The structure of the universe. Three basic and most important laws of the universe

The evolution of the Universe - from birth to... the future.

“The history of the Medes is dark and incomprehensible. Scientists divide it, however, into three periods:
the first, about which absolutely nothing is known. The second, which followed the first.
And finally, the third period, about which as much is known as about the first two.”
A. Averchenko. "The World History"

Evolution of the Universe - main stages.
(Important: scientists still don’t know how the Universe came into being, so what follows is the process of evolution, or development, of the Universe).

1. In the time period from 0 to 10 -35 s, the theory of an inflating (inflationary) Universe is considered, according to which the Universe instantly inflated to enormous sizes and then contracted back. Figuratively speaking, the birth of the Universe took place in a vacuum. More precisely, the Universe was born from a vacuum-like state; The laws of quantum mechanics suggest that empty space (vacuum) is actually filled with particles (matter) and antiparticles (antimatter) that are constantly created, live for a while, meet again and annihilate.
   Inflation is disturbing us - it has completely erased everything that was in the Universe before it began! But to carry out inflation, energy was needed (to “inflate” the Universe!), where did it come from? Today, scientists suggest that during inflation, the exponentially expanding space itself “works” with an incredible amount of potential energy hidden in it. One can imagine that during the inflationary period the Universe inflates from “zero” sizes to some (possibly very, very large), but after approximately t = 10 -35 s - 10 -34 s it begins new period development of the Universe - the so-called Standard Model, or the Big Bang model, begins to work.
2. 10 -34 s - Inflation ends, in a small area (our future Universe!) there is matter and radiation. At this moment, the temperature of the Universe is at least 10 15 K, but not more than 10 29 K (for comparison, the highest temperature, T = 10 11 K, is currently possible during a Supernova explosion). The Universe, all its matter and energy, is concentrated in a volume comparable to the size of one proton (!). Perhaps at this time a single type of interaction operates and new elementary particles appear - scalar X-bosons.
   After the inflationary period, the expansion continues, but at a much slower rate: the Universe does not remain constant, the energy is distributed over a larger volume, so the temperature of the Universe drops, the Universe cools.
3. 10 -33 s - separation of quarks and leptons into particles and antiparticles. Dissymmetry between the number of particles and antiparticles (ancient.<частиц ~10 -10). Таким образом, вещество во Вселенной преобладает над антивеществом.
4. 10 -10 s - T=10 15 K. Separation of strong and weak interactions.
1 sec. T=10 10 K. The Universe has cooled down. All that remained were photons (light quanta), neutrinos and antineutrinos, electrons and positrons, and a small admixture of nucleons.

Processes of birth and annihilation of elementary particles.

Note that during the evolution of the Universe, processes of mutual transformation of matter into radiation and vice versa occur. Let us illustrate this thesis using the example of the processes of birth and annihilation of elementary parts. Processes of creation of electron-positron pairs during the collision of gamma quanta and annihilation of electron-positron pairs with transformation into photons: g + g -> e + + e -
e + + e - -> g + g
To create an electron-positron pair, it is necessary to expend energy of about 1 MeV, which means that such processes can occur at temperatures above ten billion degrees (recall that the temperature of the Sun is about 10 8 K)

Stars, Galaxies and other structures of the Universe.

How did the Universe develop further? “Disintegration” of the Universe (return to the “original equilibrium” state) or complication of the structure of the Universe?
But what path did the further development of the Universe take? We can talk about the Universe passing a bifurcation point: either the “disintegration” of the Universe (and a return to the “initial equilibrium” state of the “quark soup” type) or further complication of the structure of the Universe was possible. Our current understanding of the Universe indicates a transition to more complex and multi-scale structures that are in purely nonequilibrium states. In such a dissipative system, processes of self-organization are possible.
There was a leap in the Universe, and structures of different scales emerged. An abrupt transition to a new state with different subsystems - from stars and planets to a supercluster of Galaxies. A homogeneous and isotropic model of the Universe is a first approximation, valid only on sufficiently large scales, exceeding 300-500 million light years. On smaller scales, matter is distributed very heterogeneously: stars are collected into galaxies, galaxies into clusters.

Cellular structure of the Universe.

The size of these cells is about 100-200 million light years. Compressed clouds located on the walls of cells are the place where galaxies are subsequently formed.

Star formation.

The universe was a gas cloud. Under the influence of gravity, parts of the cloud are compressed and simultaneously heated. When a high temperature is reached in the center of compression, thermonuclear reactions with the participation of hydrogen begin to occur - a star is born. Hydrogen turns into helium, and nothing else happens in yellow dwarfs like our Sun. In massive stars (red giants), hydrogen burns quickly, the star contracts and heats up to temperatures of several hundred million degrees. Complex thermonuclear reactions - for example, three helium nuclei combine to form an excited carbon nucleus. Then carbon and helium form oxygen and so on until the formation of iron atoms.
The further fate of the star is determined by the fact that its iron core contracts (collapses) to a size of 10-20 km, and depending on the initial mass, the star turns into a neutron star or a black hole. As the star's core heats up, its outer shell, made of hydrogen, expands and cools. Gravitational forces can compress the core so much that it explodes, the outer regions of the star heat up sharply, and we see a Supernova explosion. At the same time, a huge amount of synthesized chemical elements, and now gas and dust clouds exist in the Universe.
Heavier elements require participation in reactions of charged particles and neutrons, and the heaviest elements are formed when a star explodes - a supernova explosion. There are gas and dust clouds in the Universe, from which the formation of stars of subsequent generations is possible.

Video - star formation.

Astronomical instruments

Optical telescope

The Arecibo radio telescope in Puerto Rico is one of the largest in the world. Located at an altitude of 497 meters above sea level, the radio telescope has been observing the objects of the solar system around us since the 1960s.

Galaxies

Galaxies are stationary star systems held together by gravitational interactions. There are approximately 10 11 stars in our Galaxy (Milky Way). Galaxies, like stars, form groups and clusters. The average density of visible matter turns out to be the same: (3x10 -31 g/cm 3).

Our galaxy is the Milky Way. View from Uludag National Park in Turkey.
A strip of the Milky Way stretches across the sky above the blurry artificial lights of the night villages and cities lying below
(all photographs of galaxies are taken from the site http://www.astronews.ru/).

Spiral galaxy NGC 3370 is located 100 million light-years from the Sun and is visible in the sky in the constellation Leo. It is similar in size and structure to our Milky Way. This superb image of a large and beautiful spiral galaxy facing us was taken by the Hubble Space Telescope.

The Large Magellanic Cloud is a dwarf galaxy located at a distance of about 50 kiloparsecs from our Galaxy.
This distance is twice the diameter of our Galaxy.

160 million light-years away are the interacting galaxies NGC 6769, 6770 and 6771, occupying an area of ​​only 2 arcminutes in the sky.

Objects of the Universe

Neutron stars

Neutron stars (consisting mainly of neutrons) are very compact space objects about 10 km in size, with a huge magnetic field (10 13 gauss). Neutron stars are discovered in the form of pulsars (pulsating sources of radio and X-ray radiation), as well as bursters (flare sources of X-ray radiation).

Black hole

In a black hole, a large mass of matter is contained in a small volume (for example, for the Sun to become a black hole, its diameter must decrease to 6 km). According to modern ideas, massive stars, finishing their evolution, can collapse into a black hole.
In addition to black holes, scientists are discussing the possibility of the existence of “wormholes” - regions of highly curved space, but unlike a black hole, its field is not so strong that it is impossible to escape from there. Such “holes” can connect distant regions of space and be located outside our space, in some kind of superspace. There are suggestions that these “holes” can connect us with other universes. True, not all experts believe that such objects really exist, but physical laws do not prohibit their presence.

Quasars- quasi-stars are the nuclei of galaxies and are supermassive black holes.

The future of the Universe.

Physicists have a good tradition,
every 13.7 billion years they get
together and build a "Large Hadron Collider."

Will the expansion of galaxies always continue or will the expansion be replaced by compression? To do this, it is necessary to calculate whether the gravitational forces are enough to stop the expansion (the expansion proceeds by inertia, only gravitational forces act). The calculated critical density value is
r cr =10 -28 g/cm 3 , and the experimental value r =3x10 -29 g/cm 3 , i.e. less than the critical value.

But... it turned out that everything is not so simple, since we do not know exactly the density (mass) of the Universe.

How to determine the mass, and therefore the density of the Universe?

Dark secrets of the Universe.

"Dark" matter scientists call a substance that has a noticeable gravitational effect on large space objects. At the same time, no radiation from this substance is registered, hence the term “dark”.
There should be about six times more dark matter than ordinary matter. Therefore, scientists believe that galaxies and galaxy clusters are surrounded by giant halos of dark matter, which consists of particles that interact very weakly with ordinary matter.
It is believed that dark matter consists of special hypothetical weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs). WIMPs are completely invisible because they are insensitive to the electromagnetic interactions that are central to our daily lives.
Dark energy. The Universe always brings surprises: it turned out that in addition to dark matter, there is also dark energy. And this new, mysterious dark energy is unexpectedly connected to the future development of the Universe

Today scientists are talking about a new revolution in cosmology.

In 1998, while observing the behavior of very distant Type Ia supernovae (with approximately the same luminosity, 4 billion times the luminosity of the Sun), located at distances of more than 5 billion light years, astronomers received an unexpected result. It turned out that the space object being studied was moving away from us faster and faster, as if something was pushing it away from us, although gravity should have slowed down the movement of the supernova.
Today we can consider it established that the rate of expansion of our World is not decreasing, but increasing.
To explain this effect, scientists introduced the concept of antigravity, which is associated with the presence of a certain field of cosmic vacuum. Vacuum energy is commonly called dark energy, and it does not emit, reflect or absorb light, it cannot be seen - indeed, “dark energy” in the sense that everything is hidden in darkness. Dark energy manifests itself only by creating... anti-gravity and accounts for approximately 70% of the total energy of the world (!!!).

So, what is the Universe made of? In ancient times it was believed (Aristotle) ​​that everything in the world consists of four elements - fire, water, air and earth. Today scientists talk about four types of energy:
1. The energy of the cosmic vacuum, which accounts for approximately 70% of the total energy of the Universe.
2. Dark matter, with which approximately 25% of the total energy of the Universe is associated.
3. The energy associated with “ordinary” matter provides 4% of the total energy of the Universe. (Ordinary matter is protons, neutrons and electrons; this matter is usually called baryon (although electrons are not classified as baryons, i.e. heavy particles). The number of baryons in the Universe is constant: one particle per cubic meter space.
4. The energy of various types of radiation, the contribution of which is very small - 0.01%. Radiation is photons and neutrinos (and possibly gravitons); During the cosmological expansion, the radiation cooled to very low temperatures - about 3 K (photons) and 2 K (neutrinos). Full number photons and neutrinos are constant and amount to approximately one thousand in every cubic centimeter of space. The radiation almost perfectly evenly fills the entire volume of the Universe,

Modern observational data suggest that during the first 7 billion years after the Big Bang, gravitating matter (both “ordinary” and dark) prevailed over dark energy and the Universe expanded at a slower rate. However, as the Universe expanded, the density of baryonic and dark matter decreased, but the density of dark energy did not change, so in the end antigravity won and today it rules the world.

