Types of speech: narration, description, reasoning. Functional and semantic types of speech

This task tests your knowledge of functional and semantic types of speech; to put it simply, you must distinguish between description, narration, reasoning, and see their elements in the text.

To the legitimate question “why?” I will answer: in addition to understanding the text, you must construct the text, and for this, imagine what types of speech to use for this or that text.

What types of speech are there?

There are three of them: narration, description and reasoning.

They are recognized by several characteristics:

purpose of information transfer;
text structure;
linguistic means (words, parts of speech, syntactic structures).

Narration

This is the simplest thing it can be. The purpose of the message is to tell about EVENTS that occur in time, therefore the narrative is characterized by a PRESENTATION of actions sequentially: got up, walked, came, then sat down, and so on. If there is dialogue and perfect verbs most often in the past tense, then this is a narrative.

Description

The purpose of the description is to GIVE AN IMAGE about an object, phenomenon, process. Linguistic means can be any, here you need to carefully look at the function of the text: if there is a story about the sides of the subject, aspects of the phenomenon, then this is a description. Quick question: what type of speech is this? Demosthenes strove to become a good orator. To do this, he went to the seashore and shouted for hours, training the power of his voice. Sometimes he would stuff his mouth with stones and pronounce words, trying to perfect his diction. Yes, there are a lot of verbs here, but this is a description! Only the process, not the subject.

Reasoning

You will laugh, but this is NOT a narrative or a description. Yes, reasoning is identified by excluding the first two; for the sake of order, I will give a definition from the textbook: reasoning is the presentation of thoughts in a logical sequence. Such a text contains a certain thought (thesis), evidence (arguments) and a conclusion.

It is important to remember that it is almost impossible to find “pure” types of texts, so in the assignment you will see such formulations as “elements of reasoning”, “contains a description”, etc.

Let's look at a version of this task from the 2015 demo:

Which of the following statements are true? Please provide answer numbers.

1) Sentences 4–5 contain description.

2) Sentences 22–23 contain reasoning.

3) Sentences 24–25 contain narration.

4) Sentences 37–41 contain descriptive elements.

5) Sentence 43 contains an element of description.

Let's start in order:

(4) During the day, the fifth company was actually cut off from the rest of the regiment. 5) Supply and communication with the rear occurred only at night.

There are events that happen sequentially (during the day, then at night), this is a narrative.

(22) We didn’t find Konakov in his dugout. (23) On a rusty bed, obtained from nowhere, a senior sergeant was snoring, covering his head with an overcoat, and a young signalman was sitting hunched over in the corner with a receiver hanging from his ear.

The 22nd is narration, the 23rd is description. There is no reasoning here.

(24) Konakov soon appeared, pushed the foreman, and he, hastily putting his hands into the sleeves of his overcoat, took the captured machine gun from the wall and crawled out of the dugout.

(25) The captain and I sat down by the stove. Konakov appeared, pushed, he took off, got out, we sat down - the actions take place in time, this is a narrative.

We walked the entire front line from the left flank to the right, saw trenches, single cells for soldiers with small niches for cartridges, rifles and machine guns laid out on the parapet, two light machine guns on the flanks - in a word, everything that should be on the front line. (38) There was only one thing missing - there were no soldiers. (39) Throughout the defense we did not meet a single soldier. (40) Only the foreman. (41) Calmly and leisurely, with earflaps pulled down over his eyes, he moved from rifle to rifle, from machine gun to machine gun, and fired a burst or a single shot at the Germans... The descriptive elements are sentence 37, which gives an idea of what the trench looks like, although the rest is narrative.

This is how this task is solved.

The material was prepared by Karelina Larisa Vladislavovna, Russian language teacher highest category, honorary worker general education RF

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Educational institution

"Belarusian State Pedagogical University named after M. Tank"

Specialty “Geography. Protection of Nature"

Faculty of Natural Sciences

Extramural

Essay

in the discipline "Culture of Speech"

on the topic of: « Types of speech: description, narration and reasoning"

Completed by student gr.401

Lebed T.N.

Introduction

Chapter 1. Description

Chapter 2. Narration

Chapter 3. Reasoning

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Speech culture is a separate discipline in educational institutions. The essence of speech culture is to make a person’s speech correct, that is, literate, corresponding to the norms of the language. As a science, speech culture belongs to linguistics and studies the normalization of literary language.

The problem of a person’s knowledge of functional types of speech is very relevant. We communicate a lot with different people: at home, at work, in various public places, and the ability to competently construct our speech has great value. The ability to understand other people is also important. We need all this so that we are correctly understood, so that a person, reading any work, listening to someone, has the most complete and clear idea of what is being discussed, and can better understand the problem. Knowledge of functional types of speech is necessary for creating literate texts in accordance with the tasks of communication in various areas of human activity, for competent speaking to the public.

Process communicative development personality is impossible without the formation of a theoretically clear idea of the functional-semantic typology of speech, without developing the ability to analyze a text from the point of view of its belonging to a certain type, the ability to create texts in accordance with the communicative-functional, compositional-structural, lexico-grammatical characteristics of a particular functional type speech.

In this work we will talk about functional types of speech: description, narration, reasoning. Will be considered characteristics each type of speech, definitions of these types are given, examples of use are given.

The tasks facing this work:

Provide a basic definition based on multiple sources;

Describe the types of speech, explain the relevance of this topic, and show examples of the use of types of speech.

Speech is specific speaking that occurs in audio (including internal pronunciation) or in written form.

