and whitewashed - both outside and inside. Shutters were made on the windows. Around the house there was a mound (a wide shop filled with clay), protecting the lower part of the wall from getting wet. The hut was divided into two parts: residential and household, separated by a passage.

Hogan

Hogan is an ancient home of the Navajo Indians, one of the largest Indian peoples in North America. A frame of poles placed at an angle of 45° to the ground was intertwined with branches and thickly coated with clay. Often, a "hallway" was attached to this simple design. The entrance was covered with a blanket. After the first railroad passed through the territory of the Navajo, the design of the hogan changed: the Indians found it very convenient to build their houses from sleepers.

chum

Chum is the common name for a conical hut made of poles covered with birch bark, felt or reindeer skins. This form of dwelling is common throughout Siberia - from the Ural Mountains to the shores of the Pacific Ocean, among the Finno-Ugric, Turkic and Mongolian peoples.

Shabono

Shabono is a collective dwelling of the Yanomámo Indians, lost in the Amazon rainforest on the border of Venezuela and Brazil. A large family (from 50 to 400 people) chooses a suitable clearing in the depths of the jungle and encloses it with pillars, to which a long roof of leaves is attached. Inside such a kind of hedge, there is an open space for chores and rituals.

hut

Shelash is the common name for the simplest shelter from the weather from any available materials: sticks, branches, grass, etc. It was probably the first man-made shelter of an ancient person. In any case, some animals, in particular, great apes, create something similar.

Chalet

Chale ("shepherd's hut") - a small rural house in the "Swiss style" in the Alps. One of the signs of a chalet is strongly protruding cornice overhangs. The walls are wooden, their lower part can be plastered or lined with stone.

marquee

Tent - the general name of the temporary light construction made of cloth, leather or skins stretched on stakes and ropes. Since ancient times, tents have been used by eastern nomadic peoples. The tent (under various names) is often mentioned in the Bible.

Yurt

Yurt is the common name for a portable frame dwelling with felt covering among Turkic and Mongolian nomads. A classic yurt is easily assembled and disassembled by one family within a few hours. It is transported on a camel or horse, its felt cover protects well from temperature changes, does not let rain or wind through. Dwellings of this type are so ancient that they are recognized even in rock paintings. Yurts in a number of areas are successfully used today.

Yaodong

Yaodong is the home-cave of the Loess Plateau in the northern provinces of China. Loess is a soft, easy-to-work rock. Local residents discovered this long ago and from time immemorial dug out their dwellings right in the hillside. Inside such a house is comfortable in any weather.

Yaranga

Yaranga is a portable dwelling of some peoples of the north-east of Siberia: Chukchi, Koryaks, Evens, Yukaghirs. First, tripods of poles are set in a circle and fixed with stones. The inclined poles of the side wall are tied to the tripods. The frame of the dome is attached from above. The whole structure is covered with deer or walrus skins. Two or three poles are placed in the middle in order to support the ceiling. Yaranga is divided by canopies into several rooms. Sometimes a small “house” covered with skins is placed inside the yaranga.

We thank the Department of Education of the Administration of the Kirovsky District of St. Petersburg and everyone who selflessly helps in distributing our wall newspapers. Our sincere thanks to the wonderful photographers who kindly allowed us to use their photos in this issue. These are Mikhail Krasikov, Evgeny Golomolzin and Sergey Sharov. Many thanks Lyudmila Semyonovna Grek - for prompt consultations. Please send your comments and suggestions to: [email protected]

Dear friends, thank you for being with us!

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Proverbs and sayings about the house. My home is my castle. Each hut has its own toys. Being a guest is good, but being at home is better. It is not the owner's house that paints, but the owner's house. In his swamp, the frog sings. There is nothing like leather. And the mole is vigilant in his corner.

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Houses of different peoples Since ancient times, the houses of different peoples of the Earth are different. The special features of the traditional dwelling of different peoples depend on the characteristics of nature, on the peculiarity of economic life, and on differences in religious ideas. However, there are also great similarities. This helps us to better understand each other and mutually respect the customs and traditions of different peoples of Russia and the world, to be hospitable and to represent with dignity to other people the culture of our people.

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Izba Izba is a traditional dwelling of Russians. This is a wooden residential building in a wooded area of ​​Russia, Ukraine, Belarus. In Russia, a thousand years ago, a hut was built from pine or spruce logs. Aspen boards - ploughshares or straw were laid on the roof. The log cabin (from the word "cutting") was a row of logs laid on top of each other. The hut was built without using nails.

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Hut Hut, (among Ukrainians) - a dwelling with a stove or the whole building with a vestibule and a utility room. It happens log, wattle, adobe. Outside and inside the hut is usually coated with clay and whitewashed.