Conclusion- The universe will expand indefinitely

A natural question arises: how long will this last? It seems impossible to answer the question unambiguously today. Unless dark energy is converted into something else, the expansion of the universe will continue forever. Otherwise, expansion may change to compression. Then everything will be determined by whether the density of matter in the Universe is higher or lower than the critical value. However, today other approaches to the evolution of the Universe are being considered.
Relatively recently, physicists have proposed a new and very exotic model of an eternally pulsating Universe.
Let's return to the question: "How was the Universe formed?"

So, scientists put forward theories that the development of the Universe began with “primary matter” with a density of 10 36 g/cm 3 with a temperature of 10 28 K. The “particles” in this initial clump have enormous kinetic energy, and the matter begins to expand, while the temperature and The density of the Universe is continuously decreasing. The “particles” in the hot initial clump have enormous kinetic energy, and the matter begins to expand, while the temperature and density of the Universe continuously decreases. A small fraction of a second after birth, the Universe is like a hot soup of elementary particles - quarks and leptons (quark soup). The Universe expanded and therefore cooled; thanks to self-organization, new structural formations arose in it: neutrons and protons, atomic nuclei, atoms, stars, galaxies, clusters of galaxies and, finally, superclusters. The part of the Universe we observe contains 100 billion galaxies, each of which contains about 100 billion stars. Galactic life is governed by mysterious dark matter, which uses gravity to hold the stars of galaxies together. And the Universe as a whole is “conducted” by an even more mysterious dark energy, which is “pushing” the Universe faster and faster, which will lead to its inevitable death (!?).

The possibility of the origin of the Universe from “nothing”. The Universe as a whole is electrically neutral, so it could have been born from zero charge. A simple analogy: The energy of “nothing” is zero, but the energy of a closed Universe is also zero, therefore the Universe arose from “nothing”.

Thank you for reading another interesting topic. Now it has become clear that it is possible to climb these steps to the heights of knowledge.

The grandeur and diversity of the surrounding world can amaze any imagination. All objects and items surrounding a person, other people, different kinds plants and animals, particles that can only be seen with a microscope, as well as incomprehensible star clusters: they are all united under the concept of “the Universe”.

Theories of the origin of the Universe have been developed by man for a long time. Despite the absence of even a basic concept of religion or science, in the inquisitive minds of ancient people questions arose about the principles of the world order and about the position of man in the space that surrounds him. It is difficult to count how many theories of the origin of the Universe exist today; some of them are studied by leading world-famous scientists, others are downright fantastic.

Cosmology and its subject

Modern cosmology - the science of the structure and development of the Universe - considers the question of its origin as one of the most interesting and still insufficiently studied mysteries. The nature of the processes that contributed to the emergence of stars, galaxies, solar systems and planets, their development, the source of the appearance of the Universe, as well as its size and boundaries: all this is just a short list of issues studied by modern scientists.

The search for answers to the fundamental riddle about the formation of the world has led to the fact that today there are various theories of the origin, existence, and development of the Universe. The excitement of specialists looking for answers, building and testing hypotheses is justified, because a reliable theory of the birth of the Universe will reveal to all humanity the probability of the existence of life in other systems and planets.

Theories of the origin of the Universe have the nature of scientific concepts, individual hypotheses, religious teachings, philosophical ideas and myths. They are all conditionally divided into two main categories:

1. Theories according to which the Universe was created by a creator. In other words, their essence is that the process of creating the Universe was a conscious and spiritual action, a manifestation of will
2. Theories of the origin of the Universe, built on the basis of scientific factors. Their postulates categorically reject both the existence of a creator and the possibility of conscious creation of the world. Such hypotheses are often based on what is called the mediocrity principle. They suggest the possibility of life not only on our planet, but also on others.

Creationism - the theory of the creation of the world by the Creator

As the name suggests, creationism (creation) is a religious theory of the origin of the universe. This worldview is based on the concept of the creation of the universe, planet and man by God or the Creator.

Idea long time was dominant until the end of the 19th century, when the process of accumulation of knowledge in the most different areas sciences (biology, astronomy, physics), and evolutionary theory became widespread. Creationism has become a peculiar reaction of Christians who hold conservative views on the discoveries being made. The dominant idea at that time only strengthened the contradictions that existed between religious and other theories.

What is the difference between scientific and religious theories?

The main differences between theories of various categories lie primarily in the terms used by their adherents. Thus, in scientific hypotheses, instead of a creator, there is nature, and instead of creation, there is origin. Along with this, there are issues that are covered in similar ways by different theories or even completely duplicated.

Theories of the origin of the Universe, belonging to opposite categories, date its very appearance differently. For example, according to the most common hypothesis (the big bang theory), the Universe was formed about 13 billion years ago.

In contrast, the religious theory of the origin of the Universe gives completely different figures:

• According to Christian sources, the age of the Universe created by God at the time of the birth of Jesus Christ was 3483-6984 years.
• Hinduism suggests that our world is approximately 155 trillion years old.

Kant and his cosmological model

Until the 20th century, most scientists were of the opinion that the Universe was infinite. They characterized time and space with this quality. In addition, in their opinion, the Universe was static and homogeneous.

The idea of ​​the boundlessness of the Universe in space was put forward by Isaac Newton. This assumption was developed by someone who developed a theory about the absence of time boundaries. Taking his theoretical assumptions further, Kant extended the infinity of the Universe to the number of possible biological products. This postulate meant that in the conditions of an ancient and vast world without end and beginning, there could be an innumerable number of possible options, as a result of which the appearance of any biological species could actually occur.

Based on the possible emergence of life forms, Darwin's theory was later developed. Observations of the starry sky and the results of calculations by astronomers confirmed Kant’s cosmological model.

Einstein's Reflections

At the beginning of the 20th century, Albert Einstein published his own model of the Universe. According to his theory of relativity, two opposite processes occur simultaneously in the Universe: expansion and contraction. However, he agreed with the opinion of most scientists about the stationary nature of the Universe, so he introduced the concept of cosmic repulsive force. Its effect is designed to balance the attraction of stars and stop the process of movement of all celestial bodies to maintain the static nature of the Universe.

The model of the Universe - according to Einstein - has specific size, but there are no boundaries. This combination is feasible only when space is curved in the same way as it happens in a sphere.

The characteristics of the space of such a model are:

• Three-dimensionality.
• Closing yourself.
• Homogeneity (absence of center and edge), in which galaxies are evenly distributed.

A. A. Friedman: The Universe is expanding

The creator of the revolutionary expanding model of the Universe, A. A. Friedman (USSR), built his theory on the basis of equations characterizing the general theory of relativity. True, the generally accepted opinion in the scientific world of that time was that our world was static, so due attention was not paid to his work.

A few years later, astronomer Edwin Hubble made a discovery that confirmed Friedman's ideas. The distance of galaxies from the nearby Milky Way was discovered. At the same time, the fact that the speed of their movement remains proportional to the distance between them and our galaxy has become irrefutable.

This discovery explains the constant “scattering” of stars and galaxies in relation to each other, which leads to the conclusion about the expansion of the universe.

Ultimately, Friedman's conclusions were recognized by Einstein, who subsequently mentioned the merits of the Soviet scientist as the founder of the hypothesis about the expansion of the Universe.

It cannot be said that there are contradictions between this theory and the general theory of relativity, but during the expansion of the Universe there must have been an initial impulse that provoked the retreat of stars. By analogy with an explosion, the idea was called the “Big Bang”.

Stephen Hawking and the Anthropic Principle

The result of Stephen Hawking's calculations and discoveries was the anthropocentric theory of the origin of the Universe. Its creator claims that the existence of a planet so well prepared for human life cannot be accidental.

Stephen Hawking's theory of the origin of the Universe also provides for the gradual evaporation of black holes, their loss of energy and the emission of Hawking radiation.

As a result of the search for evidence, more than 40 characteristics were identified and tested, the observance of which is necessary for the development of civilization. American astrophysicist Hugh Ross assessed the likelihood of such an unintentional coincidence. The result was the number 10 -53.

Our Universe contains a trillion galaxies, each with 100 billion stars. According to calculations made by scientists, the total number of planets should be 10 20. This figure is 33 orders of magnitude less than previously calculated. Consequently, no planet in all the galaxies can combine conditions that would be suitable for the spontaneous emergence of life.

The Big Bang Theory: The Origin of the Universe from a Tiny Particle

Scientists who support the big bang theory share the hypothesis that the universe is a consequence of a grand explosion. The main postulate of the theory is the statement that before this event, all the elements of the current Universe were contained in a particle that had microscopic dimensions. Being inside it, the elements were characterized by a singular state in which indicators such as temperature, density and pressure could not be measured. They are endless. Matter and energy in this state are not affected by the laws of physics.

What happened 15 billion years ago is called instability that arose inside the particle. The scattered tiny elements laid the foundation for the world we know today.

In the beginning, the Universe was a nebula formed by tiny particles (smaller than an atom). Then, combining, they formed atoms that served as the basis of stellar galaxies. Answering questions about what happened before the explosion, as well as what caused it, are the most important tasks of this theory of the origin of the Universe.

The table schematically depicts the stages of formation of the universe after the big bang.

State of the Universe	Time axis	Estimated temperature
Expansion (inflation)	From 10 -45 to 10 -37 seconds	More than 10 26 K
Quarks and electrons appear	10 -6 s	More than 10 13 K
Protons and neutrons are produced	10 -5 s	10 12 K
Nuclei of helium, deuterium and lithium appear	From 10 -4 s to 3 min	From 10 11 to 10 9 K
Atoms formed	400 thousand years	4000 K
The gas cloud continues to expand	15 Ma	300 K
The first stars and galaxies are born	1 billion years	20 K
Star explosions trigger the formation of heavy nuclei	3 billion years	10 K
The process of star birth stops	10-15 billion years	3 K
The energy of all the stars is depleted	10 14 years	10 -2 K
Black holes are depleted and elementary particles are born	10 40 years	-20 K
The evaporation of all black holes ends	10 100 years	From 10 -60 to 10 -40 K

As follows from the above data, the Universe continues to expand and cool.

The constant increase in the distance between galaxies is the main postulate: what makes the big bang theory different. The emergence of the Universe in this way can be confirmed by the evidence found. There are also reasons to refute it.

