To determine the person, you need to understand who or what the action in the sentence refers to. Action may include:
- to the speaker himself (this is the first person);
- to the one to whom he addresses (second person);
- or to an outside person/object (third party).
In each of the faces there are forms of the singular and plural.
First person
The first person singular form shows that the action is performed by the speaker himself (that is, the subject of speech): I’m going, . This form corresponds to the pronoun “I”.
The first person plural form indicates that the action is performed by several persons, including the speaker: we go, we talk, we are interested. Accordingly, the first person plural pronoun is “we”.
Second person
The second person form expresses an action relating to the interlocutor (singular) or a group of persons, including the interlocutor (plural). The second person pronouns will be “you” and “you”. For example: (you) say, are interested; (you) walk, talk, are interested.
Third party
The third person form indicates that the action refers to an extraneous person or thing not participating in speech - in the singular, and to a group of persons or objects - in the plural. The corresponding pronouns are: “he”, “she”, “it” - singular, “they” - plural. For example: (he/she/it) walks, talks, is interested; (they) walk, talk, and are interested.
It should also be remembered that not all verbs have a person.
The category of person is possessed by: verbs of the indicative mood in the present and future tense (smile - smile - - smile - - smile, smile - smile - - smile - smile - smile) and forms of the imperative mood (here the face is not defined in all cases).
The following persons do not have the category:
- verbs of the indicative mood in the past tense (the forms are the same: I walked = you walked = he walked, we walked = you walked = they walked);
- verbs of the conditional (subjunctive) mood (would like, would go);
- infinitive verbs (initial form of the verb, in -т/-ть: walk, sing, draw);
- impersonal verbs (it’s getting dark, I want, there’s enough, etc.);
- participles and gerunds (who came, rejoicing). According to some systems of grammar, these parts of speech are classified as verbs, according to others - not. In any case, these parts of speech do not have the category of person.
The lesson covers gender, person and number of verbs. You will see how a verb expresses the meaning of an action by changing gender, person and number.
Topic: Verb
Lesson: Gender, person, number of a verb
1. Grammatical meaning of the verb
Open the brackets and put the verbs in the correct form of the present or future tense. If there are several variants of this form in your speech, choose one of them. Justify your choice of option. If the verb does not have the desired shape, change the sentence to express the given content.
1. Some people (run) through the streets. 2. He (to be attracted) to people with a difficult fate. 3. In order not to freeze on the road, he usually (harness) the horse, let it gallop, and he (run) alongside. 4. I will definitely (get better) by the holiday. 5. I definitely (to win) this competition. 6. I just (pour) sugar into the jar, (screw) the lid and come to you. 7. This is how I (to annoy) the teacher! 8. Nettle is very strong (to burn). 9. The puppy (lie) under the sofa and purr. 10. I (to pick) you up in the evening. 11. The mother (light) all the lamps and (drip) medicine to her daughter. 12. He should not be entrusted with such a responsible task: he will definitely (to hesitate) at the most crucial moment. 13. I (knead) the dough and then rest. 14. If the blood (cooked), it is difficult to treat the wound. 15. If water (flow) under the bathtub, it will be difficultcollect. 16. When we (want), then (lie down) to rest! 17. If you don’t give up now, I (riddle) the whole house! 18. He quickly (wear out) new suit, if he treats him so carelessly. 19. I (spin, twirl, play tricks), but it’s all to no avail! 20. He (climb) to the very top of the tree. 21. He (to lie) to you! 22. They never (put) briefcases on their desks. 23. He (to bring) trouble upon us. 24. I work hard during the day, (work hard), sometimes by the evening I’m so (exhausted) - I can’t move my hand. 25. I won’t (offend) you. 26. This (to distract) you from sad thoughts. 27. He (to renounce) us at the first danger. 28. I (to defeat) this enemy too! 29. Water (flow) from the tap for the third day now. 30. They (want) to disgrace us. 31. The boats do not stand still, they slightly (sway) on the water. 32. Wind blows, rain(splash) in my face. 33. Parents stand on the platform and (wave) after the departing train. 34. Streams flow, roofs (drip). 35. The wolf (to prowl) through the forest in search of prey. 36. Women stand on the shore and (rinse) laundry.
