SOURCES
SEMINAR LESSON PLAN No. 1
1. Subject and methods of research in economic science. The main stages in the development of economic theory.
2. Formation of economic thought in Ancient World (Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, The Ancient East).
3. Economic teachings of the Middle Ages. Economic thought of canon law. Augustine the Blessed and Thomas Aquinas. Erasmus of Rotterdam and Martin Luther.
4. Economic ideas of feudal Russia. "Russian Truth". "Domostroy". "Ruler of Erasmus."
5. Socio-economic utopias of T. More and T. Campanella.
MAIN LITERATURE
1. Bartenev, S. A. History of economic teachings in questions and answers: teaching aid/ S. A. Bartenev. - M.: Yurist, 2000. – chapter 1, 2.
2. History of economic doctrines: textbook. manual for universities / ed. V. Avtonomova, O. Ananina, N. Makasheva. - M.: INFRA-M, 2009. – chapter 1.
3. Yadgarov, Ya. S. History of economic teachings: a textbook for universities / Ya. S. Yadgarov. - 4th ed., revised. and additional - M.: INFRA-M, 2009. chapter 1-4.
1. Aristotle. Nicomachean Ethics. Policy. / Aristotle // Op. T. 4. M.: Mysl, 1984. P. 53-293, 375-644.
2. Groenewegen, P. Political economy and economic science/ P. Groenewegen//Economic theory// ed. J. Eatwell, M. Milgate, P. Newman. - M.: INFRA-M, 2004. - P.680-687.
3. Xenophon. Domostroy // Memoirs of Socrates. M.: Nauka, 1993. pp. 197-262
4. Schumpeter, J.A. Story economic analysis/ Y.A. Schumpeter / edited by A.S. Avtonomova.- St. Petersburg: Economic School St. Petersburg State University economics and finance. St. Petersburg, 2001.
CONTROL QUESTIONS
1. What is the reason for the regulation of economic life in the Ancient East?
2. What are the features of the ideal state models in the works of Plato and Aristotle? Reveal the essence of Aristotle’s concept of “economics and chrematistics.”
3. What are the main features of medieval economic thought in the Arab East and in Western Europe? Explain the essence of the concepts of “social physics” by Ibn Khaldun and “fair price” by F. Aquinas.
4. What rights and norms of economic relations are established in Russian Pravda?
TASKS FOR INDEPENDENT WORK
1. Fill out tables 1.1-1.8. When preparing the table. 1.1. -Evolution of the subject of economic science, use P. Groenewegen’s article “Political Economy and Economic Science.”
2. Write a resume, give brief description the era of the pre-market economy.
3. Make a glossary on topic No. 1: economics, chrematistics, methods, methodology, paradigm, economic school, economic direction, hypothesis, concept, theory, synthesis, analysis, positive and normative methods of analysis.
4. Make tests on didactic units (functions of money, “social price”, wealth, money, cost, properties of goods).
WORKBOOK FUNCTIONS
workbook car engine
Functions of the workbook in educational process the following.
Educational. It is expected that students will develop the necessary knowledge and skills.
Developmental. The workbook promotes the development of sustained attention in the classroom. Thanks to the workbook, the educational material is easier to comprehend. A workbook can be a tool in developing thinking through specially designed tasks and exercises of a creative nature.
Educating. Cultivating accuracy in note-taking.
Formative. The workbook develops self-control skills in students, provided they systematically fill out the sheets of the workbook.
Rationalizing. Rational organization of study time and academic work trainees. When working with workbook sheets, students spend most of their time learning the meaning of the concepts being studied that describe technical objects and the principles of their operation, technological processes, basics of production technology.
Controlling. The workbook can be used to monitor students' knowledge and skills. The workbook sheet is a test of the second level of conceptual understanding. At the same time, the teacher has the opportunity to exercise this control constantly, at certain stages of the lesson, since the educational material in the workbook sheets is divided into blocks
TYPES OF WORKBOOK
There are three types of workbook: informational, controlling, mixed.
The information view of the workbook contains information only about the content educational material. The educational information in the workbook gives students orientation in the content of the topic under consideration. This type workbooks are widely used in vocational schools, since for many academic subjects there is no educational material in any textbook or educational information is dispersed across several textbooks. As a result, the teacher is forced to construct educational information in a workbook.