Problems of theory

Given that the big bang theory has not been proven in practice, it is not surprising that there are several questions that it cannot answer:

1. Singularity. This word denotes the state of the Universe, compressed to one point. The problem with the big bang theory is the impossibility of describing the processes occurring in matter and space in such a state. General law relativity is not applicable here, so it is impossible to create a mathematical description and equations for modeling.
   The fundamental impossibility of obtaining an answer to the question about the initial state of the Universe discredits the theory from the very beginning. Its popular science expositions prefer to hush up or mention only in passing this complexity. However, for scientists working to provide a mathematical basis for the Big Bang theory, this difficulty is recognized as a major obstacle.
2. Astronomy. In this area, the big bang theory faces the fact that it cannot describe the process of the origin of galaxies. Based on current versions of the theories, it is possible to predict how a homogeneous cloud of gas appears. Moreover, its density by now should be about one atom per cubic meter. To get something more, you cannot do without adjusting the initial state of the Universe. The lack of information and practical experience in this area become serious obstacles to further modeling.

There is also a discrepancy between the calculated mass of our galaxy and the data obtained by studying the speed of its attraction to. Apparently, the weight of our galaxy is ten times greater than previously thought.

Cosmology and quantum physics

Today there are no cosmological theories that are not based on quantum mechanics. After all, it deals with the description of the behavior of atomic and The difference between quantum physics and classical (explained by Newton) is that the second observes and describes material objects, and the first assumes an exclusively mathematical description of the observation and measurement itself. For quantum physics, material values ​​are not the subject of research; here the observer himself is part of the situation under study.

Based on these features, quantum mechanics has difficulty describing the Universe, because the observer is part of the Universe. However, speaking about the emergence of the universe, it is impossible to imagine outside observers. Attempts to develop a model without the participation of an outside observer were crowned with the quantum theory of the origin of the Universe by J. Wheeler.

Its essence is that at every moment of time the Universe is split and an infinite number of copies are formed. As a result, each of the parallel Universes can be observed, and observers can see all quantum alternatives. Moreover, the original and new worlds are real.

Inflation model

The main task that the theory of inflation is designed to solve is the search for answers to questions left unanswered by the big bang theory and expansion theory. Namely:

1. For what reason is the Universe expanding?
2. What is a big bang?

To this end, the inflationary theory of the origin of the Universe involves extrapolating the expansion to time zero, confining the entire mass of the Universe at one point and forming a cosmological singularity, which is often called the big bang.

The irrelevance of the general theory of relativity, which cannot be applied at this moment, becomes obvious. As a result, to develop a more general theory (or “new physics”) and solve the problem of cosmological singularity, only theoretical methods, calculations and conclusions.

New alternative theories

Despite the success of the cosmic inflation model, there are scientists who oppose it, calling it untenable. Their main argument is criticism of the solutions proposed by the theory. Opponents argue that the solutions obtained leave some details missing, that is, instead of solving the problem of initial values, the theory only skillfully drapes them.

An alternative is several exotic theories, the idea of ​​which is based on the formation of initial values ​​before the big bang. New theories of the origin of the Universe can be briefly described as follows:

• String theory. Its adherents propose, in addition to the usual four dimensions of space and time, to introduce additional dimensions. They could play a role in the early stages of the Universe, and at the moment be in a compactified state. Answering the question about the reason for their compactification, scientists offer an answer that says that the property of superstrings is T-duality. Therefore, the strings are “wound” into additional dimensions and their size is limited.
• Brane theory. It is also called M-theory. In accordance with its postulates, at the beginning of the process of formation of the Universe, there is a cold, static five-dimensional space-time. Four of them (spatial) have restrictions, or walls - three-branes. Our space acts as one of the walls, and the second is hidden. The third three-brane is located in four-dimensional space and is bounded by two boundary branes. The theory envisions a third brane colliding with ours and releasing large amounts of energy. It is these conditions that become favorable for the appearance of a big bang.

1. Cyclic theories deny the uniqueness of the big bang, arguing that the universe moves from one state to another. The problem with such theories is the increase in entropy, according to the second law of thermodynamics. Consequently, the duration of the previous cycles was shorter, and the temperature of the substance was significantly higher than during the big explosion. The likelihood of this happening is extremely low.

No matter how many theories there are about the origin of the universe, only two have stood the test of time and overcome the problem of ever-increasing entropy. They were developed by scientists Steinhardt-Turok and Baum-Frampton.

These relatively new theories of the origin of the Universe were put forward in the 80s of the last century. They have many followers who develop models based on it, search for evidence of reliability and work to eliminate contradictions.

String theory

One of the most popular among the theories of the origin of the Universe - Before moving on to a description of its idea, it is necessary to understand the concepts of one of its closest competitors, the standard model. It assumes that matter and interactions can be described as a certain set of particles, divided into several groups:

• Quarks.
• Leptons.
• Bosons.

These particles are, in fact, the building blocks of the universe, since they are so small that they cannot be divided into components.

A distinctive feature of string theory is the assertion that such bricks are not particles, but ultramicroscopic strings that vibrate. At the same time, oscillating at different frequencies, the strings become analogues of various particles described in the standard model.

To understand the theory, you should realize that strings are not any matter, they are energy. Therefore, string theory concludes that all elements of the universe are made of energy.

A good analogy would be fire. When looking at it, one gets the impression of its materiality, but it cannot be touched.

Cosmology for schoolchildren

Theories of the origin of the Universe are briefly studied in schools during astronomy lessons. Students are described the basic theories about how our world was formed, what is happening to it now and how it will develop in the future.

The purpose of the lessons is to familiarize children with the nature of the formation of elementary particles, chemical elements and celestial bodies. Theories of the origin of the Universe for children are reduced to a presentation of the Big Bang theory. Teachers use visual material: slides, tables, posters, illustrations. Their main task is to awaken children's interest in the world that surrounds them.

Since the force that holds the planets near the Sun and the force that forces bodies to fall onto stars and planets are an observable fact, then, first of all, we should understand the essence of this force. Based on the fact that over the centuries not a single researcher has been able to even imagine how the process of gravitating masses towards each other occurs, one should conclude that such a process simply does not exist in the Universe. For one cannot even imagine how a process takes place only if it does not exist.

If there is no gravity, then there is only one option left - there is a force acting on bodies from the outside, which holds the planets near the Sun and forces bodies to fall onto the stars and planets.

What kind of force is this, pressing from the outside?

If we assume that certain corpuscles invisible to the eye are moving in space in all directions, and the stars, planets, and atoms encountered on their path are an insurmountable barrier to their movement, then the stars, planets, and atoms must, under the force of blows from these corpuscles, receive spherical shape, which is what is observed in reality. Since these corpuscles do not pass through stars, planets, or atoms, then the objects adjacent to them will receive fewer impacts from them than from free space. This greater force from free space forces objects to fall onto stars and planets. Then two neighboring bodies, under the influence of greater forces from free space than from the side of the neighboring body, should move towards each other, which is what is observed in the Cavendish experiment to determine the “gravitational constant”. Then the force that forces the planets to rotate in orbits around the Sun becomes clear:

Any rotating body has centrifugal force, which is universally confirmed by practice. Corpuscles that exert centripetal force generate an opposing force, the centrifugal force. The opposing force, naturally, is always equal to the acting force. With what force the corpuscles press on the planets in the direction of the Sun, with the same force the planets press on the corpuscles in the direction from the Sun. The equality of these forces does not allow the planets not to move away from the Sun, not to fall on it, as a result of which the planets revolve around the Sun.

From the processes considered, it follows that all the processes that people explained by the forces of the process of gravitational masses towards each other are carried out by forces of pressure on bodies by corpuscles from the outside. What kind of medium is this, consisting of corpuscles of matter moving in all directions? We must assume that this is the medium that has long been called ether, which the sages of the past century mistakenly rejected.

3. What is ether?

The ether consists of two different-sized, extremely hard, indivisible, spherical corpuscles. Smaller corpuscles are several orders of magnitude smaller than larger corpuscles. The smaller and larger corpuscles are somewhat deformed upon impact, but are immediately thrown away from each other by the force of restoring their shape. During a collision, the corpuscles have no residual deformation, and therefore no loss of momentum. For this reason, the smaller corpuscle moves away from the larger corpuscle with the same speed with which it moved towards it. Under these conditions, smaller corpuscles are forever rushing between larger corpuscles, keeping the larger corpuscles at a distance from each other, providing elasticity to the structure of the ether. This elastic lattice structure occupies all the space between stars, planets and atoms. There is no space in the Universe the size of a thimble, through which millions of ether components would not pass per unit time. Since the sizes of these components are millions of times smaller than the distance between them, it becomes clear that the space between large components in the structure of the ether is practically empty.

Official representatives of science reject the statement about the invariability of the momentum of the components of the ether on the grounds that there are no facts of conservation of momentum during collisions of bodies either in the macrocosm or in the microcosm. That's right, no, and it cannot be because the observed bodies are composite bodies, they are clusters of atoms, and each atom is a vortex consisting of billions of large ether components moving through the center of the atom and around it and smaller ether components rushing about between large components of the ether. When bodies collide, the position of atoms in the structure of the body changes, the shape of the bodies changes, the atoms lose some of the components from their composition, or the atoms are completely knocked out of the structure of the bodies, all this represents residual deformation, for which energy is wasted. The components of the ether are monolithic, indivisible, indestructible, extremely rigid corpuscles, which are the smallest, structureless portions of matter. Such corpuscles do not and cannot have residual deformation, and therefore cannot have a loss of momentum during collisions. The components of the ether cannot be observable because they are so small that they cannot reflect streams of light, and therefore cannot be observable in principle.

What is observable matter?

Stars, planets, clusters of atoms are objects larger than the elements luminous flux, which is why they reflect light, which allows them to be observed.

Stars, planets, atoms are an obstacle to the movement of smaller components of the ether. As a result of this circumstance, large components of the ether located near stars, planets, atoms experience fewer impacts from smaller components of the ether from their side than from the side of space, from which there are no obstacles to the movement of smaller components of the ether. This is so because the smaller components of the ether moving towards them from the region located behind the stars, planets, and atoms are blocked by their bodies. More blows and more force. With this greater force from the outside in the direction of stars, planets, atoms, large corpuscles of the ether and all the ether as a whole move from vast space towards them and penetrate into them. In the process of moving from large volumes of space to relatively small central volumes of stars, planets, atoms, the spatial rarefied ether is naturally compressed to a superdense state. On approaching the centers of stars, planets, and atoms, the flow of ether merges into a single stream and flows into the central regions of the stars, planets, and atoms. The number of impacts of smaller components on larger components of the ether, as the flow of ether moves into their central regions, becomes equal, and in the center of a star, planet, or atom becomes equal on all sides. With equal pressure on all sides. It is this equal pressure on all sides that forces the flow of ether, which has a certain amount of movement, to change forward movement to rotational motion through and around the centers of stars, planets, atoms. Such a centrifugal vortex of the ether, compressed to a super-dense state, has an entrance of the ether flow into the center of stars, planets, atoms, which is observed as the north magnetic pole of the stars, planets, atoms, and there is also an exit of the flow, which is observed as the south magnetic pole of the stars, planets, atoms. In general, such ether vortices are magnetic dipoles, which exist as superdense cores of stars, planets, and atoms. External ether flows of magnetic dipoles emerging from a star, planet, atom into space are observed as their magnetic fields.

