Medium submarines type "Sch" III series. Type "Pike" (Type "Sch") III Series

The nuclear submarine fleet forms the basis strategic weapons Russian Federation. According to the latest version of military doctrine, Russia can resort to a nuclear strike in response to a nuclear attack. In addition to nuclear submarines with ballistic missiles, submarines are in service, the purpose of which is to fight strategic submarines and enemy ships.

Huge deep-sea cruisers move imperceptibly under the sea water, which makes their service mysterious and enigmatic. Among the multi-purpose missile carriers, Project 971 Pike B submarines are on duty.

History of creation

In July 1976, the command of the Soviet Navy recognized the need for mass production of a series of third-generation submarines with a nuclear reactor. Above all, the military leadership set the task of reducing the noise of movement characteristic of second-generation Project 945 Barracuda submarines.

The founder of the project was G. N. Chernyshev, who holds the position of chief designer of SKB-143. The brilliant engineer Gennady Nikolaevich died in 1997, and the project was headed by Yu. I. Fedorov.

According to the new idea, the modern submarine did not differ from the 945 project, which made it possible to avoid the preliminary design stage. The difference between the Pike and Barracuda projects was the replacement of the material in the manufacture of the hull.

For the construction of a new submarine cruiser, it was decided to use low-magnetic steel instead of titanium.

The rejection of titanium was due to economic considerations. First, there was a significant shortage of paramagnetic and high-strength metal. Secondly, its processing and connection of parts was costly and too time consuming.

In the Soviet Union, there were enterprises specializing in the processing of titanium, Sevmash and Krasnoye Sormovo, but they did not have sufficient capacity to produce a large batch of submarines in short time.

The use of steel in the construction of submarine hulls helped to load the Far Eastern plants with new production, which by that time had increased the required capacity to perform such a serious task.

The approved project 971, dated September 13, 1977, had to be unexpectedly returned for revision. The United States indirectly corrected the plans of Soviet military and design engineers by starting the construction of Los Angeles-class submarines.

Modern Western models were equipped with the latest generation hydroacoustic systems.

It took two years to finalize the Soviet project, and in 1980 updated drawings of the Shchuka-B submarine were presented. The first stage of the construction of submarines took place in Komsomolsk-on-Amur, its shipyards had significant potential to complete the task.

To the beginning of large-scale production, Soviet Union purchased a batch of high-precision machine tools from Toshiba in Japan. Modern equipment used the latest technology for the manufacture of propellers.

Despite the secrecy of the deal, information about the purchase was leaked to the media, which seriously angered the United States. Propellers made on Japanese equipment were distinguished by extremely low operating noise, which was one of the main quality parameters terms of reference for this submarine.

Submarines of the "Pike-B" type of project 971 were codified in NATO under the designation "Akula". Over time, the project was upgraded several times, and the modified submarines received a new name from the Western military "Improved Akula", which means "Improved Shark".

Design

The modified project 971 was filled with innovative solutions. In the structure of the submarine used automated system to control technical complexes and military arsenal.

The submarine was equipped with a propeller with a reduced speed, which helps reduce noise.

The seven blades are quiet, and cavitation noise is reduced to a minimum. For emergency evacuation of the crew from the emergency ship, a rescue capsule was placed in the hull.

Frame

The Project 971 nuclear submarine has a double hull made of high quality steel. The parameters of the yield strength of the metal used are 100 kgf/mm2.

Inner space submarines are divided into zonal modules in the form of deck compartments. It:

• central post;
• cabins and cabins;
• combat duty posts;
• bow equipment (armament)
• feed equipment
• power point

All zone modules are equipped with damping, which significantly reduces the acoustic background of the ship, the dynamics of deck spaces during (or) maneuvers, and the impact of a blast wave from the outside. Modular system facilitates the production of the boat itself.

The blocks are built separately in workshops and, upon completion of work, are placed in the submarine hull on a shock-absorbing foundation, where they are further joined together and connected to control and life support systems.

For more effective noise reduction, submarines of the "Pike-B" type were equipped with shock absorption of a two-stage structure. Between the cushioning foundation and the modules there is another row of rubber-cord pneumatic shock absorbers, which creates a second layer to absorb vibrations.

The integrated automation of the ship's control made it possible to reduce the number of crew members to 73 people, including the 31st officer. A similar boat of the US Navy "Los Angeles" has a crew of 141 people. The new ship significantly differed in improved habitability from its predecessor, Project 671RTM.

Power point

The heart of the submarine is the OK-650B nuclear reactor on thermal, slow neutrons. The nuclear plant produces an impressive power of 190 megawatts. The output power on the shaft is 50,000 l / s, capable of dispersing a submarine at a depth of 500 meters to 33 knots, which equals 61 km / h.

The power plant includes four steam generators with seven circulation pumps: the first, third and fourth circuits, providing heat exchange.

Additionally, a modular steam turbine was installed to reserve the generated power. Two turbogenerators provide the battery station of two modules with alternating current. The battery station consumes and gives D.C., there are two flyback converters for supplying consumers and charging.

emergency power

In the event of a malfunction in the nuclear power plant, the ship will be able to continue moving due to two emergency engines driven by a propeller, with a total capacity of 820 l / s. Redundant electric motors are capable of providing the boat with a speed of up to five knots.

The Schuka-B nuclear submarine is equipped with two DG-300 diesel-fueled generators with a two-way mechanical converter, with a total capacity of 1500 l / s. The fuel resource is designed for 10-12 days of continuous operation. The main task of the DG-300 generators is to supply important consumers of the automated control of the vessel, including the power supply of emergency propulsion units.

Hydroacoustics and communications

To track down enemy submarines and ships, the Schuka-B is equipped with the MGK-540 Skat-3 sonar system. Incoming information is processed using digital technologies. The system of sonar and direction finding of noise includes:

• reinforced bow antenna;
• onboard antennas of considerable length;
• stern towed antenna, issued from the boule / fairing on the vertical tail.

Upon detection of noisy objects, the acoustician reports to the senior combat post. The watch officer controls the underwater and surface situation in order to avoid a collision with a submarine or ship when surfacing. In military exercises or in a combat situation, targeting is necessary for the use of appropriate weapons.

The new hydroacoustic system complex is capable of detecting a target at a distance three times higher than similar sonar systems used in the design of second-generation submarines. Moreover, the time for calculating the dynamics of the target and related parameters has significantly decreased.

In addition to the acoustic system, high-performance sensors are installed to track submarines and surface vessels along the wake left, which remains stable long time.

Determining the time of movement of a submarine or vessel, high-precision equipment is able to determine up to 5 hours after the passage of the ship. In addition, the Schuka-B nuclear submarine is equipped with the most important equipment for navigation and communication:

• Navigation equipment "Symphony-U";
• Radio station "Lightning-MC";
• Space communication tool "Tsunami".

Armament

The nuclear-powered ship carries impressive modern weapons on board. The torpedo-missile complex includes four torpedo tubes with 12 533 mm torpedoes and four torpedo launchers with 28 650 mm torpedoes.

Surface targets can be attacked by the S-10 Granat missile system with KS-122 strategic cruise missiles.

According to NATO codification, they carry the designation SS-N-21 "Sampson". A missile fired from the Granat complex is capable of carrying a 200 kg nuclear charge for a distance of 3,000 km, bending around the terrain at subsonic altitude.

It was not in vain that such characteristics of the KS-122 worried the Western military, because not only marine facilities, but also objects ground forces. Also on the boat "Pike-B" it is possible to use complexes for shooting:

• Waterfall;
• Wind.

It is worth adding that the submarine has barrage mines for installation during tactical maneuvers.

In the 1990s, the combat arsenal of the missile submarine was upgraded. A new development of the Research Institute of Marine Thermal Engineering and the State Research and Production Enterprise "Region", a universal deep-sea homing torpedo - UGST, has entered service. It replaced the TEST-71M electric torpedoes and the 53-65K high-speed torpedoes.

The main task for a modern torpedo was to destroy enemy surface and underwater ships.

The design features of the UGST made it possible to attack high-speed enemy targets at a considerable distance.

This endurance was ensured by an impressive supply of fuel and a powerful thermal power plant. The UGST propulsion unit consists of a water jet unit and an axial piston engine with a low noise range. Granulated unitary fuel is used to power the power unit.

A homing torpedo freely develops speeds above 50 knots. The water-jet installation and the engine do not have a gear mechanism in connection with each other, which significantly reduces noise and increases the secrecy of the use of the UGST.

When a torpedo exits the TA tube, the body of the underwater missile extends two-plane fins to direct movement.

Acoustic system homing determines the underwater target in the location mode, and surface ships in the wake.

Another torpedo coordination system is carried out from the submarine using wire control. The cable reel holds 25,000 meters of wire. When an enemy is detected, the torpedo goes to defeat on command and is fully controlled by the onboard processor, which coordinates the direction to the target.

Characteristics of a universal deep-sea torpedo:

• UGST length - 7200 mm;
• warhead weight - 300 kg;
• torpedo weight - 2200 kg;
• speed - 50 knots;
• application depth - 500 m;
• maximum range - 50,000 m.

In the control of weapons of the nuclear submarine of project 971, the guidance system - "Tablet" is used. This type of shooting correction helps to model the tactical scheme of the water area: bottom topography, depths and fairways. After the attack, the torpedo transmits on board data on the area in which it was used, updating the digital terrain map.

Submarine missile torpedoes are also undergoing design upgrades. Today, the modernized complexes are equipped with an underwater carrier - the MPT-1M (E) torpedo:

• weight - 256 kg;
• warhead weight - 76 kg;
• caliber - 324 mm.

The design of this rocket introduced hydroacoustic search and homing within a radius of 2,000 meters. The guidance method using the adaptive lead angle allows you to hit the target closer to the center of the submarine.

The MPT-1M torpedo is equipped with a turbine jet engine running on high-quality fuel, which allows it to develop significant speed on the way to the target, making it much more difficult for the enemy to detect itself.

Based on the signed agreement on partial disarmament between the USSR and the USA in 1989, a command was received from the top leadership to remove tactical nuclear warheads from missile systems:

• Squall;
• Waterfall;
• Garnet.

The nuclear submarine "Pike-B" became a pioneer among multi-purpose nuclear submarines, whose serial production began not in Leningrad and Severodvinsk, but in the Far Eastern District, in the city of Komsomolsk-on-Amur. Entering the ranks of the USSR Navy on December 30, 1984, the ship showed an impressive achievement in hydroacoustic evasiveness.

According to the original document, the K-284 is more than four times quieter than the previous generation Project 671RTM submarines. This fact undoubtedly gave the USSR a leading place among the competing fleets.

Characteristics with comparative analysis

Submarines of project 971 "Pike-B" were able to surpass deep-sea cruisers of similar class. The third-generation Russian K-284 submarine has been repeatedly compared to the fourth-generation American-made Virginia and Seawolf submarines, and not to the competing Improved Los Angeles class.

Admiral Jeremy M. Boarda became one of those who claimed that the Shchuka-B nuclear submarine corresponded to a higher class.