Type of speech - a method of presentation chosen by the author and oriented (depending on the content of the statement and the nature of the textual information) towards one of the tasks: to statically depict reality, to describe it; dynamically reflect reality, talk about it; reflect the cause-and-effect relationships of reality phenomena. In accordance with these communication goals, three main types of speech are distinguished: description, narration, reasoning.

Chapter 1. Description

Description- type of speech: verbal image of any object, phenomenon or action through its representation characteristic features; one of the functional-semantic types of speech along with narration and reasoning.

Purpose of the description- visually draw a verbal picture so that the reader can visually imagine the subject of the image.

Description differs from other types of text in that it gives an idea of a phenomenon, object, person, state, action by listing their signs and properties. The role of description is different in fiction, poetry, journalism, and official business speech. In a work of art, description (along with narration) is one of the most common components of the author’s monologue.

Usually isolated the following types Descriptions:

· portrait- image of the character’s appearance (face, figure, clothing, demeanor, etc.).

For example:

Long and thin, with a wide forehead, a flat upward, pointed downward nose, large greenish eyes and drooping sand-colored sideburns, it [Bazarov’s face] was enlivened by a calm smile and expressed self-confidence and intelligence (I. Turgenev);

A dynamic portrait that depicts the facial expression, eyes, facial expressions, gestures, posture, actions and states of the character: A strange smile distorted his face, a pitiful, sad, weak smile... (F. Dostoevsky);

· psychological picture - a description of the character’s internal state, allowing the author to reveal the hero’s inner world or emotional experiences.

For example:

His eyes did not laugh when he laughed (M. Lermontov);

· scenery- a description of nature as part of the real environment in which the action takes place.

For example:

The fields are compressed, the groves are bare. Above the water there is fog and dampness... (S. Yesenin);

· interior- image of the interior of the room.

For example:

In the middle of the room is a table, heavy as a tomb, covered with a white tablecloth, and on it are two cutlery, napkins folded in the form of papal tiaras, and three dark bottles (M. Bulgakov).

Image of the place and time of the action.

For example:

The village is scattered randomly between the peat lowlands - monotonous poorly plastered barracks from the thirties and, with carvings on the facade, with glazed verandas, houses of the fifties (A. Solzhenitsyn).

In a literary text, description performs various functions. Thus, a description of nature often depicts the atmosphere of the action and helps to comprehend the character’s state. It can harmonize with inner world hero.

For example:

And he looked around, as if wanting to understand how one could not sympathize with nature. It was already evening; the sun disappeared behind a small aspen grove that lay half a mile from the garden (I. Turgenev).

Or discord with him.

For example:

The sky was without the slightest cloud, and the water was almost blue, which is so rare on the Neva. The dome of the cathedral was shining, and through the clear air one could clearly see even each of its decorations. An inexplicable coldness always blew over him [Raskolnikov] from this magnificent panorama (F. Dostoevsky).

In journalism, documentary, accurate reproduction of details makes the reader seem like an eyewitness of what is happening.

For example:

A monument to a small brave creature with pointy ears - Moommi-Troll... A bronze figurine approximately half human height... (World Pathfinder magazine).

However, often the description is given through the perception of the author.

For example:

The airy, elven poet was a businesslike, extremely everyday person, grounded in all his habits. Fet's appearance, especially in his old years, was defiantly anti-poetic: overweight, heavy, with a rude, frowning, often grumpy face (Yu. Nagibin).

Description as an independent component of the composition of an artistic or journalistic text, as a rule, interrupts the development of the action, however, if the description is small in volume, it may not suspend the development of the action, but be organically included in the narrative (the so-called narrative with descriptive elements).

For example:

I followed the crowd into the church and saw the groom. He was a small, round, well-fed man with a paunch, very decorated. Finally there was talk that the bride had been brought. I pushed my way through the crowd and saw a wonderful beauty, for whom the first spring had barely arrived. They said that she was barely sixteen years old (F. Dostoevsky).

Artistic and journalistic description is characterized by the widespread use of linguistic expressive means (metaphors, personifications, comparisons, epithets, etc.).

For example:

Through the wide span of the window one could see tiled roofs Berlin - their outlines changed, thanks to the irregular internal tints of glass - and among the roofs, a distant dome rose like a bronze watermelon. The clouds flew and broke through, revealing for a moment the light, amazed autumn blue (V. Nabokov).

In texts of official business style of speech there are such types of description as characteristics of the subject, its technical and informational description. In this case, the task is to accurately name the features of the described object or device, therefore, artistic and aesthetic means are always excluded from the business description.

For example:

The instant payment system machine is a vandal-resistant (that is, capable of withstanding aggressive influences while maintaining full functionality) device for accepting cash and transferring it to the accounts of service companies.

The leading role in the description is played by adjectives and participles, as well as nominative sentences, providing expressiveness and clarity of the image.

For example:

Shrub and small forest. An eerie late afternoon silence. Silent thickets (V. Peskov).

Verbs, participles and gerunds in descriptive texts are usually in the present tense, and the predicate, as a rule, is located after the subject.

For example:

The door to the porch is open (T. Tolstaya).

Description as a type of text (method of presentation), focused on a static reflection of the phenomena of reality, is the opposite of narration.

Chapter 2. Narration

Bynarration- type of speech: story, message about an event, action, phenomenon occurring in time; one of the functional-semantic types of speech along with reasoning and description.

