The word prick is the spelling of unstressed personal endings of verbs. Personal endings of verbs

Spelling verb endings

1. Depending on the personal endings, verbs are divided into two large groups: for verbs of I and II conjugations.

The II conjugation includes:

· verbs in -it (except verbs shave, lay, rest, which belong to the I conjugation),

· 7 verbs for -there are (twirl, see, depend, hate, offend, watch, endure),

· 4 verbs per -at (drive, breathe, hold, hear).

All other verbs belong to the I conjugation.

Personal endings of verbs in the present or future past tense:

2. There are several mixed verbs , not related to either of the two conjugations: want, run, eat, create, give .

units 1 person I read, I take 2nd person read, take 3rd person reads, takes plural 1 person read, take 2nd person read, take 3rd person read, take

Want Want wants we want want to want

I'm running you're running runs let's run run are running

we eat eat are eating

I'll create you will create will create let's create let's create will create

give it will give we'll give give it they will give

3. If the verb has a prefix un- (obes-) is transitive, then it is conjugated according to the II conjugation, and if intransitive, then according to the I conjugation (for example, compare the conjugation of verbs weaken (someone)) And become weak (oneself)).

4. In verbs of the first conjugation, the ending is written in the form of the future tense -yeah , and in the form of the imperative mood - the ending -ite (You will send this letter tomorrow. - Send this document urgently.)

b ( soft sign) V verb forms Oh.

1. b (soft sign) is written:

· V infinitive (write, bake, want, wash ),

· V 2nd person singular endings choose, wash, do, wash ),

· V imperative mood (fix it, hide ), BUT lie down, lie down,

· V return particle , which comes after the vowel ( bent, turned around, I'll be back );

2. b (soft sign) is not written:

· V 3rd person singular form present or simple future tense ( washed, done ).

Spelling verb suffixes

1. In the indefinite form, verbs most often have the following suffixes: -A- (hear, do); -I- (sow, bark); -e- (to see, to offend); -And- (nursing, nagging).

Remember: 1) a suffix is ​​never written after the vowel letters of the root in the infinitive -e- . In this position, only the suffix can be stressed -I- or -And- (stand, water, milk). In unstressed position the suffix -I- written in verbs winnow, start, repent, bark, cherish, toil, hope, soar, sow, melt, tea, smell, and the suffix -And- - in verbs build, cost, rest, double, triple, glue;

2) after soft consonants (except h ) in unstressed position suffix -I- written in verbs bow, cough, and the suffix -e- - in verbs see, offend, depend, hate, freeze;

3) in suffixes of past tense verb forms the same vowel is retained as in the infinitive. For example: get welle th - get welle l, laI blah blah blahI l, glueAnd t-kleAnd l.

2. Suffixes -yva- (-iva-), -ova- (-eva-).

In verbs with the suffix -yva- (-iva-) (always unstressed), meaning imperfective (sometimes also multiple actions), written before the letters s or i , For example: roll up, smear, see; overwhelm, talk over, jump up, hear, twist, beg, insist .

Verbs with suffix -yva- (- willow - ) should be distinguished in writing from verbs with the suffix - ova - (- Eve- ). Verbs of these two types form the present tense differently: verbs in -ovate (-eat ) have the form of the 1st person on -yy (-yuyu ) (Without -ov-, -ev - ), For example: I talk - to talk, I manage - to manage, I envy - to envy, I confess - to confess, I preach - to preach, I scourge - to scourge, I grieve - to grieve; verbs have the same - to come (-ive ) the 1st person form ends in -I'm (-Ivayu) (with saving -ыв -, -ive- ), For example: inspecting - inspecting, deploying - deploying, reconnaissance - reconnaissance, visiting - visiting .

3. Vowels before -va - . In imperfective verbs with a suffix -va- , having the form of the 1st person on -va-yu , unstressed vowels before V are checked according to the general rule, for example: overcome(overcome), outdated(outdated), wash down(write down), singing(sing), sow (seed), idea (get started), harden (freeze), outpost (catch).

However, in the following verbs - va-t b(in 1st person -va-yu) is written with a special suffix -Eve- with a letter e in place of an untested unstressed vowel: overshadow, prolong, corrupt(eclipse, prolong, corrupt), get stuck, get stuck(get stuck, get stuck); overwhelm, exhort, intend, doubt .