Being in the leading position of the US Navy in 1994-1996, he emphasized that the ships of the US Navy signed their powerlessness to detect the Russian nuclear submarine of project 971, it moved so silently at a speed of 7-9 knots that it can be safely put in line with the fourth generation submarines.

The third generation of project 971 can quietly bypass the submarine location system - SOSUS.

	Los Angeles	Pike-A	Pike-B	Barracuda	Condor	Fin	ruby
Country	USA	the USSR	Russia	the USSR	Russia	the USSR	France
date of manufacture	1972-96	1976-92	1983/2009	1979-87	1986-93	1978-83	1976-83
Service date	1976-	1977-	1984-	1984-	1990-	1983/1989	1984-
Amount	62	15	15	2	2	1	6
Speed, knots Surface/ underwater	17 30-35	11,7 30	11,7 33	19 35,2	19 35,2	11,5 33,5	14,9 25,1
Displacement, t Surface Underwater	6083 7176	6991 7252	8141 12772	5945 9605	6472 10400	5890 8600	2400 2610
Immersion depth, m Standard critical	285 455	410 610	480 600	480 550	530 600	1000 1250	350

Exploitation

1996 The Bosnian War is in full swing. Serbia is being attacked by NATO led by the United States. nuclear boat project 971 "Wolf" carried a combat watch in the waters of the Mediterranean Sea. The British managed to locate the Russian submarine while crossing the Strait of Gibraltar. After leaving the strait, the submarine disappeared and appeared off the coast of Yugoslavia.

project 971 in winter

The combat mission of the multi-purpose boats "Wolf" and "Panther" of project 971, stood in the role of defenders of the aircraft-carrying cruiser "Admiral Kuznetsov", from enemy submarines. Performing the function of protection, Russian submarines carried out technical supervision of several foreign submarines, including models of nuclear submarines of the Los Angeles type.

In the same 1996, the submarine "Pike-B" was sent to carry out combat watch in the waters of the Atlantic Ocean. Unexpectedly, a Russian missile carrier discovered a US Navy strategic submarine. A combat mission was set to keep covert surveillance of the combat duty of the American submarine.

This decision was made by the captain himself. Submarine commander A. V. Burilichev was awarded the title of Hero of the Russian Federation for the covert operation to spy on SSBNs in the waters of the Atlantic in 1996.

Mark on history

A new type had a chance to continue the important path of the project 971 "Pike-B". Submarines belong to the fourth generation. The chief designer of the new Yasen project, Vladimir Pyalov, led the development of his series of submarines, based on the developments and technologies introduced in the Lira and Pike-B projects.

The main task was not related to the modernization of existing submarines, it was a fundamentally new brainchild, which was supposed to replace the basic models 971 and subsequently. The development used completely new solutions that were not previously used in any of the deep-sea cruisers.

The unfinished production of the hulls of the project 971 K-337 "Cougar" and K-333 "Lynx", at the Sevmash plant, has found application in the production of deep-sea. He was given the name "Yuri Dolgoruky".

The last nuclear cruiser of project 971 "Nerpa" was completed with incredible effort, and on January 23, 2012, it was handed over to the customer of the Indian Navy, under a leasing contract with a payment period of 10 years.

The ship was given the name "Chakra".

Going down in history, the Schuka-B multi-purpose missile carriers and serial copies of Project 971 left an unforgettable memory in the life of the nuclear submarine fleet and domestic shipbuilding. The 80s of the last century are clearly reminiscent of the superpower of the USSR, which overtook the potential enemy in the face of the United States in terms of noiselessness and power of weapons of its nuclear submarines.

For true connoisseurs of this model of the vessel, on sale you can find Wrist Watch"submarine SHUKA-B AKULA" of the "Submarine fleet" series, with a 24-hour dial.

TTD:
Displacement (surface / underwater): 586/708 tons
Dimensions: length - 58.8 m, width - 6.2 m, draft - 4.0 m.
Travel speed (surface / underwater): 14.1 / 8.5 knots.
Cruising range: over water 4500 miles at 8.5 knots, under water 100 miles at 2.5 knots.
Power plant: 2x800 hp diesel, 2x400 hp electric motor.
Armament: 4 bow + 2 stern 533 mm torpedo tubes (10 torpedoes), 2 45 mm 21-K guns
Immersion depth: working - 75 m, limit - 90 m.
Crew: 40 people.

History:
Submarine type "Sch", X series.

The performance characteristics of submarines of this type changed slightly from series to series in the direction of increasing the power of diesel engines and slightly reducing the cruising range, as well as increasing the speed of underwater travel; the armament remained unchanged. One and a half hull boats of the Shch type had seven compartments: the first and seventh were torpedo compartments; the second and third are residential (there are also accumulators under a collapsible flooring made of wooden shields, fuel tanks under the accumulators); the fourth compartment is the central post; fifth - diesel; in the sixth there were two main electric motors and separately - two electric motors of economic progress (20 hp each).

Laid down on 03/27/1935 at the plant named after 61 Communards in Nikolaev. 01/11/1937 launched, 04/10/1939 became part of the Black Sea Fleet.

By the beginning of the war, the most famous "pike" of the Black Sea Fleet in the future (captain-lieutenant V.Ya. Vlasov, from 20.07.1941 - captain-lieutenant G.P. Apostolov) was completing current repairs in Nikolaev. It was followed by an exit to a sentinel position (August 4-25, 1941), then - cruising near Cape Emine (October 5-22, 1941). The last time coincided with the mine-protecting operation of the Romanian Navy off the coast of Bulgaria. Unfortunately, in all five encounters with the Romanian ships, the commander and crew of the "pike" demonstrated extremely low combat skills and did not have time to take an advantageous position for the attack. Only on the afternoon of October 9 did they manage to bring the matter to a volley, but the only torpedo fired passed by the Romanian gunboat, which was carrying out trawling ahead of the minelayers.

Then the submarine went to the metro station Zeytin-Burn on the Bosphorus-Burgas line (13.11-2.12.1941). The only torpedo attack on November 18 passed without disruption, but a single transport "without marks of neutrality and with a poorly distinguishable flag" turned out to be the Turkish Yenice (428 brt). The vessel, proceeding in ballast, quickly sank, taking 12 crew members to the bottom. In January (January 9-27, 1942), the submarine patrolled near the Olinka metro station, but, apart from numerous floating mines, found nothing.

At the beginning of the next month, after the appointment of Apostolov to the L-24 underwater minzag, Lieutenant Commander V.A. Korshunov, who had previously served as her assistant, became commander of the Shch-215. Under his leadership, the submarine made trips to Capes Emine (23.3-11.4.1942) and Olinka (6-23.6.1942). Only the second patrol turned out to be eventful, since it was through this area that the Constanta-Odessa communication line, intensively used by the enemy, ran. Korshunov kept cautiously away from the coast, but even there several times he found "fast enemy warships", which he identified as Romanian destroyers. On the evening of June 20, the "pike" was still able to go on the attack, but its volley was noticed, and the enemy dodged the torpedoes. According to foreign data, the object of the attack was actually one of the German river minesweepers.

Upon returning Shch-215 was sent with cargo to the besieged Sevastopol (28.6-3.7.1942). The submarine arrived at the approach point of the fairway on the evening of June 30, but due to shelling and bombing (about 1000 explosions were recorded near the ship in less than a day), Korshunov was confused and at 16.15 next day went to Novorossiysk without an order. The last campaign under his command took place in early August (July 31-August 19, 1942) to the Bosporus region. Throughout the cruise, the submarine kept at a distance of 10 to 40 miles from the coast and only once observed an enemy convoy, which could not be attacked due to the long distance. Upon arrival, current repairs followed with a battery change, and on November 24 a new commander was appointed to the boat - Lieutenant Commander M.V. Greshilov, who had proven himself well on the M-35.

Already in the first campaign (January 10-30, 1943 in the area of ​​the Tarkhankut cape), the new commander demonstrated his famous style - an active search for the enemy and perseverance in achieving the goal. It was clearly manifested in the night battle on January 24, when the boat twice unsuccessfully fired torpedoes at two BDBs that were part of a small convoy. Not wanting to resign himself to failure, Greshilov entered into an artillery battle, during which, apparently, he achieved two shell hits on an F-125 landing barge. The fire superiority of the BDB over the "pike" was revealed in the second minute of the fight, after an 88-mm projectile hit the back of the wheelhouse fence. Having learned that three Red Navy men were wounded by shrapnel, and the enemy took the submarine into the "fork", the commander considered it best to dive.

During the spring, the "pike" made two more trips to Kalamitsky Bay (25.2-17.3.1943 and 14.5-1.6.1943). Five times (8, 13.3 and 16, 24, 29.5) Greshilov launched torpedo attacks, but they all ended in failure - apparently due to malfunctions of the new non-contact torpedo fuses. The only result was light damage to the minesweeper R-164 from an explosion that occurred 40 m from its side.

On the next campaign (23.8-17.9.1943), the submarine went to the Bosphorus to intercept the transport "Tisbe" (1782 brt) carrying chromium ore. Greshilov did an excellent job of sinking the ship in full view of two Romanian destroyers on the afternoon of 30 August. Angry at the failure, the Germans set up an anti-submarine minefield near the strait in early September, but the "pike" happily avoided the "horned death". In October - November (22.10-19.11.1943) she made a long trip to the area of ​​Cape Tarkhankut. The increased activity of our aviation, now operating from the airfields of Northern Tavria, predetermined the fact that most of the meetings with enemy convoys took place at night. Of course, it was difficult to achieve hits in such conditions. Greshilov saved ammunition by firing two torpedo volleys. Only the fourth attack on the night of November 15 brought results: a torpedo sent the F-592 BDB to the bottom.

After the return of the pike, it underwent current repairs, which dragged on until the beginning of March. However, due to the lack of necessary spare parts, the ship could be considered repaired only with a high degree of conventionality. In March-April (March 20-April 23, 1944), Greshilov made a long trip to the communication line Tarkhankut - Olinka. The boat did not have a VANPZ periscope antenna, so all the air reconnaissance information came to it only at night, as a rule, with a great delay. Meetings with enemy convoys on the high seas without preliminary guidance could only occur by chance, and therefore the commander had only two opportunities for attack - on March 27 and April 16. Unfortunately, both ended unsuccessfully. In the first case, the torpedoes exploded before reaching the Totila transport, in the second, the Lola ship was able to evade a salvo fired from a mile and a half distance. The German counterattacks did not cause damage to the boat, but its technical condition was such that, even despite the start of the operation to liberate the Crimea, the command had to send Shch-215 to the dock.

On May 18, M.V. Greshilov, awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union two days before, was appointed to the headquarters of the Black Sea Fleet, and soon captain 3rd rank A.I. Strizhak took his place. During the war years, this commander was the commander of three submarines (including Shch-201), until he ended up on the Guards Shch-215 (the title was awarded on July 22, 1944).

AT last trip(30.7-31.8.1944) the initial position of the submarine was the approaches to the Bosphorus, then it was redirected to Varna. Following on the night of August 5 along the coast at the latitude of the Bulgarian-Turkish border, Strizhak discovered a small ship, on which, according to his observations, there were about 200 armed people. Without trying to find out his belongings, the commander ordered to open fire. As a result of a forty-minute shelling, the schooner (and it turned out to be the Turkish Mefkure, 53 brt) sank. On August 24, Strizhak managed to torpedo the Bulgarian motor-sailing schooner Vita (240 brt). This ship was the last victory of the Black Sea submariners in the Great Patriotic War and the fifth in a row among the Black Sea Fleet's most productive surviving "pikes".