1. Culture writing ().
2. Modern Russian language ().
Literature
1. Russian language. 6th grade: Baranov M.T. and others - M.: Education, 2008.
2. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 grades: V.V. Babaytseva, L.D. Chesnokova - M.: Bustard, 2008.
3. Russian language. 6th grade: ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta - M.: Bustard, 2010.
We often use words when speaking native language, without hesitation. Rarely does anyone make mistakes. However, there are various cases and situations when it is simply necessary to update knowledge, clarify something, repeat or re-learn.
Verb person
The person of the verb tells us who is performing the action. It is an inflectional grammatical category of verbs, which expresses the action voiced by the verb relative to the participant in speech. This category of person is typical:
- imperative verb forms;
- verbs of the indicative mood of the future and present tense.
In Russian, the action called a verb is distinguished by quantity (singular (singular) and plural (plural)) and by persons, of which there are three:
- first: units “I” means that the speaker is the subject of speech and performs an action (I’m preparing a holiday, I’ll pick a berry);
plural We are a group of people, together with the speaker, performing an action (we watch TV, we play sports); - second: units You - indicates an action performed by the interlocutor (you plant eggplants, you read a magazine);
plural You - means actions that relate simultaneously to the interlocutor and a group of people (you dream of the sea, you dig up potatoes); - third: units He, she, it - indicates an action regarding a person or object not involved in speech (he shows a trick, she goes to the shooting range);
plural They - indicates actions regarding persons or objects not involved in speech (they play with a ball).
How to determine the person of a verb
You can determine the person of a verb by asking a question, as well as highlighting the personal ending of the verb, determining its meaning, taking into account the content of the text:
Verb 1 l.: What will I do? What am I doing? What will we do? What are we doing?
Verb 2 l.: What will you do? What are you doing? What will you do? What you are doing?
Verb 3 l.: What will he do? What is he doing? What will they do? What are they doing?
Let's look at examples of using verb persons in the table. Please note: with the help of particles yes, let, let, let, let the first and third person forms of imperative verbs are formed.
Exception: impersonal verbs (lit up, rained) and infinitive (sing, groan), past tense verb forms do not have a person category.
Determining the person of a verb in Russian will not be difficult for any person who knows the information described above. After all, speaking competently in our time is a sign of good manners!
G.I. Kustova, 2011
Face- inflectional grammatical category of the verb, characteristic finite(see) forms present-future tense(see Time) (present). The face has features of both syntactic and nominative categories. In the Russian grammatical tradition, forms that have a personal-numerical indicator are called personal, or conjugated (see. Verb form system, Finiteness). The face paradigm includes first, second and third person forms. The shape of the face indicates what the role of the subject of the verb (subject) is in the speech act: whether the subject's referent is the speaker (1st person), the addressee (2nd person), or neither (3rd person).
1. Morphology
The person is morphologically expressed by the inflection of the present-future tense, in which the meaning of the person is combined with the meaning of the number (see Number of the verb).
In the indicative mood, the morphological indicator of the face is present in the forms of the present and future tenses (see). The past tense forms of the indicative mood and the forms of the subjunctive mood do not have the grammatical category of person, but they do have the grammatical category of gender. In the past tense and subjunctive mood, reference to a person is carried out in context - using a noun or personal pronoun: I came; You came; He/friend came.
1.1. Expression of facial category: indicative mood
In the present and future simple tense, verbs have the following inflections, which differ (except for the 1st person singular forms) depending on the type of conjugation:
Other archaic verb conjugations be (I am, you are) are also found in cult texts and high-style texts and, accordingly, in quotations from these texts:
(3) The Lord said to Peter, “You if you Peter, and on this rock I will build My Church” (Matthew 16:18) [John Meyendorff. Orthodox testimony in modern world (1992)]
(4) Establish, O Lord, my lost heart on the rock of Your commandments, for only one is holy. if you and the Lord... [L. Ulitskaya. Journey to the Seventh Side of the World (2000)]
Cohesive and locative be usually has the null form: You ø is ill; He ø teacher; Children ø in the garden.
