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The roof is of great importance for the integrity of the entire house. Therefore, many are interested in how to properly assemble a rafter system so that it is reliable and does not have to be repaired in the near future. There are many types of roofs, some of them can be seen in the photo, but the most popular are lean-to and gable structures. Let's figure out how to make a rafter system correctly.

Types of roofs

Before moving on to how to make a rafter system, you need to understand what the common types of roofs are.

A pitched roof is the simplest; even a person who does not have one can cope with its creation. great experience in construction. However, this type of roofing is used mainly in the construction of commercial buildings. For residential buildings Usually they make gable or mansard (broken) roofs. These structures are more complex, but you can easily handle them on your own if you know how to make gable roof rafters and follow all the recommendations of specialists (read: "").

The most reliable roofs are hip roofs; they can withstand even enormous loads. They are recommended to be done in regions where there is a lot of snow and strong winds often blow. But their design is very complex, so it is better to entrust their construction to professionals.

A hipped (hipped) roof is used in the construction of square buildings; in its design, it is a type of hip roof.

The most complex roof is a cross roof. During its construction, complex structural elements are used - valleys (grooves). These diagonal auxiliary rafters are installed as additional elements. During construction such complex roof rush is unacceptable. The bulk of the snow accumulates in the area of ​​the valleys, and the reliability of the roof depends on how to make rafters in these places.

Each type of roof consists of rafters and roofing. The rafters are the load-bearing part of the roof, and the roof surface is the enclosing part.

Types of rafters

Before laying the rafters, you need to learn about their design features and decide on the installation option.

There are two types of rafters: layered and hanging .

Hanging rafters - These are inclined beams installed on supports with different heights. The support can be the external walls of the house (in the case of a pitched roof) or both internal and external walls (in the case of a gable roof). The rafter legs do not have to be laid in the same plane opposite to the slopes. They can be mounted alternately on the ridge girder. Alternate laying of rafters in the ridge area makes it possible to create a roof truss. For this purpose, all parts are connected together into a single rigid structure.

Materials for rafters

As for rafters made from boards, they are not heavy and are easy to install. You can easily work with this material yourself, without resorting to outside help. Many experts do not advise making connections with nails - it is better to use self-tapping screws. If the work will be carried out using nails, do not forget about linings and liners.

As for how to build a rafter system, it is better to use notches to connect the racks to the purlin or beam.

Installation of the rafter system with your own hands, details in the video:

Options for connecting the rafter system

The rafter system can be connected in three ways:

• struts;
• stands;
• simultaneously struts and racks.

How to properly make rafters depends on the span between the outer walls. A 10x10 centimeter beam is used to create a ridge girder. The bench and mauerlat can be made from logs by cutting them into two edges, or by taking a 10x10 centimeter beam.

When designing a ridge assembly, it is necessary to nail it to the mauerlat and purlin with large nails special clamps, made from steel strip, given . You don’t have to use steel clamps, but then you need twists made of thick wire with a diameter of 6 millimeters.

Regarding how to make a brick or stone house, you need to lay a mauerlat on the masonry. To secure it securely, it is recommended to place a piece of log or timber about 50 centimeters under each rafter leg. Then they are attached using clamps to metal hooks, which were previously installed 30 centimeters below the Mauerlat.

Many people have a question about how to make rafters for the roof wooden houses. Rafters in wooden buildings laid on the upper crown of the wall. A plank roof truss can be created using a crossbar or with spans (6-8 centimeters). Its structural elements are arranged as follows. They make a single tightening using boards, the thickness of which is equal to the thickness of the rafters. For double tightening, thinner boards (from 40 millimeters thick) are used. For the crossbar and linings, 30 mm parts are used.

How to determine the cross-section of rafters

Before laying the rafters correctly, you need to decide on their cross-section.

This parameter depends on:

• span dimensions;
• expected load (wind force, weight of snow cover and roofing material);
• pitch and installation angle of the rafters (roof slope).

There is a dependence of the cross-section of the rafters on the length rafter leg.

It is expressed as follows:

• with a step of 300 centimeters, beams with a section of 10x12 centimeters or boards with a section of 6x14, 8x14 or 4x18 centimeters are used;
• with a step of 400 centimeters, beams with a section of 10x16 centimeters or boards with a section of 6x20, 8x20 centimeters are used;
• with a step of 500 centimeters, beams with a section of 10x20 centimeters or boards with a section of 8x22 centimeters are used.

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The roof covering must be selected taking into account the roof slope. Also, the choice of roofing material depends on financial capabilities. The greater the roof slope, the more funds will be required to create the roof - this is due to the increased consumption of materials. However, steep roofs drain rainwater and snow better, so they are more reliable and will not require repairs longer. But given the huge choice roofing materials on the market, there will be no difficulties with this.

