Scheme of the rafter system of a hipped roof. DIY hipped roof

There are 2 types of hip roofs - hip and hip. The rafter system of a house is a complex structure that requires careful consideration of all components of the structure. To increase the rigidity of the frame, it is necessary to connect individual rafters into a common structure, and the frame must be securely fastened to the building structure.

4-piece design- hip roof, it consists of 2 triangular elements and 2 trapezoids. Essentially this roof is made of 2 parts: gable roof, partially covering the length of the house, and the hips - 3 coal slopes. The cost-effectiveness of this type of roof lies in the absence of gables. Modifications of these roofs are Danish and half-hip roofs.

Unlike the design described above, hipped roofs have 3 coal slopes, connected at one point by their peaks. When installing them, it is necessary to arrange a special truss structure. With a large slope angle of the roof slope, they are called spire-shaped.

Positive properties hip roof:

Properly designed and manufactured hip roofing due to the fact that there are no gables or gables in it, it has minimal resistance to air flows. As a result, it perfectly resists strong winds and is almost not subject to destruction in areas of eaves overhangs.
Due to the presence in the design of corner ribs connecting at the ridge, is not subject to deformation, since it has high rigidity designs:
This type of roof makes it possible to make large overhangs on all sides of the house, thus protecting all walls from precipitation.
Hip roof visually reduces the height of the building, this can help if the house needs to be combined with an already built one one-story building without changing the character of the building and maintaining the balance of the ensemble.
This roof looks great from the outside.

Design elements

Comprises:

slanted rafters installed to the corners of walls in an inclined position;
short rafters(species);
struts and racks;
runs and more lying;
trusses;
crossbars;
used as a support for slanted rafters;

Types of rafters and roofs

For a hipped roof, a rafter system is installed using hanging and layered technology, depending on the fastening method used. A hanging structure is more difficult to create and requires more labor to repair.

It’s easier to make a layered rafter structure. Typically, this design is used if the building has intermediate support pillars or a load-bearing wall in the middle.

The support makes it possible to increase the length of the span covered by layered rafters. Often, this system is used when constructing hip roofs with a slight slope.

Hip roof structures

The slope angle of the slopes of such a roof should not exceed 40 degrees; the design should use slanted rafters installed in the direction of the corners of the building.

Roof elements of this type are called diagonal. They are the ones who take the main load falling on the roof, for this reason they are made from double boards or quality timber.

When making such purlins, the difficulty is their length. To increase it, use the method used in the manufacture of prefabricated rafters connected from 2 parts. The joints are supported by a stand, which increases the reliability of the connection.

In addition, for hip roofs it is necessary to install additional rafters, shorter than the main ones. They are used on triangular slopes, installed instead of the gables of a conventional roof.

Hip roofs

Structurally, hip rafters pitched roofs a little different. The difference is that in this case hips are not used, since the roof slopes are the same in shape and area. The ridge is also not used here, for this reason the work may be more difficult than when building a hip roof.

It is not advisable to use hipped roofs of large buildings, because such a roof is less reliable.

Such designs are used subject to 2 conditions:

The house should be square in shape.
In the center of the building there is a support or load-bearing wall capable of supporting the stand.

Broken roofs

Broken roofactually has 4, not 2 slopes. Most often they are used to enlarge the attic space. This method is well suited for a home in the private sector, due to the fact that with the same area of the building, the living space increases almost 2 times.

When arranging broken roofs, they often create a frame in advance that serves as a support for the purlins, supporting the legs of the rafters.

In general, the construction of such a roof can be divided into 3 stages:

First install the elements U-shaped , from beams and racks of attic floors.
After this, purlins are installed from high-quality timber. The rafter legs of pitched roofs of this type require the use of at least 3 such elements. Of these, 2 are placed at the corners of the U-shaped elements, and the ridge girder is installed on special racks located in the middle of the attic floor beams. This creates a durable structure that can withstand, in addition to the mass of the rafter legs, the weight of fallen snow and strong loads from gusts of wind.
The last stage is the installation of rafter legs, which must be placed according to a pre-prepared template.

Self-installation

Features of installing a hip roof

Taking into account that the basis of the design of the rafter system are slanted rafters, the roof assembly should be carried out taking into account the following points:

Sloping rafters assembled from reinforced (double) material.
Connect individual parts of the rafters better in areas experiencing maximum loads and support them with vertical posts or struts.
To prevent errors in calculating the size of the rafters, collect them with a small reserve.
It is better to strengthen the structure with additional metal elements or using twists of thick wire.

The size of diagonal rafters is usually larger than the size standard boards and timber, in order to obtain the required length, the original material is spliced, and supports are installed under the joints.

Installation of the rafter system

First of all, the Mauerlat is attached to the walls of the building, and marking work is immediately carried out. Next, attach the ridge beam using a spirit level and a plumb line. Here it is necessary to maintain its position in planes and height as accurately as possible; the correct assembly of the truss structure directly depends on this.

The support posts are mounted on the jibs under the ridge beam. After this, the legs of the slanted rafters are installed. This is the beginning of creating the roof planes of the house. The size of the overhang is immediately marked.

After this, the side roof slopes are created and attached. Intermediate rafters are placed in the places designated for them and the brackets are attached, when installing which it is necessary to accurately mark, in addition to the parallelism of their installation, also that they are strictly in the same plane with the side slopes. After this, the roof sheathing is installed.