4. -e(t), -i(t). The verbs differ -eat And -it b. Verbs to -eat (in 1st person -by her ) – intransitive I conjugations – have the meaning ‘to become something, acquire a characteristic’, for example: become weak, become weak‘become powerless, lose strength’, to numb, to harden‘become harsh’. Verbs to - it (in 1st person And absent) – transitive II conjugations – have the meaning ‘to make something, to endow with a characteristic’, for example: weaken, weaken‘to make someone powerless, to deprive someone of strength’, anesthetize, neutralize, numb, weaken. Compare the same stressed suffixes in verbs like ( By)white And ( By)whiteness, (O)weakness , (once)have fun.

5. -ene(t), – eni(t). The acquisition of some attribute, the transition to another state is also expressed in intransitive verbs of the first conjugation in -nope , in which there is an unstressed vowel before n transmitted by letter e : freeze, ossify, stiffen, become numb, traverse, turf, become bloody, glazed over, frenzied, dumbfounded, numb. Correlative transitive verbs II conjugation on -eni-t, denoting endowment with a characteristic, are also written with the letter e : freeze, numb, ossify, bloody, frenzied, numb and so on.

Writing verbs in - go crazy And -enit does not agree with the spelling of the corresponding relative adjectives, in which (if any) is written in the suffix before n letter I : ice, bone, blood, grass, wood and so on.

Exception: in verbs scarlet And purple(option: crimson thread) the letter is written I as in adjective scarlet.

Vowels in verb endings

§ 74. The writing of unstressed vowels in verb endings follows the general rule (see): unstressed endings are checked by the corresponding stress. Applying this rule requires the ability to determine which conjugation the verb belongs to.

In the present-future forms of verbs I and II conjugations in all endings, except for the 1st person singular. h., the vowels are different. In the forms of the 2nd and 3rd person singular. h., 1st and 2nd person plural. part of verbs I conjugation is written with a letter e (no accent - e ), in the same forms of verbs of II conjugation the letter is written And ; in the form of 3rd person plural. part of verbs I conjugation - letters at (Yu ), verbs of II conjugation - A (I ). Wed, for example: carries, pecks, reads And screams, burns, asks; carry, peck, read And we scream, we burn, we ask; carry, peck, read And screaming, burning, begging.

Assigning a verb to I or II conjugation and writing the correct vowel at the end causes difficulties in such cases as sawing And you inject, drive And dries, shrinks And walks, plows And breathes, let's put it down And let's lie down and rinse And dragging, crying And heal, sow And builds. In such pairs of forms, the unstressed endings are pronounced the same way (as in the above pairs) or they can be mixed (in some forms of the 3rd person plural: cf. prick And sawing, plowing And breathe, rinse And drag, sow And are building).

The type of conjugation of verbs with unstressed endings is determined by the form of the infinitive (indefinite form of the verb). If in these verbs before the infinitive suffix -th- vowel And , then the verb belongs to the II conjugation, for example: cut, carry, put, treat. Verbs with infinitive not on -it belong to the I conjugation, for example: prick, plow, cry, doze, walk, regret, sow, touch, dry, lie down, climb, sit down. Therefore, for example, you should write: wears, let's say, treats, But plows, cries, walks, regrets, touches, climbs, dozes.

Exceptions:

1) eleven verbs not in -it(with vowels e and A before - t), related to the II conjugation: twirl, see, depend, hate, offend, watch, endure, drive, hold, breathe And hear;

2) three verbs -it related to the I conjugation: shave, build up And be ruffled. You should write: twirl, depend, hear, But shaving, being built, swaying and so on.

Choosing a letter before an infinitive suffix -th in place of an unstressed vowel (as, for example, in the verbs iron, multiply, build, sway, see, depend, offend, hear, sow) is determined by a special rule, see.

Everything that has been said applies to verbs with prefixes and with a final element (postfix) -xia (-s), which have endings of the same type of conjugation as the corresponding verbs without a prefix and without -xia (-s), e.g.: will drink(cf. drinks), let's choose (let's take), let's get some sleep (we sleep), will paint (paint), cut it (you cut), will suffer (suffers), are injected (prick).

Note 1: When conjugating a verb lay(and all verbs derived from it) use the same forms as the verb I conjugation lay: lay, lay, lay, lay, lay, lay.