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Saklya There are not enough trees in the mountains to build houses, so houses are built there from stone or clay. Such housing is called SAKLYA. Saklya, dwelling Caucasian peoples. Often it is built directly on the rocks. To protect such a house from the wind, for the construction they choose the side of the mountain slope where the winds are quieter. Its roof is flat, so the sakli were often located close to each other. It turned out that the roof of the lower building was often the floor or courtyard of the house that stands higher. Sakli are usually made of stone adobe or adobe bricks, with a flat roof.

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Chum Chum - nomadic, portable hut of Siberian foreigners; poles made up of sugar loaf and covered, in summer, with birch bark, in winter - with whole and sewn reindeer skins, with a smoke outlet at the top. A summer hut, cold, but habitable, with a fire in the middle, also happens among Russians.

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Yurt Yurt, a portable dwelling among the Mongolian nomadic peoples in Central and Central Asia, South Siberia. It consists of wooden lattice walls with a dome of poles and felt covering. In the center of the yurt is a hearth; the place at the entrance was intended for guests; utensils were kept on the women's side, harnesses on the men's side.

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Kibitka Kibitka - a covered wagon, a covered wagon. The Russian name for the portable dwelling of the nomadic peoples of Central and Central Asia.

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Cell Cell (from lat. cella - room), living quarters in the monastery. According to the monastic charters, most Russian monasteries were allowed to build their own cell for each monk or nun.

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Wigwam Wigwam is the dwelling of the forest Indians of North America. It entered the literature as the name of a domed Indian dwelling. When building a wigwam, the Indians stick flexible tree trunks into the ground in a circle or oval, bending their ends into a vault. The frame of the wigwam is covered with branches, bark, mats.

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Igloo A dwelling made of snow or ice blocks built by the Eskimos in the north, where there is no other building material other than snow. The dwelling is called IGLU. The interior is usually covered with skins, sometimes the walls are covered with skins. Light enters the igloo directly through the snow walls, although sometimes windows are made of seal guts or ice. The snow house absorbs excess moisture from the inside, so the hut is quite dry. Eskimos can build an igloo for two or three people in half an hour.

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Konak Konak is a two- or three-story house found in Turkey, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Romania. This is an expressive building under a wide, heavy tiled roof that creates a deep shadow. Often such "mansions" resemble the letter "g" in plan. The protruding volume of the upper room makes the building asymmetrical. Buildings are oriented to the east (tribute to Islam). Each bedroom has a covered roomy balcony and an asam steam bath. Life here is completely isolated from the street, and a large number of premises satisfy all the needs of the owners, because outbuildings Not needed.

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Tree dwellings Tree dwellings in Indonesia are built like watchtowers, six or seven meters above the ground. The building is erected on a site prepared in advance tied to the branches of poles. A structure balancing on the branches cannot be overloaded, but it must withstand a large gable roof crowning the building. Such a house is arranged with two floors: the lower one, made of sago bark, on which there is a hearth for cooking, and the upper floor, made of palm boards, on which they sleep. In order to ensure the safety of residents, such houses are built on trees growing near the reservoir. They get into the hut along long stairs connected from poles.

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Pallazo Spain: made of stone, 4-5 meters high, round or oval section, 10 to 20 meters in diameter, with a conical thatched roof on a wooden frame, one Entrance door, there were no windows at all or there was only a small window opening.

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Hut South India. The traditional dwelling of the Tods (an ethnic group in South India), a barrel-shaped hut made of bamboo and thatch, without windows, with one small entrance.

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Underground dwellings The dwellings of troglodytes in the Sahara Desert are deep earthen pits in which interior spaces and yard. About seven hundred caves are located on the slopes of the hills and in the desert around them, in some of them troglodytes (Berbers) live to this day. Craters reach ten meters in diameter and height. Around the inner courtyard (khausha) there are rooms up to twenty meters in length. Often, troglodyte dwellings have several floors, the stairs between which are tied ropes. The beds are small alcoves in the walls. If a Berber hostess needs a shelf, she simply digs it into the wall. However, TV antennas can be seen near some of the pits, while others have been turned into restaurants or mini-hotels. Underground dwellings save well from the heat - it is cool in these chalk caves. This is how the housing problem is solved in the Sahara.

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A dwelling is a building or structure in which people live. It serves for shelter from the weather, for protection from the enemy, for sleeping, resting, raising offspring, and storing food. The local population in different regions The world has developed its own types of traditional dwellings. For example, among nomads these are yurts, tents, wigwams, tents. In the highlands they built pallasso, chalets, and on the plains - huts, huts and huts. The national types of dwellings of the peoples of the world will be discussed in the article. In addition, from the article you will learn which buildings remain relevant at the present time and what functions they continue to perform.