The roof of the house can serve long term, only if all possible loads were taken into account in the calculations. It is necessary to add up the weight of snow, sheathing, wind exposure, the weight of roofing, waterproofing and insulation.

Types of load and its calculation

From the snow

The accumulation of a large layer of snow is dangerous for the roof of a house; if the slope is small, then a whole snowdrift can accumulate on it. To compensate for the weight of the snow mass, a continuous sheathing is installed near the elements protruding above the roof and the waterproofing layer is reinforced.

In addition, the snow bag, at a normal slope, will gradually begin to slide along the roof slope and gradually reach the eaves overhang. At large size cornice, it may be damaged and even destroyed.

From exposure to wind

With wind loads, the problem is to securely fix the roof; if the fastening is not strong enough, the wind will simply tear it off. As the roof slope and height increase, the wind load increases, but there are differences in the lifting force and wind pressure.

The wind creates pressure on the roof when its slope is large, and when the slope of the slopes decreases, a powerful lifting force appears, capable of demolishing your roof in the event of powerful gusts of wind.

To counteract the effects of wind, it is necessary to firmly secure all roof elements. For example, with metal pins concreted into the walls, to which the rafter legs will be attached.

Weight finishing coating affects the roof no less than other factors. If laid roof covering With large mass, then keep in mind that it constantly affects the structure. It must be remembered that with an increase in 1 m 2 of coverage, it is necessary to increase the angle of its slope.

During calculations, you need to remember about the heat-insulating material, which can have a significant mass. If you plan to build and equip attic room, it is necessary to include in the calculations the weight of the material used for its interior decoration.

Classic - the design with four slopes remains unusual for Russians, evoking associations with the overseas way of life. They build it when they want to use interesting architectural solutions, to achieve a special effect that is perceived differently, the house compares favorably with monotonous buildings.

The photo of a hipped roof shows a wide variety of options, the main thing is to build in accordance with all the rules, then you can take advantage of the numerous advantages.

Types of hipped roofs

Making drawings of hipped roofs yourself is a difficult task: specialists will be able to correctly perform the calculations. The slopes are made as isosceles triangles; when the roof looks like a square from above, it is hipped, and if it resembles a rectangle, the variety is called hip.

Classic variation

The classics include the hip or Dutch roof, which is resistant to adverse weather conditions. weather conditions: strong winds and heavy snowfalls.

The surface of the structure is formed by 2 slopes in the form of a trapezoid on the long sides and 2 slopes with a triangular shape on the short sides.

Many modern architects They believe that, aesthetically, a Dutch roof looks more presentable compared to a hip roof. The rafter system is formed by 4 support bars; they descend from the slopes to the upper corners of the structure.

2 types of half-hip roof:

Dutch - a part is cut off from the side slopes from the end upper side.
Danish - a part is cut off from the side slopes from the end bottom side.

Dutch roof design

The half-hip combines the characteristics of a gable and hip roof: the end slopes are presented in the form of triangles, the length of the hip is 1.5 - 3 times less than the length of the side slopes.

The design allows for the installation of a vertical window; it does not have a sharp protrusion characteristic of a gable roof, so the roof can withstand high wind loads.

Danish roof design

This type of hip roof is characterized by ease of installation; it is necessary to mount the end slope from below, leaving a small pediment under the ridge.

The Danish design provides the following benefits to users:

There is no need to install problematic roof windows that require high-quality waterproofing.
Option provides good daylight attic floor thanks to vertical glazing.

Hip roof design

A type of roof is installed on buildings with a square perimeter, important nuance– all slopes must have the same shape. The construction of a hip structure is more complex when compared to a hip structure: it is necessary for the rafters to meet at one point.

Rafter system

Hip roof with your own hands - optimal solution for everyone who wants to save money on their family budget. Sequence of construction work:

The planning and design phase is time consuming and every detail needs to be carefully considered. No matter how easy the installation of the roof may seem, be sure to make a drawing, which will help identify defects and shortcomings.

If the calculation of a hipped roof is done incorrectly, it will be quite difficult to correct the situation - as a result of the error, the diagonal rafters will not connect at the ridge. It's better to take advantage the best option, prepare a drawing using one of the special graphics programs.

Creating a 3D model allows you to see what the future roof will look like; to prepare a detailed drawing, seek professional help.

Preparation of structural elements

The Mauerlat is laid on top along the perimeter of the walls, its task is to serve as a support for the rafters; the material used is 15x10 cm timber.

The slope of the roof is made using rafter legs, standard rafters are made from boards 50X150 mm, diagonal ones - 100X150 mm.

Special tightenings do not allow the rafter legs to move; they are fixed, and their ends are connected at the bottom; a 50X150 m board is taken for manufacturing.

A beam made of timber 100x100 mm or 100x150 mm is cross beam, serving as a support for the racks that hold the ridge girder.

The slopes do not allow the rafters to move; they are installed at an angle to the racks; the material used is timber with the same dimensions as for making the beam.

The ridge rests on a vertical post; it is made of mauerlat material.

A horizontal wind board connects the rafter ends from below, it is nailed to the rafters with inside roofing using a 100x50 mm board.

