There are a number of problems hindering the development of ferrous metallurgy. These include:
- - not very high demand for products in the domestic market;
- - increased prices for energy resources and logistics;
- - additional financial burdens for causing harm to the environment, insurance premiums;
- - lack of investment projects in underdeveloped and hard-to-reach regions.
The most important problem of the raw material base of ferrous metallurgy is its remoteness from the consumer. Thus, in the eastern regions of Russia most of the fuel and energy resources and raw materials for the metallurgical complex are concentrated, and their main consumption is carried out in the European part of Russia, which creates problems associated with high transport costs for transporting fuel and raw materials.
70% of Russia's territory is in a cold and very cold climate, but the amount of steel alloyed with niobium and vanadium is very small. In Japan, 94 g of niobium are consumed per 1 conventional ton of steel, in Germany - 85 g, and in Russia only 4 g. Niobium provides resistance to low temperatures and some structural properties. In Russia there is the Beloziminskoe niobium deposit, which began to be developed in the 70-80s, but now niobium is supplied from Brazil.
Also, Russian industry produces few metal products with protective coatings. This is especially true for products such as fittings, channels, and fasteners. Thus, their technological value is reduced.
The state is implementing various projects, which will stimulate the needs of the domestic market, will not allow reuse metal products in construction, will limit the rise in energy prices for industrial enterprises, reduce insurance rates, increase the efficiency of trade protection mechanisms, and eliminate the repeated collection of taxes for harmful effects on the environment. Such projects include an increase in demand among many consumers of metal products - construction, aircraft, auto and shipbuilding, and railway transport.
In the development of ferrous metallurgy, the main goal is to saturate the domestic and world markets with the required volumes and quality of metal products and the effective implementation of government policy.
Mostly finished products are supplied to the domestic market, since the buyers are the mechanical engineering industries, construction and the fuel and energy complex. In the future, increased demand in Russia will accelerate the development of production of high-tech metal products. This will lead to improved profitability and increased revenue.
It is necessary to solve the problem of intensifying competition for dwindling resources. Rising prices for raw materials will lead to the need to supply raw materials from abroad, which will lead to an increase in costs. This will result in a loss of competitive advantage - low price. To avoid this, it is necessary to revive geological exploration and development of subsoil.
To save energy and raw materials, it is necessary to increase the level of use of recycled materials. This will reduce the level of resource intensity of metal production complexes.
For the further development of ferrous metallurgy, it is necessary to constantly introduce innovations and investments, search and develop new raw material bases, increase the production of high-tech metal products, reduce negative impact on the environment, the involvement of highly qualified specialists in the industry, and the wider use of recycled materials.
It is also necessary to reduce the profit tax and use this money for innovation in production, reconsider the terms of financial support for metallurgical enterprises and the issuance of long-term loans.
Market mechanisms of the economy will not be able to ensure comprehensive, waste-free processing of raw materials. High costs are required for new developments and technologies.
For the further development of ferrous metallurgy, increasing the efficiency of mining and smelting, and reducing the harmful impact on the environment, it is necessary to increase demand in the domestic market (for example, by conducting housing programs for the population), reduce energy prices, increase investment volumes, increase the percentage of production of alloy metal products for cold regions, increase the share of recycling scrap metal. Also required innovative technologies to reduce raw material processing waste and reduce harmful emissions.
The general technological backwardness of production is also a problem: three years ago, more than 18% of steel was produced in outdated open-hearth furnaces, more than 30% of steel billets were produced using Soviet ingot rolling units.
In fact, the competitiveness of domestic metal products today rests mainly on cheap raw materials, available energy resources and low labor costs. All this, of course, is a very unreliable advantage that can be lost at any time - for example, if manufacturers from countries with much cheaper labor enter the market.
After a decline in the first half of last year, it is slowly but recovering lost levels. World prices for non-ferrous metals also tend to grow cautiously. How do Russian metallurgists look against this background, what are their prospects? These questions are answered Analyst at IFC Metropol Denis NUSHTAYEV.
MARKET
Currently, compared to other non-ferrous metals, copper looks preferable. The world price of copper has generally recovered after the fall associated with the crisis. The pre-crisis peak price of the metal was around 8.5 thousand dollars per 1 ton, currently - in the range of 6.5-7 thousand dollars. At the same time, the average cost of copper production is 3.5 thousand dollars. Thus, copper companies are now operating at good profits. The most favorable period in this regard was the second half of last year, when copper prices rose and global demand grew. Moreover, the growth was mainly due to Asian countries and, first of all, China, which accounts for about 40% of global copper imports, in particular copper rod.