Ancient traditional dwellings of the peoples of the world

People began to use housing since the time of the primitive communal system. At first it was caves, grottoes, earthen fortifications. But climate change forced them to actively develop the skill of building and strengthening their homes. In the modern sense, "dwellings" most likely arose during the Neolithic, and in the 9th century BC, stone houses appeared.

People sought to make their homes stronger and more comfortable. Now many ancient dwellings of this or that people seem completely fragile and dilapidated, but at one time they served faithfully to their owners.

So, about the dwellings of the peoples of the world and their features in more detail.

Dwellings of the peoples of the north

The conditions of the harsh northern climate influenced the features of the national structures of the peoples who lived in these conditions. The most famous dwellings of the northern peoples are the booth, chum, igloo and yaranga. They are still relevant and fully meet the requirements of the completely difficult conditions of the north.

This dwelling is remarkably adapted to harsh climatic conditions and a nomadic lifestyle. They are inhabited by peoples engaged mainly in reindeer herding: Nenets, Komi, Enets, Khanty. Many believe that the Chukchi live in the plague, but this is a delusion, they build yarangas.

Chum is a tent in the form of a cone, which is formed by high poles. This type of structure is more resistant to gusts of wind, and the conical shape of the walls allows snow to slide over their surface in winter and not accumulate.

They are covered with burlap in summer and animal skins in winter. The entrance to the chum is hung with burlap. So that neither snow nor wind gets under the lower edge of the building, snow is raked up to the base of its walls from the outside.

In the center of it, a hearth is always burning, which is used for heating the room and cooking. The temperature in the room is approximately 15 to 20 ºС. Animal skins are laid on the floor. Pillows, feather beds and blankets are sewn from sheepskins.

Chum is traditionally installed by all family members, from young to old.

• Balagan.

The traditional dwelling of the Yakuts is a booth, it is a rectangular structure made of logs with a sloping roof. It was built quite easily: they took the main logs and installed them vertically, but at an angle, and then attached many other logs of a smaller diameter. After the walls were smeared with clay. The roof was first covered with bark, and a layer of earth was poured over it.

The floor inside the dwelling was trampled sand, the temperature of which never dropped below 5 ºС.

The walls consisted of a huge number of windows, they were covered with ice before the onset of severe frosts, and in summer - with mica.

The hearth was always located to the right of the entrance, it was smeared with clay. Everyone slept on bunks, which were installed to the right of the hearth for men and to the left for women.

• Needle.

This is the housing of the Eskimos, who did not live very well, unlike the Chukchi, so they did not have the opportunity and materials to build a full-fledged dwelling. They built their houses from snow or ice blocks. The building was domed.

The main feature of the igloo device was that the entrance had to be below the floor level. This was done so that oxygen could enter the dwelling and carbon dioxide would escape, in addition, such an arrangement of the entrance made it possible to keep warm.

The walls of the igloo did not melt, but melted, and this made it possible to maintain a constant temperature in the room of about +20 ºС even in severe frosts.

• Valcaran.

This is the home of the peoples living off the coast of the Bering Sea (Aleuts, Eskimos, Chukchi). This is a semi-dugout, the frame of which consists of whale bones. Its roof is covered with earth. An interesting feature dwelling is that it has two entrances: winter - through a multi-meter underground corridor, summer - through the roof.

• Yaranga.

This is the home of the Chukchi, Evens, Koryaks, Yukaghirs. It is portable. Tripods made of poles were installed in a circle, inclined wooden poles were tied to them, and a dome was attached on top. The whole structure was covered with walrus or deer skins.

Several poles were placed in the middle of the room to support the ceiling. Yaranga with the help of canopies was divided into several rooms. Sometimes a small house covered with skins was placed inside it.

Dwellings of nomadic peoples

The nomadic way of life has formed a special type of dwellings of the peoples of the world who do not live settled. Here are examples of some of them.

• Yurt.

This is a typical type of building among nomads. It continues to be a traditional home in Turkmenistan, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Altai.

This is a domed dwelling covered with skins or felt. It is based on large poles, which are installed in the form of lattices. There is always a hole on the roof of the dome for smoke to escape from the hearth. The dome shape gives it maximum stability, and the felt retains its constant microclimate inside the room, not allowing heat or frost to penetrate there.

In the center of the building is a hearth, the stones for which are always carried with them. The floor is laid with skins or boards.

Housing can be assembled or dismantled in 2 hours

The Kazakhs call a camping yurt an abylaisha. They were used in military campaigns under the Kazakh Khan Abylai, hence the name came from.

• Vardo.

This is a gypsy wagon, in fact, it is a one-room house, which is installed on wheels. There is a door, windows, a stove, a bed, drawers for linen. At the bottom of the wagon there is a luggage compartment and even a chicken coop. The wagon is very light, so one horse could handle it. Vardo received mass distribution at the end of the 19th century.