The control workbook is used after studying the topic of the lesson. With the help of workbook sheets, the teacher can not only establish the fact of knowledge or ignorance, but also determine in which operation the student makes a mistake, and eliminate it at the stage of concept formation.
The mixed type of workbook includes information and control blocks. New educational material is included in the information block; tasks and tests are placed in the control block to control acquired knowledge and skills; tasks for independent work.
Currently, workbooks used in vocational training, classified by type:
· exercise books, or training notebooks;
· notebooks on graphic modeling;
· semiotic-semantic notebooks.
Exercise books are designed for students to work independently, they contribute to the formation of skills and solving skills typical tasks and exercises. This type of workbook can be widely used in teaching methods in general technical disciplines.
To develop professional knowledge and skills in the system vocational training personnel, the second type of notebook can be widely used - notebooks on graphic modeling. The professional activity of draftsmen, cutters, electricians is unthinkable without design and graphic modeling. Workbook sheets with special system practical tasks will allow the future professional to develop imagination, memory, thinking and other cognitive processes.
Semiotic-semantic workbooks are based on a combination of drawings, diagrams, graphic models with semantic intellectual tasks of a creative level. Workbook sheets of this type can be developed to develop the diagnostic and design skills of a future specialist. To do this, it is necessary to design tasks and exercises in a special way based on the content professional activity specialist of a certain profile.
REQUIREMENTS FOR WORKBOOKS
The structure of the workbook is presented certain requirements. The workbook should have a preface explaining the message to students. The system of questions and tasks should be built in accordance with the structure and logic of the formation of the corresponding technical concepts. Between tasks, a subordination must be determined regarding both the content of the subject and supra-subject skills.
The author's task is to lead the student from topic to topic, from solution simple problems to more complex tasks. The illustrations in the workbook must be working, i.e. teaching. They may pose questions that require explanation. You can add to the drawing or offer your own version. Where possible and justified, it makes sense to offer to draw or supplement the diagram.
The compositional structure of the workbook depends on the author’s intention, on the nature and content of the educational material, its volume, the nature of the questions and assignments. However, in any case, sufficient space should be provided for students’ answers and the possibility of correcting mistakes and inaccuracies. At the end of each topic, a series of control questions are desirable inside the notebook, which allows you to once again systematize the students’ knowledge. The notebook ends with a conclusion that orients students to the content of the educational material that will be studied subsequently.
To control the level of knowledge development, the workbook sheet includes the content of tasks or problematic issues.
In order for the workbook sheets to systematically form stable professional skills they must meet the following requirements.
Completeness - the presence of tasks for mastering all the studied concepts, facts, and methods of professional activity. Grouping of a system of problems, generalized methods of solving which are transferred to solving problems of a wide range of professional activities. The coherence of all blocks of information on the sheets of the workbook. Increasing difficulty in solving problems and planned learning outcomes.
Target orientation -- each task has a designated place on the workbook sheets. Target sufficiency - it is enough to fix problems of solution methods if they have the property of transferring to other subject areas. Psychological comfort of students when working with a workbook sheet. Students have the opportunity to form concepts at their own pace of learning content educational information, carry out self-monitoring and monitoring the activities of your friend.
Carbohydrate and fat metabolism.
Test 1. What enzymes break down carbohydrates?
Maltase.
Test 2. What hormone causes the conversion of excess glucose into glycogen?
Adrenalin.
Vasopressin.
A growth hormone.
Test 3. What organic substances can carbohydrates be converted into?
And in carbohydrates, and in fats, and in proteins.
In other carbohydrates.
Test 4. What is the main function of carbohydrates in the body?
Construction
Enzymatic.
Energy.
Storage.
Test 5. What enzymes break down fats in the digestive system?
Bile and lipase.
Amylase, maltase, lipase.
Test 6. What products are fats broken down in the intestines?
To amino acids.
To glycerol and fatty acids.
To glucose.
All of the above substances are formed.
Test 7. What organic substances can fats be converted into in the human body?
B non-essential amino acids.
In essential amino acids.
In carbohydrates and fats of a given organism.
In proteins, fats and carbohydrates of a given organism.
Test 8. Which organic substances are the most energetically valuable and produce more energy when oxidized?