On July 13, 1953, she was withdrawn from the combat strength of the Black Sea Fleet, and on December 29, 1955, she was expelled from the Navy with transfer to the OFI. On January 18, 1956, it was disbanded and subsequently cut up at the Vtorchermet base in Inkerman.

The development of a draft design of a submarine of series III of medium displacement with torpedo-artillery weapons, called "Pike", was carried out at NTMK with the participation of submarine shipbuilding specialists B.M. Malinin and K.I. Ruberovsky. By the end of the work, S.A. Bazilevsky joined it.

The main tactical and technical elements of the Schuka submarine were approved at a meeting held under the leadership of the head of the Navy, R.A. Muklevich, on November 1, 1928. The development of the project of the Technical Bureau No. 4 was completed by the end of 1929.
A one and a half hull (with boules) submarine of riveted design was intended for mass construction. Therefore, when developing the project, much attention was paid to its all-round reduction in cost. It was supposed to replace the block assembly of submarines in the workshop, in the most favorable conditions to increase labor productivity and reduce costs.

The first version of the design assignment provided for the division of the durable hull of the submarine "Pike" into 5 compartments. The strength of all light flat bulkheads was calculated to be only 2 atm. The submarine, in the event of flooding of any compartment, would remain afloat, tk. its buoyancy reserve (22%) exceeded the volume of the largest of them - the bow. At the same time, calculations showed that when the bow compartment is flooded, if the main ballast tank adjacent to it is filled, a trim of more than 80 degrees will be formed. Therefore, the bow compartment was divided into two by an additional bulkhead installed between the torpedo tubes and spare torpedoes. The estimated trim after that decreased by about 10 degrees, which was considered satisfactory.
A simplified form of the light hull was adopted. Unlike the submarine of the "Leninets" type, it covered only two-thirds of the length of the strong hull. The main ballast tanks were located in the boules (hemispherical attachments) that ran along the sides, and the bow and stern tanks were located at the ends of the light hull. Only the medium tank, leveling tank and quick dive tank were inside the strong hull. This provided a simpler technology, a greater width of the main ballast tanks, and facilitated their assembly and riveting.

However, the Boolean form of the light hull of the medium submarine had both advantages over two- and one-and-a-half-hull submarines of the Decembrist and Leninets types, as well as disadvantages (it worsened propulsion). Tests of the head submarine of the III series showed that on at full speed she formed two systems of transverse waves: one was created by the main contours of the hull and extremities, the other - by boules. Therefore, their interference should have increased the resistance to movement. Therefore, the shape of the boules for submarines of this type of subsequent series was improved. Their bow was pointed and raised up to the level of the waterline. By this, the entire system of transverse waves formed by the boules was shifted somewhat forward, further from resonance with the waves from the main body.
For submarines of the III series, a straight stem was adopted. In subsequent series of submarines of this type, it was replaced by an inclined, curved model of the submarine of the "Decembrist" type.

In the final version, the solid hull of the Shch type submarine of series III was divided by flat bulkheads into 6 compartments.
The first (nose) compartment is a torpedo one. It housed 4 torpedo tubes (two vertically and horizontally) and 4 spare torpedoes on racks.
The second compartment is battery. In the pits, covered with a removable flooring made of wooden shields, 2 groups of AB were located (56 elements of the "KSM" type each). In the upper part of the compartment were living quarters, under the battery pits - fuel tanks.
The third compartment is the central post, a solid cabin was installed above it, covered with a fence with a bridge.
In the fourth compartment, 2 four-stroke compressorless diesel engines of 600 hp were placed. with their mechanisms, systems, gas valves and devices.
The fifth compartment was occupied by 2 main propulsion motors of 400 hp each. and 2 electric motors of an economic course of 20 hp each, which were connected to two propeller shafts by an elastic belt drive, which helped to reduce noise.
In the sixth (stern) compartment there were 2 torpedo tubes (located horizontally).
In addition to torpedo armament, the submarine had an anti-aircraft 37-mm semi-automatic gun and 2 machine guns of 7.62 mm caliber.

During the construction of the first submarines of the Shch type, sufficient attention was not paid to the phenomenon of hull compression by external water pressure. Insignificant on submarines of the "Bars" type with their shallower diving depth and large reserves of rigidity, it caused serious trouble on submarines under construction. For example, during the first deep-sea dive of the Shch-type submarine, the fillet of the aft torpedo-loading hatch was deformed. The resulting leak was a continuous veil of water, beating under great pressure because of the facing square, which connected the skin of the fillet with a strong body. Truth. The thickness of the water shroud was no more than 0.2 mm, but the length exceeded 1 m. Of course, such a leak did not create a threat of flooding of the 6th compartment, but the very fact of its appearance testified to the insufficient rigidity of the structure, compensating for the elliptical cutout in the robust body of a rather large length (cut several frames). In addition, the appearance of a leak had a negative psychological impact on personnel. In this regard, it is appropriate to quote the words of one of the most experienced Soviet submariners: “Apparently, even a person far from underwater service can easily imagine what a powerful jet of water means, rushing under enormous pressure into a submarine located at a depth. There is nowhere to go from it
Either stop her at all costs or die. Of course, submariners always choose the first, no matter what it costs each of them."

The structure in the area of ​​the junction of the fillet with the solid body was reinforced with additional removable beams.
Even in the process of testing the submarine "Decembrist" attention was drawn to the strong burying of the nose of the submarine into the oncoming wave at full surface speed. There were no deck tanks on the Shch-type submarines, as well as on the L-type submarines, and this further increased their desire for burying. Only later did it become obvious that such a phenomenon is inevitable for all submarines in the surface position and is caused by their low reserve of buoyancy. But when creating the submarines of the first series, they tried to fight this by increasing the buoyancy of the bow. For this purpose, a special "buoyancy tank" was installed on the submarine of the "Shch" type, filled, like the entire superstructure, through scuppers (holes with gratings), but equipped with ventilation valves for the main ballast bow tank. However, this only led to a reduction in the pitching period and an increase in its amplitude: after a sharp rise to the wave, the submarine's nose also fell sharply down and burrowed into its sole. Therefore, later on the submarines of the "Shch" type, the bow "buoyancy tanks" were eliminated.
The main ballast tanks were filled with outboard water by gravity through the kingstones located in special enclosures in the lower part of the light hull. They only had manual drives. The ventilation valves of these tanks were controlled by both pneumatic remote drives and manual drives.

Excessive simplification and the desire to reduce the cost led to the decision to abandon the series III submarines from blowing the tanks of the main ballast with turbochargers, replacing blowing with pumping centrifugal pumps. But this replacement turned out to be unsuccessful: the duration of the process of removing the main ballast increased to 20 minutes. This was absolutely unacceptable, and turbochargers were again installed on submarines of the Shch type. Later, on all submarines of this type, for the first time in domestic submarine shipbuilding, blowers were replaced by blowing the main ballast with diesel exhaust gases (low-pressure air system). Diesel engines in this case were driven by the main propulsion motor and acted as a compressor.

So 3 submarines of series III - "Pike", "Perch" and "Ruff" were laid down on February 5, 1930 in the presence of a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR, head of the Navy R.A. Muklevich. He commented on the Shch-type submarines in this way: "We have the opportunity for this submarine to start a new era in our shipbuilding. This will provide an opportunity to acquire skills and train the necessary personnel for the deployment of production."
The builder of the submarines "Pike" and "Perch" was M.L. Kovalsky, the submarine "Ruff" - K.I. Grinevsky. The responsible deliverer of these three submarines under construction in Leningrad was G.M. Trusov, the delivery mechanic was K.F. Ignatiev. The state selection committee was headed by Ya.K.Zubarev.

The first 2 submarines entered service Naval Forces Baltic Sea October 14, 1933 A.P. Shergin and D.M. Kosmin became their commanders, I.G. Milyashkin and I.N. Peterson became mechanical engineers.
The third submarine "Yorsh" was commissioned by the Baltic Fleet on November 25, 1933. A.A. Vitkovsky took command of it, V.V. Semin became a mechanical engineer.
The fourth submarine of series III was supposed to be called "Ide". But at the beginning of 1930, the Komsomol members of the country took the initiative to build one submarine for the 13-1 anniversary of the October Revolution and call it Komsomolets. They collected 2.5 million rubles for the construction of the submarine. The solemn laying ceremony was attended by the Deputy People's Commissar of the Navy and Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR S.S. Kamenev and the Secretary of the Komsomol S.A. Saltanov on February 23, 1930. The builder of this submarine was P.I. Pakhomov On May 2, 1931, the submarine was launched and then delivered along the Mariinsky water system to Leningrad for completion.
On August 15, 1934, the submarine "Komsomolets" was accepted from industry, and on August 24 it was enlisted in the Baltic Fleet. Its first commander was K.M. Bubnov, mechanical engineer - G.N. Kokilev.

TACTICAL - TECHNICAL ELEMENTS OF PLATES OF TYPE "SH" SERIES III

Displacement surface / underwater 572 t / 672 t
Length 57 m
Width overall 6.2 m
Surface draft 3.76 m
The number and power of the main diesel engines 2 x 600 hp
Number and power of the main electric motors 2 x 400 hp
Full surface speed 11.5 knots
Full speed underwater 8.5 knots
Surface cruising range at full speed 1350 miles (9 knots)
Surface cruising range at economic speed 3130 miles (8.5 knots)
Cruising range underwater economic speed 112 miles (2.8 knots)
Autonomy 20 days
Operating depth 75 m
Maximum immersion depth 90 m
Armament: 4 bow and 2 stern torpedoes, total ammunition 10 torpedoes
One 45 mm gun (500 rounds)

In accordance with the decision of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Government of the USSR in 1932, the construction of 12 submarines of the Shch type for the Pacific Ocean began. The first 4 submarines ("Karas", "Bream", "Karp" and "Burbot") were laid on March 20. At first, the new series began to be called submarines of the "Karas" type of series III, then the submarines of the "Pike" type - bis and, finally, the submarines of the "Pike" type of series V (in November 1933, the submarine "Karas" was named "Salmon").

On submarines of series III, the strength of the bulkhead between the first and second compartments was calculated, like other bulkheads, for an underwater accident. But the method of approximate calculation, which was used at the same time, did not take into account the possible overdeepening of the submarine when moving with trim. Therefore, another transverse bulkhead (at the 31st frame) was added to the submarine of the "Shch" series V, dividing the second compartment into two. As a result, the battery groups were isolated from each other, which increased the survivability of the battery. At the same time, the aft bulkhead of the bow compartment was moved 2 spaces into the bow (from the 24th to the 22nd frame).