Magnetic dipoles of stars and planets do not have parameters powerful enough to attract a flow of ether capable of keeping them from decay with its pressure. Their surface flows break up into micro dipoles, which are atoms. From atoms, centripetal flows of ether form shells around the dipoles of stars and planets. Between the shells of the dipole of a star, planet and the surface layers of the dipoles, zones of rushing smaller components of the ether are formed, which, by their pressure on the dipoles, create additional pressure necessary to keep them from disintegrating. Such formations are stars and planets that grow in mass over time due to the constant absorption of the spatial ether.

Atoms, unlike stars and planets, absorb as many ether components as they emit into the magnetic field of the star or planet, of which atoms are an element. The processes of emission and absorption of ether components by atoms are observed as internal vibrations of atoms. By combining magnetic trails of neighboring atoms, structures of molecules, crystals and metal lattices are built.

How are planetary systems formed?

The spatial ether, flowing into the magnetic dipole of the star, increases its mass. In this process, there comes a moment when the mass of the dipole does not match the mass of its shells. The shells cannot keep the magnetic dipole of the star from decay, which has increased in mass. As a result, a powerful jet of super-compressed ether bursts out of the dipole into space. This super-dense jet, like any dense formation, instantly forms its own centripetal flow of ether, by the force of which the jet collapses into an independent magnetic dipole, disintegrating into atoms. As a sufficiently powerful shell is formed, the dipole stops breaking up into atoms. Such a new formation, overcoming the pressure of the centripetal flow of the star, moves away from it until the force of the eruption from the star becomes equal to the force of the impacts of the smaller components of the ether in the direction of the star. Upon achieving equality of these forces, this formation stops moving away from the star and, switching to orbital motion around the star, acquires the status of a planet. As the magnetic dipole of the star continues to grow, another discrepancy between the mass of the dipole and the mass of its shells occurs. As a result, a jet of super-dense ether erupts from the star again. Each subsequent erupted jet is larger in mass than the previous jet because it is erupted from a star of greater mass. From a jet of greater mass, planets of greater mass are formed. A planet of greater mass and resistance is exerted by a more powerful centripetal flow of ether from a star that has grown in mass. As a result of these circumstances, the large star enters a smaller orbit. After a series of such eruptions, a harmonious planetary system is formed from the star. The larger orbit contains a planet of lower mass, and each inner orbit contains a planet of higher mass. As the mass of the star grows, the power of its centripetal flow becomes so powerful that the eruption of such powerful jets above the dense ether, from which planets could form, becomes impossible. For this reason, the magnetic dipole of a star passes from the stage of unfolding of its magnetic system to the stage of its collapse. A planet located in an outer orbit, under the growing pressure of the centripetal flow of the star, increasingly changes its circular orbit to an elliptical orbit, and ultimately, the centripetal flow tears the planet out of its orbit and it falls inside the planetary system. Thus, the planets, one after another, fall into the planetary system. Some planets, when falling, are captured by the centripetal flows of the giant planets and become their satellites, while others safely enter smaller orbits. When moving to smaller orbits of the planet, the giants merge, forming into an orbital star. Ultimately, the centripetal flow of the central star, growing in power, returns all the planets to the mother's womb. A star that has absorbed planets forms powerful shells, and then the star is observed as a “red giant” star. But the shells are destroyed by the rapidly growing power of the centripetal flow, and what remains is a bare magnetic dipole, observed as a dwarf star. Dwarf stars gather in the centripetal flow of the galaxy in the center of the galaxy, where, merging, they form a quasag.

Quasars.

The quazag absorbs not only the mass of dwarf stars and the spatial ether, but also accumulates their amount of motion, which is expressed in an increase in the speed of its rotation around its own axis. As the rotation speed increases, the quasag, under the influence of centrifugal force, changes its spherical shape to the shape of a torus, and then the torus, by the growing centrifugal force, is torn into several magnetic dipoles rotating around a single center. The hemispheres of the dipoles facing the center of rotation are shielded by the dipoles from the impacts of smaller components of the ether, due to which jets of super-dense ether flow from them into the center of the rotating system. Jets of super-dense ether are torn into fragments by the energy of decay into a rarefied spatial ether, which are carried out by the energy of decay on both sides of a rotating system observed as a quasar - the epicenter of the next super-galaxy. ****** Thus, another transition occurs from the processes of compression and collection of matter to the process of its disintegration and scattering in space. And immediately the next process of collecting and compressing matter into each star and planet begins. Atoms, in fact, are the agents of stars and planets for collecting spatial ether.

In conclusion, a simple and clear mathematical apparatus should be given, which makes it possible to determine the force of pressure of the moving ether on bodies in the ether and to determine all the parameters of the bodies and their movements.

People have allocated a certain amount of mass on which the Earth’s field acts with a force of 982 dynes, that is, a force that imparts acceleration in the Earth’s field to a unit mass of 982 cm/sec.2. This amount of mass was taken as a unit of mass. But the blows of the smaller components of the ether cannot be applied to the masses! The blows are applied to the cross-sectional area of ​​large ether components, which make up the mass of the body. Such a quantity of large ether components was isolated, the cross-sectional area of ​​which was one unit of area - 1 cm.2. Mass takes only an indirect part in the process of ether pressure on bodies. The magnitude of the pressure force of the ether on bodies is always equal in absolute value to the magnitude of the acceleration of bodies in a given field region. This is so because the unit of force dyne imparts an acceleration to a unit of body mass of 1 cm/sec.2. Since at the surface of the Earth the acceleration of bodies falling on the Earth is equal to 982 cm/sec2, then, consequently, per unit area at the surface of the Earth there are impacts by smaller components of the ether with a force of 982 dynes. If this is so, then through a unit area of ​​the Earth's surface smaller components pass into the Earth, the potential force of which is equal to 982 dynes. These quantities also provide the opportunity to calculate the total force of the centripetal flow moving into the Earth. The magnitude of this force will be indicated by the result of multiplying the magnitude of the force of the Earth's centripetal flow passing through a unit area of ​​the Earth's surface by the value of the total surface area of ​​the planet:

F = f * S = 982 dynes/cm 2 * 4p (6.378e+8) 2 cm 2 = 5e+21 din

In the Cavendish experiment, the value of 6.673e-8 was determined to determine the “gravitational constant”. From the point of view of the logic of the processes of pressure of the centripetal flow on objects, this value is the force of impacts of the smaller components of the ether on 1 cm2 of the cross-sectional area of ​​the larger components of the ether, which are contained in the test body of the Cavendish experiment - 6.673e-8 dynes/cm2. The smaller components of the ether that create this force are only that part of the centripetal flow, which is created by a mass of one gram, which passes to the second test body of 1 g, located at a distance of 1 cm. This part of the components passes to the mass of 1 g at a distance one centimeter, every 1 cm. 2 spheres. A sphere with a radius of 1 cm has an area of ​​12.56 cm2, therefore, the full force of the centripetal flow created by a mass of 1 g will be indicated by the result of multiplying this force by the area of ​​a sphere with a radius of 1 cm2:

F = f * S = 6.673e-8 dynes/cm 2 * 4 pr 2 = 8.385e-7din

Dividing the total force of the centripetal flow of any object by the force of the centripetal flow of one gram will naturally result in the value of the mass of the object that forms this centripetal flow. Hence the mass of the Earth:

M = F / f = 5e+21 din / 8.385e-7din = 5.963e+27 g.

If the magnitude of the total force of the centripetal flow is divided by the area of ​​the sphere, then the result of the division will indicate the magnitude of the force of the centripetal flow at a distance equal to the radius of this sphere. If, for example, it is necessary to calculate the force of the centripetal flow of the Earth at the distance of the Moon, then it is necessary to divide the force of the centripetal flow of the Earth by the area of ​​the sphere, the radius of which is equal to the distance from the Earth to the Moon:

f = F/S =5e+21 din/ 4p (3.84e+10 cm.) 2 = 0.271 din/cm.2

If we understand that each object has its own centripetal flow of ether, which exerts a force acting on the bodies located in it, then a simple mathematical apparatus appears that allows one to calculate the values ​​of masses, accelerations of bodies and forces acting on bodies.

Naturally, similar calculations can be carried out for any object for which at least one parameter is known, either mass, or acceleration, or the force of the centripetal flow of ether, because these quantities have a strict relationship with each other.

The Law of Intention says: “Everything is thought”

Thought is primary and precedes any materialization. In life, we get exactly what we intended for ourselves. This law, based on the mentality of the Universe, forms the very basis of our lives. Everything that happens to you initially appears in your mind as a mental image. With our thoughts we embody reality. We create our world with our thoughts, feelings and emotions.

The mentality of the Universe is the fundamental basis of existence. Thanks to the law of intentions, the images created by our thoughts materialize and manifest themselves in everything that surrounds us. Some images only flicker in our thoughts, without having a particular impact on our destiny, while others occupy a lasting place.

It all depends on the intensity with which the mental image is filled with your mental energy, or, in simpler terms, on the strength with which you imagine something and how much you believe in what you are thinking about. It doesn't matter whether the images are positive or negative. The world that we are accustomed to calling reality is in fact real only in relation to a specific person, since it is built by him himself - his ideas, beliefs, desires, aspirations, fears and concerns.

However, it also happens that, wanting to get something specific, a person has depressing thoughts associated with strong emotions – Will I be able to achieve my goal? What will happen if I don’t get what I want, don’t achieve my goal...

Thus, fears drive us into the kingdom of distorting mirrors, and, as a result, we receive a distorted projection of our desires. If you pursue a goal in this way, the outcome will most likely be negative, because in your fear of not achieving what you want, you are energizing the idea of ​​not achieving the goal to the same or greater extent than the chosen goal itself.

Man himself creates his own reality and his own life. This is very important to realize.

We create our world with our thoughts, feelings and emotions. And different facets of reality, our inner reality: state of health, family relationships, work, financial situation, relationships with people and the world around us - all this is an external reflection of our thoughts, feelings and emotions.

Several other laws follow from the law of intention. Here is one of them...

Second Law – Law of Correspondence

The Law of Correspondence says: “As above, so below”

Since we ourselves create our world with our thoughts, feelings, beliefs and emotions, The outer world is a complete reflection of the inner world.

If you are dissatisfied with something in your life, or something irritates you in the behavior of other people with whom you often communicate, look for the reason in yourself.

The Universe teaches us in very interesting ways. She does not write books, does not tell us in a directive tone in which direction to move... She simply gives us life situations that come specifically to us, and which we must overcome for its further development.