WITH outside structures attach a filly - a board made of exactly the same material.

The most complex element is considered to be the truss; it gives rigidity to the roof, connecting the horizontal and vertical components. The sprengel is made from timber with dimensions of 100x100 mm; it must be installed at an angle.

Rashes or shortened rafters are found only in hip roofs; they are made from 50x150 mm boards.

Attic floor installation

It is better to make roof hangers from steel; they are used for fastening special clamps and purlins, suspended ceilings significantly reduce the load.

If the trusses are steel, then the ceiling is made fireproof, and steel is laid between the beams. reinforced concrete slabs prefabricated type, and light insulation is placed on them.

Optimal material for manufacturing load-bearing structures- These are large-sized factory-produced panels with high fire resistance.

Installation of a ridge run

It will be necessary to make 2 runs if the structure has permanent longitudinal walls or there are internal pillars in 2 rows. When the building has internal supports, construction trusses are made and the ceiling is suspended from them. When the width of the house is large, the structure is suspended on steel clamps to the truss belt below.

Installation of rafters

The diagonal rafter legs must rest on the ridge; they are additionally secured with metal wire.

When one purlin is made, the diagonal legs are nailed to the console, and when there are two purlins, they are attached to a truss structure made of a horizontal beam with racks.

Photo of a hipped roof

For large buildings gable roof does not provide the required protection and reliability. This design rests only on 2 external load-bearing walls, so the load on the rafters is excessively high. For big house it is better to choose a hip roof, which effectively withstands atmospheric loads and more evenly distributes pressure on the external load-bearing walls and foundation.

Hip roof configurations

The geometric design of such a roof combines 4 inclined planes, the bases of which are the load-bearing walls of the house along the perimeter. There are several configurations that determine the shape and mutual arrangement inclined surfaces.

Hip roof

A simple design, partly reminiscent of a gable: parallel long walls form 2 planes that are connected in the center by a ridge ceiling. The opposite gables are replaced with inclined hip triangles. The design is used for large buildings, two sides of which are significantly longer than the other.

Half hip roof

It differs in the configuration of the end slopes. The bases of the triangles rise above the bottom edge of the structure. The remaining space is filled by the pediment. The corners at the base of large slopes are cut vertically. This allows you to create a spacious attic under the roof and install double-glazed windows.

Suitable for square houses or buildings where all walls are approximately equal. The four slopes are triangles connected by their vertices at a common central point. Such structures do not have a horizontal ridge.

The construction of all hipped roofs, including combinations, is based on these configurations various elements V complex designs.

Many country gazebos have the shape of a regular polygon; often a hip roof is erected on them. Why a hip roof is used for a small structure is explained by the practicality and aesthetic completeness of such a design. Build a roof with two inclined surfaces for summerhouse impractical: the absence of closed gables will leave part of the structure unprotected from precipitation, for example, during slanting rain. The hipped roof wins in this regard.

Types of rafter systems

There are hanging and layered designs. The first type is distinguished by the fact that the rafters lean against each other. This type is used for buildings that do not have central load-bearing walls. The load is bursting. To increase strength, they make ties between opposite rafters, use racks, struts and other devices.

The sloped design of the hipped roof includes additional supports for the rafters. They are strengthened under ridge run and transfer part of the load to the load-bearing walls inside the building.

Differences between systems: 1) Hanging 2) Layered

Description of the rafter structure

The construction of a hip roof requires professional knowledge and experience from the master. Drawings of a rafter system for a hipped roof of this type include the following elements:

Mauerlat is the base of the frame, laid on load-bearing walls. Since all sides of the house are supporting, the element is attached along the perimeter of the building. Since hip roofs are built on large objects, the Mauerlat must be of high strength. Typically, timber 150×150 or 100×100 is used. Mauerlat is not required if the structure is made of wood. In this case, the base is the upper frame of the walls.
The ridge girder is installed horizontally at the intersection of the trapezoidal slopes and serves as a connecting element.
From each end of the purlin there are 3 supports called central rafters. They are erected regardless of the pitch of the other elements.
Diagonal (corner) rafters connect the ridge beam to the corners of the building. These are the longest supports with the greatest slope.
Parallel to the directions of the slopes, short rafters are erected on the hips, fastening the corner supports (sides of the triangles) to the Mauerlat.
The lateral edges of the trapezoids are connected to the base by spigots, and the two parallel sides are connected by intermediate supports.
Sprengel is used to increase strength. It is a block located closer to the corner of the building, the ends of which are installed on adjacent walls.
When installing struts and racks, a truss truss is formed - an additional structural unit.
Tightenings are used in a hanging rafter system. They are mounted on two opposite supports.
In a layered structure there is a beam that is laid on a load-bearing wall in the center of the building and takes on part of the load.

The peculiarity of the half-hip roof is that the lower edge of each triangular slope rises to the height of the pediment, thereby shortening the diagonal rafters. The hipped hip roof is simpler. The frame design includes similar components of the hips and internal ligament. All reinforcement elements are designed for one purpose - to tighten the frame into knots and make it rigid.

System features and calculations

The roof with four slopes can withstand high wind and snow loads. In order for the roof to be practical, reliable and to perfectly perform the functions assigned to it, an accurate calculation of all elements is carried out. The slope of the hip roof slopes does not exceed 40°. Construction tent system provides an angle from 40 to 60°.