• Felij.

This is the tent of the Bedouins (Arab nomads). The frame consists of long poles intertwined with each other, it was covered with a cloth woven from camel wool, it was very dense and did not let moisture through during rain. The room was divided into male and female parts, each of them had its own hearth.

Dwellings of the peoples of our country

Russia is a multinational country, on the territory of which more than 290 peoples live. Each has its own culture, customs, and traditional forms of dwellings. Here are the brightest ones:

• Dugout.

This is one of the oldest dwellings of the peoples of our country. This is a pit dug to a depth of about 1.5 meters, the roof of which was tes, straw and a layer of earth. The wall inside was reinforced with logs, the floor was coated with clay mortar.

The disadvantages of this room were that the smoke could only escape through the door and the room was very damp due to the proximity ground water. Therefore, living in a dugout was not easy. But there were also advantages, for example, it fully provided security; in it one could not be afraid of either hurricanes or fires; it maintained a constant temperature; she did not miss loud sounds; practically did not require repair and additional care; it was easy to build. It was thanks to all these advantages that the dugouts were very widely used as shelters during the Great Patriotic War.

• Hut.

The Russian hut was traditionally built from logs, with the help of an axe. The roof was double pitched. To insulate the walls, moss was placed between the logs, over time it became dense and covered everything. big gaps. The walls outside were coated with clay, which was mixed with cow dung and straw. This solution insulated the walls. A stove was always installed in a Russian hut, the smoke from it came out through the window, and only starting from the 17th century did they begin to build chimneys.

• Kuren.

The name comes from the word "smoke", which means "smoke". Kuren was the traditional dwelling of the Cossacks. Their first settlements arose in floodplains (river reed thickets). The houses were built on piles, the walls were made of wattle covered with clay, the roof was made of reeds, a hole was left in it for smoke to escape.

This is the home of the Telengits (the people of Altai). It is a hexagonal structure made of logs with a high roof covered with larch bark. In villages there was always an earthen floor, and in the center - a hearth.

• Kava.

The indigenous people of the Khabarovsk Territory, the Orochs, built a kava dwelling, which looked like a gable hut. The side walls and the roof were covered with spruce bark. The entrance to the dwelling has always been from the side of the river. The place for the hearth was laid out with pebbles and fenced wooden beams which were coated with clay. Wooden bunks were erected against the walls.

• Cave.

This type of dwelling was built in a mountainous area composed of soft rocks (limestone, loess, tuff). In them, people cut down caves and equipped comfortable dwellings. In this way, entire cities appeared, for example, in the Crimea, the cities of Eski-Kermen, Tepe-Kermen and others. Hearths were equipped in the rooms, chimneys, niches for dishes and water, windows and doors were cut through.

Dwellings of the peoples of Ukraine

The most historically valuable and famous dwellings of the peoples of Ukraine are: mud hut, Transcarpathian hut, hut. Many of them still exist.

• Mazanka.

This is an old traditional dwelling of Ukraine, unlike the hut, it was intended for living in areas with a mild and warm climate. It was built from a wooden frame, the walls consisted of thin branches, outside they were smeared with white clay, and inside with a solution of clay mixed with reeds and straw. The roof consisted of reeds or straw. The hut house had no foundation and was not protected from moisture in any way, but served its owners for 100 years or more.

• Kolyba.

In the mountainous regions of the Carpathians, shepherds and lumberjacks built temporary summer dwellings, which were called "kolyba". This is a log cabin that had no windows. The roof was gable, and covered with flat chips. Installed along the walls inside wooden deck chairs and shelves for things. There was a hearth in the middle of the dwelling.

• Hut.

This is a traditional type of dwelling among Belarusians, Ukrainians, southern Russian peoples and Poles. The roof was hipped, made of reeds or straw. The walls were built of semi-logs, coated with a mixture of horse manure and clay. The hut was whitened both outside and inside. There were shutters on the windows. The house was surrounded by a mound (a wide bench filled with clay). The hut was divided into 2 parts, separated by passages: residential and household.

Dwellings of the peoples of the Caucasus

For the peoples of the Caucasus, the traditional dwelling is the saklya. It is a one-room stone building with dirt floors and no windows. The roof was flat with a hole for smoke to escape. Sakli in the mountainous area formed entire terraces, adjoining each other, that is, the roof of one building was the floor for another. This type of structure served a defensive function.

Dwellings of the peoples of Europe

The most famous dwellings of European peoples are: trullo, palyaso, bordey, vezha, konak, kulla, chalet. Many of them still exist.

• Trullo.

This is a type of dwelling of the peoples of central and southern Italy. They were created by dry laying, that is, the stones were laid without cement or clay. And if you pull out one stone, the structure collapsed. This type of building was due to the fact that it was forbidden to build dwellings in these areas, and if inspectors came, the building could easily be destroyed.