Purpose of the story- give an idea of an event (a series of events) in chronological order or show the transition of an object from one state to another.

The peculiarity of narrative as a type of text is that it depicts events or phenomena in which actions do not occur simultaneously, but follow each other or condition each other.

For example:

On the way, Lidia Borisovna told how almost forty years ago she first came here, to the ashes of the Blokov estate. I got there with some adventures, first by train, then by hitchhiking... I walked for a long time through the forest and almost got lost. I found a burnt foundation along three birch trees growing in a field on a hillock. She sat among the bushes, under a tall silver poplar, picked up a piece of brick from the foundation of a burnt house and brought it to Chukovsky. The old man pressed this piece to his cheek and said: “I never got out there to see Blok, but he called me to come.” Lidia Borisovna asked: “Korney Ivanovich, will this house never be restored?” He replied: “Lida, you have to live in Russia for a long time” (D. Rubina).

In a narrative, it is usually possible to determine the place and time of action, the character, the chronological sequence of what is happening, etc. The composition of the narrative, as a rule, is subordinated to the sequence of development of the author's thoughts and the task that the author sets for himself.

Examples The shortest narratives can be considered the famous letter of Caesar, telling about the rapid victory in the Battle of Zela (I came, I saw, I conquered), or the classic quote from the movie “The Diamond Arm”: I tripped, fell, woke up - plaster. They very accurately convey the essence of the narrative - the story of what happened.

· neutral(in scientific and official business styles of speech).

For example:

Birch - deciduous tree. Grows in central Russia. Birch bark is used in folk crafts);

For example:

As if in a dream, I approach our birch tree. Hello! Didn't recognize me? My brother and I found you in the pasture... I remember the cuckoo was cuckooing. We cut off two big roots from you. They planted it, poured out two buckets of water... You barely survived, for two summers the leaves were small, pale... (V. Belov).

Narration is typical primarily for literary texts, the plot of which is based on a story about events. In a work of art, narration is also called the speech of a personified narrator or the author's monologue speech (with the exception of the direct speech of characters - monologues and dialogues).

TO literary genres, the basis of which is a narrative, are traditionally classified as a story, a story, a novel, an epic novel.

Journalistic genres based on narration are: speech description narration reasoning

· reportage(story from the scene);

· feature article(a work based on facts, documents, personal impressions of the author);

· article;

· feuilleton(an accusatory work on a topical topic), etc.

Narration in literary and journalistic texts may include:

· descriptions(for visual and figurative representation of heroes, scene of action);

· reasoning(to express the author's attitude towards the depicted).

Scientific narration includes a message (a genre characterized by laconic presentation, reliance on facts and used in scientific publications, and also in newspaper articles and historical literature).

For example:

After a brief acquaintance with Egypt during a trip along the Nile, Caesar moved to Asia Minor against Pharnaces II, the son of Mithridates, who had captured the province of Pontus. In August 47 BC. Caesar immediately put Pharnaces' army to flight at the Battle of Zela (Encyclopedia "Around the World").

Business storytelling genres- these are instructions, reports, protocols.

For example:

On March 14, 2001, at the intersection of the Svetlograd - Divnoye highway, traffic police officers tried to stop a VAZ 21099 to check documents. The car did not stop, and traffic inspectors began to pursue it. The offenders were caught up and stopped.

The composition of a business narrative is usually organized by marker words indicating the sequence of presentation of the material or recommended actions.

For example:

First, then, as a result, etc., as well as verbs and words necessary, necessary, follows, etc.

The leading role in any type of narration is played by verb forms that ensure the unfolding of the narrative and clearly represent successive actions and the course of an event (phenomenon) in time and space. Main semantic load usually carry perfective verbs, prefixed and unprefixed.

For example:

Pugachev left; the people rushed after him (A. Pushkin).

However, if we are talking not about one-time, but about repeated actions, imperfective past tense verbs are used.

For example:

Every year in the spring, the parents went to the dacha. They planted flowers and vegetables and raised chickens.

Chapter 3. Reasoning

Reasoning- type of speech: verbal presentation, explanation, development, confirmation or refutation of any thought; one of the functional-semantic types of speech along with narration and description.

Purpose of reasoning- examine an object or phenomenon, reveal its internal characteristics, consider (present to the reader) the cause-and-effect relationships of events or phenomena, convey the author’s thoughts about them, evaluate them, justify, prove or refute this or that idea or position.

The peculiarity of reasoning as a type of text is that it uses not a plot (as in a narrative), but a logical principle of construction. As a rule, the composition of the argument is built according to the model: thesis, proof (a series of arguments that use facts, inferences, references to authorities, obviously true provisions (axioms, laws), descriptions, examples, analogies, etc.) and conclusion .

For example:

Having spent a lot of time and effort studying the “abstruse” spelling rules and exceptions, I thought: why not agree to write “as heard”? (thesis) This will make life easier not only for schoolchildren, but also for adults. You won’t have to look into dictionaries to check the spelling of an unfamiliar word or into a reference book to remember a forgotten rule. Yes, and the release of similar scientific publications will not be needed, just a small brochure, after studying which everyone can proudly say that he is a literate person. Without special costs we will simplify our life. But is it really that simple? Firstly, we still cannot completely get rid of errors in written speech, since pronunciation is different people not the same. For example, not everyone knows how to say correctly: you call or you ring. The person who speaks correctly will write zvunsh, and the second one will write zvunsh. And there are many such words. Secondly, the vocabulary of the Russian language will change: many homonyms will appear, many words will lose their lexical meaning. The words “drink” and “chant” will be written as “drink.” And how will it be possible to understand what is said in such a sentence, for example: It is forbidden to write in public places... (proof). Having weighed all the pros and cons, I decided that this reform not only will not lead to the desired result, but will cause enormous damage, first of all, to us, who speak, write in Russian and own the riches of this great language (conclusion) (From a student essay).