Calculation supporting structure is based on the mutual dependence of the span length, rafter pitch and beam cross-section. The second parameter is selected individually based on the available material and ease of fastening. In the longest structures, the rafter pitch is 2.15 m, and in most cases 90 cm is chosen.

The distance determines the cross-section of the supports. The further apart the rafters are placed, the thicker the board will be required. The size of the section also depends on the length of the supports themselves. The connection is directly proportional. To ensure that the rafters can withstand bending forces, choose a material with a larger cross-section. For 6-meter supports with a pitch of 90, the cross-sectional area is 75×200 mm, and for 3-meter supports it is only 50×150.

Carrying out construction activities

The material for the frame must be well dried. Wood moisture content is limited to 20%. Work order:

A professional approach to assembling a durable frame determines performance hipped roof. The resistance to weather conditions and the service life of the structure as a whole depend on the reliability of the structure.

Roofs with four slopes have higher reliability and resistance to loads. This design is much more complex than a conventional gable one, and installation takes longer. And yet, a do-it-yourself hipped roof is a completely doable task if you prepare properly and study in detail the intricacies of its construction.

Roof design

The hip roof has many variations. The most simple design represents 2 slopes trapezoidal shape, connecting in the center of the roof, and 2 triangular slopes on the side of the gables. Sometimes all four slopes are made triangular, then the ribs of the roof converge at a central point. More complex designs involve the presence of broken lines, a combination of short slopes with pediments, built-in straight and inclined windows, as well as multi-level slopes.

Without the appropriate experience, it is impossible to build a rafter system of such a configuration, so it is better to pay attention to the standard one hip roof.

Hip roof project

Hip roof design

The slope of the slopes can have an angle from 5 to 60 degrees. To calculate the optimal slope value, the following factors must be taken into account:

attic functionality;
type of roofing;
atmospheric loads in this region.

Gentle slopes are not suitable for arranging an attic, since they take up too much free space. Therefore, if an attic is planned in the house design, the roof slope should be 45 degrees or higher. You can select the angle of inclination depending on the type of roofing using the table.

Atmospheric loads also have great importance. Where there is a lot of snow, you cannot make a slope of less than 30 degrees, otherwise the rafter system will not withstand the loads. If the angle of inclination is more than 60 degrees, the snow load can be ignored. In addition to these factors, you should consider the location of objects such as water tanks or ventilation chambers. They are usually suspended from the rafters and place additional stress on them. After preliminary calculations You can start drawing up a drawing of the rafter system.

Materials for roof installation

Like a gable roof, a hip roof consists of a mauerlat, tie rods, rafters, support posts, ridge beams and sheathing. The difference between the second design is the location of the rafters and their length. For a hipped roof, it is recommended to use lumber from pine or larch, of good quality, without defects, with a maximum humidity of 22%.

Attaching the Mauerlat to the wall

The rafters are made from boards with a section of 50x100 mm; if the roof area is very large, it is better to take 50x200 mm boards. For Mauerlat you need solid timber with a cross section of at least 150x150 mm. Additionally, you will need metal threaded studs for fastening the Mauerlat, boards for sheathing and overhead metal plates, which are used to connect wooden elements.

Threaded metal studs for fastening the Mauerlat

Before assembling the roof, lumber must be impregnated with an antiseptic agent.

Rafter system installation technology

Step 1. Laying the Mauerlat

In houses made of timber, the functions of the Mauerlat are performed the last crown a log house in which special grooves are cut for the rafters. IN brick houses The Mauerlat is laid on the walls around the perimeter of the box, having previously secured it between the bricks last rows metal studs with thread. To more accurately mark the holes for fasteners, the timber is lifted and laid on top of the tips of the studs, and then hit with a hammer. After this, clear marks remain on the tree, along which holes are drilled.

Attaching the Mauerlat to the wall

Having removed the timber for drilling, the surface of the walls is covered with one or two layers of waterproofing material, usually roofing felt. It is placed directly on the studs and pressed downwards. Next, lay the Mauerlat, aligning the holes with the studs, align them horizontally and screw the nuts tightly onto the threads. At the corners, the beams are connected with metal plates or brackets. After fastening, the beam should not move even a millimeter, because the reliability of the entire rafter system depends on this.

Attaching the Mauerlat to the wall

Step 2. Installation of racks

If the house does not have a central load-bearing wall, it is necessary to lay the support beam perpendicularly load-bearing beams ceilings Connect two boards with a cross section of 50x200 mm, leaving a gap of 50 mm between them. To do this, short bars 50 mm thick are inserted between the boards and nailed. The distance between the bars is about 1.5 m; the beams are not fastened at the ends. Having measured the middle of the attic, lay the support beam so that its ends extend beyond the boundaries of the Mauerlat by 10-15 cm.

Now take 3 boards 50x150 mm, cut them to the height of the roof, and install them on the support beam using a plumb line. Each post should rest against the beam where the boards are connected by a block. The racks are temporarily reinforced with beams made from beams. The top of the racks is connected by a ridge beam, for which a 50x200 mm board is used.