Note 2. Verb want(and all verbs derived from it) has in singular. h. unstressed endings I conjugation ( want, wants), although in plural. h. under stress - endings of the second conjugation ( want, want, want).

Note 3. Verbs of I conjugation sprinkle, rattle And pluck(and all verbs derived from them), along with forms like scatter, scatter, scatter, scatter, scatter, scatter, pinch, pinch, pinch, have colloquial variant forms like pouring, pouring, trembling, trembling, pinching, pinching, and the forms of the 3rd person plural included in this series. h. are transmitted in writing with the ending of the II conjugation: scatter, tremble, pinch.

Note 4. In suffixes of active present participles -ush- (-yush-) And -asch- (-box-) the same vowel is written as in the endings of the 3rd person plural. including corresponding verbs (see). For writing vowels in other participial forms, see and.

§ 75. Final vowel (always unstressed) at the end of the 2nd person plural. h is conveyed in writing by the letter e (in verbs of both types of conjugation), e.g.: write, draw, walk, look. Letter e plural forms also end. part of the imperative mood, for example: go, write, draw, look, let's go.

Note. It is necessary to distinguish between the writing of 2nd person plural forms. hours and plural forms including the imperative mood (verbs of the first conjugation) in such cases as, for example, you write, you shout(2nd person plural) and you write, shout(plural led, inclined).

Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation. Complete academic reference book / Ed. V.V. Lopatina. - M.: AST-PRESS KNIGA, 2014. - 432 p. - (Reference books of the Russian language).

The verb is one of the most difficult parts of speech in the Russian language to learn and write. The most difficult spelling in this topic is the spelling of verb endings in unstressed position. Their correct spelling depends on such a concept as conjugation.

What is conjugation?

Conjugation is a linguistic term for changing the person and number of a verb. In other words, this is the set of personal endings that a word acquires when changing person and number. Fortunately for students, there are only two types of conjugation in the Russian language. Whatever verb out of several million existing ones is taken as an example, when changed it will acquire inflections:

• U/YU, EAT, ET in the singular and EAT, ETE, UT/YUT in the plural.
• U/YU, ISH, IT, in the singular and IM, IT, AT/YAT in the plural.

Let's conjugate the verb sleep: I sleep, we sleep, you sleep, you sleep, he sleeps, they sleep. Its endings, when changed, show that it belongs to the second conjugation. Another word - live. I live, we live, you live, you live, he lives, they live. Therefore, it is a first conjugation verb.

Prefix you- and verb conjugation

Verbs that have a prefix belong to the same conjugation as the non-prefixed verbs with the same root. This information is very important for words with the prefix You-, which has the property of “pulling off” the emphasis. For example, to determine the conjugation of a word will fly out, you need to remove the prefix, and you get a verb flies with a stressed personal ending, which refers to the second conjugation.

Thus, the endings of verbs in personal forms that are under stress indicate that they belong to one or another conjugation. But what to do if the accent is not the ending, but the stem of the word? Indeed, in this case the desired letter is not clearly heard, it is in weak position, and you can make a mistake. A rule comes to the rescue.

How to determine the conjugation if the personal ending is unstressed?

To determine which of the two types of conjugation available in the Russian language a verb belongs to, if the stress falls not on the ending, but on the stem, you need to form the initial form of the word. This form is called an infinitive and you can ask questions to it what to do?(perfect form) and what to do?(imperfect species). Next, you should look at what the resulting word ends with and apply the rule. In other words, unstressed endings of verbs can be written correctly only if their conjugation is determined.

The 2nd conjugation includes verbs that have unstressed personal endings, which in the infinitive form end in -it.

The 1st conjugation includes verbs with personal endings in unstressed position, which in the infinitive end in any letters except -it. These could be combinations -et, -at, -ot, -t, -ch and many others.

For example, the word dreaming. The emphasis falls not on the ending, but on the stem of the word. To determine the conjugation, we put the verb in the infinitive form: what to do? - dream. Ends with - at. This means that this verb belongs to 1 conjugation, and, changing in persons and numbers, it will take the corresponding endings.

You're sawing. Let's form the initial form - to nag. At the end of the word - it, therefore, it is a second conjugation verb, and the set of personal endings will be appropriate.