In the compositional structure of reasoning, a condition is usually met under which the thesis (position, hypothesis, version that is considered, proven, evaluated) is the beginning, while evidence and conclusions can be arranged in a sequence determined by the author’s intention.

Nfor example:

Since fita, izhitsa and the vocative case are almost no longer used in the Russian language (thesis), then, to be fair, the salaries of teachers of the Russian language should be reduced (conclusion), because with the decrease in letters and cases, their work also decreased (proof of the validity of the thesis ) (A. Chekhov). The thesis in this text comes at the beginning of the argument, followed by the conclusion, and then the proof (why this is so).

Reasoning is typical primarily for scientific and journalistic texts, the task of which is to compare, summarize, generalize, justify, prove, refute this or that information, give a definition or explanation of a fact, phenomenon, event.

IN scientific speech The following subtypes of reasoning are distinguished:

· reasoning-explanation

For example:

There is a distinction between the so-called biographical author, that is, a historical figure, a private person (A.S. Pushkin, 1799 - 1837), and a creative author, whose ideas about the world and man are reflected in the work he creates (A.S. Pushkin, author of the novel “Eugene Onegin”) (Dictionary of literary terms);

· reasoning

For example:

If the author-creator portrays himself in a work, then we can talk about the image of the author as a character work of art and consider it among others characters(the image of the author in A.S. Pushkin’s novel “Eugene Onegin”) (Dictionary of literary terms).

In literary texts reasoning is used in the author's digressions, explaining the psychology and behavior of the characters, when expressing the moral position of the author, his assessment of the depicted, etc.

For example:

There was a premonition that Moscow would be taken in Russian Moscow society in 1212. Those who left with what they could seize, leaving their houses and half their property, acted this way due to that latent patriotism, which is expressed not by phrases, not by killing children to save the fatherland, etc. by unnatural actions, but which is expressed imperceptibly, simply, organically and therefore always produces the strongest results (L. Tolstoy).

Genres of reasoning include:

· scientific;

· popular science;

· journalistic articles;

· essay ([French essai - attempt, trial, essay] - a work usually dedicated to literary criticism, journalistic and philosophical topics and conveying the author’s individual impressions and thoughts about a particular object or phenomenon. The essay is characterized by a free composition: the sequence of presentation in it is subject only to the internal logic of the author’s thoughts, and the motivations and connections between parts of the text are often associative in nature.

For example:

Picture in the reader: a barefoot old man. // I turned the page; // my imagination remained // cold. Either way - Pushkin: // cloak, rock, sea foam... (V. Nabokov)).

A traditional school argumentative essay usually proposes to highlight one of the aspects of the work, named in the topic of the essay, and is built according to the compositional plan of the argument: thesis to be proven (topic) - proof (arguments, examples, comments to the text that reveal the topic) - conclusion ( conclusion, generalization).

For example:

Subject: Raskolnikov's idea of law strong personality for a crime in the system of copyright retractions. Proof (arguments): The humanistic origins of the theory - indignation at social inequality - do not correspond to the result of testing the theory in practice - murder. The moral consequences of a crime are pangs of conscience. The conflict between theory and “living life” is alienation from loved ones. The system of characters in the novel is a component of the author’s system of refutations: images of the protagonist’s “doubles”, personifying the inhumane aspects of the Napoleonic idea (Luzhin and Svidrigailov), and opposing images of Raskolnikov’s antipodes and opponents (Sonya, Lizaveta, Marmeladoav, Razumikhin, etc.). The role of the hero’s dreams in debunking the Napoleonic idea. The author's attitude to the theory: recognition of the inequality of people is Raskolnikov's main mistake. Conclusion: The idea of the hero of the novel is godless and inhumane; it requires debunking, because many are “infected” with it. The writer’s task is not to expose the murderous hero, but to expose the idea embodied in the theory of “trembling creatures” and “having the right” and which is a consequence of unbelief.

As part of the argument, all types of speech can be used to prove the thesis:

· reasoning(logical proof).

For example:

All birds are birds - feathered ostrich => ostrich - bird;

· Preporting;

· description(emotional proof).

For example:

How can I not love this land?<…>And this blue, and this green, And the secret path in the rye! (V. Lazarev).

In reasoning, there are often lexical signals of cause-and-effect relationships, unique markers of reasoning: firstly, introductory words and sentences; secondly, therefore, so, in addition, finally, further, in conclusion, etc.; conditional and concessional complex sentences, showing the presence of cause-and-effect relationships.

For example:

It should be noted about the high school student: if he has become completely green, it means that he has matured in science and can receive a matriculation certificate. It happens differently with other fruits (A. Chekhov); interrogative constructions: What did it serve me that almost in the womb I was already a guard sergeant? Where has this got me? (A. Pushkin), etc.

Reasoning as a type of text (method of presentation) is widely used in such speech situations as explanation of new scientific and educational material, polemics with opponents, etc.

Conclusion

The relevance of the problem that was raised in this work is great importance. After all, the process of personality development, the development of the ability to communicate with other people is impossible without knowledge of the functional-semantic typology of speech, without developing the ability to analyze a text from the point of view of its belonging to a certain type, the ability to create texts in accordance with a certain type of speech.