Step 3. Attaching the central rafters

Take a rafter board and place it at one end ridge beam, and the other to the mauerlat on the front side of the building. Immediately adjust the length of the eaves overhang and cut off the excess. Mark the lines of the cuts with a pencil, after which they cut off the upper end of the board and make a groove in the mauerlat 1/3 of the width of the rafter. The board is nailed to the ridge, the lower edge is inserted into the groove on the Mauerlat and secured with metal plates.

The rest of the rafters are made in the same way and installed in 60 cm increments from the facade of the house. The outer boards should be positioned perpendicular to the ridge beam and attached to its ends. On the opposite side of the building, everything is done in the same way. On the hips there is only one rafter on each side: the board is placed on its edge and attached with the upper end to the ridge beam, and the lower end is inserted between the boards of the support beam and secured with nails.

Step 4. Attaching the corner rafters

Installation of a hip roof truss system

To make corner rafters, two boards with a section of 50x150 mm are usually connected. In one of the upper corners of the box, at the point of connection of the mauerlat beams, a nail is driven in and a thin cord is tied to it. At the point of connection between the ridge and the central rafter, a nail is also driven in from the hip side, a cord is pulled to it and secured. This is how the line of diagonal, or corner, rafters is designated. Their length must be the same, otherwise the roof will be uneven. The prepared rafter is lifted up, placed along the markings and connected to the ridge beam and mauerlat. The overhang of the rafters is approximately 50-70 cm.

Step 5. Installation of spigots

To secure the diagonal rafters, they use spigots - shortened rafters, the lower end of which rests on the mauerlat and located at right angles to the ridge beam. They are attached in increments of 60 cm, starting from the outermost ordinary rafter. As they approach the diagonal, the narozhniki make everything shorter. Now it is necessary to strengthen the structure with ties and braces, as well as install additional vertical supports.

If the span under the diagonal rafter is more than 7 m, you need to install another support at a distance of a quarter of the span from the corner of the attic. The lower end of the rack should rest on the floor beam. In the case where the beam is located further than the designated place or is completely absent, instead vertical stand they attach the sprengel - a horizontal jumper made of timber, the ends of which are nailed to the frames.

Step 5. Installation of the sheathing

Sheathing pitch under corrugated sheeting

When all the supports are installed, you can fill the sheathing. For a hipped roof, the sheathing is done in the same way as for a gable roof. First, a waterproofing membrane is attached to each slope separately. The joints are carefully taped, and then thin slats are stuffed over the membrane to provide an air gap. The boards are laid in increments of up to 40 cm, depending on the type of roof, and always perpendicular to the rafters.

Installation of roof sheathing

At this point, the assembly of the rafter system is considered complete. All that remains is to insulate the structure, lay the roofing, install wind strips and sheathe the overhangs. To make a hipped roof look more stylish, it is recommended to install inclined or straight windows on the slopes.

DIY hipped roof - instructions and calculations!

Find out how to install a hipped roof with your own hands! Detailed Guide on the construction of the rafter system, photo + video.

Rafter system of a hipped roof

The roof of a private house, which has four rather than one or two slopes, looks like a much more serious structure, which is what it is. Assembling such a rafter structure is no more difficult than a gable roof, but the rafter system of a hipped roof has more advantages. The quality of the roof is ensured by the strength of the rafter system.

DIY hipped roof

Features of a four-slope roof

The main advantage is the absence of gables and gables. The unconventional design of the rafter system allows the roof to withstand strong winds without consequences, to minimize possible damage in places where the eaves overhang over time, and the absence of a pediment means savings on building materials and labor costs;
The ends of the rafters, which intersect with each other and are attached to the ridge beam, give rigidity to the structure and prevent the roof from deforming under the weight of precipitation, roofing building materials or equipment mounted on the roof;
The design and arrangement of the hip roof truss system suggests the possibility of installing eaves overhangs around the perimeter of the entire house, protecting the facade from atmospheric influences and temperature changes;
In terms of architectural compliance, a hipped roof when adding a veranda or attic to a house makes the building more resistant to unevenly distributed loads;
The aesthetics of a hipped roof have been proven by practice and time - such structures have been used since the times when people learned to build shelters for themselves, which later turned into durable and beautiful houses.

How the rafter system of a hipped roof will be constructed depends on whether the roof will be hip or hip. Therefore, it is worth taking a closer look at these types of hipped roofs, their features and structure.

Hip roof device

Hip roof

A hip-type roof is an assembly of two trapezoidal or triangular wooden knots. These elements are fastened together by the planes of the upper surfaces, and the edges of the triangles are overlapped by ridge slopes.

Mounted on the rafter frame of the hip roof roofing pie, consisting of several layers: a waterproofing material, a heat insulator, a ventilation layer of building materials, and a finishing decorative and protective coating. According to the type of fastening, the rafter system of a hip roof is divided into hanging and layered type. The layered design of the hipped roof rafter system is more economical, easier to install and easier to design.
Rafter systems

Important: When the hip roof slopes ≤ 35°, it is necessary to install auxiliary support beams to strengthen the long span with layered rafters. Additional supports protect the house from atmospheric moisture, strong winds and temperature changes.

