Homemade wood lathe with a copier. Copy milling machine

All photos from the article

A wood turning and copying machine is a machine that is widely used in factory woodworking for replicating products of a certain configuration that corresponds to a given sample. This equipment allows you to process any parts with high precision and speed. However, production machines with their large dimensions will be difficult to locate in a small private workshop.

Copying equipment in woodworking

Many carpentry enthusiasts, gradually expanding their tool base and improving their skills, come to the idea of assembling a copying machine. lathe on wood with your own hands. After all, with the help of this device it is possible to produce exact copy any piece of furniture and will carry out restoration work.

Note!
In most cases, of course, the main factor that encourages people to “reinvent the wheel” is high price for a finished factory product.

The operating principle of a wood copying machine is quite simple:

The workpiece of the required size is clamped in a horizontal position.
Starting the device, forcing the workpiece to rotate around its axis.
In turn, the movable cutter also removes excess wood, turning the blank into a product of the desired shape.

Structurally, a copying device for a wood lathe is a whole series of parts connected to each other, so there will be a lot to work on.

Personal assembly of equipment at home

Lathe

In order to assemble a small copying machine for wood with your own hands, you will need to make some effort and patience, as well as invest financially (about 7-7.5 thousand rubles). But this is several times less than the costs that await you if you purchase a ready-made option.

Lathes are specialized equipment used for making wood products. It is on this machine that furniture legs are made, door handles, balusters and other wood products. There are many models of modern lathes with different prices.

Models of wood lathes

Exists a large number of different models lathes, they can be divided into the following types:

Standard machines, depending on the product, processing on such a device is carried out in the center, in a special chuck or faceplate. The equipment design includes an electric motor, a steel frame, cutters, chucks and a control system.
Copying tools, with their help, produce the same type of wood products in large quantities. Manually operated devices are cheaper and will be a profitable option for small industries.
Milling machines, on which wood processing is done along the axis of the product. The work is done using a milling cutter and a circular saw.
Machines for twisted flutes; the equipment can carry out standard operations, as well as figured cutting on the sides of products. Electronic control greatly facilitates work, and the ability to simultaneously process two products increases productivity and saves time.

Copy wood lathe Proma DSL-1200

The lathe is designed for processing wooden products, turning profiles and decorative parts. Feature apparatus - presence of two incisors. One is installed on a steady rest and is used for processing round workpieces, removing up to 10 mm of material in one pass. With this cutter you can make round blanks different diameters. The settings are set on a special device.

The second cutter is installed in the copying carriage and turns the parts according to the copying machine. The original fastening allows you to quickly prepare the machine for work.

For the manufacture of long products, the delivery set includes a steady rest, which is mounted on guide rods as a support and prevents deflection of the long workpiece. By installing a faceplate, the machine will allow you to process multi-faceted products.

Characteristics:

Voltage - 380V.
Center height - 215 mm.
Weight - 395 kg.
Dimensions - 2105x1000x1225 mm.

Price - 255803 rub..

4-spindle copy lathe T4M-0

Model T4M-0 is equipped with a horizontal sanding unit, which is capable of processing 4 workpieces simultaneously using a copier (lace legs of tables and chairs, musical instruments).

The cast bed and balanced parts eliminated vibration, increasing the processing speed of large workpieces.
The shaft is installed automatically at the beginning of the cycle and returns to its original position after processing is completed.
Pneumatic clamping on spindles.
Adjustable shaft feed speed.
Smooth adjustment of spindle speed using a block.

Characteristics:

Additional equipment:

7.3 kW motor.
Inventory rotation speed control.
Expansion of working space up to 1500 mm.

Price - 49,700 rub..

Copy wood lathe CL-1201

The CL-1201 machine is used in manufacturing industries for turning rounded products with a diameter of up to 1200 mm and processing parts cylindrical. Wide possibilities for processing are provided by clamps: faceplate, chuck, centers.