If you try to get away from an unpleasant situation, avoid it by all known means, or simply “not think” about it, the Universe will once again present you with a similar situation, perhaps with other participants and events, and you will still have to “go through” this situation, making certain conclusions within and about yourself. Yes, yes, about yourself, and not about the fact that others are so bad... After all, this unpleasant situation happened to you, and not to them, others and bad ones - they, other people, only help us, pointing out our shortcomings .

This law allows us to understand that external stimuli that cause uncomfortable mental states in us, such as resentment, bitterness, anger, irritation, are just a reflection of what is happening inside us.

The external is equal to the internal... As above, so below.

Similar reasoning applies in the case of illness. Illness is a signal of imbalance, harmony with the Universe. Illness is also an external reflection of our thoughts, our behavior and our intentions. This is a signal from the wise Universe that we are confused and moving in the wrong direction.

Can a pill or other drug, even an expensive and “good” one, change our thoughts... our behavior... And our beliefs?... The answer is probably obvious. Then is it even worth “trying” to eliminate the cause of the disease in this way?

You can truly eliminate the cause of the disease only through working on yourself, searching for the causes within yourself and realizing your personal responsibility for the healing process.

Osho said in his books:

“Do not look for the truth outside of you, it is not there, the truth is only within you.”

This is also stated in Bible:

“And I will say to you: ask, and it will be given to you; seek and you will find; knock and it will be opened to you,
For everyone who asks receives, and he who seeks finds, and to him who knocks it will be opened.”
(Gospel of Luke, ch. 11, v. 9-10).

Consequences of this law:

“Know yourself and you will know the whole world.”

“I have everything necessary for development, well-being and happiness.”

Third Law – Law of Conservation of Energy

The concept of energy is key in eniology, as well as in science. The very concept of energy is quite “wide-format” and carries with it a large semantic load. Therefore, we will focus on the law of conservation of energy in its general understanding, and specific examples of the use of this law will be given directly from individual articles.

The law of conservation (accumulation) of energy states:

“Nothing comes from nothing and nothing disappears anywhere.
Everything passes from one state to another.”

One of the most characteristic manifestations of this law is the presence of a causal body in a person. It is an energy-informational subtle-material structure. Absolutely all events of a person’s external and internal life are “recorded” on the causal body. In this case, the event is noted in the causal body the more vividly, the more significant it is for a given person and the stronger it is connected with his past and future life. A unit of information on the causal plane is an act, an action with the entire chain of relationships between them.

Such a phenomenon as “experience” is an example of working with the causal body. A person turns to his memory, his experience and pulls out from there the one that is suitable for a given life situation way of behavior.

Some events in our life remain in our memory for a long time, others, on the contrary, pass unnoticed (we consciously do not attach importance to them), however, a person in a certain state of consciousness can accurately restore both the first and second.

The existence of this universal law has been confirmed by physicists. Many may remember from school physics the law of conservation of energy - it is usually formulated as the constancy of energy in a closed system.

Examples of the law can also be found in folk wisdom: “What you plant is what you reap”.

CHAPTER 5 MATERIAL STRUCTURE OF THE UNIVERSE

Structure of the living

As already indicated, Stars in the body of Galaxies are the same as atoms in human cells. At first glance, the galaxy differs little in structure from the Universe; the difference, of course, is in size, but the main thing is that the Galaxy consists of the “bricks” of the universe - atoms (Stars), while the Universe is made of living cells, which are Galaxies.

The more we peer into the depths of living matter, the more it acquires the significance of ordinary chemical reactions and mechanical work. - This is a characteristic of the lowest atomic-molecular level of any matter. However, this is by no means a reason to consider living objects as mechanical robots. - Each organism has several levels of structure and each level has its own program of activity, subordinated to the general task of existence - the existence of the entire organism as a whole; the basis, the core of the implementation of such a program, is the genetic code and the fluid of life - energon (its synonym is energamma).

“The structure of living organisms has a much higher and more complex level compared to the corresponding level of inanimate nature. Molecules and molecular compounds of living organisms are far superior in complexity to the atomic-molecular compounds of inanimate nature. Chemical compounds in the atmosphere of the Sun (as well as the atom) are much simpler than organ compounds, for example, the body of a caterpillar. The cellular structures of living organisms are complex compositions of substances in gaseous, liquid and solid states.”

It is impossible to compare the “bricks” of the universe with living entities, for example, an atom and an amoeba; Sun and Man. Living things are complex, highly organized and purposefully functioning organisms, structurally adapted to the environment and capable of self-reproduction. With virtual magnification, every living thing “turns” into “simple” mechanical atoms and molecules, between which, as in Space, there is emptiness.

The mechanical rotation of elements in the Human system (as in any living system) occurs at the intracellular level, this is how the chemical processes of transformation of substances and their exchange with the environment, which is the human body (and then the person with the environment), are carried out. It is the cell that consists of organic molecules, in turn consisting of atoms with their satellites, electrons, revolving around the nuclei.

Cells, cells, cells - below, above, right, left... The process of exchange itself is very interesting: feeding cells, releasing toxins - metabolism, etc. After all, every cell is a potential person! - where to throw it away? In someone else's garden? (see specialized literature - “physiology”). And you say, why “black holes”. The same processes, but at a different level, also occur in Galaxies - the cells of the Universe.

MATTER OF THE UNIVERSE

Hydrogen in the Universe is a derivative of all other substances. Man consists of stellar matter processed under planetary conditions.

STARS ANIMAL BODIES

Hydrogen 87% Oxygen 65%

Helium 12.9 Carbon 18

Oxygen 0.025 Hydrogen 10

Nitrogen 0.02 Nitrogen 3

Carbon 0.01 Calcium 2

Magnesium 0.003 Phosphorus 1

Silicon 0.002 All others 1

Iron 0.001

Others 0.038

Oxygen 12

Silicon 7

Everything else 10

ATOMS - STARS

Democritus also came to the conviction that bodies only seem solid to us, but in fact they consist of tiny particles that (without special tools) are impossible to see. Now let’s think the other way around: let’s take a piece of any body and greatly enlarge it (even virtually) so much that only atoms and the void between them will be visible, but at the same time the body itself seems to disappear.

In other words, either we see a solid body and do not see atoms, or we see atoms (Stars) and do not see the body itself. Look into the night starry sky: a familiar landscape - we see atoms (Stars) and do not see the body.

So this is why we will never understand what the Universe is! The answer is simple - we see (in the face of her Stars) her atoms and, therefore, we do not see her body. Whatever the Universe may have seemed to you before, bring its atoms (Stars) closer together (theoretically, virtually, computer-wise) and you will finally see the body of the Universe or at least some fragment of it. This can now be done using astrophysics and computer topography.

Stars are the atoms of the Universe! For an inquisitive person, this would be enough to refine everything else in the brain that follows derivatively. But indeed, it is very significant: some stellar figures resemble the arrangement of atoms in the molecules of certain chemical elements of the periodic table...

Or maybe it really is possible to determine the chemical structure of the Universe from star patterns, and on this basis make astrological forecasts, horoscopes, etc. Maybe this is one of the secrets of astrologers and alchemists?...

Comparative characteristics of Stars and atoms

If we want to compare the characteristic features of Stars and atoms, we will find that they have much in common, if not almost everything, except for size.

By the analogy of Stars and atoms, as different-scale “bricks” of the universe, many structural and characteristic features of one or another are determined. Thus, data on the movements and properties of the electron around the atomic nucleus have been considered since the time of Rutherford, based on the orbital rotation of the planets around the Stars. The nucleus of an atom is electrons; The sun (as the core of the system) - planets.

From the comparison of Stars and atoms it follows: both

a) consist of hot plasma; b) emit electromagnetic waves, light and heat; c) are grouped into associations - into molecules (which are the same thing) from 2 to hundreds of units, forming intricate figures; d) when a Star or an atom is part of a molecule (association), then each of them finds itself in a potential well, performing small thermal vibrations “around the equilibrium position.” Remember, one American recently “discovered” that stars “push through space.”

Often in cosmic literature one can find information about supposedly chaotic movement and even collisions of stars. I would like to reassure the reader - this can happen (and even then not as a rule), only during the formation of Galaxies. Where have you seen the collision of stars in all the time you have been observing space? - they were not “seen” in observable space for 10 billion years.

Stars, like atoms, during the period of body formation (in which they have to work) look for the “related” neighbors they need, moving during this period in “searches” (here, presumably, there may be collisions). But when they find them and “settle” in their stationary “pits,” then a relatively permanent station reigns. They acquire their permanent addressee, thanks to chemical kinship, under the dictation of the genetic code general construction bodies.

The Atomic, as well as the Star picture (lattice) always seems lifeless, and the Stars (atoms) are motionless. But this is only partly true.

Yes, Stars (atoms) maintain a stable equilibrium state, but if they (ultimately) constitute any living organism, and the organism as a whole or in its individual parts moves (moves), i.e. lives, then the mutual distances between the Stars (atoms) and their associations, respectively, either increase or decrease, which, of course, causes, as a consequence, an increase or decrease in gravitational, electromagnetic potentials, which, of course, creates a favorable or negative background for the inhabitants of the planets, and for astrophysicists - the familiar scattering effect Galaktik.

When we magnify a fragment of the body of an animal (including a human) by several orders of magnitude, we see cells resembling local clusters of Stars in the Galaxy. Holes - channels through which the metabolic process occurs, look like black holes of various sizes, into which matter is inevitably drawn in and disappears “somewhere”. We increase it by several more orders of magnitude - and we get a complete resemblance to outer space.

With such an increase, the water balance is seen as a gas, and with an even greater increase, it appears as a vacuum, Ether, Akasha, i.e., primordial matter. Fragments with a large percentage of water look like emptiness with dusty nebulae and rare Stars (which is what we see in the sky). - In fact, the ancient thinkers were right when they taught: if you want to know the Universe, get to know yourself, that is, the microcosm - everything in it is the same “as above.”

An area of ​​cosmology that, unfortunately, is still little known is the structure and development of the Universe as a whole.

Another of the most difficult problems of modern astronomy and cosmology is the origin of Galaxies, and the reasons why different Galaxies have certain shapes, sizes and other physical properties. The origin of Galaxies is not so difficult to explain. Any living body is structured; without this it would not be able to function. A galaxy is a cell - the basic structural unit in the structure of the Universe.

Why do Galaxies have different shapes and sizes? - Maybe the reader himself will answer these simple questions, using the principle of analogies, for example: why does one person grow up lanky and thin, and the other short and fat; one is ideal in build, like Apollo, and the other... - My opinion is this: the cells of different functional areas of the living body and organs should have different sizes and shapes. (Look at the cells of different parts of the animal’s body and their organs through a microscope to make sure of this - the cells will have different sizes and different shapes). One of the most exciting mysteries of science is where does such monstrous energy emitted by quasars come from? Why do you need to think that energy throughout the entire Cosmos should be equally distributed? The Universe is not a “uniformly isotropic smeared mass”, but a living functioning body, in which, in addition to the ordinary body-mass, there must also be sources of its vital activity.