So, in order to correctly write vowels at the endings of verbs in an unstressed position, you need to put the word in the infinitive form and, depending on what it ends in, determine the conjugation. It seems simple. But if in the Russian language there weren’t a dozen exceptions for every rule, it would not be considered one of the most difficult languages ​​in the world to learn. And in simple rule There are also insidious exception words about conjugation.

Exception verbs

Exceptions are those words that do not follow the general rule. There are 14 exception verbs in the conjugation rule that must be remembered in order to avoid spelling errors.

There are 7 words in -et, which, changing in person and number, take on the endings of verbs of 2 conjugations: these are words offend, depend,endure, hate, watch,twirlsee. For example, the word tolerate accepts the following endings: I tolerate, we tolerate, you tolerate, you tolerate, he tolerates, they tolerate.

4 verbs in - at, which are also not conjugated in accordance with the rule and have personal endings of 2 conjugations: drive, hear, hold, breathe. I hear, we hear, you hear, you hear, he hears, they hear.

And finally, 3 verbs starting with - it - lay,shave And rest on- have personal endings for verbs of 1st conjugation: I am laying, we are laying, you are laying, you are laying, he is laying, they are laying.

The endings of these 14 verbs need to be known by heart, because they do not obey the general rule.

Variably conjugated verbs

It is noteworthy that in the Russian language there are 2 interesting verbs, which are called heteroconjugated, because, when the person and number change, they acquire the endings of the first conjugation in some forms, and the second in others, without obeying any rules. Fortunately, their personal endings are stressed, so there are no errors in their spelling. But they still need to be remembered. These are verbs want And run. When they are conjugated, the following picture is obtained.

Want: I want, we want, you want, you want, he wants, they want(in the singular the verb changes according to type 1 conjugation, in the plural - according to type 2). Run: I'm running, we're running, you're running, you're running, he's running, they're running(in 3rd person form plural the verb has the ending of the 2nd conjugation, in all other forms - the endings characteristic of the 1st conjugation).

Algorithm for choosing verb endings

So, the spelling of verb endings follows a fairly simple and logical rule; it is important to simply understand it. To correctly write the endings of verbs, you need to be able to determine their conjugation. To do this, you should use a clear algorithm.

1. See where the emphasis falls: on the ending or on the stem of the word (don’t forget about the insidious prefix You: if it exists, it is necessary to determine the conjugation by an unprefixed synonym).

2. If the emphasis falls on the personal ending, then the conjugation is determined from it, in accordance with the rule.

3. If the base is stressed, then it is necessary to put the verb in the infinitive form. The last three letters of the formed form will be important.

• The verb ends in -it (except for three exceptions), which means it is of the second conjugation. Here we also include 7 verbs ending in - there, and 4 verbs -at.
• A verb in its initial form ends in any other letters (except for the 11 verbs listed above), which means it is conjugated according to the type of first conjugation. Let's add here 3 exception verbs in -it.

4. Verbs want And run- differently conjugated, they cannot be attributed to either the first or the second conjugation, and this feature just needs to be remembered.

Let's sum it up

Spelling verb endings requires knowledge of the rules and the application of a clear algorithm. The main thing is to correctly determine which of the two conjugations the word belongs to, and depending on this, write the desired letter in the unstressed personal ending. Verbs are insidious, among them there are many exceptions that do not want to obey general rules, but paying attention to the word and applying a simple rule will help you avoid many mistakes!

What personal ending should be written for this or that part of speech? This question arises quite often among schoolchildren, but only if the last syllable of a word is in an unstressed position. After all, it is in such situations that it is very difficult to hear the letter that should be written at the end. This is especially true for verbs.

General information

This or that personal ending of verbs depends entirely on what conjugation the word belongs to. Knowing how to correctly identify it, you will never ask yourself a similar question again.

Personal standing in shock position

With stressed endings (personal) of verbs everything is always clear. After all, a letter standing in this position is heard as clearly as possible and is a test letter. Here are some examples: watch, seethe, create etc. As you can see, all the endings of these words are stressed, that is, they are written exactly the same way as they are heard (pronounced).

Spelling of unstressed personal endings of verbs

If the endings of verbs are in an unstressed position, then determining the correct spelling of a particular letter becomes problematic. That is why it is necessary to refer to the corresponding rule. It says that all verbs in the Russian language belong either to the first conjugation or to the second.