Trullos were one-room with two windows. The roof of the building was conical.

• Pallazo.

These dwellings are characteristic of the peoples who lived in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. They were built in the highlands of Spain. They were round buildings with a cone-shaped roof. The top of the roof was covered with straw or reeds. The exit has always been east side The building had no windows.

• Bordei.

This is a semi-dugout of the peoples of Moldova and Romania, which was covered with a thick layer of reed or straw. This is the oldest type of housing in this part of the continent.

• Klochan.

The dwelling of the Irish, which looks like a domed hut built of stone. The masonry was used dry, without any solutions. The windows looked like narrow slits. Basically, such dwellings were built by monks who led an ascetic lifestyle.

• Vezha.

This is the traditional dwelling of the Saami (Finno-Ugric people of northern Europe). The structure was made of logs in the form of a pyramid, in which a smoke hole was left. A stone hearth was built in the center of the vezha, the floor was covered with deer skins. Nearby they built a shed on poles, which was called nili.

• Konak.

A two-story stone house built in Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia. This building in plan resembles the Russian letter G; it was covered with a tiled roof. The house had a huge number of rooms, so there was no need for outbuildings for such houses.

• Kula.

It is a fortified tower built of stone with small windows. They can be found in Albania, the Caucasus, Sardinia, Ireland, Corsica.

• Chalet.

This is a country house in the Alps. It is distinguished by protruding cornice overhangs, wooden walls, the lower part of which was plastered and lined with stone.

Indian dwellings

The most famous Indian dwelling is the wigwam. But there are also such buildings as tipi, wikiap.

• Indian wigwam.

This is the dwelling of the Indians living in the north and northeast of North America. Today, no one lives in them, but they continue to be used for various kinds of rites and initiations. It has a domed shape, consists of curved and flexible trunks. In the upper part there is a hole - for the exit of smoke. In the center of the dwelling there was a hearth, along the edges - places for rest and sleep. The entrance to the dwelling was covered with a curtain. Food was cooked outside.

• Tipi.

Home of the Indians of the Great Plains. It has a cone-shaped shape up to 8 meters high, its frame consisted of pines, it was covered with bison skins from above and strengthened at the bottom with pegs. This structure was easily assembled, disassembled and transported.

• Wikipedia.

The dwelling of the Apaches and other tribes living in the southwestern United States and California. This is a small hut covered with branches, straw, bushes. Considered a type of wigwam.

Dwellings of the peoples of Africa

The most famous dwellings of the peoples of Africa are the Rondavel and the Ikukwane.

• Rondavel.

This is the home of the Bantu people. It has a round base, a cone-shaped roof, stone walls, which are held together with a mixture of sand and manure. Inside the walls were coated with clay. The top of the roof was covered with thatch.

• Ikukwane.

This is a huge domed thatched house, which is traditional for the Zulus. Long rods, reeds, tall grass were intertwined and strengthened with ropes. The entrance was closed with special shields.

Dwellings of the peoples of Asia

The most famous dwellings in China are diaolou and tulou, in Japan - minka, in Korea - hanok.

• Diaolo.

These are multi-storey fortified houses-fortresses that have been built in southern China since the Ming Dynasty. In those days, there was an urgent need for such buildings, as gangs of bandits were operating in the territories. In a later and calmer time, such structures were built simply according to tradition.

• Tulou.

This is also a house-fortress, which was built in the form of a circle or a square. Narrow openings for loopholes were left on the upper floors. Inside such a fortress there were living quarters and a well. Up to 500-600 people could live in these fortifications.

• Minka.

This is the dwelling of Japanese peasants, which was built from improvised materials: clay, bamboo, straw, grass. The functions of the internal partitions were performed by screens. The roofs were very high so that the snow or rain rolled down faster and the straw did not have time to get wet.

• Hanok.

This is a traditional Korean home. clay walls and tiled roof. Pipes were laid under the floor, through which hot air from the hearth went throughout the house.

From time immemorial Slavic peoples (Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Serbs, Poles, etc.) were treated as an important and significant event. At the same time, our ancestors sought to solve not only a practical problem, that is, to provide overhead, but also to organize living space so that it was filled with peace, warmth, love and other life blessings. And this, according to the ancient Slavs, could be built only by following the ancient traditions and precepts. In a previous article, we talked about , and today we will talk about ground - huts, huts and huts.

Izba - the first land dwelling of the northern Slavs

The first terrestrial among the Slavs appeared around the 9th-10th century, and the name "hut" itself is recorded in ancient Russian chronicles dated to the 10th century. Initially, log huts appeared in the northern regions of Slavic settlements, where the land was very damp, swampy or deeply frozen. All these factors did not make it possible to equip warm semi-underground and underground.