Creating a rafter system for a bathhouse

As for how to make rafters for a bathhouse, it is better to choose a gable roof - then the building will have an attic space that can be used to store brooms and other bath accessories (read: " "). Thus, it is advisable to create a rafter system for a gable roof, it is simpler and more practical.

To install a gable roof yourself, you only need average carpentry skills and an understanding of its manufacturing technology. It's not hard to figure all this out. It is also necessary to involve an intelligent assistant in the process, because many operations cannot be performed by one person. Therefore, many undoubtedly take on this work and cope with it successfully.

Do-it-yourself gable roof installation

Building a country house involves considerable expenses. Therefore, many people are looking for options to reduce the cost of this process through the use of modern materials and technologies. Nowadays they have become very popular frame buildings with gable roofs. This happens largely for the reason that even a person with minimal knowledge of construction can carry out such a design with appropriate preliminary preparation.

A gable roof is formed by triangular trusses connected to each other by a longitudinal top beam(ridge girder) and lathing

However, constructing a roof is a crucial moment that requires serious consideration. You need to calculate:

• correct angle tilt;
• rafter length;
• the distance between them;
• methods of connecting various parts to each other.

Without experience in producing such work, you should not take on complex designs, but it’s quite possible to build a small house with a simple gable roof with your own hands.

Design features of gable roofs

This roof consists of two inclined planes, located at a certain angle. Along the end walls there are pediments, which are a vertical continuation of the walls. In shape they are isosceles or arbitrary triangles if the slopes are arranged at different angles to the horizontal. In the case of a gable sloping roof, the gables are shaped like trapezoids.

When building a roof, a rafter system is created, which is a supporting element roofing pie. The rafter system can be made in the form of hanging rafters if there are no permanent partitions inside the building box. If they are available, a deck frame is installed when the span is supported by three or more points.

Depending on the configuration of the building, a gable roof can be erected according to different schemes

How to make a gable roof yourself

Depending on the design of the rafter system, its main elements may be different, but the main details are present in all options:

1. Rafters are the main load-bearing structural element onto which roofing material is mounted through the sheathing.
2. The ridge girder, also called the center beam, combines all the rafter legs into a single whole and evenly distributes the load on the mauerlat.
3. Rack - used in deck structures as additional support for the main structure internal partition.
4. The bench is a horizontal beam on which the racks rest, serving to evenly distribute the loads on the power plate.
5. Mauerlat is a support beam between the walls and the upper structure of the building, intended for attaching rafters.
6. Sheathing is a plank flooring 25 millimeters thick for attaching the finishing roof covering.

Regardless of the type of rafter system, it always contains several basic elements

Roof design

In the process of designing a rafter system, it is necessary to optimally place all frame elements to ensure uniform roof load over its entire area. The main types of load are:

1. Snow - occurs under the influence of a layer of snow that lingers on the roof. At high rates for the construction region, the angle of inclination of the roof is increased so that the snow falls off as it accumulates.
2. Wind - associated with the force of the wind. In open, windy places it is higher. A means of counteracting wind loads is to reduce the angle of the roof.

Thus, it is necessary to find the optimal combination of these indicators with simultaneous exposure to wind and snow. Data on specific loads for the construction region can be found on the Internet.

Gable roofs with a simple design give the house an elegant and festive look.

Photo gallery: projects of houses with gable roofs

A gable roof allows you to arrange a small attic room on the second floor. The angle of inclination of the gable roof is selected based on the intensity of the winds and the average snow load in the construction area. Despite the simplicity of the design, a gable roof can be the central element of the overall design of the building. The inclination angles of the roof slopes do not have to be the same

Calculation of gable roof parameters

Determining the main characteristics of the roof is necessary already at the foundation design stage to calculate the impact of the total weight of the building on the supporting foundation.

Area calculation

With a symmetrical gable roof, it is enough to determine the area of ​​one slope and double the result.

The height of the roof depends on the selected slope angle. Usually it is in the range of 30–45 degrees. In the first case, the height will be half the distance from the projection of the ridge to the axis of the Mauerlat. Using the Pythagorean theorem and carrying out calculations, we find that the length of the slope for a building 10x9 m will be equal to 5.05 meters. The area of ​​the slope is determined as 5.05 x 10 = 50.5 square meters. And the total roof area will be 50.5 x 2 = 101 m2.

In cases where a gable roof has an unbalanced roof, i.e. the ridge axis is shifted from the building axis, the area of ​​each slope separately is calculated using the same method and the results are summed up.