Stars are powerful sources of energy; the bulk of the matter of galaxies is concentrated in them. Stars are not evenly distributed in outer space; they form star systems: multiple star clusters and galaxies. Multiples include double, triple and larger clusters, from several tens to millions. (I call multiple star clusters stellar molecules). Open clusters (the Pleiades) contain from several tens to several hundred stars.

As already mentioned, the main structural units in the Universe are Galaxies. Our Galaxy contains ~150–200 billion Stars. (It’s high time to look at other structural units of the Universe). The solar system is located in the plane of our Galaxy (disk), closer to its edge, therefore for an earthly observer most of the Stars are seen as a relatively narrow strip ( Milky Way). Most Stars are in a stationary state, i.e., without changes in their physical characteristics. But there are also non-stationary Stars in which flares occur from time to time. During outbursts (explosions) of so-called supernovae, their matter in some cases can be completely scattered in space. The shine of a star is hers the most important characteristic. How brighter star, the smaller its magnitude (modern astrophotometry). The hottest stars are blue, the coldest are red. At high temperatures in the Sun and other Stars, gas ionization occurs due to collisions of fast-moving atoms and molecules. The substance passes into a new state of plasma. Unlike a neutral gas, Coulomb forces act between charged plasma particles and decrease relatively slowly with distance. Therefore, each particle interacts with a large number of surrounding particles at once. Thanks to this, plasma particles can participate in a variety of ordered (collective) movements. Various types of oscillations and waves are easily excited in plasma.

Both the interstellar and intergalactic medium consists of plasma. The density of this medium is very small - on average about one atom per 1 cubic meter. cm. Unlike the hot plasma of stars, the temperature of interstellar plasma is very low.

Our planet is also surrounded by plasma. The upper layer of the atmosphere at an altitude of 100–300 km is an ionized gas - the ionosphere. Ionization is caused mainly by UV radiation from the Sun, a stream of charged particles. Above the ionosphere there is, so to speak, the leading edge of “defense” from powerful flows of solar plasma - this is the magnetosphere, which is usually classified as outer space. The outer boundary of the Earth's magnetosphere is 60,000 km.

The upper shell of the Sun - the corona - emits a continuous stream of plasma - the solar wind. When approaching the Earth, it encounters a fairly strong magnetic field, like solid body, flowing around it like an obstacle. Solar flares lead to the release of solar matter in the form of separate plasma clots. Hitting the magnetosphere, they cause its short-term compression, followed by expansion. In this case, a front of an outgoing shock wave appears at a distance of up to ~100,000 km. Closer to Earth, the plasma that has passed through the wave front is in random turbulent motion. This is how magnetic storms and auroras occur, as well as disruptions to radio and telegraph communications.

The Earth's magnetosphere firmly holds its defenses at distant approaches and effectively repels the attack of the plasma solar wind. With a less reliable shield, the consequences of the penetration of solar radiation for all life on Earth would be catastrophic.

The nature of the interaction of solar wind plasma with planets depends on whether the planets have their own magnetic field.

The magnetic fields of Jupiter and Saturn are much stronger than Earth's magnetic field. Mars' magnetic field is hundreds of times weaker than Earth's, making it more susceptible to solar wind flows. Venus is completely devoid of a magnetosphere, however, even here, when the solar wind flow interacts with the upper atmosphere of Venus, a defensive shock wave arises.

Modern physics indicates two possible sources of stellar energy: internal gravitational compression energy, and thermonuclear reactions, as a result of which nuclei of heavier elements are synthesized from the nuclei of light elements, which releases a large number of energy. (The temperature in the interior of a Star is thousands of times higher than on its surface). At very high temperatures and enormous densities inside the Star, the gas has a pressure of billions of atmospheres. Under these conditions, the Star can be stationary only due to the balance of the internal gas pressure with the action of gravitational forces. This state is called hydrostatic equilibrium.

Hydrogen is the main one component cosmic matter and important view nuclear fuel in Stars. Its reserves in the Stars are very large; they are quite sufficient for many billions of years. The chemical composition of most Stars is approximately the same, corresponding to the abundance of elements in the Cosmos. But various anomalies of chemical composition are also noted: these include the so-called magnetic variable stars, carbon stars, metallic stars, etc.

Comets move around the Sun in very elongated orbits. Comet nuclei consist of individual rocks and dust particles frozen into a block of ice. Ice is not quite ordinary - in addition to water, it contains ammonia and methane. This composition resembles the largest planet - Jupiter.

I deliberately dwelled in such detail on the physical processes in near-Earth and solar space that the reader could objectively evaluate and feel the specifics of our existence on the planetary electron, with the difficult-to-explain natural phenomena and cataclysms occurring on it.

In predicting natural phenomena, we can rely only on behavioral factors the nearest solar space. More distant parts of the universal organism, their vital behavioral factors and, consequently, their influence on the human habitat, are inaccessible to us due to the unknown of their functional role in the general organism of the Universe.

There can be so many influencing factors that it is very difficult for a person to know about them and predict them. (If only you can agree on them with someone? - Just kidding.) True, the greater their distance, the less the degree of their influence (although this is a consolation). Apparently, with this in mind, “stargazers”, compilers of horoscopes, tried to explain to people the influence of certain constellations on the fate and health of people.

The stars rotate, but do not walk across the sky. Hot, massive, rapidly evolving stars rotate faster than others. (Why?). Yellow and red dwarf stars practically do not rotate. Spectral class stars like our Sun and more than 93% of the stars on the so-called main sequence rotate slowly. The equatorial rotation speed of the Sun is 2 km per second.

In an isolated system, the angular momentum (rotation) must be conserved, and since the mass of all the planets is negligible compared to the mass of the Sun, it should rotate 50 times faster. However, the Sun rotates slowly. It is assumed that the loss of rotation speed occurred as a result of the transfer of the main angular momentum to its planets.

For some reason, the presence of magnetic fields on Stars also leads to an effective loss of torque even without the formation of planets. In the further process of the star's evolution (several billion years), the rotational momentum is maintained (?).

The chemical composition of the planets is different from the chemical composition of the Sun (?). How light gases - hydrogen and helium - left the solar system, “sorted” into interstellar space.

How can this be, since it has always been believed that the Sun and the planets were formed simultaneously, “from what was”?

So, four whys, and all without an answer.

Why does the Sun rotate slowly? Why do hot, massive, rapidly evolving Stars spin the fastest? - after all, it’s more difficult to promote a larger one than a smaller one? Why is the chemical composition of the planets different from the chemical composition of the Sun? Why does the presence of magnetic fields on Stars lead to a loss of rotational momentum even without the formation of planets?

In the TV news, in the section “about discoveries in science”, it once sounded: “Stars are pushing through space”! Gentlemen, have a conscience, say that you were joking. Stars, like larger objects, do not push anything, they are simply there, in fact, the body space of the Universe consists of them - they live there!

We also consist of an analogue of Stars - of atoms; it would be foolish to think that atoms are pushing through our body. We simply consist of atoms, and the fact that Stars, like atoms, “tremble” while being in the universal etheric space does not mean at all that they are pushing through the ether. They are simply located, like atoms in stellar molecules, quietly sitting in their “pits”. Where is the discovery here?

The stars do not push anything, just as you and I do not push the ether and atmospheric air, but simply live in it. Or do you think that if the Stars had not “pushed” their location, they would have lost their homes? - It will not happen. Don't know why? - Because the place of each Star, each Galaxy, is “chosen” not arbitrarily, but according to a coded program, and these living spaces are assigned to them forever.

As already mentioned, for some unknown reasons, Stars like the Sun, during their formation, slow down the speed of their rotation, apparently as a result of the appearance of planetary systems around them that have absorbed part of the Star’s matter, and at the same time part of the momentum the amount of its rotation, i.e. the very fact of the Star’s loss of rotation speed, indicates the beginning of the Star’s formation of its satellites - planets that are needed to guard and protect the star’s station in space and create a vital electromagnetic effect with its orbital motion. The planets themselves will receive the light and heat necessary for life - thus, a tandem of mutually useful and mutually dependent entities will be formed. But, perhaps, the most important thing is that if the energy of an atom is the energy of interaction of electrons with the nucleus, then by analogy (Rutherford) the energy of the Sun (Star) is the energy of interaction of planets with a star. (by the sun).

This, in fact, is why the Stars surround themselves with a retinue of planets (like atoms - with electrons) - after all, everything is done precisely out of necessity. Depending on the “character” of the Star, its chemical composition, as well as on the “services” it provides, it gathers around itself this or that retinue of planets.

Assumption:

In addition to everything, when there is a need to replenish or transform your internal environment into the required chemical quality, then the Star will need to add the missing chemical. Then it will be necessary, as such an additive, to use this or that planet, that is, to absorb it, and if not enough, then another one... This is another reason why the Star surrounds itself with planets with different chemical characteristics. (Of course, it is quite possible that this procedure is outside the jurisdiction of the Star, but of the general genetic code).

Over time, our planet can also be used for these purposes. This is approximately what is used in the foundry process, when certain additives are used to obtain a certain property of the metal.

The above may explain why electrons (as well as planets) change their orbit not gradually (smoothly), but abruptly. I think because the initiative to change the orbit comes (comes) not from an electron or a planet (they don’t need it), but from an atom - a Star; She, by an act of will, literally rips off the electron - the planet from its familiar comfortable orbit, bringing it gradually closer to itself, so that in the next jerks, it can absorb it. The star gave birth to them, but when necessary, it absorbed them.

Structure of the Universe

Relying on the similarity of the Large and Small cosmos, we can designate “on equal terms” by Stars or atoms molecular composition any body.

The density (elasticity) of various parts of the living body is determined by the genetic program of its structure, the basis of which is life-sustaining expediency: in humans and animals - in muscles - one thing, in bones - another, in lymph, blood, saliva - a third, etc. (B In space, this factor can be observed in different densities, groupings and a generalized pattern of the location of Stars).

Through the channels, let’s call them “black holes,” waste substances in cells (galaxies), together with the Stars (atoms) located in them, are removed into general flows, and then outside the body. (So ​​there is a landfill outside? - as Empedocles would say - an uncultivated periphery). A slightly different, but similar technology and the intake of energetically necessary substances into the body (through other channels).

On the vast “scheme”, that is, in Space, with a certain degree of bias, this can be seen with your own eyes.

About measurements

There is a lot of discussion in scientific literature on the topic of the number of dimensions. According to generally accepted concepts, human existence is conceived in the space of three dimensions. However, reasoning on astral-phantom topics prompts some to assume the existence of some invisible life in other, more than three dimensions. But do we understand measurements as they are written about? Possessing one or another number of dimensions is associated with a breadth of possibilities.