Scheme of a roof truss structure with four slopes

Rafters of a slanted design - a beam mounted diagonally, one end resting on the mauerlat, the second end is attached to the next rafter pair. Since the slanted rafters are very large in their expanded form, they must be immediately securely fixed on the roof. Also, the slanted rafters act as a support for the riggers;
Trapezoidal wooden assemblies for roof slopes;
Narozhniks are small structures made of short-length rafter beams, mounted on rafters of the sloped type. If the width of the walls of the house is ≥ 4.5 m, then the rafter structure is connected into a block of several elements, so that these blocks can then be used to form a single roof;
Struts, crossbars and racks serve to minimize the size and use of spigots. The use of these elements allows you to assemble the roof with virtually no additional reinforcement;
The beds serve as supports for racks and struts; their lower end rests against brick supports on the inner wall end or is adjusted to size using wooden blocks;
The purlin is a beam laid parallel to the lower support beam. Serves to ensure the strength of the rafter structure;
Sprengels increase the rigidity of the rafter system in all directions. The trusses must have the same cross-section as the rafters, and they are attached along the length of the span.

Scheme of a hipped roof

Hip roof

The tent-type roof is assembled from triangular wooden structures. It will not be easy for a non-specialist to cope with the construction of such a roof, since it is important to absolutely accurately observe all dimensions and dimensions in order to achieve complete symmetry of the hip roof. But thanks to such a roof, your house will withstand winds of any strength, even a hurricane. A homemade hipped roof, the rafter system of which is designed in the form of a tent, perfectly protects housing from the penetration of cold and moisture even into the attic or attic space.

Roof in the form of a tent

In terms of design, the drawings of the hip and hip rafter systems are similar, since they consist of the same units and elements. The only difference is the length of the rafters and installation options. In a tent structure, hanging or layered rafters also work well, but it is very difficult for an amateur to secure the hanging elements on his own - the help of a professional will be required. Hip roof often they are built over areas without internal ceilings, partitions and walls, and rafter beams for supports are laid on load-bearing walls. Parts of a layered structure are cheaper and easier to manufacture, but in order to be able to work with them, it is necessary to have an internal load-bearing wall and/or concrete columns.

Non-thrust-layered scheme

How to work with rafters - tips and rules

Before starting work with any wood products, they must be treated with antiseptic and fire retardant agents;
Wood for any elements of the rafter system must be well dried under natural conditions. The moisture content of the material must be ≤ 22%;
The Mauerlat is made of timber with a square section of 150 mm or a rectangular section of 150 x 100 mm.
The rafters must be ≥ 50 mm long and ≥ 150 mm wide;
For all products of the rafter system, one type of wood is used, and preferably coniferous species;
To make a large number of crossbars, racks and purlins with one cut angle, a pre-prepared template is used.

Template for marking rafters

IN hip system The rafters are first supported in the form of a mauerlat. From level device The Mauerlat depends not only on the strength of the structure, but also on the aesthetics of the entire roof, so the support beams must be laid strictly horizontally. The alignment of the mauerlat can be facilitated by pouring a small grillage (formwork) around the entire perimeter of the walls of the house.

To attach the grillage to the walls, reinforcing pins driven or inserted into the wall are used. The Mauerlat is attached through the holes in these rods threaded connections to the walls and grillage.

How to attach the Mauerlat

How to assemble and install on site a hip roof rafter system:

Upper planes load-bearing walls Before installing the rafters, the house must be opened with waterproofing agents - mastic, bitumen, tar. Roofing felt is laid on top of the waterproofing layer;
The support beam from which the Mauerlat will be assembled is mounted on pins in the walls and tightened with nuts and washers. When installing the Mauerlat, you need to constantly check its horizontalness using a level;
The central support is attached next - the racks with the ridge will be attached to it. The support beam is laid either on the side beams of the mauerlat, or on the surface of the internal load-bearing walls;
Vertical beams are installed for the main support of the ridge. The ridge supports do not need to be rigidly fastened immediately - only after the rafter system has been completely assembled. Rigidity can be provided by steel angles, wooden spacers or metal studs;
To ensure that the hip roof is perfectly symmetrical, the rafters of triangular hip structures rest on the Mauerlat in the calculated locations. Markings for each rafter must be done in advance so that the beam does not fall on the mounting rod. Intermediate rafter beams are needed to connect the ridge to the walls;
Next, slanted rafter beams are installed, which will connect each corner of the house with the end of the ridge beam;

Important: a distance of ≥ 50 cm is maintained between the overhang and the wall. If the site is selected in a region with strong winds, then this distance increases by 2 times. This ensures protection of the roof and walls from precipitation, which can blow in and moisten the surfaces down to the foundation.

Fastening the rafters to the mauerlat

Now you can attach ordinary rafter beams to connect the Mauerlat to the ridge. The distance between the rafters is calculated based on general sizes roofs and lengths of intermediate rafters. Some roofing building materials need to be laid on frequently installed sheathing, so there are no general recommendations for maintaining distances. Ordinary rafters in the standard solution are attached to a groove every 0.4-0.5 m, and the attachment point can also be reinforced with nails or steel overhead plates;
If the roof has a small angle of inclination, then the rafters need to be reinforced with trusses due to the additional pressure of snow in winter;
To strengthen the upper end of the slanted rafter beams, a truss made of trusses is installed. It consists of 2 struts extending from one point.
The last step in the construction of the rafter system is lathing. The material for the sheathing frame is selected based on the roofing material. Most often these are square slats with a cross-section of 5 cm, and if the sheathing is solid, then you can use five-layer plywood for the board.