The first Slavic huts, as a rule, consisted of one insulated room-cage, to which, in some cases, a canopy adjoined. wooden hut was equipped with a door and a small window up to 40 cm in size, which was closed with a wooden plank and was used most often for.

In winter, the main part of the family's life passed in the hut, young cattle were immediately kept. If the furnace did not have a pipe, then it was called "chicken hut", and the house with a pipe oven was called "white hut". The hut could have a lower floor (basement) or do without it. The internal layout of the room depended on the position of the stove: there was a “red” or front corner diagonally from it, at the bottom there was a crate made of wood, and on the side under the ceiling there were beds.

Mostly the walls of the hut were built of logs, the roof could be thatched or wooden, the windows could be slanting (with frames) or portage (cut through in logs). For usually used okhlupen (carved skate); the façade was decorated with window trims, towels and berths; walls, doors, ceiling and stoves - with characteristic Slavic ornaments in the form of animals, birds, plants and geometric patterns.

By the way, the carved ridge on the roof was not used by the Slavs for beauty. The fact is that, in this way, the Slavs brought the Gods " building sacrifice”in the form of a hut shaped like a horse: four corners - legs, a house - a body, a horse - a head. Such a sacrifice symbolized the creation of something reasonably organized () from the primitive chaos (tree). Often, a tail made of bast was also tied to the back of the ridge - in this case, according to the Slavs, the dwelling was completely like a horse. In addition, archaeological excavations have shown that the very first huts were decorated not with carved skates at all, but with real horse skulls.

Over time, the size of the hut increased: in addition to the hut-cage itself, there was also a room, which was separated from the main housing by a wall. These are called "five-wall". In the northern regions, six-walls and twin huts began to appear, which are two independent log cabins with a common canopy and overlapped common roof. Often, light galleries adjoined the huts, which connected residential buildings, storerooms and workshops, which made it possible, without going outside, to move from one room to another.

Slavic houses could have several options for blocking the economic part from. It could be a single-row connection, which was called "under one horse"(that is, the household and living quarters were under the same roof); two-way communication - "two horses"(the household yard and the hut were covered with separate roofs with parallel ridges); three-row connection - "for three horses"(hut, hozblok and yard stood side by side and covered with separate roofs with three parallel skates). most often they were gable, but one could also meet hip or hip roofs.

Hut - the traditional dwelling of the South Slavic peoples

To some extent, a hut is akin to a hut with the difference that more solid and insulated huts were built mainly in the northern regions of Slavic settlements, while in the southern regions (in Ukraine, Belarus and partly in Poland) huts prevailed - more lightweight types . The huts could be wattle, log, adobe, etc. Inside and outside, as a rule, they were coated with clay and whitewashed. Like the hut, the hut usually had a dwelling with a stove, a vestibule and a utility block.

The main difference between a hut and a hut is that it is built not from whole, but from half or other lumber, which are then coated with adobe - a mixture of straw, horse manure and clay. It should be noted here that adobe is not at all obligatory element huts: in more prosperous villages and in later times, huts could be upholstered with roofing iron and painted in bright colors (most often a combination of blue and white). The traditional adobe hut was coated with white clay or whitened with chalk outside and inside.

It is curious that under the word "hut" the Slavs meant not only itself, but also its parts - there were such concepts as back and front hut. The back hut was a half of the house, the windows of which overlooked the courtyard. The front hut had windows facing the street. The back and front huts were usually separated from each other with the help of either a simpler and more crude Ukrainian stove, which stood in the middle of the room, and / or a wall partition in the form of a wicker or wooden frame coated with clay. At the same time, the front hut played the role of a front room, designed to welcome guests, relax and place icons, while the back hut carried the economic burden - food was cooked here, and in severe frosts they could warm young cattle. In some cases, the part of the back hut adjacent to the stove was fenced off with a separate partition and received something similar to a separate kitchen.

Usually the hut was equipped with straw, which protected the dwelling from snow and rain, but at the same time provided natural ventilation premises. Shutters were an indispensable element of all huts, which could be closed in hot and sunny weather. In rich dwellings, the floor was plank (with a high underground), in poorer dwellings - earthen. As for the materials for the construction of walls, their choice largely depended on the natural conditions of a particular area. For example, in Ukraine, forest reserves are quite scarce, so when building houses (most often mud huts), they tried to use less wood here.

A home for every person is not just a place of solitude and relaxation, but a real fortress that protects from bad weather, makes you feel comfortable and confident. Any hardships and long journeys are always easier to endure when you know that there is a place in the world where you can hide and where you are expected and loved. People have always strived to make their home as strong and comfortable as possible, even in those times when it was extremely difficult to achieve this. Now the old traditional dwellings of this or that people seem dilapidated and unreliable, but at one time they faithfully served their owners, protecting their peace and leisure.