This is explained by the fact that energy, electronics industry, mechanical engineering are traditionally developed in the “celestial kingdom”, i.e. industries that consume a lot of copper. In addition, over the past year, China has actively replenished its reserves of this metal, especially when market prices were low, thereby provoking interest in copper from speculators and rising prices. In general, copper has become, so to speak, an “Asian” metal and is an indicator of precisely economic growth Asia. And if traders bet on the development of China, then, first of all, they buy copper. Now in the world, copper reserves among producers have significantly decreased, which indicates an increase in consumption.
A different situation is observed in the aluminum market. Prices have not yet recovered (before the crisis, the peak prices were at $3 thousand per 1 ton). IN Lately The world has accumulated significant reserves of this metal. This is due to the fact that the global mechanical engineering and aerospace industries - traditional consumers of aluminum - were most affected by the crisis. The world price of aluminum currently fluctuates around 2 thousand dollars per 1 ton. At the same time, the cost of its production is 1,450-1,650 dollars, i.e. here we do not see the difference between the cost and the selling price of a ton of aluminum, as in the case of copper. And in this regard, aluminum is now not the best of non-ferrous metals. Last year, aluminum prices increased, which was more likely due to some expectation of a recovery in the global economy. But it should be borne in mind that prices for basic energy resources - oil, coal, natural gas - have also increased. And this is a negative for aluminum, because... In terms of production, it is a very energy-intensive metal (almost 35-40% of the world's aluminum is produced using hydrocarbons), and this means that its cost and final price also increases. Thus, an interesting situation is now emerging. China, where this cost is much higher than in other countries, is forced to increase aluminum imports. Aluminum producers from the US, Europe and Brazil have not yet restored their production. Aluminum reserves, although large, are concentrated mainly not in manufacturers, but in stock exchange warehouses. And they cannot be used, since they are mostly embedded in financial transactions or controlled by financial groups and funds that are not ready to sell the metal at the current low prices. Because of this, there may be a shortage of aluminum on world markets with its immediate supply.
World prices for nickel in 2009 increased by 75-80% - up to 18.5 thousand dollars per 1 ton. There was also a significant increase in production of stainless steel, especially in Asian countries - by 20-25%. Accordingly, the demand for metal is growing.
Lead prices also quickly reached their pre-crisis levels. The increase in demand is again explained by the development, first of all, of the Chinese economy and, in particular, the automotive industry - it is known that lead is mainly used for the production of batteries. We believe that in the future, prices for lead, similar to copper, will depend on the situation in Asian countries.
The situation with zinc prices largely depends on the state of the steel industry, in particular, on trends in the production of galvanized steel. Galvanized steel is used both in mechanical engineering and in construction, and these segments are still stagnating. The observed increase in zinc prices can only be explained by a general market correction. In general, there is still a significant excess of this metal on the markets, and the situation is unfavorable.
In the world, most of the production of non-ferrous metals has already reached its pre-crisis levels. The production of non-ferrous metals in China is growing, as it has been in recent years. It grew by 10-15% in various positions last year. In Asian countries, production will continue to grow. In Russia, aluminum production in 2009 decreased by 10%, while nickel production decreased by 2-3%.
RUSSIAN DOMESTIC MARKET AND EXPORT
Last year, consumption of non-ferrous metals in Russia decreased significantly across all items. Traditional consumer industries are stagnating: construction, mechanical engineering, in particular, power engineering and the military-industrial complex. Stagnation in these sectors has significantly reduced domestic demand for copper, causing an increase in copper exports. Exports have increased in all areas; for Norilsk Nickel it is traditionally low-value products - rough and cathode copper; for the Ural Mining and Metallurgical Company (UMMC) - high value-added products: wire rod and rolled copper.
The share of aluminum exports has always been high. Domestic consumption was not large even in best years. Therefore, there have been no significant changes in the export structure, and the largest part of unprocessed aluminum is exported. The situation is the same for nickel.
During the crisis, the government tried to help metallurgists by zeroing out export duties on copper and nickel. Now duties on nickel have been returned, duties on copper exports have been extended to zero, and the market situation for this metal is more favorable for Russian companies.