Hip roof rafter system, video, photo

The final structural element of the building must not only reliably protect against precipitation and retain heat, but also emphasize the architectural merits. The shape is classified by: angle of inclination (flat, pitched); the presence of vaults, domes; number of external and internal ribs; number of planes (slopes). How more complex system, the more likely it is that you will have to hire construction team. It is necessary to choose not the simplest option, but one that is interesting from a design point of view. A hip roof is the ideal solution.

Types of execution:

Hip - consists of two triangular slopes, their apexes resting on the ends of the ridge. The other two planes are trapezoids.
Half-hip - differs from the first version in that part of the inclined surface is occupied by the pediment. The roof has a shortened appearance along one or two planes. Experiences less wind and snow loads. Another plus is the possibility of installing full windows or balconies in the gable area in the attic.
Tent - triangular slopes converge at one point. The use of such a solution is advisable for a home with same sizes external walls.

Features of hipped roofs:

More uniform distribution of the load on the foundation along the entire perimeter.
Volume reduction attic space– reduction of heat consumption for heating, complexity of organizing the attic space.
Good resistance to wind and snow loads.
Higher structural rigidity due to an increase in the number of external ribs.

The nuances of a hipped roof:

The central intermediate and diagonal rafters converge at the ends of the ridge beam. The organization of the node is quite complex.
External rafters are attached to the corner rafters.
It is necessary to maintain the angle of inclination of the elements to create a plane for installing the roof.
The slope of the corner rafters is always less than that of the central and intermediate ones. This is the longest element.
The support is the mauerlat and ridge girder.

Instructions for selecting and calculating a rafter system

The construction of a house begins with the design of the project. Independent development of a drawing is impossible without:

studying construction technology;
farm calculations.

Factors influencing the choice:

slope angle;
hip roof material;
weight of the “roofing cake”;
wind and snow loads;
seismic hazard;
overall dimensions of the house box, the presence of internal load-bearing partitions, columns;
planning the organization of the attic space.

The slope of the slopes is determined not only for aesthetic reasons. It is important to find a middle ground between a positive visual perception and maintaining the reliability and functionality of the design. The size of the angle is closely related to almost all of the above factors:

The use of all types of roofing materials is limited to the range of this parameter.
The smaller the angle of inclination, the less significant the impact of wind load.
An increase to 45-60° guarantees independent precipitation. The impact of snow cover is minimized.
By reducing the angle of inclination, we reduce the area and weight of the entire system. The consumption of thermal energy to warm up the attic space decreases.
The organization of the attic floor is unlikely if the slope is small.

Types of roof trusses

1. Layered - the hip roof structure is supported by:

external walls (mauerlat);
run (ridge);
on internal load-bearing partitions, columns inside the house through the floor.

The load is distributed by installing additional racks under the ridge beam. The bed distributes pressure over the entire surface internal partition(columns).

2. Hanging – used for buildings with maximum size foundation up to 6 ~7 meters. The rafters rest on the walls. Load distribution using racks, tightening, crossbars, struts. This type is rarely used for hip roofs.

Instructions for calculating the rafter system

Carrying out a drawing of a hipped roof is impossible without performing mathematical calculations.

1. The size of the run is determined based on the dimensions of the house. Standard solution: length minus width. The middle of the ridge beam is located clearly above the intersection of the diagonals of the base. The purlin line is parallel to the front walls.

2. Ridge height: H = b x tgα. b – half the length of the end walls of the house, α – slope of the slopes. The numerical value of the tangent is determined using the Bradis table.

3. Size of the central and intermediate rafters of the slope: Lcentral line of the slope = √(H² + b²).

4. Central length rafter leg hips: Ltr.str.hip = √(H² + b²). With a non-standard choice of ridge size, the value b is determined as half the difference in the lengths of the house and the run.

5. Size of diagonal elements: Ldn.str. = √ (Lcentral hip² + b²).

6. Calculation of the lengths of sprigs - the property of similar triangles is used. If the angles are equal, on one of the sides the proportion of lengths is satisfied, then the ratio of the remaining components of the figure will be observed: D = 3/4 C, which means: Lout = Lcentral hip x 3/4.

7. The distance between the rafters depends on the choice:

Section dimensions, wood quality. The weaker the material, the smaller the step should be.
The presence and type of thermal insulation layer is determined by the ease of installation of insulation (60-120 cm).
Roofing material, its weight and geometry. The greater the total mass, the smaller the step. As with thermal insulation, the dimensions of the sheet are taken into account.

The minimum step between trusses is 60 cm, the maximum is 2 meters.

8. The formation and calculation of overhangs depend on the preferences of the residents and the height of the house. Minimum size for a 1-story building - 500 mm. The task is to protect the walls from precipitation.

Construction of a hip rafter system

Mauerlat is a beam or upper crown, the frame of a house, to which the rafters are attached. Ensures uniform load distribution on external walls. Section: 10x10 cm ~15*15 cm. Armopoyas is a reinforced concrete structure along the upper perimeter of the walls. Its task is to strengthen the base under the Mauerlat and ensure reliable adhesion to the roof.