Vitamins.
Carbohydrates.
**Test 9. What functions do fats perform in the body?
Construction.
Source of metabolic water.
Energy.
Stocking up.
Task 7.5. Fill out the table in your notebook:
Table 29. The importance of water in the human body.
Task 7.6. Fill out the table in your notebook:
Table 30. The importance of inorganic ions in the human body.
Task 7.7. Fill the table:
Table 31. Vitamins and their importance for the human body.
Task 7.8. Choose the correct answer:
Metabolism of inorganic substances. Vitamins.
Test 1. The human and animal body always releases slightly more water than enters it.
No, only the amount taken in is excreted (including water contained in food).
Test 2. Subcutaneous fatty tissue is the body's water depot.
Test 3. Where is iron mainly located in the human body?
In red blood cells.
In the bones.
In the thyroid gland.
In the spleen.
Test 4. Where is iodine mainly found in the human body?
In red blood cells.
In the bones.
In the thyroid gland.
In the spleen.
Test 5. What consequences will a lack of vitamin A in food lead to?
Test 6. What consequences will a lack of vitamin B1 in food lead to?
To slower growth, to “night blindness”.
To the disease "beriberi" - defeat nervous system, paralysis, movement disorder.
Test 7. What consequences will a lack of vitamin D in food lead to?
To slower growth, to “night blindness”.
To the removal of calcium and phosphorus salts from the human body, to rickets.
To the “beriberi” disease - damage to the nervous system, paralysis, movement disorder.
Test 8. What are the consequences of a lack of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) in food?
To slower growth, to “night blindness”.
To remove calcium and phosphorus salts from the human body.
To the “beriberi” disease - damage to the nervous system, paralysis, movement disorder.
Test 9. What vitamin regulates hematopoiesis?
Test 10. Place a mouse under a metal mesh on a scale and balance the scales. Which side of the scale will be lighter in an hour?
Cup with a mouse.
A cup without a mouse.
The weight will not change.
**Test 11. Bergman's rule states that with distance from the equator to the poles, the size of individuals of the same species or closely related species of warm-blooded animals increases. This is explained by:
Small size allows you to consume less food.
Small size allows for better concealment.
With increasing size, the relative heat transfer through the surface of the body decreases.
Increasing the size allows you to move faster.
**Test 12. Which of the following animals has the highest metabolic rate?
At the frog's.
**Test 13: Kangaroo rats, moths and mealworms can live without water for their entire lives. How do they do it?
Enough water contained in food.
Water contained in food and metabolic water are used.
Like the camel, they use water formed during the oxidation of fats.
**Test 14. We weighed the egg before incubation, then weighed the chicken that came out of this egg along with the shell. What is the result?
Both weights are the same.
The egg weighed more before incubation.
The chicken with the shell weighed more.
All entries in notebooks should be written in neat calligraphic handwriting.
. enjoy ballpoint pen with violet (blue) ink.
. All underlines, fonts geometric shapes are being carried out with a simple pencil.
IN primary school students have notebooks for performing all types of training and testing work in basic subjects.
Mathematics and Russian language:
- Notebooks No. 1 and No. 2 (for current work)
- Notebook No. 3 (for tests.)
Presentation and composition refer to works of a creative nature and are signed as notebooks for creative works.
Notebooks are allowed literary reading, in which they are performed creative types works (essays, drawings, plans for works, definitions of literary concepts, etc.)
For lessons on learning about the world, it is possible to use printed notebooks, but more often in practice, students have ordinary workbooks.
In accordance with the program requirements, it is allowed to have notebooks on music, foreign language, elective courses, etc.
There is no need to maintain notebooks on labor, fine arts, physical culture, life safety, traffic rules.
Design of inscriptions on the cover of notebooks
The notebooks of 1st and 2nd grade students are signed by the teacher. Notebooks for students in grades 3-4 are signed by the students themselves under the guidance of the teacher. It is not necessary that the notebooks be signed in the same handwriting.
The inscriptions on the covers must be drawn up in a uniform form, in compliance with calligraphy standards.
The preposition “by” is written on the same line with the name of the item.
Class numbering is written in Arabic numerals.
Last name and first name should be written in the genitive case. First write the last name and then the full name.