Features of the lathe:

The heavy spindle is equipped with a device that controls the rotation speed, which allows high-quality processing of workpieces based on weight, dimensions, and type of wood.
The spindle can change the direction of rotation, providing good processing wood of any density.
The lathe is controlled and configured using portable remote control, which, at the user’s request, can be placed on the front or rear column.
The stability of the machine is ensured by a frame made of steel, and the rear columns are made of cast iron. This ensures minimal vibration during operation and improves the quality of processing.
The base allows you to process workpieces up to 1270 mm long, and to increase it you can use additional sections up to 1270 mm.
The copying mechanism is included in the basic package, which significantly expands the possibilities.
The milling attachment allows you to produce longitudinal grooves along the entire length of the workpiece.
The mobile support moves over the entire surface of the part. Control is carried out by a flywheel. The processing depth is adjusted by lever
With the help of a tailstock, the machining accuracy of long parts increases.
The degree of protection of the machine is IP54, the engine is reliably protected from overheating and overload, and electronic parts are protected from moisture and dust.

IN standard equipment includes:

Copier and template holder.
Knife support 254 mm.
Mounting washer 254 mm.
Rotating center.
2 straight cutters
Chisel stand.
Mobile rest.
Devices for regulating spindle speed.

Price - 153588 rub..

Copy wood lathe CL-1201A

The device is manufactured by the Austrian company Stomana, which has been supplying equipment for more than 20 years. The device is designed for processing wood and rounding products up to 1270 mm long, made of materials of different densities. Copier supplied in a basic configuration, with its help products are produced according to the sample.

Included in delivery lathe includes:

Copier and stand for templates.
Knife support.
Mechanism for applying spiral channels.
Rotating center.
Leading center with a diameter of 20 mm.
Fastening washer.
2 incisors.
Stand for lunette.

Copy wood lathe KTF-7

The KTF-7 turning device is used for processing wood on stationary and rotating workpieces. Equipment uses disc milling tool, which increases productivity and service life. This scheme allows you to obtain parts that cannot be made on a conventional lathe:

Profile polyhedra.
Surfaces with helical profile.
Profile grooves on the product.

Work on the turning device is carried out according to a template with automatic feeding blanks, in two passes. When moving forward, roughing occurs; when moving backwards, finishing occurs. Semi-automatic operation increases productivity and the number of irregularities on the wood surface during processing. The device is equipped with a mount for a hand cutter.

Characteristics:

Voltage - 380V.
The maximum length of the part is 1200 mm.
Center height - 215 mm.
Weight - 740 kg.
Dimensions - 2100x900x1049 mm.

File handles often break. A small adaptation to a wood lathe helped out the young craftsmen of school No. 1139 in the Babushkinsky district of Moscow. This is a copier for a lathe. Handles for files made on it are not inferior to ready-made ones.

The main components of a copier for a lathe are the lower and upper carriages. Both move along guides. The lower one is in the longitudinal direction, and the upper one is in the transverse direction. The carriages are firmly connected to each other. A small roller is installed on the upper carriage, which carries the main working body of the copier - the cutter.

1 - base of the device, 2 - cushion, 3 - guides of the lower carriage, 4 - squares, 5 - bushings, 6 - lower carriage, 7 - guides of the upper carriage, 8 - square, 9 - nut, 10 - square of the lower post, 11 - stand, 12 - upper stand square, 13 - copier (of two plates with a figured cutout), 14 - shaft, 15 - upper carriage, 16 - copier stand, 17 - nut, 18 - roller, 19 - nut for screw 14, 20 - flywheel, 21 - cutter nut, 22 - cutter, 23 - square, 24 - washer 60x40x5, 25 - screw M10X165x10, 26 - wing nut M10, 27 - corner of the lower carriage, 28 - lock for the nut. 29 - M6 screw (4 pcs.), 30 - M6 nuts (8 pcs.), 31 - M5 nuts (4 pcs.), 32 - M6x12 screws (4 pcs.), 33 - M5X10 screws (4 pcs.).