RUSAL
In the years before the crisis, the RUSAL company managed to modernize basically all of its East Siberian plants and alumina divisions and launch the Khakass aluminum plant. The construction of the Taishet aluminum smelter has not been completed, about 500 million dollars have already been invested in the first stage of design and construction of which, and about 300 million more are needed for completion. In addition, the construction of the Boguchany hydroelectric power station and the Boguchany Energy and Metallurgical Association (BEMO) as a whole has not been completed . The reason is financial disputes with RusHydro.
At newly built enterprises, a new technology is being introduced - with baked anodes. It is characterized by lower - 8-10% - energy consumption, which is very important, given the enormous energy intensity of the industry, as well as less significant emissions of pollutants, but at the same time greater capital intensity. This technology can only be implemented on new projects, when factories are built from scratch. It cannot be installed in existing production facilities, because It would be necessary to stop production and change the entire technological chain, starting with alumina processing. But at all new factories, for example, Khakass, Taishet, BAMO, exclusively new technology is used. The modernization of old enterprises (which is about 80% of all RUSAL plants) concerned mainly the replacement of equipment and the reduction of harmful emissions.
RUSAL has always been a leader in terms of investments, so the company managed to implement most of its plans, but this led to an excessive debt load. Because of this, last year the company imposed a moratorium on capital investments (except for support of current activities), and the investment program was significantly reduced. It will not increase in the coming years.
We assess the current position of the company as stable. RUSAL managed to reduce the cost of aluminum production by 20-30%, primarily due to signed long-term contracts for the supply of electricity, as well as a significant reduction in the price of raw materials and optimization of logistics. It should be noted that RUSAL, among other mining companies, achieved the greatest reduction in the number of personnel, thereby reducing the cost of labor. Thus, the company has now become the cheapest aluminum producer. This means that when metal prices rise, it will have high profits.
The company's debts now amount to approximately $12.9 billion. This is a significant amount, but all debts have been restructured, and this allows RUSAL to operate stably without claims from creditors. Moreover, in the event of an increase in world prices for aluminum, the company will be able to quickly pay off its debts and will have funds to implement investment projects.
The depreciation of the ruble that occurred as a result of the crisis also created a comfortable environment for the company. The company pays for raw materials, electricity, etc. in rubles, but sells metal in dollars. The rise of the dollar, one might say, has reduced the cost, at least the exchange rate of 30 rubles. for 1 dollar is favorable for RUSAL.
RUSAL, basic data:
| products, thousand tons | 31th of December 2009 | 31th of December 2008 | change, % |
| primary aluminum and high value-added foundry products | 3 946 | 4 424 | -11 |
| alumina | 7 279 | 11 317 | -36 |
| bauxite | 11 300 | 19 100 | -41 |
| foil rolling production products | 70 | 71 | -1 |
We assess RUSAL's initial public offering on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange in January as successful, especially taking into account the company's large debts and the dim outlook for aluminum prices. The success of this transaction was facilitated by the presence of “anchor” investors, such as Vnesheconombank, who spurred interest in RUSAL shares. The second success factor was the timing of the placement; aluminum prices rose in January.
| Oleg DERIPASKA, CEO OK RUSAL:
The past year has become a serious test of strength for companies in the aluminum industry and required active response from each of them. RUSAL was able to withstand the full impact of the global economic downturn and become even more competitive due to the results achieved through the cost reduction program, as well as through successful debt restructuring and listing of shares on international exchanges - the Hong Kong Stock Exchange and the NYSE Euronext exchange in Paris. The results obtained have created a solid basis for the further development of our business. |
NORILSK NICKEL
Norilsk Nickel's investment program for 2009 was slightly reduced. This year it has increased by 15% compared to 2009, i.e. the program remains large.
As a result of the crisis, the company was forced to suspend the activities of its Australian assets (BlackSwan, Cawse, LakeJohnston and Waterloo); their cost does not yet allow them to operate profitably. Other more promising foreign assets, such as Tati Nickel (Botswana) or Nkomati (South Africa), continue to develop steadily.
Production of commercial metals at MMC Norilsk Nickel in 2009
NorNickel's debts amount to about $5 billion. The company's profit for 2010 is planned to be around $2 billion, and in 2011, according to our forecasts, it could reach $3.5 billion. Thus, the company has the opportunity to service its debt load without resorting to restructuring. In addition, NorNickel has 4.5% of treasury shares on its balance sheet, which were previously purchased by the company, and they can be sold at the right time, which will bring $1.5 billion, based on NorNickel’s current capitalization.