However, this calculation does not take into account the area of ​​the roof overhangs. They are usually 0.5–0.6 meters. For one slope, the overhang area will be 0.5 x 5.05 x 2 + 0.5 x 10 = 4.1 + 5 = 9.1 m2.

total area roof will be 101 + 9.1 x 2 = 119.2 m 2.

Most rafter calculations are made using the Pythagorean theorem, reducing the structure to a set of rigid figures - triangles

Calculation of rafter cross-section

The cross-sectional size of the rafters depends on several factors:

• the magnitude of the load on them;
• type of materials used for rafters: logs, timber - homogeneous or glued;
• rafter leg lengths;
• wood species;
• distances between the axes of the rafter legs.

All these parameters have been calculated for a long time, and to determine the cross-section of the rafter legs, you can use the data below.

Table: rafter section size

As the installation pitch of the rafters increases, the load on each of them increases, which leads to the need to increase the cross-section.

Common dimensions of the main parts of the rafter system:

Determining the angle of inclination

The angle of inclination of the roof slope is determined by the requirements of its finishing coating:

One of the reasons for reducing the angle of inclination is the desire to make the attic or attic space as large as possible. This intention is also the reason for installing a sloping roof.

Calculation of the distance between rafters

This parameter depends on the type of finishing coating, or rather, its weight. For the heaviest material, the distance should be minimal, from 80 centimeters. In the case of using a soft roof that is light in weight, the distance can be increased to 150 centimeters. The number of rafters and translations is calculated as follows:

1. The length of the building (10 meters) must be divided by the distance between the rafters, presumably 120 centimeters: 1000 / 120 = 8.3 (pieces). We add 1 to the result obtained, it turns out 9.3.
2. Since the number of rafters cannot be fractional, the result is rounded to the nearest whole number - 9.
3. The distance between the rafters is finally set: 1000 / 9 = 111 centimeters.

With this distance, all rafters will be equidistant, and the load from the roof will be distributed evenly.

The length of the rafters is calculated using the Pythagorean theorem, as already shown above.

Do-it-yourself gable roof installation

Work on the installation of the rafter system begins with the installation of the Mauerlat.

Mounting the load-bearing device on the wall

Mauerlat is made from high-strength wood - oak, larch, etc. If such materials are not available, pine can be used.

The timber comes in standard lengths - 4 or 6 meters. Therefore, connecting several parts along the length is inevitable. It is made with cutting of the connected ends “half-tree”, for example, for a beam with a cross-section of 150x150 millimeters, a sample of size 75x150 with a length of 300 mm is made. The ends are overlapped. Fastening is done with two or four M12 or M14 screws with washers. large diameter. Using the same principle, the beams are connected at the corners. Finished design is a regular rectangle that is installed on the upper plane of the wall along the perimeter.

Two beams are spliced ​​using a sample of wood on each of them. They are then bolted together

The technology for installing the Mauerlat provides for its placement strictly along the axis of the wall or offset in any direction. In this case, you cannot place the support beam closer than 5 centimeters from the edge. To increase the service life of the Mauerlat, it should be installed with waterproofing along the wall surface. Most often, roofing felt is used for this.

Methods for attaching the Mauerlat to the wall

1. Installation on anchor bolts. Perfect option with monolithic walls. Threaded rods are embedded in the wall when it is cast.
2. Wood dowels. They are nailed into a drilled hole. For this type of fixation, additional metal fasteners are used.
3. Forged staples. They are used with pre-installed wood embedded parts.
4. Stud or fittings. The pins are walled up during the laying of the wall and are removed through the support beam along the drilled holes. The diameter of the fasteners should be 12–14 millimeters, the protrusion above the surface of the beam should be 10–14 centimeters.
5. Steel wire. A bundle of two or four wire strands is installed when laying the wall 2-3 rows before its end. The Mauerlat is tightened using a crowbar. Often used as an additional fastening of the support beam.
6. When installing a reinforcing belt, fastening with studs or anchor bolts is also used.

The mounting locations should be approximately halfway between the rafter legs.

Video: installing a Mauerlat on an armored belt

Photo gallery: methods of mounting the Mauerlat on the wall

The studs are embedded in the wall while it is being poured, then the Mauerlat is put on them and secured with bolts. The wire is also installed at the stage of laying the wall. The Mauerlat can be secured using wire ties passed through the holes in the beam. Wooden plugs are inserted into the spaces between the wall blocks, in which they are then strengthened staples

Types of rafter systems and their installation

The choice of roof truss design is determined by the configuration of the building. If there are no internal capital partitions, a hanging rafter system is constructed.