When the device operates, the roller moves along the copier slot as if along a guide and leads the upper carriage with the cutter. The cutter, repeating the line of movement of the roller, and therefore the line of the copier, processes the workpiece mounted on the lathe. Original and simple.
Before you start making your copier, we want to
warn you about the precision of manufacturing and assembly of both carriages. They should move easily and at the same time without play along their guides. To do this, you must maintain the tolerances indicated on the drawings.
From correct production and correct assembly depends on the success of the entire device and the quality finished products.
The device is installed on a wood lathe between the headstock and tailstock. It itself is attached to cushion 2, and the cushion is attached to the machine bed with a thumbscrew (parts 25 and 26).
Having square or round pieces of the required length, previously cut on a circular saw, you must first find the centers at their ends. The center at one end must be punched, that is, a depression must be made in it. It is needed to install the headers in the center of the tailstock. From the other end of the workpiece, use a hacksaw to make a slot in the center to a depth of 5-6 mm. With this slot you will place the workpiece on the headstock comb. The result is a permanent connection between the headstock and the workpiece.
When the workpiece is installed in the lathe, move the copier cutter by rotating the flywheel handle to the right side until it stops.
Turn on the machine and, tightening nut 21, feed the cutter to the workpiece. Now, when you rotate the flywheel, you will see how the cutter starts working. It will shape the pen according to the copier. And its shape can be different depending on the tool for which the handle is made. For files you need handles of one shape, for chisels - another, for awls - a third. In our device, the copier is made for a standard handle of medium files.
Once the cutter reaches the end of the headstock, push the cutter nut forward and it will cut the finished handle.
Our device, as you noticed, works from manual drive. But it is quite possible to install a reversible engine. Decide for yourself how to do this.
The processing of the handle depends on the rotation speed of the lathe spindle and on the smallest allowances on the workpiece. Therefore, depending on this, the cutter makes one, two, or even three passes over the workpiece.

S. KOKOREV
Supplement to UT 1981 No. 10

Wood is one of the main materials that people use in Everyday life for the manufacture of furniture, objects interior decoration, decorative architectural elements, household and garden supplies and much more.

Wood copying machine.

One or two things can be done with hand tools or using woodworking equipment.

But how to process a large number of completely identical products with at the lowest cost labor and time? In this case, they will come to the rescue copying machines. One of them is copying milling machine on wood.

The article discusses its structure and principle of operation, and also offers some advice to those who want to make the device themselves.

Copy-milling machines (CFS) are designed for processing wood parts using the copying method. Types of method:

contour or 2-dimensional (2-D) milling;
volumetric or 3-dimensional (3D) copying.

One method or another is used depending on the shape of the product being processed.

The main advantage of copying machines is that it is possible to produce any number of parts with a curved contour, which are a copy of the original copy. They will all be absolutely identical. At the same time, the machine has the flexibility to switch to processing another part, just change the standard.

Therefore, their scope of application is quite wide: from small-scale production to mass production. Along with fairly large machines for industrial use, there are compact desktop devices. Copying machines are used in furniture production, woodworking shops, in carpentry workshops of individual entrepreneurs.

Often used as a working unit in small machines milling heads(milling cutter). Its rotation frequency is sufficient to ensure the required surface quality (no chips, splits, burrs).

Examples of processed products

Below is shown a far from complete composition of products manufactured using FSC:

furniture parts - fronts, headboards, backs, legs of chairs and armchairs;
interior items - fireplace surrounds, wooden panels, frames, stands;
souvenir products - figurines, boxes, medallions;
building structures - framing arched windows, filling paneled doors;
architectural elements - bas-reliefs, decorative friezes and borders, window casings(slotted or relief), cornice carving;
decorative fencing - elements of railings, balusters, screens with ornaments, fence details;
wooden elements of the weapon - butt, fore-end;
handles of gardening tools, for example, an axe.

As you can see, the listed parts have significant differences from each other, both in size and shape. If we group them according to the most general characteristics, it becomes obvious that To process parts belonging to the same group, your own design (layout) of the machine is required.

How the copier works

To replicate the product, one of the copies is used, which serves as a template. The head with the cutting tool (mill) is connected into one unit with a copy probe.

With 2-dimensional milling, the probe moves along the generatrix of the copied contour, and the rotating tool repeats this movement, resulting in a copy of the template.