Dwellings of the peoples of the north

The most famous dwellings of the peoples of the north are chum, booth, yaranga and igloo. They still retain their relevance, as they meet all the requirements of the difficult conditions of the north.

This dwelling is perfectly adapted to nomadic conditions and is used by peoples who are engaged in reindeer herding. These include Komi, Nenets, Khanty, Enets. Contrary to popular belief, the Chukchi do not live in tents, but build yarangas.

Chum is a cone-shaped tent, which consists of high poles covered in summer time sacking, and in winter - skins. The entrance to the dwelling is also hung with burlap. The conical shape of the plague allows snow to slide over its surface and not accumulate on the structure, and, in addition, makes it more resistant to wind. In the center of the dwelling there is a hearth, which serves for heating and cooking. Due to the high hearth temperature, precipitation seeping through the top of the cone quickly evaporates. To prevent wind and snow from falling under the lower edge of the plague, snow is raked up to its base from the outside. The temperature inside the chum ranges from +13 to +20°C.

The whole family, including children, is involved in the installation of the plague. Skins and mats are laid on the floor of the dwelling, and pillows, featherbeds and sheepskin sleeping bags are used for sleeping.

The Yakuts lived in it in the winter. The booth is a rectangular building made of logs with a sloping roof. Building it was pretty easy and fast. To do this, they took several main logs and placed them vertically, and then connected them with many logs of a smaller diameter. Unusual for Russian dwellings was that the logs were placed vertically, slightly at an angle. After installation, the walls were covered with clay, and the roof was covered first with bark, and then with earth. This was done in order to maximize the insulation of the home. The floor inside the booth was trampled down sand, even in severe frosts its temperature did not fall below -5 ° C.

The walls of the booth consisted of a large number of windows, which were covered with ice before severe cold, and in summer - with the afterbirth of a calf or mica.

To the right of the entrance to the dwelling there was a hearth, which was a pipe coated with clay and going out through the roof. The owners of the house slept on bunks located to the right (for men) and to the left (for women) of the hearth.

This snow dwelling was built by the Eskimos. They did not live well and, unlike the Chukchi, they did not have the opportunity to build a full-fledged dwelling.

The igloo was a structure made of ice blocks. It had a domed shape and was about 3 meters in diameter. In the case when the snow was shallow, the door and corridor were attached directly to the wall, and if the snow was deep, then the entrance was located in the floor and a small corridor led out from it.

When building an igloo, a prerequisite was the location of the entrance below the floor level. This was done in order to improve the flow of oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. In addition, such an arrangement of the entrance made it possible to retain heat as much as possible.

The light in the dwelling penetrated through the ice blocks, and the heat was provided by fat bowls. An interesting point was that the igloo did not melt from the heat of the walls, but simply melted, which helped to maintain comfortable temperature inside the dwelling. Even in forty-degree frost, the temperature in the igloo was +20°C. Ice blocks also absorbed excess moisture, which allowed the room to remain dry.

Nomad dwellings

The yurt has always been the home of nomads. Now it continues to be a traditional home in Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Altai. A yurt is a round dwelling covered with skins or felt. It is based on wooden poles placed in the form of lattices. In the upper part of the dome there is a special hole for the exit of smoke from the hearth.

Things inside the yurt are located along the edges, and in the center there is a hearth, stones for which they always carry with them. The floor is usually covered with skins or boards.

This home is very mobile. It can be assembled in 2 hours and also quickly disassembled. Thanks to the felt that covers its walls, heat is retained inside, and heat or extreme cold practically does not change the climate inside the room. The round shape of this building gives it stability, which is necessary in case of strong steppe winds.

Dwellings of the peoples of Russia

This building is one of the oldest insulated dwellings of the peoples of Russia.

The wall and floor of the dugout were a square hole dug in the ground at a depth of 1.5 meters. The roof was made of tessel and covered with a thick layer of straw and earth. The walls were also reinforced with logs and sprinkled with earth outside, and the floor was coated with clay.

The disadvantage of such housing was that the smoke from the hearth could only escape through the door, and the proximity of groundwater made the room very damp. However, the dugout had much more advantages. These include:

Safety. The dugout is not afraid of hurricanes and fires.
Constant temperature. It is stored as severe frosts, and in the heat.
Keeps out loud sounds and noise.
Practically does not demand repair.
A dugout can be built even on uneven terrain.

The traditional Russian hut was built from logs, while the main tool was an ax. With its help, a small depression was made at the end of each log, into which the next log was fixed. Thus, the walls were gradually built. The roof was usually made gable, which made it possible to save material. In order to keep the hut warm, forest moss was placed between the logs. When settling at home, it became dense and closed all the cracks. The foundation was not made in those days and the first logs were placed on the compacted earth.