As a basic definition of types of speech, we accepted the following: functional types of speech are communicatively determined, typified varieties of monologue speech that are expressed by certain linguistic means.

Listliterature used

1. Russian language and speech culture: Textbook / Under. ed. prof. R89 V.I. Maksimova. - M.: Gardariki, 2001. - 413 p.

2. Speech culture. Series "Textbooks, teaching aids". Rostov n/d: Phoenix, 2001.- 448 p.

3. https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/04/19/2015

4. http://bugaga.net.ru/ege/rus/theory/18.04.2015.

5. http://stylistics.academic.ru/132/18.-4.2015

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What are types of speech? What functions do they perform?

Types of speech: description, narration, reasoning - this is how we talk about the subject. For example, let's imagine regular table in the office or at home in the kitchen. If you need to describe this item, you should describe in detail what it looks like and what is on it. Such text will be descriptive in nature, therefore, we are talking about description. If the narrator begins to reason about what this table is for, whether it is too old, whether it is time to change it to a new one, then the chosen type of speech will be called reasoning. A text can be called a narration if a person tells the story of how this table was ordered or made, brought home and other details of the appearance of the table in the apartment.

Now a little theory. Types of speech are used by a storyteller (author, journalist, teacher, announcer) to convey information. Depending on how it is presented, the typology is determined.

Description is a type of speech whose purpose is a detailed story about a static object, image, phenomenon or person.

Narration informs the developing action by conveying certain information in a temporal sequence.

With the help of reasoning, the flow of thought regarding the subject that caused it is conveyed.

Functional and semantic types of speech: description, narration, reasoning

Types of speech are often called functional-semantic. What does it mean? One of the meanings of the word “function” (there are many others, including mathematical terms) is role. That is, speech types play a certain role.

The function of description as a type of speech is to recreate a verbal picture and help the reader see it with inner vision. This is achieved through the use of adjectives in various degrees of comparison, participial phrases, other speech means. This type of speech can most often be found in artistic style. A description in a scientific style will differ significantly from an artistic one in the unemotional, clear flow of the story, the obligatory presence of terms and

A narrative is characterized by a depiction of an action, situation, or specific incident. Using verbs and short, succinct sentences, this type of speech is often used in news reporting. Its function is notification.

Reasoning as a type of speech is characterized by a variety of styles: artistic, scientific, business and even colloquial. The pursued goal is to clarify, reveal certain features, prove or refute something.

Features of the structure of speech types

Each type of speech is characterized by a clear structure. The following classical form is typical for the narrative:

string;
developments;
climax;
denouement.

The description does not have a clear structure, but it differs in such forms as:

a descriptive story about a person or animal, or an object;
detailed description of the place;
description of the condition.

Similar examples are often found in literary texts.

Reasoning is fundamentally different from previous types of speech. Since its goal is to convey the sequence of a person’s thought process, the reasoning is structured as follows:

thesis (statement);
arguments, along with examples given (proof of this statement);
final conclusion or conclusion.

Speech types are often confused with styles. This is a grave mistake. Below we will explain how styles differ from types.

Types and styles of speech: what are the differences?

In Russian language textbooks the concept appears: What is it and are there any differences between styles and types?

So, style is a complex of certain speech means used in a specific area of communication. There are five main styles:

Colloquial.
Journalistic.
Official business (or business).
Scientific.
Art.

To see, you can take any text. The type of speech which will be presented) is present in both scientific and journalistic styles. we choose for daily communication. It is characterized by the presence of colloquial expressions, abbreviations and even slang words. It is appropriate at home or with friends, but upon arrival at an official institution, for example, a school, university or ministry, the style of speech changes to businesslike with scientific elements.

Newspapers and magazines are written in a journalistic style. News channels broadcast using it. The scientific style can be found in educational literature; it is characterized by many terms and concepts.

Finally, the art style. He wrote books that we read for our own pleasure. He is characterized by comparisons (“the morning is beautiful, like the smile of a loved one”), metaphors (“the night sky showers gold on us”) and other artistic expressions. By the way, description is a type of speech that is quite common in fiction and, accordingly, in the style of the same name.

The difference is this: you can describe, think or narrate using different styles. For example, when talking about a flower in an artistic style, the author uses a lot of expressive epithets to convey to the listener or reader the beauty of the plant. A biologist will describe the flower from a scientific point of view, using generally accepted terminology. You can reason and narrate in the same way. For example, a journalist will write a feuilleton about a carelessly plucked flower, using reasoning as a type of speech. At the same time, the girl, using conversational style, will tell her friend how a classmate gave her a bouquet.

Using Styles

The specificity of speech styles makes their successful juxtaposition possible. For example, if the type of speech is description, then it can be supplemented by reasoning. The same flower can be described in a school wall newspaper, using both a scientific or journalistic and artistic style. This could be an article about the valuable properties of a plant and a poem praising its beauty. In a biology lesson, the teacher, using a scientific style, will offer students information about the flower, and after that he can tell a fascinating legend about it.

Type of speech description. Examples in the literature

This type can be called an image. That is, when describing, the author depicts an object (for example, a table), a natural phenomenon (thunderstorm, rainbow), a person (a girl from a neighboring class or a favorite actor), an animal, and so on ad infinitum.