We can say that the acquisition in the 2000s. foreign assets was a wrong move for the company. By purchasing them, Norilsk Nickel first of all received new technologies, and in particular, Activox technology, which was not fully studied. Of course, at one time the purchase of LionOre (Canada) was beneficial for Norilsk Nickel; the capitalization of the Russian concern increased. But during the crisis, due to falling nickel prices, this asset became unprofitable. However, the entire global mining industry is experiencing similar problems.
For 2010, the company increased investments in current projects, primarily related to the launch of the Severny-gluboky (Murmansk region) and Skalisty (Taimyr Peninsula, Krasnoyarsk region) mines. Their implementation in the future will become the main factor in supporting high production volumes of Norilsk Nickel.
URALELECTROCOPPER
The Uralelectromed company has carried out virtually complete modernization in recent years production capacity. The share of high value-added products was increased: refined copper, copper rod, which is valued higher than cathode and blister copper. Now the main task of the company is to maintain the existing level of production, and in the future, perhaps, increase it a little. The company's debt situation is not as difficult as, for example, RUSAL. In terms of debt-to-company value ratio, Uralelectromed is more comparable to Norilsk Nickel. Most of the loans have been restructured. Now, in conditions of high copper prices, the company looks promising.
Sales of products were reoriented: if before the crisis, 60% of all products were supplied to the domestic market, 40% were exported, but now about 70% are exported. On world markets, especially in Asia (as already mentioned), the demand for copper is not decreasing.
FORECAST
For non-ferrous metallurgy, 2010 will be more favorable than, for example, for ferrous metallurgy. We see an improvement in the price environment, and consumption of non-ferrous metals is growing. It must be taken into account that domestic producers Last year we significantly reduced production costs.
If the current dynamics of global GDP growth and economic recovery continue, prices for non-ferrous metals will increase by 10-15% in the coming year. In the longer term, the profitability of our companies may begin to decline, and the main factors here will be rising costs and the strengthening of the ruble.
The main question for modern Russia, what should be done so that the industry survives not only due to inexpensive energy resources, but reaches a fundamentally new level development.
Many are confident that Russian industry is in a depressing situation: most factories are idle, some premises are rented out as warehouses for private companies, and the industry is dominated by imports and foreign investments. There is an opinion that Russian Federation It’s easier to be an exporter of extracted raw materials than to focus efforts on your own processing and production of products that you now have to purchase. Such statements are sometimes hysterical or become the subject of political speculation. What fate awaits modern industry, let's try to get to the heart of the issue. And let's start with the most important industry - metallurgy.
The Russian Federation is the largest participant in the international metallurgy market . Today, Russia holds a stable place in the market for the production and sale of metals, accounting for approximately 10% of the turnover of metal and metal structures in the world. Russia produces approximately 6% of steel, 11% of aluminum, 21% of nickel and 27.7% of titanium.
Employment, despite everything, in the Russian metallurgy increased by one and a half times, profits from industrial production increased by 6.5 times. And all these changes have occurred over the past fifteen years. In addition, in the period from 1993 to 2008, the share of exports of metallurgical products rose from 6% to 20%.
Ferrous metallurgy is naturally a basic industry in the macroeconomics of Russia . Focused primarily on global exports, it continues to keep its future forecasts positive. Demand for metal in the markets South America and Southeast Asia is growing steadily. In Europe and North America, metallurgy suffers from ever-increasing costs work force and environmental problems around industrial enterprises. It is these circumstances that lead to the complete or partial liquidation of metallurgical plants. And Russian industry can meet the demand for metal.
Timely modernization can pave the way to success. Russian enterprises were one of the few that began to carry out the process of modernization and increase production efficiency, which allowed them to maintain their leading positions in the metallurgy market. The result of these actions was the construction of vertical and horizontal connections in the industry, an increase in the production of competitive products, a reduction in overhead costs, and a decrease in the level of environmental pollution.
The demand for domestic metallurgical products within Russia is not decreasing either. 2007 marked a turning point when domestic demand exceeded global exports. Metallurgists have finally managed to diversify demand for own products, reducing dependence on world markets. Mechanical engineering and the fuel and energy complex are the main buyers of metal products.
Problems exist, but none of them are unsolvable . But, unfortunately, there are a number of problems in the metallurgical field that slow down its growth. The first problem is the energy consumption of production, which is at a high level in comparison with competitors. The second problem is the low expected volume of product sales at the established price level.