Conjugation first

All verbs in the infinitive form ending in -ot, -at, -et, -yat, -ity and -ut belong to the 1st conjugation: melt, dig, get wet etc. The personal ending of these words in an unstressed position has the letter “e”.

Here's an example: melting, melting, getting wet, getting wet, getting wet, getting wet, melting etc. However, in the 3rd person plural. number verbs of the 1st conjugation have the following endings: -ut or -yut. For example, dig, get wet, melt etc.

Second conjugation

All verbs that are in the infinitive and ending in -it should be classified as the 2nd conjugation: nag, be proud, pray etc. The personal endings of these words in an unstressed position have the letter “and”.

Here's an example: sawing, sawing, sawing, sawing, proud, proud, begging, begging, begging etc. However, in the 3rd person plural. number verbs of the 2nd conjugation have the following endings: -at or -yat. For example: sawing, proud, begging etc.

Exceptions to the rules

Now you know which vowels should be written in the personal endings of verbs if they are in an unstressed position. To do this, you only need to determine the conjugation by putting this part of speech in an indefinite form. However, this rule has its exceptions. Let's look at them in more detail:

• Shave, lay. that these words have -it at the end, they should still be classified as the 1st conjugation, since this is an exception. Accordingly, their personal endings will have the vowel letter “e” (-yut, -ut). Here's an example: spread, spread, spread, spread etc.
• To endure, to offend, to see, to depend, to watch, to turn, to hate, to breathe, to hear, to drive, to hold. Despite the fact that these words have -et and -at at the end, they still belong to the second conjugation, since this is an exception. Accordingly, their personal endings will have the vowel letter “and” (-yat, -at). Here's an example: offend, see, dependent, look, twirl, hate, breathe, drive, hold etc.

Exception words should be memorized and remembered, since many schoolchildren make mistakes in them.

Differently conjugated words

Knowing the spelling of unstressed personal endings of verbs, you can quickly and easily compose a literate text. However, it should be noted that in school curriculum The discipline "Russian language" is given to Special attention not only conjugations and exception words, but also lexical units that are differently conjugated. These include the following: want, run. Why are they called that? The fact is that in different persons these words can have both the ending of the first conjugation and the second:

• he runs, he wants;
• you run, you want;
• I run, I want;
• they run, they want;
• you run, you want;
• we run, we want.

Let's sum it up

To determine one or another spelling of personal endings of verbs, it is recommended to follow the scheme described below:

1. Determine in what position the ending of the verb is (stressed or unstressed). If it is in shock, then it should not be checked. If in unstressed, it is necessary to continue the analysis.
2. Put the verb into the infinitive (or the so-called indefinite form), and then check its ending. If the word ends in -it, then it is conjugated. Therefore, it is necessary to write the letter “and” at the end (in the third person plural - -at or -yat). Otherwise, it is necessary to continue the discussion.
3. You need to check if it is included given verb to the list of exception words starting with -at or -et. If included, then it also belongs to the second conjugation, that is, the ending should be written “and”. If not included, then the first conjugation. At the end you should write “e” (in the 3rd person plural we write -yut or -ut).

Spelling suffixes and verb endings

1) Remember the rules for spelling personal endings of verbs.

In the present and future (simple) tense, two types of conjugation are distinguished depending on the personal endings of the verbs; to determine the type of conjugation, you need to put the verb in the indefinite form and correlate it with the type of conjugation (it’s easier to check starting from the second conjugation).

The II conjugation includes all verbs that in an indefinite form end in -it, except for the verbs shave, lay, build, sway, + 11 verbs ending in -at and na -et: drive, breathe, hold, offend, hear, see, hate , endure, twirl, depend and watch.

All other verbs belong to the I conjugation, i.e. those that have indefinite endings –at, -ot, -et (meaning unstressed endings), and exceptions from II conjugation ( shave, lay, rest(only two forms are used: builds and builds

), sway).

For example: glue - verb ending in -it, - 2 sp., therefore, you glue; fight - a verb that does not end in – it, 1 sp., therefore, they are fighting; lay - verb - exception from 2 sp., therefore, 1 sp. – creeping; see – verb 2 sp., therefore - you see.