1.2. Expression of facial category: imperative mood
2. Usage: syntax and semantics
2.1. Deictic nature of the category of person
The category of person is associated not only with a certain morphological form (finite, or personal), but also with a certain syntactic position: the finite forms of the verb in a sentence are the predicate (for more details, see Finiteness).
The question of the status of the category of person does not have a clear solution in the domestic grammatical tradition. There is an approach in which a person is interpreted as a purely syntactic (concordant) category that does not have its own nominative meaning. The verb agrees in person with the subject [Melchuk 1998:280–281]. With this approach, even in impersonal and indefinitely personal sentences a zero subject is postulated. Within the framework of another approach, it is generally accepted that the person of the verb has its own semantics, and pronouns are analytical preverbal indicators of the person, duplicating personal inflection in the present-future tense. Compare: “Combinations like I write, you are writing, I wrote, you wrote etc. are not free syntactic phrases in the Russian language, but analytical-synthetic forms of the verb. This means that the elements I, You, He in combination with writing, you write, writes act not as pronouns, but as (redundant) personal indicators of the verb form, which is expressed in their incomplete accentuation” [Isachenko 2003(2):410].
The variety of approaches is partly explained by the fact that in both semantic and syntactic aspects the category of person differs from “normal” nominative and syntactic categories (see article Grammatical categories).
As for the content of the category of person, then, in contrast to nominative categories such as the number of nouns, reflecting the properties of extra-linguistic reality, the category of person is focused on the speech act, i.e. The semantics of the face is deictic in nature. As for facial agreement, it does not correspond to canonical ideas about agreement. In the standard case, the agreeing element duplicates the grammeme of the agreement controller: for example, the agreeing adjective receives a gender gramme from the agreeing noun. The person category of the verb has too many deviations from this pattern to consider the choice of person as canonical agreement.
First, the agreement checker does not have a grammatical category for the person. For personal pronouns, the person has a lexical, not a grammatical meaning.
NOTE. There is a point of view (it is discussed, for example, in [Plungyan 2011: 310–312]) that personal pronouns are a closed class of “fully grammaticalized lexemes” that do not have lexical meaning, but are only grammatical - they indicate participants in a speech act. In the Russian grammatical tradition, this point of view is not widespread (cf., for example, [Vinogradov 1947:329–330], [Zaliznyak 1967:62], [Grammatika 1980(1):§§1270–1280], where personal pronouns are considered ordinary lexemes, although with some features in the behavior of grammatical categories).
Nouns, especially, do not have a person category: nouns, by default, are equated to 3rd person pronouns, since they are combined only with the 3rd person form of the verb, however, there cannot be a grammatical category consisting of one grammeme, which is also detected only in the form of the nominative case in the subject position and only with a present-future verb.
In the 1st-2nd person indicative mood, the subject can usually be omitted, because the form of the verb clearly indicates it, and imperative constructions in standard literary speech are usually used without a subject. Moreover, with forms of joint action (see) the use of the subject is prohibited, and its introduction turns the imperative form of joint action into an indicative form of the future tense, cf.: Masha, let's go to the cinema!– motivation; Masha, we are going to the cinema- statement.
3rd person forms can also express their deictic meaning (‘neither speaker nor addressee’) without a subject. Another thing is that by the form of the 3rd person, in contrast to the 1st-2nd person, it is impossible to determine the referent of the subject of the verb. In the 1-2 person subject pronoun, two meanings are glued together: it indicates both the participant in the speech act (since it is a personal pronoun) and the subject of the action (since it is the subject). In this sense, the 3rd person pronoun gives nothing to the 3rd person verb: sentence He will come soon just like the sentence does not convey specific information about the referent of the subject Coming soon.