It should be noted that electric welding was used in the manufacture of inter-compartment bulkheads. It was also used in the manufacture of some tanks and foundations of individual mechanisms inside a strong case. Electric welding was persistently introduced into submarine shipbuilding.
The total number of compartments of the V-series submarines increased to 7. However, spare torpedoes without charging compartments had to be stored in the second compartment, to assemble them before firing from the port side torpedo tubes (No. 2 and No. of the starboard devices (No. 1 and No. 3) to make the corresponding hatches in the new bulkhead.
The middle tank was moved to the double-hull space, which made it possible to lighten its design by increasing the test pressure by a factor of three.
These design changes were also dictated by the need to transport submarines of the Shch type to the Far East. Therefore, at the same time, the cutting of the skin and the set of a strong hull were changed, which was made of eight sections that corresponded to the railway dimensions.

The length of the V series submarine was increased by 1.5 m, resulting in a slight increase in displacement (592 tons / 716 tons). This was also facilitated by the installation of a second 45-mm gun and a doubling of ammunition (up to 1000 shells).
G.M. Trusov was the main builder of submarines of type "Shch" of series V. The idea of ​​delivery to the Pacific Ocean in sections with subsequent assembly on site belonged to engineer P.G. Goinkis. The manufacture and shipment of sections was provided by K.F. Terletsky, who went to the Far East and supervised the assembly of submarines together with P.G. Goinkis.
The first railway echelon with sections of the V-series submarines was sent to the Far East on June 1, 1932. By the end of the year, 7 V-series submarines were in service. Their appearance in the Pacific Ocean caused serious concern to the Japanese government. Japanese newspapers launched the following information: "The Bolsheviks brought several worthless old submarines to Vladivostok."

In total, by the end of 1933, the Pacific Fleet received 8 submarines of the Shch type, series V (the acceptance certificate for the eighth submarine Trout, later Shch-108, was approved on April 5, 1934). The shipbuilding industry fulfilled the tense plan for putting them into operation by 112%.
G.N. Kholostyakov became the commander of the head submarine "Losos" of the V series (later "Shch-101"), which joined the MSDV on November 26, 1933, and V.V. Filippov became the mechanical engineer. The permanent commission for its testing and acceptance was headed by A.K. Vekman. On December 22, an act was signed by the Revolutionary Military Council of the Naval Forces of the Far East on the completion with overfulfillment of the program for commissioning submarines in 1933.

A further modification of the submarines of the "Sch" type was the submarines of the V-bis series (originally the VII series), V-bis 2, X and X-bis. Separate design changes were made to them, which improved survivability, the interior of mechanisms and devices, and somewhat increased tactical and technical elements. More advanced electronic navigation devices, communications and hydroacoustics were installed.
Of the 13 submarines of the V-bis series, 8 submarines were built for the Pacific Fleet, 2 submarines for the KBF, 3 submarines for the Black Sea Fleet. Of the 14 submarines of the V-bis series, 2 each 5 submarines received the KBF and Pacific Fleet, 4 submarines received the Black Sea Fleet.
By the time of designing the submarines of the V-bis series, it became possible to increase the power of the main diesel engines by 35% with virtually no change in their mass and dimensions. Together with the improvement in the shape of the boules, this gave an increase in the surface speed of the submarine by more than 1.5 knots. The lead submarine of the V-bis series "Militant Atheist", built with funds from voluntary contributions from members of this society, was laid down in November 1932 (builder and responsible deliverer - I.G. Milyashkin). When the KBF entered service on July 19, 1935, the submarine was given a new name "Lin" ("Shch-305"). The second submarine of the V-bis series was the Semga submarine ("Shch-308").

On submarines of the "Sch" type of the V - bis 2 series, the bow contours were somewhat improved by lengthening the boules. To store spare torpedoes in the assembly, the aft bulkhead of the second compartment (on the 31st frame) was made unusual - not vertical, but stepped along the profile, its upper part (above the battery pit) was moved one spacing into the stern.
The strength of the bulkheads of the central post, now located in the fourth compartment, was designed for 6 atm.
5 submarines of the V-bis 2 series - "Cod" (head, "Shch-307"), "Haddock" ("Shch-306"), "Dolphin" ("Shch-309"), "Belukha" ("Shch- 310") and "Kumzha" ("Sch-311") were laid down on the eve of the 16th anniversary of the October Revolution - November 6, 1933. The first two of them entered service with the Red Banner Baltic Fleet on August 17, 1935, the third - on November 20, 1935 The commander of one of the submarines of the V series - bis 2 described his submarine as follows: "equipped with the latest electrical navigation devices for that time, the Shch-309" ("Dolphin") submarine could sail in any weather far from its bases, both at sea and and in the ocean.
Possessing powerful torpedo armament, as well as systems, devices and devices that provide a covert exit to a torpedo attack, the submarine was able to act against large enemy warships, detect them in a timely manner - this allowed its surveillance equipment. The submarine radio station guaranteed stable communication with the command at a great distance from their bases.
Finally, the expedient arrangement of instruments and mechanisms in the submarine ensured not only the successful use and preservation of its survivability, but also the rest of personnel in their free time from duty.
The strength and reliability of submarines were tested in the harsh battles of the war of 1941-1945. The commander of the same submarine Shch-309 wrote about it from the fierce pursuit of his submarine by enemy anti-submarine ships in 1942: skipping a single drop of water inside, continued to carry military service. And this is a considerable merit of the builders of the submarine. "

Before the creation of the X-series submarines (first V-bis 3), the industry began to produce improved diesel engines of the 35-K-8 brand with an 800 hp power. at 600 rpm. As a result, the surface speed of the new Shch-type submarines increased by 0.5 knots compared to the V-bis series submarines. A slight increase in underwater speed was facilitated by the installation of a so-called limousine-shaped cabin on them, characterized by the inclination of its walls to the bow and stern. However, when sailing on the surface, especially in fresh weather, this form of felling allowed the oncoming wave to easily roll along the inclined wall and flood the navigation bridge. To eliminate this, on some submarines of the X series, reflective visors were installed that diverted the oncoming wave towards the side.
Measures taken to increase the surface and underwater speed of submarines of the Shch type, however, did not give the desired results: top speed was in the X-series submarines - 14.12 knots / 8.62 knots. "Pikes are good for everyone, only their move is too small. Sometimes it leads to distressing situations when the discovered convoy has to be accompanied only by strong expressions - the lack of speed did not allow reaching the salvo point," such was the opinion of the Hero of the Soviet Union I.A. Kolyshkin, a veteran of the Northern Fleet, in which the submarines of the "Shch" type of the X series operated during the war years.

One of the most serious problems in submarine shipbuilding has always been the supply of fresh water to submarines, because this directly affected its autonomy. Even during the construction of the "D" type submarine, the question was raised of creating an electric distiller capable of satisfying the crew's need for fresh water for drinking and cooking, as well as distilled water for topping up the batteries. For a long time, the solution to this problem was difficult due to the insufficient reliability of the heating elements and the high consumption of electricity. But in the end, both issues were resolved: firstly, by improving the technology and quality of thermal insulation, and secondly, by introducing more complete heat recovery from waste water and steam. At the same time, ways were found to give desalinated water the desired taste and supply it with those microelements, without which the normal functioning of the human body is impossible. The first sample of the electric desalination plant, which met the requirements, was installed on a submarine of the "Shch" type of the X series.
The lead submarine of the X series "Sch-127" was laid down on July 23, 1934. It was built for the Pacific Fleet. On the same day, the construction of another submarine of the X series ("Shch-126") began. The first 4 submarines of this series entered service with the Pacific Fleet on October 3, 1936.

In total, the industry gave the USSR Navy 32 submarines of the Shch type of the X series, which were distributed among the fleets as follows:
KBF - 15 PL, Black Sea Fleet - 8 PL, Pacific Fleet - 9 PL.
Before the start of the war, 75 submarines of the Shch type of series II, V, V - bis, V - bis -2 and x were put into operation. 13 submarines of the X-bis series were under construction, of which 9 submarines were enrolled in the Navy until the end of the war.
In total, out of 88 submarines that the industry built, 86 submarines entered the USSR Navy, two submarines were dismantled after the war for ship repair.

Despite some shortcomings, submarines of the Shch type had high tactical and technical elements than foreign submarines of similar types, they were distinguished by their simplicity of design, the reliability of mechanisms, systems and devices, and they had a large margin of safety. They could sink and emerge with a wave of up to 6 points, did not lose their seaworthiness in a storm of 9 - 10 points. They were equipped with Mars-type noise direction finders and Vega-type sound communication equipment with a range of 6 to 12 miles.
"Having 10 torpedoes, a Shch-type submarine 60 meters long could sink a battleship or an aircraft carrier in the ocean. Due to their relatively small size, Shch-type submarines were very agile and almost elusive for submarine hunters"
For submarines of this type of different series, an extremely eventful fate was characteristic, in which the definition common to many of them - "the first" - is most often repeated.

The first submarines of the Naval Forces of the Far East (since January 11, 1935, - Pacific Fleet) were the submarines "Salmon" ("Shch-11", since 1934 - "Shch-101") and "Bream" ("Shch-12", from 1934 - "Shch-102") of the V series, which raised the naval flag on September 23, 1933. Subsequently, the lead submarine of the Pacific Fleet under the command of D.G. Chernov took first place based on the results of combat and political training and was awarded an honorary Komsomol badge. An enlarged image of him, cast in bronze, was fixed on the cabin of the submarine. Not a single warship was awarded such a distinction.
At the beginning of 1934, the submarine "Bream" (commander A.T. Zaostrovtsev), leaving the bay for combat training, was the first to sail under the ice, passing about 5 miles. In the same year, the submarines "Karp" ("Shch-13", later "Shch-103") and "Burbot" ("Shch-14", later "Shch-104"), commanded by N.S. Ivanovsky and S. .S. Kudryashov, were the first to make a long-distance training trip along the coast of Primorye. During the long voyage, the equipment worked flawlessly.
In March - April 1935, the Shch-117 (Mackerel) submarine, the lead submarine of the V-bis series, was in autonomous navigation, the commander of which was N.P. Egipko.
In August - November, she completed a long trip of the submarine "Sch-118" ("Mullet"), the commander of which was A.V. Buk.
In the second half of the same year, the submarine "Shch-103" ("Karp") of the V series under the command of E.E. Poltavsky made a continuous 58-hour underwater voyage, passing more than 150 miles under the electric motors of an economical course, which significantly exceeded the design norm.

In 1936, People's Commissar of Defense K.E. Voroshilov set the task for submariners - to work out the navigation of submarines for their full autonomy. Among the submariners, a movement of innovators has unfolded to increase the standards of autonomy established in the design. To do this, it was necessary to find ways to increase the supply of fuel, fresh water, and food on the submarine, in combination with training in the habitability of personnel.

Practice has shown that submarines of the Shch type had large hidden reserves. The submariners of the Pacific Fleet, for example, managed to increase autonomy in comparison with the norm by 2 - 3.5 times. Submarine "Sch-117" (commander N.P. Egipko) was at sea for 40 days (at a rate of 20 days), also setting a record for staying under water on the move - 340 hours 35 minutes. During this time, Shch-117 covered 3022.3 miles, of which 315.6 miles were under water. The entire personnel of this submarine was awarded orders. This submarine became the first ship in the Soviet Navy with a fully decorated crew.