When a volumetric part is milled, the copying tip scans the 3-dimensional model and forces the cutter to move along an equidistant (similar) path. The nature of the movements of copying machines is of 2 types:

The template and the workpiece are stationary, the cutting head moves in the longitudinal direction, removing a certain amount of material in one double stroke.
The template and the workpiece (one or more) rotate, and the cutter moves radially along the copier. As a result, it repeats the profile of the copied section. In this case, the cutting unit or part is evenly moved along the longitudinal axis of the product.

A particular type of copying and engraving work is the milling of drawings or ornaments according to a template, which is a pasted paper copy printed on a printer.

As a program for creating a drawing, you can use AVTOCAD, Compass, Word, Paint and others. To avoid tearing the paper, a soft insert (wood or plastic) is inserted into the copying tip.

Choosing the layout of a homemade machine

What you need to know when starting to develop your original device.

First of all, you should determine what parts it is intended for. Next, you should select the forming movements and the number of machine axes. To process flat parts using the contour copying method, 2 axes are sufficient: longitudinal and transverse movement. Parts with low relief require another movement (perpendicular).

However, if the terrain is steep, then the tool axis must be additionally rotated to ensure Better conditions for processing. That is, there are already 4 axes. In some cases, 5 or more axes will be required. When imagining the processing technology in your head, you should take into account everything possible situations. After the machine has been manufactured, it may be difficult to introduce additional movements.

Finally, the machine must be configured in such a way that control forces are minimal. This means that moving parts should be as light as possible. Think about which layout is better to choose: horizontal or vertical. Firstly, the convenience of work, as well as loading and unloading of workpieces, depends on this. Secondly, with a vertical arrangement, the chips fall directly to the floor or into a trough, and do not accumulate on the base or in the mechanisms of the machine.

The milling head should be selected as high-speed as possible. This is important factor, affecting the quality of processing (the height of the scallops from the cutter decreases).

A few examples

Pantograph

Photo 1: machine for cutting letters.

Used for flat threads. Its design is based on geometric figure- parallelogram. One of the properties of this mechanism is that the nodal points describe equidistant curves during movement. Moreover, if the link is lengthened, then its end point will travel a greater distance. This property allows the mechanism to be used for scaling.

The photo shows that the total length with the copying tip at the end is approximately 2 times longer than the side of the parallelogram. This means that the mechanism is magnifying. If you copy a shape with a tip, the cutter will reduce it by 2 times. This will reduce copier errors. Do not forget that the drawing or template is enlarged.

To make a pantograph you will need a purchased router and several dry boards. Apparently it doesn't get any cheaper.

Machine with plane-parallel mechanism

Photo 2: contour milling

The scope of application is also contour milling.

Unlike a pantograph, a curvilinear trajectory is obtained by adding two mutually perpendicular movements. The 3rd axis is used to insert the cutter into the thickness of the part. The weight at the opposite end of the swing frame is designed to balance the system.

Please note a small design flaw: It is better to install the load on a threaded rod to allow for adjustment.

Volume milling machine

Photo 3: volumetric milling

At the bottom of the frame there are 2 rotating attachment points for the copier and the workpiece.

The milling head is mounted on a balanced swinging frame, which during operation moves along mutually perpendicular guides.

Instead of linear bearings or sliding bushings, as in the previous device, roller carriages are used here. The advantage of the design is the open base, which makes chip removal easier.

Duplicarver-2

Photo 4: machine for flat-relief and sculpture carving

Serial machine for flat-relief and sculpture carving. An example of simplicity: they say about such structures - two sticks, two rolling pins. Has 5 controlled axes:

4 turns (side arms, rotating frame, head, work tables);
lateral movement of the head.

Longitudinal movement is obtained by adding two rotations: levers and frame. A German milling cutter with a power of 500 W and a spindle speed of 10 - 30 thousand revolutions per minute is used as a power head. Easily carried by one person (weight - 28 kg).

Duplicarver-3

Photo 5: processing of long-length volumetric threads

2 more rolling pin guides (an additional linear axis) have been added to the previous machine, and the rotary work tables are located vertically. As a result, it became possible to process long volume threads.