Thus, the choice of the person of the verb may not be oriented towards the subject, but appeal directly to the participants in the speech act, just like, for example, the gender of the verb in constructions like The doctor has come reflects not the gender of the subject, but the gender of its denotation (for more details, see the article Gender). Taking these facts into account, we can say that the person of the verb in the Russian language is not entirely consonantal and has features of the nominative category.
On the other hand, the category of person undoubtedly has a concordant aspect, which consists in the fact that both the subject and the predicate must refer to the same person. So, if the speaker talks about himself in the 3rd person, for example: Listen to what your mother tells you(when a mother addresses her child, i.e. in the meaning ‘listen to what I’m telling you’), the 1st person predicate is not allowed: * Listen to what mom is telling you.
It is significant that in the Russian grammatical tradition, in relation to the connection of the predicate with the subject, they speak not of agreement, but of coordination: in a speech act, a single indicator of a person is selected, which applies to both the subject and the predicate. Because of this, sentences in which the subject and predicate are uncoordinated are unacceptable in the Russian language, i.e. sentences of the form * Men let's go, which are found, for example, in the Adyghe language.
The relation of an action to a person can be expressed not only by forms of verbs ( I'll let you know for your information...) and not only personal pronouns (cf. To me be on duty – You be on duty – To him be on duty), but also by other means - lexical, constructive-syntactic, intonation, cf.: The author of these lines; Your humble servant– reference to the 1st person speaking; Get up!; To me!; Carriage!– reference to the 2nd person, the addressee. In the theory of functional grammar, all these means are considered within the category personalities, the core of which is the grammatical person of the verb and the system of personal pronouns [Bondarko 2002:543–567].
2.2. Categorical meanings of personal forms
The use and interpretation of personal-numeral forms of verbs is influenced by various semantic, syntactic and communicative factors.
In the indicative mood, the forms of the 1st and 2nd persons are opposed to the forms of the 3rd person, which is associated with the orientation of the category of person to the speech act. The meanings of the 1st and 2nd person in grammars are called personal, because they correspond to the speaker and the addressee, who are always persons.
In the sphere of the face itself, the 1st and 2nd persons are opposed. V.V. Vinogradov noted that in the 1st person forms “even with figurative use, the relation to the specific subject of speech is clearly preserved,” while the 2nd person forms, more abstract and vague, can lose their direct relation to a specific interlocutor and receive a generalized meaning [Vinogradov 1947 :459]. V.V. Vinogradov believed that only the context determines whether the 2nd person form “refers to a specific interlocutor, i.e. to a single You", to any person ( if you die, they will bury you) or to the speaker himself, i.e. to 1st person ( will you go, it happened...) [Vinogradov 1947:456].
The meaning of the 3rd person in grammars is called subject-personal, because The subject of the situation, denoted by the 3rd person form, can be either a person or an inanimate object. The 3rd person form does not contain information about the subject, except negative - 'is neither the speaker nor the addressee', therefore, in the absence of a subject sentence with a predicate in the 3rd person form, they are considered semantically and structurally incomplete (about indefinite personal and impersonal meaning for 3rd person forms, see ).
In the imperative mood, the personal-numerical paradigm is structured significantly differently than in the indicative: as a form of the 2nd person ( Go!; Go!), and the form of joint action ( Let's go!; Let's go!) includes an indication of the addressee. Meaning of 3rd person construction ( Let him come in!) also appears to contain an implicit "address component" (something like 'tell him to come in').
Thus, if in the indicative the starting point of the personal system is the speaker, then in the imperative the starting point is the addressee.
2.3. Person and semantics of the verb. Personal and impersonal verbs
In the Russian grammatical tradition, personal verbs are contrasted, which have a complete personal-numerical paradigm and express person meanings in a sentence (vary according to persons and numbers), and impersonal verbs, which:
- do not vary in persons and numbers and, therefore, do not express the corresponding grammatical meanings (impersonal verbs are considered to be outside the category of person);
- have a limited set of forms: they are used in the 3rd person singular form of the present and future tense ( It's getting dark), in the form of the neuter singular past tense and subjunctive mood ( It was getting dark) and in the infinitive form ( It's starting to get dark);
- are used as a predicate of an impersonal construction.