In March - May of the same year, the submarine "Sch-122" ("Saida") of series V - bis-2 under the command of A.V. Buk was on a 50-day autonomous campaign, in April - June - the submarine "Shch-123" ("Eel") of the same series under the command of I.M. Zainullin. Her campaign lasted 2.5 months - one and a half times longer than the Shch-122 submarine and almost 2 times longer than the Shch-117 submarine.
In July - September, the submarines "Shch-119" ("Beluga") series V - bis and "Shch-121" ("Zubatka") series V - bis-2 made a long trip.
In August - September, 5 submarines of the Shch type, accompanied by the Saratov mother ship, under the command of Captain 2nd Rank G.N. Kholostyakov, carried out a long joint voyage. They were the first in the history of submarines to visit Okhotsk, Magadan and other settlements in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk.

In the period from September 14 to December 25, 1936, they completed a 103-day trip of the submarine "Shch-113" ("Sterlet") series V - bis, commanded by M.S. Klevensky. The same submarine was the first to go under diesel engines at periscope depth for an hour. Air for the operation of diesel engines was supplied through a corrugated hose (its upper end was fixed at the head of the anti-aircraft periscope, and the lower end was connected to the external ventilation valve of the surge tank) through the internal ventilation valve of the tank. This curious experiment was carried out to find out the possibility of scuba diving diesel submarines without consuming electricity reserves.

Up to 40 days (on average) the autonomy of submarines of the Shch type of the X series in the Baltic fleet was increased.

In 1936, a division of such submarines under the command of Captain 2nd Rank N.E. Eikhbaum spent 46 days on the campaign. The new terms of autonomy of the most numerous submarines of the Shch type in the Soviet Navy, doubled compared to the previous ones, were officially approved by the People's Commissar of Defense.

In 1937, the submarine "Shch-105" ("Keta") of the V series under the command of Captain 3rd Rank A.T. Chebanenko was first used in the Far East for scientific voyages. While sailing in the Sea of ​​Japan and the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, she carried out gravimetric surveys - the determination of the acceleration of gravity on the earth's surface.
Among the first submarines of the Northern Fleet were "Shch-313" ("Shch-401"), "Shch-314" ("Shch-402"), "Shch-315" ("Shch-403"), "Shch-316" ("Sch-404") of the X series, which arrived in 1937 from the Baltic to the North. The following year, the submarines "Shch-402" and "Shch-404" took part in the rescue operation of the first in the history of the Arctic research station "North Pole".
Submarines "Shch-402" (commander lieutenant commander B.K. Bakunin), "Shch-403" (commander lieutenant commander F.M. Eltishchev) and "Shch-404" (commander lieutenant commander V.A. Ivanov ) were among the first four Soviet submarines that were the first to sail in 1939 from the Arctic to the North Sea. In the Barents Sea, they withstood the most severe storm (wind force reached 11 points). On the Shch-404 submarine, several metal sheets of the light hull superstructure and an underwater anchor were torn off by waves, but none of the submarine mechanisms failed.

Submarines of the Shch type successfully withstood a severe combat test during the Soviet-Finnish war in the winter of 1939-1940. They were the first of the Soviet ships to use their weapons. The combat account was opened by the submarine "Shch-323" of the X series under the command of Art. Lieutenant F.I. Ivantsov, sinking the Kassari transport (379 brt) on December 10 in stormy conditions with artillery shells. At the end of the same day, the crew of the Shch-322 submarine under the command of Lieutenant Commander V.A. Poleshchuk won. The torpedo sank the transport "Reinbek" (2804 brt), which did not stop for inspection in the Gulf of Bothnia. The submarine "Shch-311" ("Kumzha") of series V - bis-2 under the command of Lieutenant Commander F.G. Vershinin successfully operated in the Gulf of Bothnia. On December 28, on the approaches to the port of Vasa, she damaged the Siegfried transport in packed ice, and a few hours later destroyed the Vilpas transport (775 brt) with shells and torpedoes.
Submarine "Sch-324" of the X series, commanded by Captain 3rd Rank A.M. Konyaev, when leaving the Gulf of Bothnia on January 19, for the first time in a combat situation, crossed the Serda-Kvarken Strait (South Kvarken) under the ice, breaking 20 miles.
On February 7, 1940, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR awarded the Shch-311 submarine with the Order of the Red Banner. She was (along with the S-1 submarine) one of the first Red Banner submarines in the USSR Navy.
On April 21, 1940 "Shch-324" became the third Red Banner submarine. This submarine of the X series made, in the period from August 5 to September 9, 1940, the first in the history of diving by the Northern Sea Route from the Polar to the Bay of Reduction (Bering Sea). She was commanded by the captain of the 3rd rank I.M. Zainullin, the military engineer of the 1st rank G.N.Soloviev was a mechanical engineer. On October 17, the Shch-423 submarine entered Vladivostok. She passed through 8 seas and became the first submarine that passed along the northern and eastern maritime borders of the USSR throughout their entire length.

It should be noted that the Shch-212 and Shch-213 submarines of the Black Sea Fleet were the first Soviet submarines equipped in 1940 with bubbleless torpedo firing devices (BIS). At the same time, after the release of the torpedoes from the TA, as it was before, an air bubble did not appear on the sea surface, which unmasked the torpedo attack and the location of the submarine.
The first of the Soviet submarines in the Great Patriotic War was the combat success of the Shch-402 submarine of the X series (commander senior lieutenant N.G. Stolbov) of the Northern Fleet. On July 14, 1941, she sank an enemy transport by penetrating into the roadstead of the port of Honningsvåg. The first result in anti-submarine warfare was achieved by the crew of the Shch-307 submarine of the V-bis-2 series (commander captain-lieutenant N.I. Petrov) of the KBF. On August 10, 1941, the German submarine "U-144" was sunk by her in the area of ​​the Soelazund Strait.
Of the submarines of the Black Sea Fleet, the submarine "Shch-211" of the X series (commander captain-lieutenant A.D. Devyatko) was the first to succeed, having sunk the transport "Peles" on August 15, 1941 (5708 brt).

Painting by Oleg Yudin: Submarine "Pike" X-series

The first ships of the Soviet Navy in the war, awarded the state award - the Order of the Red Banner, were two. One of them is the Shch-323 submarine (commander lieutenant commander F.I. Ivantsov) of the KBF.
In 1942, for the first time, a KBF submarine had to break through a powerful enemy anti-submarine line in the Gulf of Finland. The first to successfully complete this task was the submarine Shch-304 (Komsomolets), commanded by Captain 3rd Rank Ya.P. Afanasiev. This last submarine of the III series showed high combat stability under the blows of various types of anti-submarine weapons. She broke through the minefield, she was attacked more than once and mercilessly pursued by enemy ships. Shch-322 crossed the lines of enemy mines 22 times, was attacked by aircraft 7 times and fired upon by coastal artillery three times, had 7 encounters with enemy patrol ships, two with German submarines. She was pursued 14 times by enemy anti-submarine ships, dropping over 150 depth charges. Submarine "Shch-304" returned from a campaign with a victory, having sunk on June 15, 1942, near the Porcallan-Kalboda lighthouse, the floating base of motorized minesweepers MRS-12 (the former transport ship "Nuremberg" with a displacement of 5635 gross tons. In the same year, the submarine "Shch- 101 "(" Salmon ") of the V series of the Pacific Fleet was equipped with an onboard mine device, which made it possible to receive 40 mines of PLT. At the same time, she retained her torpedo armament.

Of the three submarines of the KBF, awarded the guards title on March 1, 1943, 2 submarines of the "Shch" type - "Shch-303" ("Ruff") series III and "Shch-309" ("Dolphin") series V-bis-2 . On the same day, the submarine "Sch-205" ("Nerpa") of the series - bis-2 became the first guards submarine of the Black Sea Fleet.
In 1943, the first to overcome the anti-submarine defense of the enemy reinforced by the enemy in the Gulf of Finland was the guards submarine Shch-303. She reached the Nargen-Porkallaudd position, where the enemy additionally installed 2 lines of steel anti-submarine nets, along which ship patrols were deployed, and underwater sonar stations operated on the flanks. Submarine "Shch-303" stubbornly tried to break through the anti-submarine net barrier, which the German command gave the name "Walros". She was repeatedly entangled in nets, subjected to fierce attacks by enemy ships and aircraft. Berlin radio hastened to report the sinking of the Soviet submarine, but she returned safely to the base. During the military campaign, more than two thousand depth charges were dropped on it. Many times the submarine corps touched mine minrepov. The average stay under water is 23 hours a day.

The submarine "Shch-318" of the X series of the KBF, commanded by Captain 3rd Rank L.A. Loshkarev, also had a chance to pass the test of structural strength in extreme situations.
At about 4 o'clock in the morning on February 10, 1945, off the coast of Courland, at the time of an urgent dive, she was rammed by a German ship that suddenly appeared from the snowy haze. The blow fell on the stern of the left side of the submarine. The stern horizontal rudders were wedged, a trim was formed on the stern, and the Shch-318 began to rapidly fail. After an emergency blowing of the main ballast, it was possible to stop its fall at a depth of 65 m. The submarine practically could not move under water - the vertical rudder was also disabled. It was possible to maintain a given depth only with the help of bow horizontal rudders, and the course - by changing the mode of operation of the propeller motors. An hour later, when the hydroacoustic reported that the "horizon" was clear, Shch-318 surfaced. The water around the submarine, the upper deck and the bridge were covered with a layer of solarium. The damage received as a result of a ramming strike turned out to be significant: the drives of the aft horizontal rudders and the vertical rudder were broken, and the latter was wedged in the port side position, the aft ballast tank was pierced, and the left aft TA was damaged. Troubleshooting at sea was out of the question. Returning to the base, the submarine could only be on the surface, constantly at risk of meeting with enemy anti-submarine forces. The subordinates of the commander of the BC-5, engineer-captain-lieutenant N.M. Gorbunov, kept the submarine on a given course by changing the speed of each of the two diesel engines. On February 14, Shch-318 independently arrived in Turku, where the Soviet submarines of the KBF were based after Finland left the war. "Sch-318" withstood the test of strength, while the German transport "August Schulze" ("Ammerland - 2") with a displacement of 2452 gross tons, which rammed her, sank on the same day from the received damage.