Slows down modernization production processes strict connection of technological processes to each other. Modernization of technological units individually is a complex, costly, and ultimately unprofitable process. In addition, managers of most enterprises prefer to live for today, without wasting energy and cash for modernization, in the absence of planned risks. Partial modernization takes place at enterprises where, due to secondary areas, it is possible not to significantly influence the generation of income.
Let us highlight the main negative trends: high level depreciation of production assets, a significant shortage of certain types of raw materials, the absence of the process of reproduction of ore reserves carried out during the Soviet era, low levels of labor productivity, increased costs of energy and material resources per unit of production, low level of introduction of modern technologies at enterprises, lack of qualified personnel.
The deterioration of production assets also hinders the development of the metallurgical industry. Say that production assets Of course, they cannot be updated, but the pace of updating can be called catastrophically slow. In 2008, the depreciation of fixed assets amounted to 43%, which has a detrimental effect on production. Solving this problem looks very difficult since the update production equipment is a very expensive business. In addition, this will entail a temporary reduction in production volumes, hence the loss of potential profits. Many of the managers are not ready to do this, which causes the entire metallurgical industry as a whole to suffer.
Another problem that is approaching a catastrophic point is the technological backwardness of production. In 2011, more than 18% of steel produced was hardened in outdated open-hearth furnaces, and more than 30% of steel billets were produced on Soviet ingot rolling machines.
It turns out that the competitiveness of Russian metal products rests only on the low cost of raw materials and low costs of labor resources. But these are advantages that can hardly be called reliable. The advantage may disappear if manufacturers from countries with cheaper labor, such as South Asia, Brazil or Africa, enter the market.
And the production structure itself is far from perfect. Only 7% falls on the share of metal products of high processing stages, the rest is metal products of intermediate and low processing stages. Simply put, we export blanks and blanks, which importing countries turn into products with much higher added value.
Possible ways out of this situation. In order to defend a leading position in the global and domestic markets of the metallurgical industry, the process of restructuring production processes should not be postponed. But it will be impossible to follow this path until Russian entrepreneurs give up the pursuit of the long ruble and curb the desire to save on raw materials and decent wages.
The share of high value-added products should be significantly increased through deep metal processing in Russia. It is necessary to eliminate intermediaries and establish productive connections between suppliers of raw materials and ore and metallurgical enterprises, to improve logistics and other important business processes.
Experts believe that by reaching average global production standards, Russia will increase the industry’s output by at least one and a half times. Of course, it is not possible to achieve this only through the efforts of private business owners. The state must play a decisive role. The government needs to stimulate modernization with direct investment in production, as well as in the form of certain tax preferences. The authorities should calculate in advance the situation associated with the negative social consequences of modernization, so that enterprises will no longer need significant labor resources.
In the future, additional efforts should be directed toward geological exploration and development of fields in Eastern Siberia and the Far East in order to create modern and competitive production facilities outside the European part of Russia.
Before the release of finished products - ferrous and non-ferrous metals and their alloys.
1. Quantitative parameters:
12%OPF of industry
8% employed
20% foreign exchange earnings
The degree of wear of OPF in ferrous metallurgy is 50%, higher than the average level of wear in Russia (48.6%), The degree of wear of OPF in non-ferrous metallurgy is lower
The share of the metallurgical industry in Russia's GDP is about 5%, in industrial production - about 18%, in exports - about 14%. As of 2008, Russia ranked 4th in the world in steel production
According to 2010 data, the share of non-ferrous metallurgy in Russian GDP is 2.6%, in industrial production - 10.2%.
According to 2008 data, Russia ranks 1st in the world in nickel production, nickel exports and aluminum exports.
According to 2008 data, Russia ranks 2nd in the world in aluminum production (after China) and production of rolled titanium
2. The industry is competitive, creates structural material - material from which any structures can be created. The export geography is wide, but competition in the world market is high, and there is also a problem with the quality of export products.
3. An important role in the Russian economy, since it is an important “feeding” industry for mechanical engineering, the coal industry, electric power and transport. This industry plays a city-forming role for many enterprises.
4. Territorial metallurgical complexes (sometimes called a metallurgical base) are formed taking into account the main factors of the complex's location: the presence of a raw material base, the proximity of energy sources, the ability to deliver products to consumers, environmental requirements, and the availability of labor resources.
5. The metallurgical complex is one of the largest consumers of goods and services from other industries. It accounts for about 35% of all Russian industrial electricity consumption and 25% of freight transported by rail.