For many personal verbs it is also possible impersonal use: The paint smells strong – Smells strongly of paint.
Contrasting personal and impersonal verbs does not duplicate the opposition of situations related and not related to the person: an impersonal verb can describe the state of a person ( My brother can't sleep), and personal – a situation with a non-personal subject ( The dress looks good).
Among impersonal verbs there are those that cannot be attributed to a person, cf. it's getting dark, it's getting colder, but there are those that designate only and exclusively human processes and states, cf. be sick, chills, I want to, itching. They represent these processes and states as having no source, but having a subject-carrier, expressed by the forms of dative or accusative cases (you're chilling; I would like to).
In finite verbs, i.e. verbs that formally have a complete personal paradigm, the usage of certain forms of person depends on lexical meaning verb.
Some verbs denote situations in which the subject cannot be a person ( rust, burn, flicker and under.). These verbs have direct meaning Only the 3rd person forms are normally used, but the 1st and 2nd person forms are not used. As noted by Yu.P. Knyazev, such verbs “could be called impersonal” [Knyazev 2008:371], but this term is not used in grammars.
In addition, there are classes of verbs in which, for semantic or pragmatic reasons, the 1st person form is not used. First of all, these are verbs of behavior and interpretation (see [Apresyan 2006:145–160]): to show off, to show off, to boast, to grovel, to puff up, to extol, to fawn, toady, to grimace, to break down, to be rude, to run into trouble, to climb[to smb.], shield and under. They present the situation through the eyes of an external observer and usually contain a negative evaluative component. It is unnatural for them to use the 1st person present tense: ? I break / grovel / shield myself. However, in many contexts the prohibition on reference to the speaker is lifted: No matter how I I'm shielding myself, he is always reprimanded; In the end, of course, I will agree, but for appearance’s sake a little I'll break down ; If I I'll climb to him with questions, he won’t like it. Wed. also examples from the Corpus:
(7) Firstly, people are still alive, and secondly, it’s me I'm bragging only, in fact, my will is no longer over you, but what awaits you is what you yourself prepare for yourself. [A. Slapovsky. Money Day (1998)]
(8) This is completely clear to me, but for some reason others don’t believe it, even my closest friends. They think that I I'm making faces. [AND. Grekova. Ladies' Master (1963)]
(9) My God, why am I I'm making faces, anyway, this letter will not reach not only you, but even the mail, so why not write the whole truth? [YU. Hermann. My Dear Man (1961)]
(10) He owns a bicycle. And I I'm making faces, hypocrite. [YU. K. Olesha. Chain (1929)]
(11) And add to this the most terrible thing, that every time, feeling real inspiration, I immediately painfully feel the consciousness that I I'm pretending And I'm making faces in front of people... [A. I. Kuprin. The Pit (1915)]
Interpretative verbs with a negative assessment are sometimes conventionally called “3rd person verbs” (for reasons of their incompatibility with the speaker), while the 2nd person form in the function of reproaching the addressee is also very characteristic of them: What you you're breaking down ! ; You are always his you're shielding yourself! ; Do not be rude seniors!
Wed. corpus data on the frequency of 1/2/3 person forms in verbs boast And make faces:
Table 1. Person forms of interpretation verbs according to the Corpus data
In addition, the independent position does not allow the 1st person of verbs that include in their semantics an observer - a syntactically inexpressible subject of perception: appear, see each other, turn white, loom and under.: ? I I'll show myself on the road in a few minutes; ? I looming in the window. Within the scope of certain predicates or operators, some of them allow reference to the speaker: As soon as I I'll show myself around the corner, turn on the camera(at the same time, there are verbs that both include an observer and require an inanimate subject, i.e. they never allow the 1st person: * The neighbors saw me I'm turning white at the entrance, cf.: At the entrance turns white some kind of box).