Yes, there are more than three dimensions in Space, but how? The cosmos includes completely independent bodies of different scales with their own spatio-temporal dimensions peculiar only to them, this is the essence:

A particle is its own dimension;

An atom - a molecule - its own dimension;

A person is his own dimension + the dimensions of the entities living in him;

A star with planets - its own dimensions;

A galaxy with many dimensions;

The Universe has many dimensions;

The measurements of any of these bodies are inherent only to bodies of a given scale order and are not applicable to measurements of bodies of a different scale order.

Material composition

We subdivide: forming elements are quarks (Akasha, Purusha, Ether) and formed ones - atoms, molecules, Stars, but everything is interconnected; educated ones can play the role of generators at the following steps of the scale ladder of the world, for example: from colonies of material particles and atoms (cosmic dust, gas) Large atoms are formed - Stars, from which fragments of Large bodies - Galaxies are formed. Someone thought that from large atoms - (Stars) - even larger ones are formed, and so on, to the point of absurdity...

In fact, living bodies are formed from small and large atoms (Stars). We just don’t know how many steps this large staircase has. Is there a first and a last, or do they transform into one another in some unknown way? If this is so, then man (who, according to M. Gorky, “sounds proud”) plays an important role in this world.

So, Cosmos is an integral World, containing several different scale-time worlds: one in another, another in a third, etc. - like a nesting doll.

Without such diversity, diversity, and hierarchy of components, the emergence of the Cosmos would simply be impossible.

Everything is interdependent: small from big; big from small - this is how things are in the world of material objects. In the astral, invisible world (if there is one), differences and priorities between large and small do not exist. (I write what my consciousness tells me).

Mechanics, physics or biophysiology

This is how it happened from the very beginning... It took several centuries to explain the phenomenon of the Cosmos using the laws of physics and mechanics. Of course, good training, but few results. And this means that the time has come to reveal the secrets of the Cosmos using other methods, so to speak, closer to life, that is, with the help of physiology and biology.

But where to start? Perhaps you can start with an ordinary chicken egg (without going into the problem of finding a chicken for now).

So, there is an absolutely suitable environment with an embedded “seed” - an embryo; you just need to surround the egg with heat for a certain time and ... as they say, the process has begun. We involve biophysiologists, and with their help we reveal step by step the entire process of the emergence of a living being. After all, every living being is a kind of Cosmos.

If the experts explain everything to us quite satisfactorily, then we move on to nature - here She is in front of us, or more precisely, we are inside Her. True, the scale is somewhat large... But it’s okay, let’s figure out the scale, and everything else for all living things is actually the same as during the birth and formation of a chicken.

What about the egg? Everything is fine there; In less than a few days, a living creature will hatch and say, I spent everything I had on myself, and I still have to grow and grow - where is the food, where is the food? This question is equally relevant for anyone born, be it a chicken, a person or the Universe. But, really, where is the food? If we had the opportunity to trace the uterine formation of man in the same step-by-step manner, in enormous magnification, we would completely satisfy the professional cosmological curiosity of not only biophysicists, but also astrophysicists, chemists and mechanics.

The desire to explain the phenomenon of life (Cosmos) only by means of mechanics, physics, chemistry - I consider a scientific balancing act, which has not yet brought the expected results.

Multi-level nature of the Universe - what does this mean? Multi-level is when the same forms of structure: architectonics, aggregation, structure, as well as the same functional and physiological patterns are repeated (manifest) at different scale levels within the total volume of the same unified system. What exactly are we talking about? Firstly, about the identity of the mechanical component of the life of the Universe at the levels: Stars - planets; atoms - electrons; and a less explored level: particle - energy - wave.

Secondly, when the single Big life of the Universe includes many life-entities of a smaller scale order, “created in the image and likeness” of the one in which they exist in great numbers, the functional-physical structure of which to a certain extent repeats the “scheme” of a single formulas of life. For example, Macrocosmos - Universe; microcosm - man. Also on another level: the “big” life of a person, and on the other hand, entire legions of micro-lives that carry out their life activities in the vastness of the internal functional units of a person, as well as other representatives of the animal world.

In other words: one large vital essence is the Universe, and in it there are billions of entities of a different scale order, in which, in turn, billions of entities of an even smaller scale order, i.e. there is a hierarchical structure of functioning living system objects, which I call the principle “ nesting dolls"; and all this taken together is ours common Home. Life within life, constituting the all-encompassing Nature, the World, the Universe.

GALAXIES

All cosmic phenomena are interpreted by modern astronomy on the basis of the achievements of modern physics.

Metagalaxy - the world of Galaxies. There are several billion galaxies in the explored region of space. (Humans have 20 billion cells). Most Galaxies are part of groups and clusters containing tens, hundreds and thousands of members. The most distant clusters of Galaxies look like a homogeneous spatial distribution - like a continuous medium, bearing the characteristic of “smeared” matter of Galaxies.

The modern Universe is characterized by a high degree of homogeneity and isotropy (sameness of properties) - this is on large scales, including many clusters of galaxies, but on smaller scales, typical of individual galaxies and clusters - on the contrary, strong inhomogeneity and anisotropy (difference of properties). (As an assumption): Stars and their clusters that are part of the same Galaxy should have approximately the same chemical composition, reflecting the general chemical characteristics of a given Galaxy; Also, clusters of galaxies forming a metagalaxy should have approximately the same chemical characteristics, i.e. - in local organizations- identical chemical composition. Different metagalaxies may differ in their individual chemical composition, which should reflect their functional affiliation with certain aggregates (organs).

To identify the organs of the Universe, it would be reasonable to find out (compare) what prevailing chemical composition these or those (our) and universal organs consist of. When observing cosmic aggregates (metagalaxies), one should especially take into account their boundary outlines in the form of certain densities of stellar matter.

Localization of groups of Galaxies (this is very important!) must mean that this is an organ localization. (I think that in 2000 I observed in Anapa such a boundary outline in the form of a continuous star field).

ABOUT MOTION IN SPACE

No functions of any organism are possible without some form of movement, for example, the process of cell regeneration or mitosis in the body of living beings. If this process were not accompanied by various forms of movement, then the process itself would not exist, i.e., the replacement of obsolete cells with new ones (mitosis) or organs, such as the restoration of the tail in lizards - regeneration. During the mitosis of our cells, there is also plenty of all kinds of movement, including possible elements of rotation. The process of cell division actually goes on continuously (for a person, renewal occurs after three days; for the Galaxy, for thousands and billions of years, but also constantly). At the cellular level there is continuous work, here there is nutrition, metabolism, mitosis, etc., in the same way, the process of life activity continuously occurs throughout outer space as a whole.

An ordinary living cell consists of hundreds of billions of atoms (Galaxies are its analogue). On the scale of Universal cells (Galaxies), in some of them these movements on telescopic photos look like rotational (disc-shaped). True, in other types of Galaxies, for example, crab-shaped ones, etc., there are no such characteristics that would resemble a top (spin) rotation. Rather, these are progressive and reciprocal phases of movement to shed “old laundry.” If a person needed to take off his outer clothing from his shoulders without using his hands, what movements would he make to do this? He would make energetic semicircles with his shoulders: back and forth, back and forth - and the clothes would fall off his shoulders. I believe that the Galaxy does something like this, throwing off its formed cocoon.

By this I want to say that in a living body any of its aggregates cannot be subject to rotational torque. Aggregates and organs should be in relative peace. Rotational mechanics is characteristic only at the molecular level: in the Cosmos, these are Stars and their satellites - Planets. If this is true, then much else that I have come to is true.

I believe that it is impossible to prove the rotation of galaxies (280 million years - one revolution) - humanity does not have enough time to prove it. I consider this aspect of cosmogony to be one of the most important for determining “what the Universe is.” It was this version, launched with someone’s “light hand” (Newton, Thomas Aquinas) about the rotation of any aggregates of the Universe, that made It a lifeless mechanical model (toy). If we assume that the entire Universe rotates, then we can only agree that it is a microlevel of an even more extensive body, which would mean that there are much more large-scale levels than we thought, or that the Big somehow passes, transforms into the small . But we will not be able to prove either the rotation of Galaxies or the Universe; we are inside, and time will not allow it.

It can be considered beyond doubt that Galaxies are living aggregates of the Universe, which we identify as cells that make up the body of the Universe. And it is just as likely that they divide and give birth to their own kind as the cells of any other living organism. - Is there any confirmation of this? Yes, such confirmations are available. Galaxies were not born all at once - they are still being born and dying. (Which was recently confirmed by the American research apparatus). The same thing happens in our body - cells die, giving life to new ones. There is a continuous renewal - rotation of life at the cellular level. On the cosmic plane, the same procedure of replacing an old cell (Galaxy) with a new one (mitosis) is perceived by humans as a Universal catastrophe.

Stars (of the Sun) also - some go out, others are born (the short period of humanity does not allow us to assess the multiplicity and regularity of these simple phenomena atomic (stellar) renewal). If everything that was said were not so, then neither Galaxies nor Stars should be born now - but this is happening!

ABOUT THE STRUCTURE OF GALAXIES

Among the Galaxies there is quite a wide variety of different shapes, but there are no more than five to seven main types, these are: round, elliptical, lenticular, spiral (normal), crossed spiral with a jumper, irregular, interacting...

Many Galaxies, including ours (unnamed), belong to the type of so-called crossed spiral Galaxies with a bar and twisted spiral arms.

Hubble and a number of other astronomers identify the variety of forms of Galaxies with different phases of their temporary evolutionary transformations, for example: from spherical to spiral, or vice versa, from spiral to spherical.

But neither Hubble nor anyone else after him was able to explain why a bridge is formed in Galaxies?

I believe that these external changes are associated not with the mysterious processes of the evolution of Galaxies, but with the usual processes of their life activity as cosmic cells, i.e. with their division, reproduction, mitosis.

Due to our fragility, we will not be able to find out the true cause of the deformation of the Galaxies - it can equally be either the growth of a new cell (Galaxy) or the process of division - mitosis of the Galaxy. Or maybe in one case it’s one thing, in another it’s another. According to Hubble, it turns out that all Galaxies are initially born virtually identical, only then, at different times, they take on one or another appearance. But it can be done differently: Galaxies are initially all the same (except for some large-scale differences), but they become different depending on the stage of “pregnancy”. It is a pity that the short life span of a person (humanity) does not allow us to gradually, with our own eyes, trace the entire period of division of cosmic cells.

Galaxies of various shapes and sizes arise and are grouped into clusters not spontaneously, in line with physical and mechanical laws, but according to the genetic program of the organism as a whole and specific vital organs and aggregates. Thus, according to the program, in certain parts of the universal body Galaxies of only a certain type should prevail without mixing with heterogeneous Galaxies. The shape of galaxies does not depend on the chemical composition of stars.