Below are some drawings that may be useful in making a homemade device.

Drawing 1 - pantograph device

Drawing 2 - diagram of a router mounted on a pantograph

Drawing 3 - carriage for installing a router on a flat-bed copier

Video: presentation of a homemade copying machine

Do-it-yourself CNC copying machine - is it possible?

All the devices discussed above are manually controlled, that is, despite the increase in productivity, the person remains chained to the mechanism. Similar work quite monotonous and tedious. In mass and large-scale production, copy milling machines equipped with numerical control are used. program controlled(CNC). All work on such equipment comes down to loading blanks and removing finished products. As an example, the photo shows a similar machine.

A copying machine differs from a conventional CNC milling machine by the presence of a programming system. A traditional CNC machine operates from a control program compiled by the operator in a system, for example, ARTCAM, according to a 3-D model, which is developed at the design stage by a design engineer. If the product was created by a sculptor or designer, it must first be digitized, that is, a 3-D model must be created. This work is performed by a software engineer.

On a CNC copying machine, the control program is compiled by the system itself. When installing a copied product, an additional CNC attachment probes the part and creates its 3-dimensional model, from which a control program is automatically generated. Considering high cost components, problems with purchasing a CNC system, making a CNC copying machine yourself is something out of the realm of science fiction. It’s easier to make a CNC milling machine (not a copying machine), although not everyone can handle this either.

For those who are going to start their own business, making crafts from wood, as well as for professional cabinetmakers, a self-made copying machine will be of great help. It can be successfully used for the purpose of artistic decoration of a country estate, outbuildings, playgrounds and other facilities. Jewelry work, it would seem, will be done effortlessly and with high quality.

The design of woodworking lathes is similar in basic parameters to metalworking equipment. They also have a front and rear headstock, a caliper, and a spindle with cutters. Its weight and equipment depend on the purpose of the equipment additional accessories And automated systems management.

Construction of a woodworking lathe

The design of a wood lathe differs from that of metal lathes in that it does not require a cooling system; therefore, there is no coolant supply system. The power of a manually controlled woodworking lathe is less, but it has adjustable rotation speeds. To work on manually operated wood lathes that are not intended for the production of one type of product, use special devices– cutters and removable faceplate.

Main nodes

The faceplate serves to securely fasten the material of the maximum permissible diameter, and the cutter is used to self made on equipment that does not have a permanently installed support. They are more often used for making simple blanks for painting, turning cuttings needed on the farm for shovels, ax handles and other household utensils.

The school wood lathe gives a complete idea of how you can make household items and beautiful souvenirs. A machine operating at low speeds will allow the novice master to understand the basic operating principle of all turning units and mechanisms. The skills acquired at school will help you master more complex turning equipment with CNC.

One of the most common equipment in mass production in woodworking shops is a wood turning and copying machine. For its operation, devices are needed - stencils, according to the outline of which the outline of the object will be created.

Classification of woodworking machines

Many types of equipment are used in the woodworking industry. The main characteristics by which classification is made are technological process and design features.

Technological features:

Cutting;
Gluing and assembly;
Presses;
Finishing;
Dryers.

Equipment of different designs for performing the same operations may differ in operating technology.

Processing 1 or many items;
Number of threads;
1-axis or 4-axis;
By the number of spindles;
Along the trajectory of movement of the processed material;
By the nature of the presentation.
By cyclicality.

The scheme of operation on a turning and copying machine is as follows:

At the top of the frame, a stencil made of wood is installed on special fasteners - a copier.
The rolling roller moves along outside copier
By connecting the roller to the cutting tool using a rigid fastening method, the cutter accurately transfers the movement of the roller along the copier to the wood. Where there is a recess on the copier, there will be a convex element on the wood, and the protrusion on the stencil will appear as a notch in the finished wooden object.

For the production of identical elements wooden decor a machine with a copier is the most convenient solution.