Within the description, the following forms are distinguished:

Portrait;

Description of the condition;

Examples of landscapes can be found in the works of classics. For example, in the story “The Fate of Man” the author gives a brief description of the early post-war spring. The pictures he recreated are so vivid and believable that it seems as if the reader sees them.

In Turgenev's story "Bezhin Meadow" landscapes also play an important role. Using a verbal image of the summer sky and sunset, the writer conveys the powerful beauty and power of nature.

To remember what a description is as a type of speech, it is worth considering another example.

“We went on a picnic outside the city. But today the sky was gloomy and became increasingly unfriendly towards evening. At first the clouds were a heavy gray hue. The sky was covered with them, like a theater stage after a performance. Although the sun had not yet set, it was already invisible. And then lightning appeared between the dark curtains of the clouds...”

The description is characterized by the use of adjectives. It is thanks to them that this text gives the impression of a painting, conveys to us color and weather gradations. For a descriptive type story the questions are: next questions: “What does the described object (person, place) look like? What signs does it have?

Narration: Example

Discussing the previous type of speech (description), it can be noted that it is used by the author to recreate the visual effect. But the narration conveys the plot in dynamics. This speech type describes events. The following example tells what happened to the heroes of a short story about a thunderstorm and a picnic later.

“... The first lightning did not scare us, but we knew that this was just the beginning. We had to pack our things and run away. As soon as the simple dinner was packed into the backpacks, the first drops of rain fell on the blanket. We rushed to the bus stop."

In the text, you need to pay attention to the number of verbs: they create the effect of action. It is the depiction of the situation in the time period that are signs of the narrative type of speech. In addition, to a text of this kind you can ask the questions “What came first? What happened next?

Reasoning. Example

What is reasoning as a type of speech? The description and narration are already familiar to us and are easier to understand than a text-reasoning. Let's go back to our friends who got caught in the rain. One can easily imagine how they discuss their adventure: “...Yes, we were lucky that a summer resident-motorist noticed us at a bus stop. It's good that he didn't pass by. It's good to talk about a thunderstorm in a warm bed. It wouldn’t be so scary if we were at the same stop again. A thunderstorm is not only unpleasant, but also dangerous. You can't predict where lightning will strike. No, we will never go to the country again without knowing the exact weather forecast. A picnic is good for a sunny day, but in a thunderstorm it’s better to drink tea at home.” The text contains all the structural parts of reasoning as a type of speech. In addition, you can ask him questions characteristic of reasoning: “What is the reason? What follows from this?

Finally

Our article was devoted to types of speech - description, narration and reasoning. The choice of a particular speech type depends on what we are talking about in in this case and what goal we are pursuing. We also mentioned characteristic speech styles, their features and close relationship with types of speech.

Teacher's comments on the material being studied

Types of speech: description, narration, reasoning

This page contains theory, tables and examples on this topic.

Definitions for types description, narration, reasoning are on another page about types of speech in Russian.

All our statements can be reduced to three general types of speech: description, narration and reasoning.

The main task of the author when describing is to indicate the characteristics of what is being described. Therefore, you can ask questions about texts of this type: what is the subject of the description? what does he look like? what signs are characteristic of it? how does it function etc.

There are several main types of description: description of an object, animal or person, description of a place, description of the state of the environment and the state of a person.

Let us give examples of different types of descriptions.

Description of an object, animal or person

1.The color of the autumn honey fungus is yellowish-gray. It can be dirty brown, and darker towards the middle of the cap. The leg is thin, dense, the cap is white, gray at the base, sometimes brown.

2.On the seller’s left arm sits a tiny, cheerful fox terrier. He is unusually small and cute. His eyes sparkle provocatively, his miniature paws are in constant motion. The Fox Terrier is made of some kind of white material, the eyes are made of cast glass (according to A. Kuprin).

3.Only one person belonged to our society, not being a military man. He was about thirty-five years old, and for that we considered him an old man. Experience gave him many advantages over us; Moreover, his usual gloominess, harsh disposition and evil tongue had a strong influence on our young minds. Some kind of mystery surrounded his fate; he seemed Russian, but had a foreign name. He once served in the hussars, and even happily; no one knew the reason that prompted him to resign and settle in a poor town, where he lived both poorly and wastefully: he always walked on foot, in a worn black frock coat, and kept an open table for all the officers of our regiment (A. Pushkin).

Description of the place

The village of Manilovka could lure few with its location. The master's house stood alone on the jura, that is, on a hill open to all the winds that could blow; the slope of the mountain on which he stood was covered with trimmed turf. Two or three flower beds with lilac and yellow acacia bushes were scattered on it in English style; five or six birches in small clumps here and there raised their small-leaved, thin tops (N. Gogol).

Description of the condition (environment or person)

1.It's a gray, tearful morning outside. Raindrops drum on the windows. The wind cries in the chimneys and howls like a dog that has lost its owner (according to A. Chekhov).

2.Despair took over me. Anger at myself twisted my chest tighter and tighter. Mixed with anger at oneself was hatred of the damned, soul-wearying silence (A. Gaidar).

The main task of the author when narrating is to report the sequence of actions or events. Therefore, the following questions can be asked about texts of this type: what is the sequence of actions (events)? what happened first and what happened next?

Let's give examples of narration.

1.Carlo entered the closet, sat down on the only chair and, turning the log this way and that, began to cut a doll out of it with a knife. First of all, he cut out the hair on a log, then the forehead, then the eyes... He made the doll a chin, neck, shoulders, torso, arms... (according to A. Tolstoy).