Finally, some verbs internal state There is a ban on using the 1st person present tense form in independent negative sentences: ? I don't I know that you have arrived, cf.: I didn't know you came; They thought I didn't know about his arrival.
It is also believed that some verbs denoting internal processes and states of a person (such as see, want and so on), the forms of the 1st person, on the contrary, are more common than the forms of other persons. Wed. corpus data on verbs want And see:
Table 2. Facial forms of verbs of internal processes and states of a person according to the Corpus data
|
want |
See |
|
|
The following semantic groups of verbs have impersonal use: - states and phenomena of nature, environment (dawn, evening, dusk, frost, cold and etc.): (62) It took about fifteen minutes to walk to the pump, no less. - Ugh, how bakes...,” Valya muttered, wiping her forehead. [T. Tronina. Mermaid for intimate encounters (2004)] - physical and mental states of a person (will get sad, feel like it, (Not)I can believe it, I can breathe, I’m dozing, I’m chilling, it seems(Not)lying down, feverish, bored, unwell, numb, ill, itchy, rinsing (ask), disgusted, impatient, sore, gives up,(Not)sitting,(Not)sleepy, impatient, sick, want,(Not)read and etc.): (63) To my wife unwell. [M. Shishkin. One night awaits everyone (1993-2003)] (64) Everyone lived on their own and did whatever they wanted whenever he likes. [IN. Medvedev. Barankin, be human! (1957)] (65) Who could have known that I impatient get out of the car at this very moment. [TO. Surikov. Road accident (2003)] - events and processes beyond the control of the person involved in them (will happen,will manage and under.): (66) It will happen Will we ever see performances of this great theater again? [IN. Davydov. Theater of my dreams (2004)] - modal states (must, does not fit, remains, appropriate, will have, should, worth, succeeds): (67) Under these conditions have to turn to the experience of foreign researchers, and those who worked in relatively similar social, political and economic conditions. ["Domestic Notes" (2003)] (68) Thus, universities remains come to terms with a situation where it is not students who compete with each other for the right to study, but institutions for the right to teach them. ["Kommersant-Vlast" (2002)] (69) To choosing a night care product costs be especially careful. ["Dasha" (2004)] - quantitative estimates (enough, enough): (70) As before, in the world enough socio-political, economic, interethnic, religious and other contradictions. ["Domestic Notes" (2003)] (71) Parents simply don’t enough neither time nor energy for various “pedagogical delights”, as a result, these children, who do not experience the debilitating pressure of parental love, grow up to be more balanced, self-confident and purposeful people. ["100% Health" (2003)] (72) To us, Russians, missing consistency in the mind and we do not master the syllogism of the West... [P. A. Sorokin. Notes from a sociologist. Slavophilism Inside Out (1917)] Verbs of physical processes and physical changes, presented as result of action elemental forces (The rain will wash away the inscription → Rain will wash away inscription; The current carries the boat → With the current refers boat): (73) And another time he sits in his room, smells the wind, assures him that he has a cold; the shutter will knock, he will tremble and turn pale; and with me he went to the wild boar one on one [M. Yu. Lermontov. Hero of Our Time (1839-1841)] - pain and involuntary movements: (Stitches in the side; Aches in the chest, The wound stings; My chest is burning; Leg cramps; He's so skewed): (74) Sometimes it’s like this will grab, that at least lie down and die. [AND. Grekova. Fracture (1987)] Forms passive voice(see Deposit): (75) Viktor Ilyukhin introduced a draft State Duma statement on personnel strengthening of law enforcement agencies. In it to the president offered dismiss Gryzlov from office. ["Newspaper" (2003)] (76) However, according to Muslim canons, a woman prohibited leave parts of the body exposed, except for the oval of the face and hands. ["The Lawyer" (2004)] Impersonal use is not associated only with the 3rd person singular form. In the past tense and subjunctive mood, where there are no personal inflections, impersonal use has the neuter singular form: (77) What kind of lace is there? Natalia Petrovna sick of it weave them. [A. Efros. Profession: director (1975-1987)]