During the Great Patriotic War, Shch-type submarines sank 99 enemy ships with a total displacement of 233488 gross tons, 13 warships and auxiliary ships, damaged 7 ships with a total displacement of 30884 gross tons and one minesweeper. On their combat account, 30% of the enemy's sunk and damaged tonnage. Soviet submarines of other types did not have such a result.
The most successful have been:
Submarine "Shch-421" series X (commanders captain 3rd rank N.A. Lunin and captain-lieutenant F.A. Vidyaev) of the Northern Fleet sank 7 transports with a total displacement of 22175 brt;
Submarine "Shch-307" ("Cod") - the lead submarine of series V - bis-2 (commanders captain-lieutenants N.O. Momot and M.S. Kalinin) of the Baltic Fleet sank 7 ships with a total displacement of 17225 gross weight;
Submarine "Shch-404" series X (commander captain 2nd rank V.A. Ivanov) of the Northern Fleet sank 5 ships with a total displacement of 16,000 gross tons;
Submarine "Shch-407" of the X-bis series (commander captain-lieutenant P.I. Bocharov) of the Baltic Fleet sank 2 ships with a total displacement of 13775 gross tons;
Submarine "Shch-402" of the X series (commanders captain 3rd rank N.G. Stolbov and A.M. Kautsky) of the Northern Fleet sank 5 ships with a total displacement of 13482 gross tons;
Submarine "Sch-309" sank 13775 brt;
Submarine "Sch-402" of the X series (commanders captains 3rd rank I.S. Kabo and P.P. Vetchinkin) of the Baltic Fleet sank 4 ships with a total displacement of 12457 gross tons;
Submarine "Shch-211" series X (commander lieutenant commander A.D. Devyatko) Black Sea Fleet sank 2 ships with a total displacement of 11862 gross tons;
Submarine "Shch-303" ("Yorsh" _) of series III (commanders captain-lieutenant I.V. Travkin and captain 3rd rank E.A. Ignatiev) of the Baltic Fleet sank 2 ships with a total displacement of 11844 gross tons;
Submarine "Shch-406" - the lead submarine of the X-bis series (commander captain 3rd rank E.Ya. Osipov) of the Baltic Fleet sank 5 ships with a total displacement of 11660 gross tons;
Submarine "Sch-310" of the V-bis-2 series (commanders captains of the 3rd rank D.K. Yaroshevich and S.N. Bogorad) of the Baltic Fleet sank 7 ships with a total displacement of 10995 gross tons;
Submarine "Shch-317" of the X series (commander Lieutenant Commander N.K. Mokhov) of the Baltic Fleet sank 5 ships with a total displacement of 10931 gross tons;
Submarine "Sch-320" series X (commander captain 3rd rank I.M. Vishnevsky) of the Baltic Fleet sank 3 ships with a total displacement of 10095 gross tons.

They were awarded the Order of the Red Banner of the submarines Shch-307, Shch-310, Shch-320, Shch-323, Shch-406 of the KBF, Shch-201, Shch-209 of the Black Sea Fleet , Shch-403, Shch-404, Shch-421 of the Northern Fleet.
They were awarded the guards rank of submarines Shch-303, Shch-309, the Baltic Fleet, Shch-205, Shch-215 of the Black Sea Fleet, Shch-422 of the Northern Fleet, and the submarine Shch-402 of the Northern Fleet became Red Banner Guards Ship.

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Submarine Shch-139 and its crew

By the mid-30s of the XX century, the Soviet Union was making every effort to create a modern Navy capable of reliably covering the sea and ocean borders of the state. The lack of funds and the unpreparedness of domestic industry to create a powerful surface fleet forced the leadership of the USSR to launch the mass construction of submarines in order to create a threat to the fleets of a potential enemy with their help. Particularly relevant was the issue of defending oceanic frontiers for the Far East, where we then had practically no surface warships. In addition, there were no shipbuilding plants in the Far East. That is why it was decided to make submarines the basis of the combat power of the Pacific Fleet. New submarines were vigorously built at the factories of Leningrad and Nizhny Novgorod, then they were disassembled by special trains delivered to Vladivostok, where they were reassembled. The process is costly and dreary, but there was simply no other way out. In total, in 1932-1940, 86 submarines of various projects were transported to the Pacific Ocean by echelons. It was a truly titanic event, which, however, made it possible to create a powerful submarine fleet on the Far Eastern borders in a short time.

Submarines of the new X series, being rapidly built in the mid-30s, incorporated all the best that Soviet ship designers had achieved by that time. The pike, which received the name Shch-315, also belonged to the new series. This submarine is the main character of our story, and therefore we will get to know her better.

The surface displacement of the new submarine was 592 tons, underwater - 715 tons. With a length of 58 meters and a hull width of 6 meters, the “pike” had a draft of 4 meters - the armament of the Shch-315 included 3 45-mm guns, 4 bow and 2 stern torpedo tubes with a supply of 10 torpedoes and 2 machine guns to protect the boat from enemy aircraft. The maximum surface speed is 12 knots, underwater - 8 knots. The working depth of immersion is 75 meters, and the limit is 90 meters. The estimated autonomy of stay at sea was 20 days. However, it was at this time that Pacific submariners on "pikes" began to significantly overlap the calculated standard by two and three times. The crew of the new submarine was 37 people. In general, the new boat met the requirements of the times, although the speed left much to be desired.

The boat was laid down on December 17, 1934 at plant number 112 "Krasnoye Sormovo" in Nizhny Novgorod under serial number 85 and was built mainly from parts manufactured at the Kolomna Machine-Building Plant. April 27, 1935 a new "pike" launched. At first, Shch-315, like many of its predecessors, was also supposed to be sent in sections to the Far East, but then plans for the submarine changed. The fate of Shch-315 was decided differently.

On April 5, 1937 (according to other sources, in May 1937 or April 17, 193 on the 5th), the submarine was launched. On December 5, 1937, the naval flag was raised on Shch-315, and she became part of the submarine training division of the Red Banner Baltic Fleet. The first commander of the boat was Senior Lieutenant V. A. Egorov.

On July 17, 1938, in connection with the introduction of a new numbering of submarines in the Soviet fleet, Shch-315 received a new designation - Shch-423. By the beginning of 1939, the boat had successfully completed the entire course of combat training and worked out the crew.

At that time, intensive development of the Northern Sea Route was underway in order to possibly test the inter-theater transfer of ships. The first successes of end-to-end voyages along the Northern Sea Route in both directions led the leadership of the Navy to the idea of ​​transporting a submarine to the Far East in this way. Of course, there were certain doubts whether the boat would reach or be crushed by ice? But the foreign policy situation dictated that to test the possibility of such a faster and effective way the transfer of submarines to the Pacific Ocean is a must. Shch-423 was chosen to carry out this risky mission. There was also a change of commander, instead of the departed V. A. Yegorov, Shch-423 was taken under his command by Senior Lieutenant Keyserman.

On May 9, 1939, the submarine began crossing the White Sea-Baltic Canal from the Baltic to the North, and on June 21, 1939, it became part of the Northern Fleet. Here Senior Lieutenant Alexei Matveyevich Bysgrov took command of the submarine. However, it was not possible to immediately begin preparations for the most difficult transition through the Arctic seas. The war with Finland began, and Shch-423 was left in the warring Northern Fleet. Now she was part of the 3rd division of the submarine brigade of the Northern Fleet.

Information about the participation of Shch-423 in the war varies. According to some sources, the boat was under repair, so it did not take part in hostilities, according to others, Shch-423 nevertheless went on a military campaign and patrolled off the coast of Norway, between the port of Varde and Cape Nordkin, however, to no avail, since Finnish ships never appeared in the area.

On May 20, 1940, immediately after the end of hostilities in Finland, a resolution was adopted by the Defense Committee under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR on the transfer of one submarine of the Northern Fleet to the Pacific Ocean by the Northern Sea Route, which had never been done before. The choice of the commander of the Northern Fleet, Rear Admiral Drozd, fell on Shch-423. It was no accident. The friendly and close-knit crew of Shch-423 had extensive experience of sailing in the icy Barents Sea in difficult weather conditions and in ice. The young commander of the ship, Senior Lieutenant A. Bystroe competently and confidently managed it. The entire personnel consisted of Komsomol members and communists. The military commissar was the senior political instructor V. Moiseev, the mechanical engineer - military technician of the 1st rank G. Solovyov. The submariners understood the difficulties and risks of the upcoming trip, but were proud of the responsible task. The command did not “strengthen the crew” with experienced specialists from other ships, breaking the ties and relationships that had developed in it, which, of course, had a positive effect on the mood of the people. No one needed to be reminded of the responsibility, quality of inspection and repair of mechanisms and devices.

Since May 25, the sailors, together with the workers of the Murmansk Shipyard, have been working 14-16 hours a day in order to complete the work envisaged by the plan on time and carefully. The ship engineer A. I. Dubravin supervised the preparation of the boat for difficult navigation, while the preparation of the Shch-423 was supervised by the commander of the Northern Fleet, Rear Admiral V. P. Drozd, who repeatedly visited the submarine, delving into all the details.

The military engineer of the 2nd rank A. Dubravin, appointed engineer of the special purpose expedition (EON-10), provided great practical assistance to the submariners. The constructive solutions proposed by him additional protection hulls, rudders and propellers were accepted and tested in the ice of the Arctic. The hull of the Shch-423 was sheathed with a mixed wooden-metal “fur coat” 150–200 mm thick, the bow horizontal rudders were removed, and instead of the standard stern rudders, removable rudders were installed on a shortened stock, which made it possible, if necessary, to shoot and staging them without docking. Bronze propellers were replaced with steel ones of smaller diameter with replaceable blades. At the upper bow and stern torpedo tubes, instead of breakwater shields, specially made ones were installed, which could be easily and quickly removed by ship's means. Upon completion of the work, the upper torpedo tubes were shot through with torpedo blanks, making sure that they could be used in the presence of a “fur coat”.

Taking into account the complexity of ice navigation, the poor knowledge of some areas along the transition route, the need for knowledge of the Pacific theater at the final stage, for the duration of the Arctic voyage, the Shch-423 crew was headed by an experienced submariner, Captain 3rd Rank I. Zaidulin, and Senior Lieutenant A. Bystroye became his understudy . The fate of Izmail Matigulovich, naval and human, is still waiting for its researchers.

From the memoirs of I. M. Zaidulin’s nephew, retired captain of the 1st rank I. Chefonov: “Reliable information and archival documents about I. M. Zaidulins are offensively few. A Tatar by nationality, a native of Adjara, forever connected his life with the sea, with the navy, in 1922 he entered the school named after M.V. Frunze. He knew both the submarine and surface fleets. After college, he commanded torpedo and patrol boats, was a signalman on the Frunze destroyer, and then went through all the stages, from navigator to submarine commander. Simple and dignified in communication, he was an excellent storyteller, possessed a well-aimed and sharp word, spoke directly about everything, even when it could affect his service, and, apparently, it was reflected. I think that as a submariner he may well be characterized by the fact that until 1940 he already commanded four types of submarines - "M", "Shch", "L" and "D". In 1936, commanding Shch-123, he more than three times exceeded the established norm for autonomous navigation for this type of ship, for which the entire crew was awarded orders, and Zaidulin was awarded the Order of the Red Star. But tragic years followed for the command staff of the Red Army and Navy. Together with the commander of the 5th Naval Brigade, G. Kholostyakov, some submarine commanders were also arrested. But even that unjust court was forced to admit that they were not guilty of sabotage, espionage, terrorism and treason, that “Buk, Zaidulin, Bauman and Ivanovsky are not guilty of sabotage, but only allowed official negligence ... Sabotage in navigation in ice is false , since now all brigades swim like this. We were just the first…” After the release of Izmail Matigulovich, who did not lose faith in justice and the triumph of truth, in October 1939 he was appointed commander of the submarine D-2 of the Northern Fleet and only after 7 months was confirmed in this position. Maybe these events influenced the fact that none of the submariners for the historic campaign of 1940 was ever awarded. Zaidulin in a short time won the authority of a competent, decisive and courageous commander and, like no one else, was suitable for this difficult transition.