A lathe on which machining is carried out using hand tools: reyer, meisel, scraper, is not particularly accurate. When making several similar parts from wood with the same density characteristics, you have to rely only on the skill of the turner and his eye, but it is still very difficult to give a 100% guarantee that they will be identical. The use of different types of wood in the production means that cutters and devices will need to be different from each other.

The wood turning and copying machine is distinguished by the accuracy of reproduction of the stored data. The copier is a kind of CNC prototype. One copier allows you to make identical things an infinite number of times, which is necessary for the manufacture of balusters for railings or legs for cabinet furniture sets. In workshops where production is on stream, it is more advisable to use CNC-equipped copying machines.

When working with wood, there is always manual process bringing details to perfection using sandpaper. Grinding is carried out at the stage while the object is secured between the lathe heads. Rotation is programmed at lower speeds than those at which cutting was performed.

Lathes are used for turning wooden elements oblong shape. The workpiece is mounted on a spindle with approximately equal weight distribution. To do this, holes are drilled in the center of the end ends of the wooden workpiece - this is necessary so that the rotation of the shaft is uniform. Most often, cylindrical wood or timber with planed corners are used. Cutting is carried out not only on the external, but also on the internal surface of the workpiece. The shapes of finished products can be complex, conical, cylindrical - symmetrical relative to the center of the product.

High fidelity complex pattern has a desktop wood lathe equipped with a computer programming system. It can be used to create very complex carving elements.

Classification

Lathes are divided into:

center ones with mechanized feed. It is possible to perform work on this equipment using manual cutting tools(when installing a special support on the bed). An oblong piece of wood is held by a spindle and a movable tailstock. The longitudinal feed of the caliper is mechanized. These machines can be used to work with a copier. When working with short, light workpieces, the tailstock fastening may not be used. During processing inside wooden part The fastening is a faceplate. The moving elements in the operating mode on these lathes are the cutters moving along the piece of wood being processed and the rotating spindle.
Lathes are used to produce parts on a flat, wide wooden base. Beautiful multi-level carvings, bas-reliefs, high reliefs - this is what can be produced on machines that work with a wide faceplate, on which the workpiece is mounted. Work is carried out only on the front part of the part. The rest of the revision will be done manually.
round sticks process wood, giving it a shape with round. When working on this equipment, the workpieces do not rotate or move. The only moving parts of the machine are the heads with the cutters. There are also machines in this group for processing long products. Then they will feed the workpieces with rollers under the cutters.

Shaping wood occurs by rotating the material being processed and using a cutting tool.

Device and equipment

Woodworking lathes differ in the type of support feed and the shape of the items being manufactured.

Wooden blanks not exceeding 40 cm in diameter and 1 m in length, 60 cm, are processed on a lathe with a tool rest.
Lathes with mechanical support feed are adapted for processing wooden blanks with the same size restrictions as hand-cutting fixtures.
The device for disc-shaped wooden blanks can be placed on work surface parts up to 3 m in diameter. The thickness of the wood is limited by the parameters set by the machine manufacturer.

Diagram of a lathe with a mechanical support feed, equipped with an attached frontal device:

bed on 2 pedestals;
headstock and tailstock;
calipers;
spindle rotated by a 2-speed motor;
V-belt drive connecting the 3-speed gearbox to the engine;
a pulley mounted on the spindle drives the longitudinal slide;
the cutters are mounted in a rotating holder;
the main - transverse and additional - longitudinal supports set the direction of movement of the cutters.

When working with hand cutters It is necessary to install a tool rest on the guides of the frame. The support at this stage of processing is retracted beyond working area all the way.

Accessories for lathes Tools for wood lathes

The head device also has a rotating holder. This device is used for processing workpieces with a diameter of up to 60 cm, fixed on one side to a faceplate connected to the spindle, and fixed by the tailstock of the machine. When processing a short workpiece, the clamp may not be used, which simplifies internal processing of parts.

The speed of cutting the edge of a tree at different points is different, which is determined by the distance of the cutter from the axis of rotation. This is most clearly seen when working with a copier. The spindle speed is determined by the diameter of the workpiece wood material and its strength.

Homemade wood lathe with a copier. Copy milling machine - device, do it yourself