Mauerlat installation options:

On a reinforced concrete belt using embedded pins and anchors.
Anchors into the body of the wall - brick one-story houses with a slight slope of the hip roof.
To the last crown wooden log house or top harness frame structure.
Installation on studs embedded in brickwork.
Staples driven into wooden inserts inside brick wall and the body of the Mauerlat.
Unheated steel wire laid at the time of construction of the facade.
On studs fixed in the wall chemical anchor– two-component composition. The glue is introduced into drilled holes When dry, it securely holds the element in the masonry of a house.

Peculiarities:

The number of studs, brackets, and anchors must be greater than or equal to the number of rafter legs.
Roofing material is laid under the timber or bitumen mastic is applied to the base.

Installation Guide:

The marking of holes for studs and anchors is carried out by laying the slats on the fasteners and then hitting the surface of the wood. Drilling is performed along the notches. The timber is placed on studs and secured with a washer and nut.
Wire connection - the ends are passed over the planks and twisted.
Extension schemes for long sections:

The floor beams are laid either at the same level with the Mauerlat, or on a block fixed to the wall. Step – 0.6-1 meter.
Screed the Mauerlat with slats, to which the racks for the purlin will later be fixed.
After completion, markings of rafter placement are made on the surface of the Mauerlat.

Installation of purlins

The ridge beam experiences significant loads and is installed on racks. The correctness of the work depends on:

Symmetry of design, uniform weight distribution.
Reliability of a hipped roof under maximum wind and snow loads.

Brief installation instructions:

The design (hanging, hanging) depends on the presence of internal load-bearing partitions. The racks can be attached to screeds or floors.
In large houses, the structure must be strengthened with struts to ensure resistance to loads.
The material for the ridge and supports is chosen to be the same cross-section, at least 100x100 mm.
Before work, carefully measure and determine the central and extreme points of fixation of the racks. Their number is affected by the length of the run. Step – no more than 1 meter.

DIY rafter installation

There are two orders of work:

First the central rafters, then the diagonal ones. The spigots are installed last.
Installation of diagonal elements, then central ones.

The first method is considered simpler. The second allows initial stage carry out symmetry control.

Options for attaching to the Mauerlat:

Hard - a cut is made in the rafters, the depth of which is no more than 1/3 of the width of the beam. The recesses (saddle) can be cut according to the template.
Sliding - used for structures that shrink. To fix it to the Mauerlat, use special fasteners, floating supports for the rafters. With this method, the connection of the legs above the skate is done in a hinged manner.
Layered - the end of the rafter rests on the mauerlat. The overhangs of a hip roof are formed by extending the legs with additional slats (fillies) of a smaller cross-section. This method allows you to save on material.

Design of the ridge unit of the central, intermediate opposite rafters:

Butt joint - a connection with cutting the ends of the legs at an angle. Conjugation of sections is carried out. The assembly is fastened with nails. Additional fixation will be provided by a metal plate or wooden plate.
Overlapping - rafters overlap each other with their side surfaces. Fastening – hinged (bolt), nails.
To the ridge beam - the connection of the rafter section with the side surface of the purlin.

Features of installing diagonal legs:

Placement of the upper unit with the cut-off stop of the sloped rafters in lateral surface central elements of the system.
To strengthen the diagonal legs, which experience the greatest load, the installation of truss trusses and racks is required.

Installation of the splices to the diagonal rafter is carried out by sawing and joining with its side surface, fixing with nails.

Upon completion of the work, it is necessary to check the equality of the angles of inclination and lengths of opposite rafters, compliance with the plane of the slopes and hips.

Nuances and possible errors

1. When purchasing lumber, you need to make sure that:

Wood moisture content does not exceed 20%. When drying, the board changes geometry, which will lead to a change in lengths and straightness. Violation of proportions entails leakage and reduced resistance to wind and snow loads. The most best quality from wood harvested in winter period in regions with cold climates. Before making a purchase, contact the seller with a request to measure the humidity.
There are no cracks, ingrown knots, or traces of insect activity in the body.
When purchasing laminated veneer lumber, make sure that the seller and manufacturer are honest. The use of low-quality products will lead to a breakdown in strength.

2. Elements of the rafter system can be ordered from enterprises specializing in the construction and manufacture of turnkey houses.

3. Before installation work begins, wood is treated with antiseptics and fire retardants.

4. The length of the purchased slats sometimes does not correspond to the calculated size. Extension technology:

Oblique cut with maximum adjustment of mating planes. IN through hole the bolt or stud is inserted with tension, without play; tighten the nut.

Overlapping more than 100 cm. Carry out using nails, bolts, studs in a checkerboard pattern.

Butt cross-section - sawed off at 90°. The junction area is covered with overlays on opposite sides. Fastening - as in the previous method.

5. The nodes are additionally fixed with metal fasteners: corners, plates and others. Each of these elements has holes for hardware. It is advisable to use products with oval slots that allow minor displacements of the mating surfaces. During shrinkage and exposure to loads, the rigid connection may break.

Lack of calculation of loads and weights. Exceeding the permissible values leads to the destruction of the foundation and roof frame. You can perform the necessary calculations yourself or using online calculators. Involving specialists is the best solution.
The step exceeds the calculated value. By saving on materials, the master will acquire many problems.
The plane of the slopes and hips is not controlled using a cord. Deviations will cause the roof to sag, disrupt the tightness and reliability of the roof, even to the point of deformation.