Work on mistakes in workbooks. Daily work on mistakes should be a holistic system, the effectiveness of which can be seen in improving the quality of training.
In elementary school, notebooks are checked daily mandatory. Test papers are checked for the next lesson. Notebooks No. 3 are shown to parents and given to them at home. But they are kept in the classroom until the end of the school year.
Students' work is checked by the teacher using red ink. Assessment of written current and test work is carried out in accordance with accepted assessment standards.
Preparation of written works in the Russian language
After class and homework, two lines should be indented (we write on the third).
When creating a red line, an indentation to the right of at least 2 cm (two fingers) is made. Compliance with the red line is required from the first grade when preparing texts and starting a new type of work.
Lines are not skipped during operation.
A new page starts from the top line and is added to the end of the page, including the last line.
On the left, when designing each line, no more than 0.5 cm is indented from the edge.
On the right, the line is appended to the end. The use of transfer rules is mandatory. Unreasonable presence of empty spaces on a line is not allowed.
The date of writing the work in the Russian language (and mathematics) is recorded in the center of the working line.
In the first grade, during literacy training, the date is recorded by the teacher or students in the form of a number and the initial letter of the name of the month: 1 d.
From the 3rd grade (from the 2nd half of the year) it is allowed to write numerals in words in date entries: December first.
The title of the work is recorded on the next working line (without a gap) in the center and is formatted as a proposal.
For example:
Classwork.
Homework.
Work on mistakes.
The variability of the work is recorded on the following line in the center or in the margins (short form of recording):
Option 1
1st century (written in Roman numerals)
The word exercise is written in full from 3rd grade, starting from the third quarter.
The numbers of exercises performed in notebooks are indicated when they are complete. If the exercise is not performed completely, then it is not indicated. Brief and full form entries (centered on the line).
Sample:
Exercise 234.
Exercise 234.
In work that requires writing in a column, the first word is written with a capital letter. Punctuation marks (commas) are not used.
For example:
Wind
East
sand
When performing this type of work on a line, the first word is written on the red line, with a capital letter, separated by a comma.
For example: Wind, east, sand.
When performing various types of analysis, compliance is required accepted standards abbreviations of words, designations of terms. The word is shortened only by consonants:
deaf-voice, voiced-voice, consonant-consonant, hard-tv.,
noun
adjective
verb-ch.
preposition-pr.
masculine gender
feminine
middle gender
Past tense - past.
Present time - present.
Future tense - will.
Singular number
Plural - plural.
The names of the cases are indicated in capital letters (Im.p. R.p. D.p. V.p. T.p. P.p.)
It should be determined that the notations above words should be done with a pen, as well as with a simple sharpened pencil. All underlinings are made along the ruler only with a pencil.
Some types of work can be carried out without a ruler, if children have developed skills in working with a pencil.
Upon registration written types analysis, the requirements of the proposed samples should be observed. Draw students' attention to the placement of dashes, periods and commas after certain abbreviations of terms.
Let us recall that in mathematics, when abbreviating the names of units of measurement
no dots are added.
For example: mm, m, cm, h, min, km, kg, g, etc.
Students in grades 1-2 write in notebooks in a narrow line. The transition to a wide range is determined by the teacher from the 3rd grade, taking into account whether the students have successfully developed writing skills.
Organization of work to develop calligraphy skills
From teachers primary classes There are many different techniques for organizing “penmanship minutes.” The methodology for conducting them requires compliance with the content, volume and frequency of the following:
Grades 1-2 - 2 lines, daily.
3-4 grades - 3 lines, 2-3 times a week.
The teacher writes samples in notebooks. In class, he writes a sample with comments on the board, pointing to typical mistakes and ways to correct them. It is important to pay children’s attention to the position of the notebook, their seating position, and whether they are holding the pen correctly. Many teachers use various devices to form calligraphic writing: stencils, tracing paper, etc.
To stimulate children in practice, they use various techniques incentives: inscriptions on the cover (It’s a pleasure to check your notebook! I write beautifully and competently. Clean. I write with an “A”!), exhibitions of the best notebooks.
Stimulation techniques also include daily evaluation of work performed in relation to calligraphy. Usually the assessment is made on the margins. It is recommended to sometimes submit grades to the journal. But calligraphy work should not be turned into a kind of punishment for children. The teacher must remember the principles of a differentiated approach.