The action is presented as being performed by an "indeterminate subject." We are talking about a specific action that can be performed by an indefinite number of persons ( Behind the wall talking ) or one person ( More to come to you will come ; Wait for you they'll call – perhaps one person), for more details see. Vaguely personal proposals(cm.): (78) Meanwhile, they detained me here by force, poked me in the eyes with a lamp, in the bath bathe, something about Uncle Fedya are asking! [M. A. Bulgakov. The Master and Margarita (1929-1940)] The speaker does not know or care who performs the action; or for some reason he does not want to name the subject. The indefinite-personal form can only denote a person’s action: On the street they make noise can only be said about people, but not about trees, cars, etc. In [Melchuk 1974] it is noted that the indefinite-personal construction He was scratched expresses the presence of a human agent in a situation, in contrast to passive design He was scratched. Another feature of indefinite-personal constructions, in contrast to generalized-personal ones, is that in generalized-personal constructions the speaker can include himself in a generalized subject, cf. You re-read books like these with pleasure.(“anyone, including me”), and vaguely personal constructions, on the contrary, express “alienation”, distance from the 1st person (see [Bulygina, Shmelev 1997:341–347]). The literature provides a number of examples of such alienation, cf. examples from [Khrakovsky 1991]: “statement Work finished at 5 o'clock inappropriate when talking about work done by the speaker, as opposed to The work was finished at 5 o'clock, where there is no such prohibition”; Wed also an example from [Paducheva 2012]: The days of late autumn are usually scolded, but I love them(Pushkin), where the speaker is not simply “excluded from the potential set of persons who are meant as a subject,” but is also opposed to this set. The exception is cases like They tell you…; They wish you well, understand!, which in [Bulygina, Shmelev 1997:341] are interpreted as the result of a shift in empathy. Both forms can have vaguely personal meaning plural person 3rd person, as well as plural forms of the past tense and subjunctive mood, which do not have a formal person indicator: (80) Apples and prunes traditionally served with a goose. [Recipes national cuisines: Scandinavian cuisine (2000-2005)] (81) Hence “taste is not about arguing“- the truth is not of an ethical or psychological nature, but of a physiological nature. [Recipes of national cuisines: France (2000-2005)] Modern researchers explain the differences between generalized-personal and indefinite-personal sentences to different referential status(see Referential status) tertiary zero, which is seen in such sentences. A tertiary zero can have specific referent status, if the sentence relates to a specific single situation”, as in the example: (82) “They read your novel,” Woland spoke, turning to the master, “and they only said one thing, that, unfortunately, it is not finished. [M. Bulgakov, The Master and Margarita] and "may have birth status as in sentences Do not count your chickens before they are hatched; They don't hit someone who's lying down"[Paducheva 2012]. 2.5.2. Imperative mood
(83) Take care honor from a young age! (proverb) (84) Only Grigory Alexandrovich, despite the heat and fatigue, did not want to return without booty, such was the man: what would he think? give it to me; apparently, as a child he was spoiled by his mother... [M. Yu. Lermontov. Hero of Our Time (1839-1841)] The 2nd person singular form can express an obligation, and it can be used in a generalized personal meaning: (85) But the trouble is when he is offended by such a person whom he does not dare to curse; it's homely here hold on! [A.N. Ostrovsky. Thunderstorm (1860)] (86) Wherever throw, wedge everywhere. (proverb) (87) He is a writer. Yes, he is a writer. And he doesn't even have his own office. Oh my God, right at least cry over the unfortunate fate of the writer Ivanko. [IN. Voinovich. Ivankiada, or the story about the entry of the writer Voinovich into new apartment (1976)] There are also usages where the action is presented as generalized, but refers to the speaker himself: (88) What do you think, should I tell him that I’m on my way home or not: excuse yourself then from him! [SMS messages from high school students (2004)] (89) And I also had a hollow tooth, something ached... it must have been after swimming - it hurt so much, even though cry. [A. Nekrasov. The Adventures of Captain Vrungel (1960-1980)]
The plural form can refer to one person: (90) " Wrap up“Please, that’s it,” I say, returning the token. ["Knowledge is Power" (2003)] (91) Try it explain your point of view to your partner in order to come to general decision, which would suit both of you. ["Dasha" (2004)]
The incentive in such uses is addressed to any person, including the addressee: (92) Not experiment over your own child, not force to live up to the expectations placed on him with all his might. [“100% Health” (2003)] =‘Nobody needs it, you shouldn’t experiment’
Like the 1st person plural indicative, the joint action form can express the meaning: (93) - Let's not we will“cry, citizen,” the first one said calmly, and the accountant, feeling that he was completely superfluous here, jumped out of the secretary’s room and a minute later was already at fresh air. [M. A. Bulgakov. The Master and Margarita (1929-1940)] M. 1967. 4. Basic literature on the topic
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The verb is one of the most important units of language. Without it, it is impossible to construct an elementary simple sentence. That is why you should know how to use verbs correctly, taking into account the subject performing the actions and the object on which this action sent.