6. The specificity of the metallurgical complex is the scale of production and the complexity of the technological cycle, which is incomparable with other industries. For the production of many types of products, 15-18 processing stages are required, starting from the extraction of ore and other types of raw materials.
Common features of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy:
1.high level of production concentration 2.high level of production combination 3.high material consumption 4.high level of environmental pollution
Composition of MK-
A) extraction and preparation of raw materials for processing;
B) metallurgical processing is the production of cast iron, steel, rolled products.
New directions in steel production - electric steelmaking, envelope and blast-furnace (coke-free) metallurgy.
B) production of alloys
D) recycling of waste from the main production (production based on the disposal of various types of secondary resources, raw materials and supplies (sulfuric acid production, heavy organic synthesis for the production of benzene, ammonia and other chemical products, production building materials– cement, block products, as well as phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers, etc.).
Depending on the combination of these technological processes, following types production in the metallurgical complex:
full cycle production, represented, as a rule, by plants in which all of the above stages operate simultaneously technological process;
part-cycle production - These are enterprises in which not all stages of the technological process are carried out, for example, in ferrous metallurgy, only steel and rolled products are produced, but there is no production of cast iron or only rolled products are produced. The incomplete cycle also includes electrothermy of ferroalloys, electrometallurgy, etc.
Incomplete cycle enterprises, or “small metallurgy” are called conversion enterprises, are presented in the form of separate divisions for the production of foundry iron, steel or rolled products as part of the country’s large machine-building enterprises.
Blast-free metallurgy - electric steelmaking, envelope and blast-furnace (coke-free) metallurgy.
Problems and prospects:
The main problem of the domestic metallurgy is technical re-equipment. Its solution requires replacing the old open-hearth method of steel production with a new one - oxygen-converter and electric melting. The use of huge reserves of scrap metal requires the construction of new types of metallurgical enterprises. They apply modern technology, allowing the production of metal High Quality with minimal negative impacts on the environment.
Ferrous metallurgy: general characteristics, geography
Ferrous metallurgy serves as the basis for the development of mechanical engineering and metalworking.
The iron and steel industry includes the following main sub-sectors:
· extraction and enrichment of ore raw materials for ferrous metallurgy (iron, manganese and chromite ores);
· extraction and enrichment of nonmetallic raw materials for ferrous metallurgy (fluxing limestone, refractory clay, etc.);
· production of ferrous metals (cast iron, steel, rolled products, blast furnace ferroalloys, ferrous metal powders);
production of steel and cast iron pipes;
· coke industry (production of coke, coke oven gas, etc.);
· secondary processing of ferrous metals (cutting scrap and waste of ferrous metals).
The share of ferrous metallurgy in Russia's industrial production is about 10%.
Main factors for locating ferrous metallurgy enterprises*
There are three metallurgical bases on the territory of Russia - Central, Ural, Siberian and Northern. These metallurgical bases have significant differences in raw materials and fuel resources, structure and specialization of production, its capacity and organization. These bases differ in the scale of production, the peculiarities of the transport and geographical location, the technical and economic indicators of metal production and a number of other characteristics.
Ural metallurgical base ranks first in Russia in terms of production volumes black And non-ferrous metals, this is the oldest metallurgical base operating on imported ore raw materials, because the local iron ore base is depleted. Own iron ore from Kachkanar deposits does not cover the needs of the metallurgical industry. Ore is brought from Kazakhstan, the Kursk magnetic anomaly and Karelia.
In the Urals, large centers of ferrous metallurgy were formed near cities such as Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk, Nizhny Tagil, Novotroitsk and Yekaterinburg. About two-thirds of all steel and cast iron production in Ural metallurgical base falls on the Chelyabinsk and Orenburg regions. Full-cycle enterprises are located along the Eastern slopes of the Ural Mountains. Particle metallurgy is located on the western slopes.
The largest full-cycle metallurgical enterprises of the Ural metallurgical base are: Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works (the largest Russian plant, ranks first in iron smelting), Chelyabinsk Iron and Steel Works, Nizhny Tagil Iron and Steel Works, Metallurgical Works of OJSC "Ural Steel" (city of Novotroitsk).
The largest processing metallurgy enterprises of the Ural metallurgical base are: IzhStal (Izhevsk city), Chelyabinsk Pipe Rolling Plant, Chelyabinsk Ferroalloy Plant (the largest in Russia in the production of ferroalloys), Ural Pipe Plant (Pervouralsk city), Novolipetsk Metallurgical Plant. In general, if we look at the enterprises located in the Urals, we will see that most of them produce pipes for oil and gas pipelines. Peculiarities: developed production of high-quality steels. The base produces more cast iron than steel and rolled products.