There are so-called differently conjugated verbs. These are the verbs to dream, to run, to want. Wed. he runs and they run; the dawn is dawning and change is dawning. Pay attention to the forms of the verb to torture. Possible conjugation options for this verb (both 2nd and 1st conjugation):

• I'm torturing I'm torturing
• you're torturing you're torturing
• he torments he torments
• they torment they torment

The literary verbs measure, measure, measure, etc. are conjugated according to the II conjugation (measure, measure, measure... measure), and the colloquial verbs measure, measure, measure, measure are conjugated according to the I conjugation (measure, measure, measures).

So, verbs of the first conjugation have the endings -eat, -et, -eat, -ete, -ut/-ut; verbs of the second conjugation have the endings -ish, -it, -im, -ite, -at/-yat.

Pay attention to the verbs with the prefix you-; for example, look, get enough sleep. The conjugation of these verbs should be determined using the prefixless form:

sleep - check using the verb sleep (II conjugation, endings are under stress): you sleep, he sleeps, they sleep; therefore, you will get enough sleep, he will get enough sleep, they will get enough sleep.

2) Remember the spelling of verb suffixes

Writing suffixes –ova-/-eva-, -ыва-/-iva- in the indefinite form and in the past tense of the verb causes difficulty, because. they are unstressed. To determine which suffix is ​​being written, you need to put the verb in the present (or simple future) form; if the suffix is ​​preserved, then it is written –yva- ; if the suffix is ​​omitted, then - -ova-/-eva- .

For example: to reconnoiter (present time - I reconnaissance - the suffix is ​​preserved, therefore, it is written -yva- ); condition (present tense - I condition-iva-yu – the suffix is ​​preserved, therefore, it is written -willow- ), advise (present time - I advise-u-yu - the suffix disappears, therefore, it is written -ova- ), treat (present time - I potch-u-yu - the suffix disappears, therefore, it is written -Eve-

).

From suffixes –ova- /-eva-; -yva- /-iva- suffix should be distinguished -va- . This suffix is ​​always stressed; it is preceded by a root vowel, which can be verified. For example: overcome - overcome; keep up - have time; publish - publish; entwine - entwine; to fan - to fan, to overcome - to overcome.

The spelling of some verbs should be remembered: in them before the stressed suffix -va- is written -e- ; For example: overshadow, exhort, intend

.

Writing suffixes -e

-And -And- determined by the transitivity and intransitivity of verbs. If verbs denote intransitive actions, i.e. are performed by the subject himself, in the objects themselves and do not transfer to the object, then it is written -e- ; if verbs denote actions that go to an object, then it is written -And- . Compare pairs of verbs:

lack of money e t - lack of money And t (he is destitute e l - left without money; heavy expenses his lack of money And li - they took the money);

exhausted e th - exhausted And t (he is exhausted e l - left without strength; work exhausted And la him - took away his strength);

dehydration e t – dehydration And t (dewatering section e l – lost water; drought dehydration And la site).

3) Spelling verbs in the past tense.

Remember that writing root vowels before suffixes in past tense verbs is not related to conjugation. The past tense of verbs is formed from the stem of the infinitive using a suffix l . Accordingly, in gerunds and active participles the past tense also retains the stem vowel.

For example: see – verb 2 conjugations, written in the present tense And – you look And sew, but the letter is retained in the past tense e - you look e l (from the infinitive see+ suffix l ); hope I hope - hope I hope - hope I sya; multiply And t - multiply And l – multiply And fallen; align I t – align I l – level I gone

4) Consumption b in verbs

Letter b written in the infinitive form of the verb. Presence or absence b in verb forms should be checked by the question posed to the verb (if the question contains b , then it is written in the verb b ). For example: need to work– the verb is in an indefinite form and answers a question what to do?- hence it is written b

; the store should open - the verb is in an indefinite form and answers a question what to do?- hence it is written b . Please note that verbs in the present or future tense have 3rd person singular b not written. For example: he works what is he doing?- hence b not written; the store will open soon– the verb is in the 3 l form. units numbers and answer the question what will he do?- hence b not written.

Compare

pairs of phrases: you need to prepare - he will definitely prepare; he boasts - there is no need to boast; it's time for him to retire - he will retire soon.

Please note that in impersonal verbs(similar to the form of 3rd person singular present or future tense) b is not written, for example: he is not feeling well; he has to work a lot

.

Letter b written in the 2nd person singular of the present or future tense and in the imperative mood, for example: hold b, organize b, imagine b Xia; leaving b, increase b those, sit down b those.

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