2.Pour three glasses of rolled oats flakes hot water or milk, bring to a boil. Then add salt and sugar to taste. Cook over low heat with stirring for 15-20 minutes. Then add butter taste.

Reasoning as a type of speech is fundamentally different from description and narration. Description and narration are used to depict the surrounding reality, while reasoning conveys the sequence of human thoughts. The main task of the author when reasoning is to substantiate this or that put forward position (thesis), to explain the reasons for this or that phenomenon, event, its essence. Therefore, the following questions can be asked about texts of this type: Why? what is the reason for this phenomenon? what follows from this? What are the consequences of this phenomenon? what does it mean? The reasoning usually consists of two parts. One part contains a statement (thesis) that needs to be proven, or a conclusion that follows from the proof. The other part provides a rationale for the thesis: arguments (arguments, evidence) and examples are given.

The order of reasoning can be presented as follows:

(from thesis to arguments).

(from arguments to conclusion).

Let us give examples of reasoning.

1.The names of Ruslan's two rivals - Rogday and Farlaf - are by no means the artistic imagination of the young Pushkin. Their author probably took them from the multi-volume “History of the Russian State” by Karamzin. Karamzin, describing the heroic feasts of Prince Vladimir, speaks of the famous Rakhday, who, while fighting, “expanded the borders of the state in the west.” As for Farlaf, Karamzin mentions this name when describing the reign of the Prophetic Oleg. Farlaf was one of the boyars of this prince.

2.The name Gvidon (“The Tale of Tsar Saltan”) is clearly not of Russian origin. The Italian name Guido can be guessed in its sound. Foreign language origin can also be seen in the name of Tsar Dadon (“The Tale of the Golden Cockerel”). Everything will become clearer when we turn to the famous chivalric novel about the exploits of the knight BOVO D'ANTON, in which both the “glorious King Guidon” and “King Dadon” act, because it was from there, apparently, that Pushkin took these names.

Let us summarize the difference in speech types in the following table.

		Basic questions characteristic of this type of speech
Description	Indicate the characteristics of the described object, person, place, condition.	What is the subject of the description? What does he look like? What signs are characteristic of it?
Narration	Report a sequence of actions or events.	What is the sequence of actions (events)? What happened first and what happened next?
Reasoning	To substantiate this or that put forward position (thesis), to explain the essence, causes of this or that phenomenon, event.	Why? What is the reason for this phenomenon? What follows from this? What are the consequences of this phenomenon? What does it mean?

In speech practice different types speeches are often combined with each other, in which case they are described by noting the leading type of speech and elements of other types of speech (for example, “reasoning with elements of description”).

In the construction of text and speech in general, a lot depends on what task the speaker (writer) sets for himself, on the purpose of the speech. It is quite natural that the author will structure his text differently when he talks about an event, describes the nature or explains the causes of any phenomena.

Over the centuries, functional and semantic types of speech were gradually formed, that is, methods, patterns, verbal structures that are used depending on the purpose of speech and its meaning.

The most common functional and semantic types of speech are description, narration and reasoning. Each of specified types allocated in accordance with the purpose and content of speech. This also determines some of the most typical grammatical means of text design.

Purpose of creating text	Content and form of text	Typical grammatical means
Text type: Description
1) Enumeration of signs, properties, elements of the subject of speech. 2) An indication of its belonging to a class of objects. 3) An indication of the purpose of the item, methods and areas of its functioning.	1) An idea of the subject as a whole is given at the beginning or at the end. 2) Detailing of the main thing is carried out taking into account the semantic significance of the details. 3) Structure individual parts text (description elements) is similar to the structure of the text as a whole. 4) Techniques of comparison, analogy, and contrast are used. 5) The text is easily collapsed.	a) with direct word order; b) compound nominal predicate; c) with verb forms simultaneous action; d) with present tense verbs in a timeless meaning; e) with defining characteristics.
Text type: Narration
A story about an event showing its course in development, highlighting the main (key) facts and showing their relationship.	1) A logical sequence is observed. 2) Dynamism and change of events are emphasized. 3) The composition is chronological.	Simple and complex sentences: a) with a perfect verb predicate; b) with species-temporal forms emphasizing the nature and change of events; c) with the expression of cause-and-effect and temporal conditionality.
Text type: Reasoning
Study of the essential properties of objects and phenomena, substantiation of their relationship.	1) There is a thesis (the position that is being proven), arguments (judgments that justify the correctness of the thesis) and a demonstration (method of proof). 2) Reflections, inferences, and explanations are used. 3) The semantic parts of the statement are given in a logical sequence. 4) Everything not related to the proof is omitted.	Simple common and complex sentences: a) with participial and participial phrases; b) with circumstances or adverbial subordinate clauses of cause, effect, purpose; c) with verbs of different aspect forms.

Let us demonstrate the structure and method of design of different functional and semantic types of texts using the following examples.

As an example description text An excerpt is taken from the story by A.S. Pushkin " Captain's daughter"with a description of Emelyan Pugachev’s appearance:

His appearance seemed remarkable to me: he was about forty, average height, thin and broad-shouldered. There was a streak of gray in his black beard; the lively big eyes kept darting around. His face had a rather pleasant, but roguish expression. The hair was cut into a circle; he was wearing a tattered overcoat and Tatar trousers.