Mitosis is a method of cell division that involves the precise distribution of genetic material between daughter cells. The division process is a relatively short stage - in humans it lasts from 0.5 to 3 hours. In animal and human cells, the cell body, the cytoplasm, is divided by constriction of the cell body into two smaller sizes. In the first phase of mitosis, the volume of the nucleus increases, chromosomes become visible, and due to spiralization, two centrioles diverge to the poles of the cell. The threads of the achromatin spindle are stretched between the poles - an apparatus is formed that ensures the divergence of chromosomes to the poles of the cell. (Remember - “crossed barred spiral galaxies?”, from the core of which a straight rod protrudes in both directions, and spiral arms extend from its ends).

The mitotic spindle consists of threads connecting the poles to the centromeres of the chromosomes. - Isn't it a very revealing parallel?

Strange as it may seem to you, but the analysis of the formation of spiral Galaxies (intersected with a bridge) is actually an enlarged illustration of the division (mitosis) of our cells. There is something to think about, especially since no one has been able to explain why galaxies have a bridge?

In connection with the above, I would like to return again and again to the planetary model of the movement of electrons around the atomic nucleus. Isn’t it time to admit that the multi-level and multi-scale system of worlds located in one another contains an analogy not only in one thing, as noted by Rutherford, the analogy of small and large should be in everything, for both of them are built on the basis of a single formula of life .

A few words about the retreat of Galaxies (by the way, some authors believe that Galaxies either “scatter” or come closer). A person's normal inhalation, which lasts one second, is accompanied by movement of body parts. Perhaps we tend to interpret something similar in Space as the retreat of Galaxies... All living things move, but this does not mean that every movement in Space should be qualified as either circular or as the recession of Galaxies. If a human sigh is equal to a second, then a metagalactic “sigh” is several hundred and thousands of human years.

When we discuss the structure and functioning of a living organism, we should not turn to physics (or mechanics) first. In the design and functioning of living things, the genetic program rules the show, and all mechanical and physical laws are subordinate to It, and not vice versa. - This is what Newton and Einstein did not say, although they felt the presence of some other factor, some force other than gravity.

Now let's imagine that the Stars and the planets revolving around them have stopped. There is no spin or orbital rotation; Imagine what would happen to gravity?... - that's right, - it wouldn't exist! Just as there would be no stationary state of the Universe. The system: Stars - Planets - would simply fall apart. Stop their rotation, and Chaos will ensue in Space! What is the conclusion? - It is not just mass that is drawn to mass (gravity?), but only to that which has a rotational electromagnetic effect (moment).

Consequently, Newton's famous law was made without taking into account the main factor of cosmic gravity - the rotation of interacting bodies participating in mutual motion. One should add to the law of universal gravitation: where there is no rotation, there is no gravity. For this reason, there is no universal gravitation, since Galaxies and Universes do not rotate. Rotation is only at the molecular level: atom - electrons; Star - Planets.

When we enthusiastically climb the ladders of twisted chains of human DNA, we find secret archives of the causes and consequences of the state of certain units (organs) with the goal of their positive modernization. These twisted ladders (chains) are found in every cell of every organism. It would be a huge achievement (or courage) for astronomers to discern and identify such twisted staircases (spirals) in Galaxies.

When studying the gene code, we are dealing with a microcosm; in Space we also observe the microworld in some magnification, isn’t this a convenience?

STARS STATIONARY, GALAXIES

The Universe (Universes) is stationary entirely, just as Galaxies and Stars are stationary.

The loss of stationary status of Stars can occur in the case of mitosis (division) of cosmic cells - Galaxies, as well as in metabolic metabolic processes (the activity of black holes, quasars, etc.), which humanity, due to its short life span, may not see. But if this ever happens in our Galaxy, God forbid, then we, together with our planet and the Sun, can disappear overnight into some kind of tartar.

When the train rushes near the forest, we see a very strange forest movement - the trees seem to be running, overtaking each other, rotating, although in fact they stand still. We observe the same effect every year during the orbital-spiral motion of the Earth around the Sun. It seems to us that the Stars and the entire stellar landscape are moving somewhere, although in fact they are resting in their permanent place, and the Earth is moving, i.e. a platform for the illusion.

Apparently, we will never be able to look at the world from a point of view other than our own; we will never be able to see it correctly, as He really is. All we see is a conventional image of the world from a platform that constantly rotates and moves in space. That is why we observe a “red shift”, double Stars, and the presence of the Sun now in one constellation, now in another - in fact, it is not the Sun, but the Earth, moving around the Sun, which provides the illusion of the Sun being in different places - squares of outer space. (If the Stars and the Sun were flying, we would never have seen the Big and Little Dipper in their stationary places). This is equivalent to the illusion of the ancients that the Sun “rises and sets.”

True, cosmologists claim that the entire Galaxy rotates together with the Stars. But what if it is not round, but “irregular”, or like a “horse head”.

I believe that the images of Galaxies given in textbooks are not proof of their rotation, especially since it is officially recognized that rotation is not a universal phenomenon for all types of Galaxies. From which it follows that if someone insists on the rotation of galaxies, contrary to my opinion (that Galaxies, like cells, should not rotate at all), then I will be no less right than someone else, especially if the entire metagalactic environment of the Universe characterized as a homogeneously isotropic “smeared” mass, it is unlikely that we will be able to distinguish in it what is rotating from what is not rotating.

I believe that at our human level, the process of mitosis of ordinary cells is accompanied by various forms of movements, and if we imagine them in high magnification and dynamics, then perhaps we will find something very similar to what we see through a telescope aimed at certain Galaxies: and jumpers, and branches of spirally twisted tails, and interacting and irregular Galaxies, and a horse's head, and a sombrero, and so on...

Remember, I already said that perhaps the cosmic picture is presented to us in order to see through a telescope what cannot be seen through a microscope. Please note that all cosmoscience books illustrate the same images of Galaxies; This begs the conclusion: - to confirm the correct or incorrect position of the authors.

But surely there are other pictures?..., so give them, don’t hide them, like the priests and pharaohs in the past kept “this terrible secret” about the Cosmos from people. It's time to take a closer look at how this or that universal cell - the Galaxy - is structured; cash out their internal functional organs, etc.

MOTION IS THE BASIC PROPERTY OF MATTER

The main property of matter, characterized as its constant movement, is usually understood as its simple movement in space, which is not a complete definition. By the movement of matter we mean, in addition to just movement, also any change in it in general, including its constant transformation from one material state to another, from one chemical value to another. (This is actually what alchemists did. But nature has no desire to obtain gold from tin, copper, mercury).

The transformation of substances in nature occurs spontaneously, without special directed energy (rather, it is a loss of energy). This is the property of matter itself, constantly transforming to change, which is also accompanied by the process of movement. To put it simply, the transformation of matter is movement. For an observer (human) on the cosmic plane, this really looks like material movements of bodies, i.e. movements.

On our scale, this process of transformation at the molecular level, like movement, is invisible. We don’t notice it in Space either. However, on the cosmic scale this process is known and perceptible not only as the rotation of globes and high-temperature radiation of Stars (Suns), but also the associated background fluctuations in space. Any movements of matter and its local formations create a corresponding electromagnetic effect in space - background. At the large-scale level of motion (rotation) of the Stars and their satellites of the Planets, including also the thermonuclear activity of the Stars, the spatial background surrounding a person is very far from the most favorable.

From the book The Crisis of the Modern World by Guenon Rene

Chapter 7. MATERIAL CIVILIZATION From all of the above, it is clearly seen that the reproaches of the people of the East in relation to Western civilization as an exclusively material civilization are completely justified. This civilization developed only in the material sense, and with whatever

From the book Secrets of Space and Time author Komarov Victor

Chapter 4 WHAT FILLS THE SPACE OF THE UNIVERSE We will begin this chapter with a reminder that, according to modern fundamental physical theories, space and time are forms of the existence of matter. Perhaps this mention will seem to some of ours

From the book On the Eve of Philosophy. Spiritual quest ancient man author Frankfort Henry

Chapter 5 PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE OF THE UNIVERSE Famous Moscow astrophysicist A.L. Zelmanov once defined the connection that exists between the past, present and future this way. “The past is that period of time about which we have the illusion that we know everything about it.

From the book On Learned Ignorance (De docta ignorantia) author Kuzansky Nikolai

Chapter 7 ONCE AGAIN ABOUT THE SPACE OF THE UNIVERSE We return again to the question of what happens in the “space-time” of our Universe. And we remind you once again that all objects that are located in this area of ​​​​the Universe, as well as their behavior, are closely related to its

From the book Results of Millennial Development, book. I-II author Losev Alexey Fedorovich

From the book Return of Time [From ancient cosmogony to future cosmology] by Smolin Lee

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS TO THE DERIVATION OF THE UNITY AND INFINITY OF THE UNIVERSE The science of ignorance will be greatly helped if from our first principle we first deduce some general premises; they will make it possible, using the techniques of the same art, to obtain infinite

From the book Shield of Scientific Faith (collection) author Tsiolkovsky Konstantin Eduardovich

Chapter 6 ABOUT COLLAPSE AND STAGES OF CONCRETE CONCRETE OF THE UNIVERSE The Universe, or the world, as we found in the previous one, is a single wholeness (unum) that exceeds any concept, the unity of which is concretized by the multitude, being unity in the multitude. And now, since absolute unity -

From the book Aristotle for everyone. Complex philosophical ideas in simple words by Adler Mortimer

Chapter 7 ABOUT THE TRINITY OF THE UNIVERSE Since absolute unity is necessarily threefold, only not in a specifically limited, but in an absolute way - that is, absolute unity is nothing more than the Trinity, humanly understood in the sense of a certain correlation [of persons], about which

From the author's book

Chapter 8 ABOUT POSSIBILITY OR THE MATTER OF THE UNIVERSE So that at least in general outline To set out here what could make our ignorance into knowledge, let us briefly discuss the above three modes of being, starting with possibility. Much has been said about it by the ancients, who all agreed

From the author's book

Chapter 9 ABOUT THE SOUL, OR FORM OF THE UNIVERSE All thinkers agree that the possibility of being can be brought to actual being only through an act, since nothing is capable of translating itself into actual being, otherwise it would turn out to be its own cause:

From the author's book

§4. Beauty as a material substance A review of all the features of chthonic and heroic mythology leads to one very important conclusion. Beauty, after all, has a self-sufficient character here, being the subject of disinterested admiration and in no way

From the author's book

Chapter 16 Life and Death of the Universe Now let's turn to the most important question that can be asked about our Universe: why is life possible in it? Mainly because time is real. The universe must have properties that can only be explained if time is

From the author's book

Development and renewal of the Universe. Cycle of the Universe Infinity of space, equal distances between material, equal and initially fixed points, their mutual attraction - this is the initial picture of the Universe, or, more accurately, the simplest picture of the Universe.

From the author's book

Chapter 6. Aristotle's doctrine of four causes: efficient, material, formal and final (Four Causes) Physics, book II, chapters 3–9. Metaphysics, book I, chapters 5–10; Book V, Chapter 3; book VI, chapters 2, 3; Book VII, Chapter 17; book VIII, chapters 2–4; Book IX, Chapter 8; book XII, chapter 4,

Return