On July 22 - 24, in the Motovsky Bay, they tested all the mechanisms and devices of the Shch-423 submarine, checked the controllability in the underwater (at a depth of 45 meters) and on the surface, stability, and maneuverability, which turned out to be quite satisfactory. After completing the training, the crew was given a three-day rest. It was August 5, 1940. The ship arrived to see off Rear Admiral Drozd, who had just been removed from the post of commander of the Northern Fleet, and Rear Admiral Golovko, newly appointed to this post. At 13:15 the boat departed from the Polyarny Pier. The ice voyage has begun.

The Barents Sea met the submariners unfriendly - it was stormy, at times the boat fell into thick fog. The difficult situation immediately demanded maximum attention from people in maintaining the mechanisms and managing the ship. On this segment of the journey, the submarine repeatedly sank and surfaced - it was necessary to maintain the diving skills of the crew for the duration of the journey in the ice.

According to ice reconnaissance, there was solid ice in the southwestern part of the Kara Sea, and therefore the "pike" went through the Matochkin Shar Strait, where it met with the icebreaker "Lenin" (since 1965 "Vladimir Ilyich") and transport "L Serov", also included in the EON-10. The ships had 250 tons of various cargoes and fuel for the expedition, including in case of forced wintering. On "L. Serov" also housed an emergency repair party, headed by junior military engineer N. Fedorov. Here, the stern horizontal rudders were removed from the submarine, which took 12-16 hours to install in place if necessary.

The expedition was led by military engineer 1st rank I. Sendik, who knew the Northern Theater well. To study the conditions of navigation in the Arctic seas, analyze and generalize his experience, the ships of the detachment were a teacher of the Naval Academy, Captain 1st Rank E. Shvede, later a professor, Doctor of Naval Sciences, and a student of the VMA, Lieutenant Commander M. Bibeev.

In the Kara Sea, submariners received an ice baptism. On August 12, the ice situation worsened to 8–9 points. I even had to stop moving. When forcing coarse ice, the list sometimes reached 7–8 °, and the trim up to 5–6 °. For many hours on the bridge, open to the wind that burns the face, the commanders had to carry out their difficult watch. You can’t turn away or hide from it - you had to carefully monitor the maneuvers of the icebreaker, prevent a dangerous approach to it, fit into its wake, avoid ice floes that suddenly appear from under the stern of the icebreaker so that they do not fall under the propellers of the submarine . In such an environment, the skill of the commanders, the coherence of the actions of the mechanics, who quickly worked out the commands of the machine telegraphs, were tested. When viewed on Dikson, there were no special comments on the submarine, which is the main indicator of its skillful control in the ice. But the transport found a breakdown of one propeller blade.

We continued to move east on August 17 - first along clean water independently, and from Tyrtov Island through the Vilkitsky Strait, under the assistance of icebreakers, they entered the Laptev Sea. On this section of the route, the thickness of the ice already reached 3-4 meters. When compressed, ice blocks crawled onto the hull of the submarine, creating a roll of up to 10 °. All the sailors free from the watch more than once cleared the narrow icy deck and each time came out victorious in the fight against the ice element. The low temperature of the air and sea water, high humidity in the compartments worsened the living conditions on the ship, required great exertion of the physical strength of the sailors, but even here they found a way out - from the F. Litke, steam was supplied through the hose for heating and dried all the compartments.

In this difficult situation, the Serov transport lost 2 more propeller blades. I had to reload the property of the expedition in the Tiksi Bay to the ship "Volga", which followed further as part of the EON. On August 31, the flight was continued.

The New Siberian Islands are left behind, and the boat is already in the East Siberian Sea. After the Bear Islands, heavy multi-year ice became more and more compact, reaching 9 - 10 points. I had to use the help of the icebreaker "Admiral Lazarev". Especially difficult situation formed between Capes Shelagsky and Billings. In some areas, the icebreakers saw off the submarine and the Volga in a short tow one by one. But even these obstacles were overcome, and the "pike" entered the Chukchi Sea through the Long Strait. The experience of the way passed in the ice had an effect - the commanders were better oriented in the ice situation, carried out maneuvers in a timely manner, acted more in coordination with the captains of the icebreakers. Soon the EON-10 vessels reached the Bering Strait. The personnel of Shch-423 were built on the deck, shots were fired from her cannons - a salute in honor of the conquest of the Arctic.

At the new theater, the northerners were met by a detachment of submarines of the Pacific Fleet under the command of Captain 2nd Rank F. Pavlov: L-7, L-8 and L-17. By the way, it was I. Zaidulin who commanded the L-7 in 1938-1939... And such a meeting with the native ship! Behind Cape Dezhnev Shch-423 again had to take a serious test of maritime training - the ship was caught by a severe storm. The roll reached the 46th, sometimes the wave completely covered the wheelhouse, but both people and equipment passed the test. On September 9, the expedition arrived in Provideniya Bay, having completed the passage by the Northern Sea Route.

The personnel were given rest, the sailors finally washed in the bath. Aft horizontal rudders were installed on the boat, its sign and trim were made, it passed one mile at periscope depth. On the seventh day they went to sea. The hike continued. After calling at Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky and a short rest, Shch-423 entered the Sea of ​​Okhotsk through the 1st Kuril Strait. Soon the submariners were warmly welcomed in Sovetskaya Gavan.

Finally, the last section of the route was passed, and on October 17, 1940, at 7 hours 59 minutes, Shch-423 anchored in the Golden Horn Bay in Vladivostok. The task of the Motherland was carried out with honor. Behind the stern were eight seas and two oceans, 7227 miles, of which 681 were covered in ice conditions. An evening dedicated to this heroic transition took place at the floating base Saratov. Ahead was service in the Pacific Fleet. From now on, Shch-423 entered the annals of the history of the Russian fleet forever. Subsequently, according to the results of the transition, it was decided to transfer cruiser boats K-21, K-22 and K-23 in this way from Leningrad to the Pacific Ocean, but the Great Patriotic War prevented this, and the Katyushas were left to fight in the north.

The command of the Pacific Fleet congratulated the crew on the completion of this historic voyage. People's Commissar The Navy announced gratitude to the entire crew of the ship and awarded the participants of the campaign with the badge "Excellent worker of the RKKF". There is evidence that the captain of the 2nd rank Zaidulin was allegedly nominated for the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, then they changed their mind and awarded ... all the same “Excellent Worker of the RKKF” badge.

How did the fate of the participants in this legendary transition develop in the future? Captain 2nd rank I. Zaidulin to the Great Patriotic War served in a submarine brigade, was a senior naval commander in Gelendzhik and commander of the OVR of the Kerch Naval Base. In 1943, he became chief of staff of the training division of submarines of the Northern Fleet, preparing commanders for sailing and combat activities in difficult conditions Arctic. No wonder his famous submariner, Hero of the Soviet Union I. Fisanovich considered him a senior friend and mentor. In 1943-1944. Zaidulin is already in the Red Banner Baltic Fleet - first in the diving department, and then in the OVR. During the landing operation in the Vyborg Bay, a cover detachment under his command sank 3 enemy ships “... with very limited forces and especially fire weapons in the face of strong artillery opposition from enemy ships and coastal batteries. Personally, Comrade Zaidulin himself showed himself in this military operation as an experienced and courageous naval officer ... ”On August 26, he tragically died at sea on a boat mistakenly attacked by our aircraft, without knowing that he had been awarded the rank of captain of the 1st rank and awarded the order Patriotic War 1st degree. The same order of the 2nd degree and also posthumously awarded the captain-lieutenant A. Bystrov, who died a heroic death in the Black Sea Fleet. On the Red Banner Guards submarine D-3 of the Northern Fleet, captain of the 3rd rank M. Bibeev died, and on minesweeper No. 118 in the Kara Sea, foreman of the 2nd article N. Nesterenko.

But back to Shch-423. Upon arrival in the Far East, Shch-423 became part of the 33rd Battalion of the 3rd Submarine Brigade of the Pacific Fleet based in Nakhodka.

On the day the Great Patriotic War began, on June 22, 1941, Shch-423 was transferred to the 8th division of the 3rd brigade of submarines of the North Pacific Flotilla of the Pacific Fleet based on Sovetskaya Gavan. And on April 17, 1942, the submarine changed its name again. From now on, it became known as Shch-139.

During the years of the Great Patriotic War, the Pacific Fleet was considered rear, as it did not conduct combat operations. However, he suffered losses. In 1942, one after the other, two "babies" disappeared without a trace while going to sea. Presumably, both hit our own defensive minefields. Then another tragedy. On July 18, 1942, a powerful explosion thundered at the Shch-138 stationed in Nikolaevsk-on-Amur. The reason for it was the detonation of the spare torpedo charging compartments in the 2nd compartment. The ship sank instantly, taking the lives of 35 crew members.

The Shch-118, which was standing next to it, also suffered. The suspicion that a sabotage occurred on the submarine intensified after it was found out that the assistant commander of the boat, Lieutenant P.S. Egorov, who was on the shore at the time of the explosion, had committed suicide. This gave reason to believe that it was he who committed sabotage and blew up the submarine. On September 29, the "pike" was raised with the help of the Telman rescue ship, but, taking into account the large amount of destruction, it was not restored.

On August 31, 1943, during night torpedo firing in America Bay, due to a gross violation by the Shch-128 commander of the rules of navigation, his boat rammed into the side of the Shch-130, which sank at a depth of 36 meters. Three days later, she was raised by the rescue ship Nakhodka. The personnel, with the exception of two who died in the collision, miraculously remained intact. The ship was repaired and commissioned in less than six months.

By the beginning of 1945, Shch-139 was part of the 2nd separate division of submarines of the Pacific Fleet and was based at the Vladimir-Oltanskaya naval base. The division was commanded at that moment not by anyone, but by one of the most legendary submariners of the Soviet Union, Captain 1st Rank A.V. Tripolsky. Tripolsky's name thundered throughout the country back in 1940, when he was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union for military deeds during the Soviet-Finnish war. During the Great Patriotic War, Tripolsky's experience was used to the fullest extent. In 1942, it was he who commanded the most difficult transition of a detachment of Pacific submarines across the Pacific and Atlantic oceans to the Northern Fleet. Prior to this, our submariners have never carried out such ocean crossings. Then another, no less important mission was entrusted to Tripolsky. He supervised the acceptance and transition from England to Polyarny of the B-type submarines handed over to us by the British, and after that he successfully commanded a division of these boats, personally going on military campaigns, and sinking enemy ships.

In the spring of 1945, it was no coincidence that Captain 1st Rank Tripolsky again ended up in the Pacific Fleet, in the position of commander of the pike division. There was simply no other second submariner with such vast ocean experience at that time in our fleet. Who, no matter how Trypolsky, to bring our submarines to the ocean for battles with the Japanese fleet!

The chief of staff of the 2nd separate division was a "native Pacific" and an experienced submariner, captain of the 2nd rank M.I. Kislov. Shch-139 itself was commanded by that time Lieutenant Commander I. A. Prydatko. But things on one of the most famous boats of the Pacific Fleet were already far from being as brilliant as they served in her best, as they say, "slipshod".