The Central Metallurgical Base is engaged in production based on iron ore, mined in the following deposits:
Central metallurgical base- an area of intensive development of ferrous metallurgy, where the largest reserves of iron ore are concentrated. The development of ferrous metallurgy is based on the use of the largest iron ore deposits of the KMA, as well as metallurgical scrap and imported coking coals - Donetsk, Pechora and Kuznetsk. 70% of all Russian iron ore reserves are concentrated on the territory of this base. Products– production of semi-finished products – iron ore pellets, metal powder, high-quality steel – export 80%.
The largest full-cycle metallurgical enterprises are: Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant -Severstal, Novolipetsk Metallurgical Plant, Oskol Electrometallurgical Plant (city of Stary Oskol).
The largest pig metallurgy enterprises are: Cherepovets Steel-Rolling Plant, Oryol Steel-Rolling Plant, Electrostal Metallurgical Plant (Elektrostal city), Hammer and Sickle Metallurgical Plant (Moscow city), Izhora Pipe Plant (St. Petersburg city;). The main enterprises of the Central Metallurgical Base also include the Shchelkovo Metallurgical Plant (Shchelmet); OJSC Lebedinsky (LebGOK), OJSC Mikhailovsky (MGOC.
Metallurgical base of Siberia is in the process of formation. Siberia and the Far East account for approximately a fifth of the cast iron and finished products produced in Russia and 15% of steel. 21% of all-Russian reserves are in Siberia and the Far East. The basis for the formation of the Siberian metallurgical base is the iron ores of Gornaya Shoria, Khakassia, the Angara-Ilimsk iron ore basin, and the fuel base is the Kuznetsk coal basin. Modern production is represented by two large ferrous metallurgy enterprises: the Kuznetsk Metallurgical Plant (KM K OJSC) and the West Siberian Metallurgical Plant (ZSMK). . Characteristic: forming base, processing and small metallurgy industries are developed. The production is 50% iron and 50% steel.
The largest metallurgical enterprises of the Siberian Metallurgical Base are: Novosibirsk Metallurgical Plant named after Kuzmin, Sibelektrostal Metallurgical Plant (Krasnoyarsk), Guryevsky Metallurgical Plant, Novokuznetsk Ferroalloy Plant, Petrovsk-Zabaikalsky Metallurgical Plant.
There is an increase in iron and steel production, but not significant. In terms of steel, we are in the 5th country
Problems and development prospects:
- There will be no rapid development
- The main emphasis is on high value-added rolled products
- Development of processing and small metallurgy
- Reducing the level of monopolism in the industry
- Formation of metallurgical base on Far East due to the Aldan iron ore basin and the South Yakut coal basin
Currently, the ferrous metallurgy industry is experiencing an acute crisis, where the decline in production has reached a critical point. The giants of the iron and steel industry are in a difficult situation. Magnitogorsk and Nizhny Tagil plants. This is explained not only by structural restructuring in the conditions of the emerging market, but also by the fact that it is necessary to reconstruct these enterprises and replace the entire open-hearth production with converter and electric smelting, since in market conditions it is impossible to maintain inefficient, uncompetitive production. There is no need for a huge iron foundry production, which creates an aggravated environmental situation.
The most important task is to create a market infrastructure, reform forms of ownership in the ferrous metallurgy industry, develop joint ventures with the attraction of domestic and foreign investments, as well as the creation of small enterprises and entrepreneurship development.
Non-ferrous metallurgy
7.3% in industrial products countries, Competitive industry, Production mainly using own resources, Bauxite is imported
The non-ferrous metallurgy industry includes the following industries:
1. smelting of base metals (copper, lead, zinc, tin, nickel);
2. smelting of light metals (aluminum, sodium, titanium, magnesium, potassium);
3. production of minor metals (bismuth, cadmium, antimony, cobalt, mercury);
4. production of precious metals (gold, silver, platinum);
5. production of rare and trace metals (zirconium, gallium, germanium).
The territorial organization of non-ferrous metallurgy is influenced by: 1) high material consumption associated with significant costs of primary natural raw materials. 2) energy and fuel intensity of production; 3) water intensity of production.