Describing the appearance of a person still unknown to him, Pyotr Grinev first of all conveys his impression of this appearance, highlighting those details that seemed most remarkable to him. So, general idea about the stranger is given at the beginning of the description: His appearance seemed remarkable to me. This is followed by the characteristics of the hero: age, physique, face, hair and elements of clothing. The author strives not only to give an idea of Pugachev’s appearance, but also to show how, based on these details, one can form an opinion about his lifestyle, character, and behavior. For example, a strong physique clearly indicates an active lifestyle. Hairstyle and clothes - o social status stranger: this is a poor Yaik Cossack. But the author pays main attention to the expression of the eyes. It is from this detail that the reader can understand that Pugachev has a lively mind. This is not a villain, on the contrary, his appearance is attractive, but at the same time, Grinev’s counselor is clearly hiding something (cf.: shifty eyes and roguish facial expression).

If you turn to grammatical means text design, we can state the following. The description is dominated by simple sentences or chains of complex non-union proposals with direct word order. In addition, compound nominal predicates attract attention: seemed wonderful; he was about forty, of average height, thin and broad-shouldered; were shorn. Verbs (mostly imperfect) indicate simultaneity of action. The use of past rather than present forms in a timeless sense is due to the fact that the narrator is narrating a meeting that occurred in the past ( was about forty; his eyes were darting; the face had an expression; hair was cut; he was wearing an army coat). Finally, in almost every sentence one can find members with various kinds of defining characteristics: remarkable; thin, broad-shouldered, black beard; big lively eyes etc.

In the same story A.S. Pushkin meet and microtexts-narratives, For example:

I actually saw a white cloud at the edge of the sky, which I initially mistook for a distant hill. The driver explained to me that the cloud foreshadowed a snowstorm.
I heard about the blizzards there, that entire carts were covered in them. Savelich, in agreement with the driver’s opinion, advised him to turn back. But the wind did not seem strong to me; I hoped to get to the next station in time and ordered to go quickly.
The coachman galloped off; but he kept looking to the east. The horses ran together. Meanwhile, the wind became stronger hour by hour. The cloud turned into a white cloud, which rose heavily, grew and gradually covered the sky. It began to snow lightly and suddenly fell in flakes. The wind howled; there was a snowstorm. In an instant, the dark sky mixed with the snowy sea. Everything has disappeared. “Well, master,” the coachman shouted, “trouble: a snowstorm!”...
I looked out of the wagon: everything was darkness and whirlwind. The wind howled with such ferocious expressiveness that it seemed animated; the snow covered me and Savelich; the horses walked at a pace - and soon stopped.

This microtext tells about the snowstorm that Grinev got into while traveling to his place of duty. The description of the snowstorm in this case is given precisely as a narrative, since the logical sequence of events is clearly observed, and the entire composition is chronologized: a white cloud appears in the sky; Grinev, despite the hesitation of the coachman and Savelich, decides to continue the journey; the coachman lets the horses gallop; the wind is getting stronger; a snowstorm begins; the blizzard turns into a blizzard; the exhausted horses stop. The change of events in time is expressed using perfective verbs: I saw a cloud; I ordered to go quickly; the coachman galloped off; the cloud turned into a white cloud; it is snowing etc. The same events that are included in the same time period are described using sentences with imperfective verbs (cf.: I heard; Savelich advised etc.). Sentences with perfective verbs are indicators of key facts, signaling the replacement of one event by another, and each new event is thought of in connection with the previous one (in this case, this connection is chronological).

Specifics text-reasoning can be demonstrated by the example of Grinev’s thoughts on the road after losing a hundred rubles to Zurin and a quarrel with Savelich:

My thoughts on the road were not very pleasant. My loss, at the prices at that time, was significant. I could not help but admit in my heart that my behavior in the Simbirsk tavern was stupid, and I felt guilty before Savelich. All this tormented me.

The argument begins with a thesis statement: My thoughts on the road were not very pleasant. And although further we do not find subordinate reasons, the very arrangement of subsequent conclusions is perceived as an explanation of the reasons for Grinev’s dissatisfaction with himself. The arguments are the amount of loss, “stupid” behavior and a feeling of guilt towards the old servant. In conclusion, it is concluded that internal state narrator, which is perceived as a consequence of “sorrowful conclusions”: All this tormented me.

In general, the most striking examples of reasoning can be found in scientific texts(see the excerpt from the book by Yu.M. Lotman given in exercise 123).

Of course, the text may contain different functional and semantic types of speech. Thus, very often narration is combined with description (this can be seen in the example of the given passages). Complementing each other, they often merge so organically that sometimes it is difficult to differentiate between them. Wed. a combination of these types of speech in an excerpt from the story of I.S. Turgenev "Bezhin Meadow":

I went right through the bushes[narration]. Meanwhile, the night was approaching and growing like a thundercloud; it seemed that darkness was rising from everywhere along with the evening vapors and even pouring from above[description]. I came across some kind of unmarked, overgrown path; I walked along it, carefully looking ahead[narration]. Everything around turned black and died down, only the quails screamed occasionally[description]. Small night-bird, silently and low racing on its soft wings, almost bumped into me and timidly dived to the side. I went out to the edge of the bushes and wandered across the field between[narration]. I was already having difficulty distinguishing distant objects; the field was vaguely white around; behind it, looming in huge clouds every moment, rose the gloomy darkness. My steps echoed dully in the frozen air. The pale sky began to turn blue again - but it was already the blue of night. The stars flashed and moved on it[description].

Types of speech: narration, description, reasoning. Functional and semantic types of speech

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Finally