In Russian there are 3 persons of the verb.
1st person for verbs
From a semantic point of view, the first person expresses an action that is performed by the speaker or speakers. To determine the 1st person of a verb, it is necessary to determine the number. In Russian, the category of number is expressed as plural and singular.
To determine the 1st person form of the verb, you need to substitute the pronouns “I” or “we”. If the result is a harmonious combination, and the verb has not lost its meaning, then it is 1st person.
Let's look at this with an example. Let’s say the verb “read” is 1st person, since it can be put together with the pronoun “I”: I read. But the word “read” is no longer suitable. You can't say" I'm reading".
2nd person for verbs
The 2nd person form of a verb denotes an action that is performed by an indirect object, and in conversation by an interlocutor. 2nd person is determined by the pronouns “you” and “you”. It is worth noting that in Russian the word “you” has 2 meanings: addressing a group of people and addressing a respected, senior person in rank or age.
The facial forms of verbs sometimes cause spelling difficulties. When writing 2nd person verbs, conjugations must be taken into account. This is how the endings are written in the 2nd conjugation - ish, -ite (you scream, you scream) and 1 conjugation - eat, eat (you eat, you sing).
3rd person for verbs
Third person verbs denote an action that is directed at an object or a person not participating in the conversation. They are defined by the pronouns “he, she, it” in the singular and “they” in the plural.
The facial forms of the verb have some peculiarities. Thus, in the 3rd person the indicators of the gender category are erased. For verb forms 3 persons singular have the same endings: - no, -it. Let's look at examples:
He's sitting. She is sitting. It sits.
As can be seen from the example, the action can be performed by masculine, neuter and feminine persons, but the verb will be the same.
For plural verbs, 3rd person verbs have endings - at in 2nd conjugation and - yat in the first conjugation. For example, they write(1 conjugation) and they are sitting(2nd conjugation).
Impersonal verbs
There are impersonal verbs in the Russian language. Such words denote an action that does not have a subject, that is, an action that occurs on its own. Sentences with these verb forms lack a subject.
Impersonal verbs can mean:
1. Actions and natural phenomena. For example: It's freezing outside. We cannot substitute a pronoun and find out who exactly performed this action.
2. The human condition. This includes a small group of verbs. For example, I'm not feeling well.
3. Desired action required. For example, it would be warmer.
As a rule, impersonal verbs have the forms:
a) infinitive ( it will freeze);
b) subjunctive mood ( it would be dawn).
It should be remembered that impersonal verbs never change in number or person. They are a stable form. Impersonal verbs have forms of all moods, except the imperative. If the verb is in the imperative mood, then it is definitely not impersonal (for example, the word " get dark" does not allow the imperative mood).
If we analyze the entire system of verb persons in the Russian language, we can conclude that there is nothing complicated in their definition. It is enough to know the main endings and accompanying pronouns. It turns out something like stable formulas.
It is worth noting that in the Russian language the system of persons represents a special category. It will be easier to use it if you know about others changeable characteristics- conjugation, tense, number and moods that verbs can have.