The roof was covered with straw on top, as it served a good remedy protection from snow and rain. The outside walls were plastered with clay mixed with straw and cow dung. This was done for the purpose of insulation. The main role in maintaining heat in the hut was played by the stove, the smoke from which came out through the window, and from the beginning of the 17th century - through the chimney.

Dwellings of the European part of our continent

The most famous and historically valuable dwellings of the European part of our continent are: mud hut, saklya, trullo, rondavel, palyaso. Many of them still exist.

She is vintage traditional dwelling Ukraine. The hut, unlike the hut, was intended for areas with a milder and warmer climate, and the features of its structure were explained small area forests.

The hut was built on a wooden frame, and the walls consisted of thin tree branches, which were covered with white clay outside and inside. The roof was usually made of straw or reeds. The floor was earth or plank. To insulate the dwelling, its walls were coated from the inside with clay mixed with reeds and straw. Despite the fact that the huts had no foundation and were poorly protected from moisture, they could stand for up to 100 years.

This stone building is a traditional dwelling of the inhabitants of the Caucasus. The very first saklis were one-roomed with an earthen floor and had no windows. The roof was flat and there was a hole in it for the smoke to escape. In mountainous areas, sakli adjoin each other in the form of terraces. At the same time, the roof of one dwelling is the floor for another. Such a construction was due not only to convenience, but also served additional protection from enemies.

This type of dwelling is common in the southern and central regions of the Italian region of Puglia. Trullo is different in that it was created using the technology of dry masonry, that is, the stones were laid on top of each other without the use of cement or clay. This was done so that by pulling out one stone, it would be possible to destroy the whole house. The fact is that in this area of ​​​​Italy it was forbidden to build dwellings, so if an official came with a check, the trullo quickly collapsed.

The walls of the house were made very thick so that they protected from extreme heat and saved from the cold. Trullos were most often one-room and had two windows. The roof was cone-shaped. Sometimes, boards were laid on the beams located at the base of the roof, and thus a second floor was formed.

This is a common dwelling in Spanish Galicia (northwest of the Iberian Peninsula). Pallazo was built in the mountainous part of Spain, so stone was the main building material. The dwellings were round in shape with a cone-shaped roof. The roof frame was wooden, and on top it was covered with straw and reeds. There were no windows in the pallazo, and the exit was located on the east side.

Due to the peculiarities of its structure, pallazo protected from cold winters and rainy summers.

Indian dwellings

This is the dwelling of the Indians of the north and northeast of North America. Currently, wigwams are used for various rituals. This dwelling is dome-shaped and consists of flexible curved trunks connected by elm bark and covered with mats, corn leaves, bark or skins. At the top of the wigwam is a hole for the exit of smoke. The entrance to the dwelling is usually covered with a curtain. Inside there was a hearth and places for sleeping and resting, food was cooked outside the wigwam.

The Indians associated this dwelling with the Great Spirit and personified the world, and the person who came out of it into the light left everything unclean behind him. It was believed that the chimney helps to establish a connection with heaven and opens the entrance to spiritual power.

Tipis were inhabited by the Indians of the Great Plains. The dwelling has the shape of a cone and reaches a height of 8 meters. Its frame was made up of pine or juniper poles. From above they were covered with the skin of bison or deer and strengthened at the bottom with pegs. Inside the dwelling, a special belt descended from the junction of the poles, which was attached to the ground with a peg and protected the tipi from destruction in strong winds. In the center of the dwelling there was a hearth, and along the edges - places for rest and utensils.

The tipi combined all the qualities that the Indians of the Great Plains needed. This dwelling was quickly dismantled and assembled, easily transported, protected from rain and wind.

Ancient dwellings of other nations

This is the traditional dwelling of the peoples of southern Africa. It has a round base and a cone-shaped roof, the walls are made of stones held together by sand and dung. From the inside they are coated with clay. Such walls perfectly protect their owners from extreme heat and bad weather. The basis of the roof is made up of round beams or poles made of branches. From above it is covered with reeds.

Minka

The traditional dwelling in Japan is the minka. The main material and frame of the house is made of wood and filled with woven branches, reeds, bamboo, grass, covered with clay. Inside, the main part of the Japanese house is one large room, divided into zones by movable partitions or screens. There is almost no furniture in a Japanese house.

The traditional dwelling of different peoples is the heritage of their ancestors, which shares experience, keeps history and reminds people of their roots. There is much in them worthy of admiration and reverence. Knowing their characteristics and fate, one can understand how difficult it was for a person to build durable housing and protect it from bad weather, and how invariably age-old wisdom and natural intuition helped him in this.

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