Preparation of written works in mathematics
There should be 4 squares between classwork and homework (the next work begins on the fifth square).
Between types of exercises in the classroom and homework retreat two cells down. It should be noted that a cell is not allocated for capital letters, i.e. one of two (four) cells is considered for them.
Between the columns of expressions, equations, equalities and others, three cells are indented to the right (we write on the fourth).
The date can be written traditionally in the middle, or in the margins.
In any work, one cell is indented to the left of the edge of the notebook (5 mm).
Traditionally, notebooks mark the types of tasks. The word “Task” is written in the middle of the line, and the number is noted.
Formatting tasks also requires compliance with accepted standards. A brief record of the conditions of the tasks is drawn up in accordance with their type. “Main” words are written with a capital letter. At the first stages of training, their incomplete recording (by initial letters) is allowed.
In grades 1-4 there is no need to write the word “Solution”.
There are several forms of recording solutions to problems: by actions, by actions with written explanations, by actions with recording a question, expression, equation.
The word “Answer” is written with a capital letter under the solution. In first grade, the answer is written briefly. Students must write a complete answer later. For example:
Answer: we bought 10 balls in total.
When writing the conditions of a problem in the form of a table, there is no need to draw it. Students fill out the columns, retreating two or three cells from them. The names of columns (columns) are written with a capital letter.
When preparing solutions to expressions for the order of actions, students should be required to comply with the following standards:
- write down the expression in full;
- indicate the order of actions in numbers above the signs;
- describe the actions performed in order (using oral or written calculation methods), stepping back one cell;
- write down the final value of the expression.
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We provide design samples complex equations, as required by high school math teachers.
X+123- 56*2= 638
X+123-112=638
X+123=638+112
X+123=750
X=750-123
X=627
627+123-56*2=638
638=638
All written calculations are performed to the right of the equation.
Students also need to be taught how to write down geometric problems.
All drawings are made with a simple pencil along a ruler. Measurements can be signed with a pen. Designations by letters are made in printed font, capital letters of the Latin alphabet.
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The words length and width of a rectangle are not allowed to be denoted briefly in Latin letters.
The length of the rectangle is 12 cm, its width is 6 cm. Calculate the perimeter and area of the rectangle.
Sample short note and solving the problem:
Length -12 cm
Width - 6 cm
Perimeter -? cm
Square - ? cm2
(12+6)*2=36 (cm)
12*6=72 (cm2)
Answer: Perimeter-36 cm, area=72 cm2 (l/z)
A figure should be drawn only when the task conditions require it.
When completing a mathematical dictation, the following requirements must be observed:
- write down only answers on a line separated by commas, indenting one cell
- next to the number write the names of units of measurement and prepositions for, in.. times.
Sample: 675, 564, 78, 7 times.
Journaling in elementary school
The diary is an official school document. There are certain requirements for its conduct. Diaries are required from 1st grade. But in some cases (taking into account the development of reading and writing skills in schoolchildren), by decision of the teachers' council and parent-teacher meeting, keeping diaries is allowed from grades 1-2.
Diaries are kept with the help of parents and teachers.
Currently, there are many different diaries. That's why classroom teacher must convey to students the uniform requirements for their teaching:
- entries are made neatly, legibly, correctly, in ink of blue color;
- it is required to fill out all available sections (items) of this diary (starting from title page);
- information about the schedule of lessons, bells, names of subjects, names of teachers is filled out under the guidance of the teacher;
- the names of the month and items should be written in small letters. Abbreviated notation is allowed (math., lit. reading, cognition, physics, art);
- record homework is carried out in the provided column. Usually it is recorded for the day of the next lesson. Students should be required to regularly mark the exercise number, page, special notes (by heart, retelling)
sample: p.132, exercise 453
from 154-155 (retelling)
- In the “grading” and “signing” columns, the teacher assigns grades in accordance with the grade in the journal. The student submits the diary to the teacher upon his first request. When grading for different kinds verification work allowed additional entries next to the assessment: dictation (D.), test(k.r.) etc.
- in elementary school, it is practiced to use encouraging, commendable, edifying and other notes: “Well done!”, “Clever girl!”, “You must try!”; in modern diaries there is a special column for teacher comments, messages for parents, etc.