Copper, nickel, tin - gravitate towards areas where raw materials are mined
Lead, zinc - to areas of polymetallic ore mining
Aluminum, magnesium - raw materials + electrical-intensive production
The dynamics of production are characterized by stable development. Non-ferrous metallurgy occupies a good position in the world: Copper 5th place, Nickel 1st place, aluminum 2nd place.
There are three metallurgical bases in Russia: 1) Ural base, has large reserves of copper, aluminum and nickel ores. The Urals are the oldest region for the production of non-ferrous metals. 2) Central base. 3) Siberian base.
The following types of non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises are located in Russia:
1. Enterprises of the copper sub-industry. 2. Enterprises of the lead-zinc sub-industry. 3. Enterprises of the nickel-cobalt sub-industry. 4. Enterprises of the tin sub-industry. 5. Enterprises of the aluminum sub-industry. 6. Enterprises of the tungsten-molybdenum sub-industry. 7. Enterprises of the titanium-magnesium sub-industry. 8. Enterprises of the rare metal sub-industry.
copper sub-industry are I: Karabashmed (Chelyabinsk region), Svyatogor (Sverdlovsk region), Sredneuralsky Copper Smelter (part of the UMMC holding), Uralelectromed (part of the UMMC holding).
The largest Russian enterprises lead-zinc sub-industry are: Belovsky Zinc Plant, Dalpolimetal (Primorsky Territory), Ryaztsvetmet (Ryazan Region), Sadonsky Lead-Zinc Plant (Republic of North Ossetia), Chelyabinsk Electrolyte-Zinc Plant, Electrozinc (Vladikavkaz).
The largest Russian enterprises nickel-cobalt sub-sector are: MMC Norilsk Nickel, Yuzhuralnickel (Orenburg region).
The largest Russian enterprises tin sub-industry are: Far Eastern Mining Company (Primorsky Territory), Dalolovo (Khabarovsk Territory), Novosibirsk Tin Plant, Khingan Olovo (Jewish Autonomous Region)
The largest Russian enterprises aluminum sub-industry are: Boksitogorsk alumina plant (Leningrad region), Bratsk aluminum plant (Irkutsk region), Volgograd aluminum plant, Irkutsk aluminum plant, Rasnoyarsk aluminum plant (part of the RusAL holding), Novokuznetsk aluminum plant (, Samara metallurgical plant (part of the holding " RusAL").
The largest Russian enterprises in the tungsten-molybdenum sub-industry are I: Hydrometallurgist (Kabardino-Balkarian Republic), Kirovgrad Hard Alloy Plant (Sverdlovsk Region), Lermontov Mining Company (Primorsky Territory), Primorsky GOK (Primorsky Territory), Sorsk GOK.
The largest Russian enterprises in the titanium-magnesium sub-industry are: AVISMA, VSMPO (Sverdlovsk region), Solikamsk magnesium plant (Perm region).
The largest Russian enterprises in the rare metal sub-industry are: Zabaikalsky GOK, Orlovsky GOK, Sevredmet (Murmansk region)
Development objectives:
1) the need to modernize production
2) greening of production (replacement of equipment, treatment facilities, filters, introduction of waste-free and low-waste technologies)
3) solving social problems
Problems and prospects of non-ferrous metallurgy: 1.problems: Depletion of deposits of copper and aluminum ores. Absence of large deposits of manganese, chromite, titanium and other ores. The production of ferrous metals in Russia, since 1990, has decreased by 50%. Low quality of cast iron and steel (due to the fact that most of the factories operate on old equipment and old technologies). The high cost of Russian metal (prices are 20% -40% higher than world prices). One of the reasons for this is the monopoly of giant factories. Ecological problem(metallurgy is a dirty industry). 2. prospects: Development of the Far Eastern metallurgical base (for example, the Neryungri plant project) Application of new ore mining technologies that allow less environmental pollution. Geo- and biotechnologies for ore mining have been developed, which make it possible to preserve landscapes. One of promising directions in metallurgy (especially in ferrous metallurgy) is the creation of automated mini-factories that operate on scrap metal and pollute the environment less. The use of recyclable materials (scrap metal), the melting of which is effective. Thus, when melting 1 ton of scrap metal, 4 tons of iron ore and 530 tons of copper ore are saved. Air pollution is reduced by 7 times, the amount of waste will be reduced by 16 times.
Slide 13 from the presentation "Metallurgical complex". The size of the archive with the presentation is 252 KB.Geography 9th grade
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