From the testimony of the former commander of the division, captain of the 2nd rank Mironov: “Before the arrival of Prydatko, Shch-319 was one of the best boats in the division, the personnel were soldered, the discipline on the ship was quite satisfactory, the organization of the service was good. With the advent of Prydatko, the discipline and organization of service on the ship deteriorated noticeably. The personnel and officers were opposed to him. educational work did not conduct with personnel. By his activities on the shore, he undermined the authority of the officer - he sent personnel to collective farms "to earn money for the commander." He himself went with his subordinates "to work" on collective farms. When dividing the earnings, he argued with the personnel and almost got into fights. Spread gossip about higher commanders. He did not enjoy authority among the personnel and officers of both his own boat and other submarines. Prydatko's personal discipline was low; in 1944 he had 8 disciplinary action, and many offenses were limited to verbal instruction and instruction. Basically, all penalties were for poor organization on the ship. The ship was kept dirty, there was no struggle for the cleanliness of the ship.

From the special report of the special department of the NKVD for the Pacific Fleet: “The ship had serious shortcomings in the maintenance of the materiel, especially the engine and hold groups, as well as torpedo and artillery weapons. Precise equipment was not wiped with alcohol for 5–6 months, at the same time, when alcohol was dispensed on the boat for these purposes, Pridatko spent it for other purposes. The stern horizontal rudders were wedged by 15 degrees, as a result of which there were repeated cases of unacceptable trim of the submarine up to 30 degrees, which helped to lead to the death of the ship. Knowing this, Prydatko did not take any measures to eliminate the defects.

Witness Korneev testified on this issue: “Once I remember a case, commander Prydatko did not release alcohol to wipe the batteries for a month and a half. Sergeant Major Samarin was forced to write about this in the battery log. When checking by divisional specialists, it was found that alcohol on the submarine was not used by the commander for its intended purpose.

Being in the next dock repair in December, Prydatko, despite the requirements of the commander of the BCH-1 senior lieutenant Cheremisin for a thorough check of the acoustic equipment installed by Svyazmortrest, did not provide a thorough check of the installation, rushing to go to his family in Rakushka Bay. Subsequently, it turned out that Svyazmortrest installed faulty acoustic equipment, the acoustic readings were incorrect, which was one of the reasons for the collision of a submarine with a boat during exercises in 1944.

In March 1944, through the fault of Prydatko, there was a collision with a MO boat, as a result of which the boat and the boat were out of order for a long time, and material damage the state is determined in the amount of 100,000 rubles.

In October 1944, Prydatko, having invited specialists from plant No. 202, master Silchenko, builder Dorenko and senior master Morozov, to the boat, organized group drinking in the battery compartment of the boat. During the drinking, they smoked and burned matches, which could also lead to the death of the ship.

Witness Silchenko on this issue testified: “When we entered the boat, we went to the 3rd compartment, sat down to eat. Prydatko brought a can of alcohol and poured us alcohol in a mug, 300 grams each. Then the alcohol was diluted and drunk. Soon Prydatko poured us two more mugs. In the process of drinking, Prydatko gave me a pack of cigarettes, then took out a second pack and began to treat us. I, as well as the mechanic Uvarov, noticed Prydatko that it was forbidden to smoke on the boat, to which Prydatko said: “Who is the boss here? Since I allow it, smoke.” The mechanic then ventilated the boat.

Pridatko lit matches and gave us a light. I smoked, Prydatko, Dorenko and the paramedic. The drinking went on for four hours, Prydatko got drunk to an insensible state.

December 3, 1944 on a ship in a submerged position, as a result short circuit due to insulation failure, a fire broke out in the battery compartment, which could lead to the death of the ship, only due to the fact that the fire was quickly detected and eliminated, the death of the ship was prevented. When investigating this fact, it was found that the insulation failure occurred as a result of the fact that the battery batteries were poorly fixed, staggered, the square with insulating rubber touched the battery case. Prydatko, as a commander, knowing about this, did not take measures to eliminate it. The systematic leakage of solarium from pipelines in the area of ​​the 3rd compartment also contributed to the fire. To eliminate the leak, 144 square meters were required. see plantar skin. Pridatko, despite repeated requests from the electricians of the boat, did not take any measures to eliminate this serious malfunction during the year. They went out to sea with a faulty pipeline system, hanging a jar of canned meat in the place where the solarium leaked. Prydatko hid the case of fire from the command, did not submit an extraordinary report on the emergency.

Pridatko at the investigation on this issue testified: “I did not submit an extraordinary report, therefore, in order not to show an extra case of an emergency on the boat and division.”

On the issue of the fire, witness Panarin testified: “With the outbreak of fire, things were transferred from the 3rd compartment to us in the 4th, and we began to transfer them to the 5th compartment. The fire lasted 10–15 minutes. There was a lot of smoke, especially in the central post, the smoke spread to other compartments. After the fire was extinguished, they surfaced and ventilated the submarine. I personally know that the solarium was leaking from the solar main and the 3rd compartment and they put under the solarium drops tin can from under canned meat, approximately in the area of ​​​​the 33rd frame, i.e., in the immediate vicinity of the battery.

Prior to taking command of the ship Prydatko Shch-319 was one of the best in the division. Prydatko, during his command, ruined the discipline and organization of service on the ship, drank, violated disciplinary practices, the ship's personnel used in a number of cases for personal purposes, putting personal interests above state ones.

Witness Patskov testified on this issue: “Prydatko put personal files above official ones and many times removed the personnel from boat work and ordered them to carry firewood to the apartment and saw them. I personally repeatedly had to carry and cut firewood in Prydatko's apartment. In addition, in 1944, in the spring, Prydatko ordered me, Pechenitsyn, Klyuev, Morozov and others to dig a garden with uprooting for him. The personnel did not want to serve under the command of Prydatko, expressed a desire to sign off with Shch-319. Prydatko often drank on the ship, I remember an incident in October 1944 at plant No. 202. Prydatko invited the workers of Dalzavol to the 3rd compartment, they drank, got drunk to the point of insensibility, smoked, burned matches and rowdy. With this, Prydatko lost his authority with the personnel.

Needless to say, the Shch-319 commander looks like an unsympathetic person. Any weak and poorly trained ship commander is a huge flaw in his direct superiors. Still, after all, expensive equipment and military weapons fall into the hands of a random person, the fate of dozens of people depends on him! In such a situation, which had developed by the spring of 1945 on Shch-319, something had to happen, and it did.

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Submarine Morukhov Alexander Sergeevich Submarine M-35Submarine type "M" XII series was laid down on February 22, 1939 at plant No. 112 (Krasnoye Sormovo) in Gorky under serial number 269. The completion of the submarine was carried out at plant No. 198 in Nikolaev. August 20

From the author's book

Submarine Pustovoitenko Nikolai Kupriyanovich Submarine M-32 Submarine type "M" XII series was laid down on August 31, 1938 at the shipyard No. 112 ("Krasnoe Sormovo") in Gorky under slipway number 259. railway

Type "Pike" (Type "Sch") III Series.

Unrealized Modernization: Modernization of 1947.
Further development: type "Sch" of the V series.

1. Number of project submarines: 4

2. Project picture:

original view

view after overhaul and modernization

painting of submarine BF 1941 (PL Shch-304)

3. The composition of the project:

	Name of the ship	Factory number				Notes
			bookmarks		commissioning
LENINGRAD: Baltic Plant No. 189 (3+1)
	Detailed diagram of a submarine type Shch III series * 1 - towing clewse; 2 - guisstock; 3 - breakwater shields; 4 - surface anchor; 5 - underwater anchor; 6 - torpedo tubes; 7 - buoyancy tank; 8 - bow tank of the main ballast; 9 - bow trim tank; 10 - entrance hatch with a tube; 11 - windlass motor; 12 - view of the mooring cable; 13-oxygen cylinders; 14 - high-pressure air electric compressor; 15 - latrine; 16 - bilge pump; 17 - electric fan of the ship's general ventilation system; 18 - galley; 19 - washbasins; 20 - provisional tank; 21 - bow horizontal rudders; 22-spire; 23-chain box; 24 bulkhead door; 25 spare torpedoes; 26 - beds; 27 - battery pit; 28 - low pressure turbocharger; 29 - low pressure turbocharger controller; 30 - instrument panel; 31 - torpedo loading hatch; 32 - emergency telephone buoy; 33 - commander's cabin; 34 - fuel tanks; 35 - battery; 36 - drainage centrifugal pump "Rato"; 37 - six-valve trim system box; 38 - expendable fuel tank; 39 - steering column of the bow horizontal rudders; 40 - steering column of aft horizontal rudders; 41 - gyrocompass; 42 - anti-aircraft periscope; 43 - anti-aircraft periscope winch; 44 - commander's periscope; 45 - winch commander's periscope; 46 - starting control resistance of the electric motor of the aft horizontal rudders; 47 - starting control resistance of the electric motor Bows of horizontal rudders; 48 - electric motor of the bow horizontal rudders; 49 - electric motor of aft horizontal rudders; 50 - radio room; 51 - switchboard power network; 52 - navigation table; 53 - mine anti-aircraft periscope; 54 - mine commander's periscope; 55 - quick dive tank; 56 - log tank; 57 - 45 mm gun; 58 - magnetic travel compass; 59 - steering column of the vertical rudder on the bridge; 60 - conning tower; 61 - external shaft with the upper flap of the exhaust general ship ventilation system; 62 - mine exit from the diesel compartment to the bridge; 63 - doors in the cabin fence; 64 - signal mast; 65 - top fire; 66 - wake light; 67 - radio mast; 68 - diesel 38V8; 69 - reserve oil pump; 70 - ladder; 71 - consumable oil tank; 72 - oil cooler; 73 - boxes for air regeneration cartridges; 74 - uncoupling clutch "Bamag"; 75 - intermediate bearing; 76 - gas outlet of diesel engines with valves; 77 - circulating oil tanks; 78 - tanks of pure oil; 79 - tanks of the ship's oil supply; 80 - main propulsion motor; 81 - shield for parallel-serial connection of battery groups; 82 - control panel of the main propulsion motors; 83 - tool storage cabinet; 84 - silencer of the gas outlet of a diesel engine; 85 - air balloon for torpedo firing; 86 - fist disengaging clutch; 87 - thrust bearing "Mitchell"; 88 - intermediate shaft; 89 - intermediate bearing; 90 - electric motor of economic progress; 91 - propeller shaft mortars; 92 - control panel for electric motors of economic progress; 93 - vertical rudder converter; 94 - high-pressure air cylinders with a capacity of 78 liters; 95 - boat; 96 - flagpole; 97 - bollards; 98 - fresh water tank; 99 - stern trim tank; 100 - stern tank of the main ballast; 101 - propeller; 102 - vertical rudder guard; 103 - vertical steering wheel; 104 - stern horizontal rudders; 105 - taillight fire; 106 - handrail; 107 - braces of the radio antenna; 108 - rail antenna; 109 - dock keel; 110 - side tanks of the main ballast; 111 - permeable part; 112 - bow deck tank; 113 - aft deck tank; 114 - surge tank; 115 - fencing stern horizontal rudders.

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