If there are permanent partitions, it is necessary to use a floor installation scheme.

Manufacturing of rafter pairs

This is the name of a pair of rafter legs connected into an arch with the installation of a spacer element in the form of a tie for a hanging system or a crossbar for a decking system.

Installation rafter pairs produced in three ways:

1. Assembly is done at the top after installing the translations. They are covered with plank flooring nailed down.
2. The formation of rafter pairs is carried out on the ground in the immediate vicinity of the house. Only blanks that represent a rigid triangular structure are assembled. Lifting of products is carried out when the rafter pairs are ready for the entire system. For this purpose, it is possible to use lifting devices in the form of a manual or drive winch, which represents certain inconveniences and additional costs. On the other hand, assembly on the ground is much easier and more accurate.
3. The roof is assembled directly at the installation site in detail.

In any option, the rafter legs are mounted according to the template, which is the first truss. For higher assembly accuracy, it is advisable to fix the parts of the next pair to the previous pair with clamps.

When assembling rafter systems on the ground, all structures are made according to a template, which is the first manufactured truss. This makes the installation more accurate

Procedure for installing the rafter system

Prefabricated roofing elements are installed in the following sequence:

Fastening rafter system parts

For reliable connection roof frame elements use various auxiliary elements made of galvanized steel up to 1.5 millimeters thick.

The use of additional fasteners ensures a strong assembly of the rafter system

When assembling using additional connectors, labor productivity increases and the strength characteristics of the structure increase.

For connecting roof elements wooden buildings special fastening devices are used. Thus, the upper joint of the rafters is often connected using a hinge. This is due to frequent movements of the building, including seasonal ones.

The hinged connection allows you to avoid large stresses at the junction of the rafters during seasonal movements of the log house

For the same purpose, sliding fastenings are used on houses made of this material.

A reliable sliding connection of the rafters with the Mauerlat relieves this unit from stress during deformations of the structure

Video: quick production of rafters

Before installing the sheathing, the roof is insulated. For this:

1. The internal sheathing is filled from the attic or attic side.
2. The vapor barrier film is stretched.
3. Insulation is being installed.
4. A moisture-proof film or membrane with one-sided permeability is laid.

Thus, in addition to insulation, it creates ventilation system under-roof space. It starts working after installing the coating.

It is more convenient to lay the insulation layer on the outside on the internal sheathing with a vapor barrier coating

Under certain conditions, roof insulation can be done from the inside; this is not so convenient, but you can safely work in any weather conditions. The formation of the roofing pie is done in the reverse order. Each layer of insulation as it is laid must be strengthened in the openings between the rafters.

Creating a frame pediment

Before you begin decorating the gable, you need to arrange the sheathing and lay the finishing roof covering.

When forming the sheathing, the type of future roofing is taken into account. It is made from edged boards 25 millimeters thick. Lathing happens:

1. Solid - boards are packed at a distance of 2–4 centimeters from one another. Used when using tiles or soft roofing.
2. Sparse - the distance between the boards is 15–25 centimeters. This sheathing is installed under metal tiles, corrugated sheets, slate and other similar materials.
3. Rare - the distance between the boards is from 0.6 to 1.2 meters. Used when the length of the coating sheets is equal to length slope with overhang. This coating is made only to order.

The sheathing should be brought out beyond the gable rafters to create an overhang.

A frame is mounted on the front trusses for fastening the front finishing material

Roofing installation

Before laying the sheathing, the roof is insulated and a moisture-proof layer is laid. Further:

1. The roof covering is being laid. The installation sequence is from bottom to top in rows. The straightness of the first row is controlled by a stretched cord.
2. Roofing sheets are fastened with self-tapping screws using shock-absorbing gaskets.

When installing the finishing roof covering, you cannot skimp on fasteners, protective layer must be durable, able to withstand wind and snow loads.

Sheets of metal tiles are laid from bottom to top, starting from the corner of the roof

Installation of gables

The sheathing of frame gables is done based on the characteristics of the material intended for the front finishing. The following products can be used for this:

After installing the sheathing, it is necessary to lay a moisture barrier made of polyethylene film 200 microns thick. It can be fixed construction staples. This work is done outside. Using the film, you can cover the outer surface with the selected finishing material.

The gables must be insulated with roll or tile insulation. The thickness of the protective layer must be at least 10 cm, and for areas with cold climates - at least 15 cm. An internal moisture-proof layer of film is stretched over the insulation.

A lathing for the front finishing is placed on top of it, for which bars measuring 50x50 millimeters are used. The entire building is finished at the same time, after the roof is insulated.

During the process of facing the pediment, windows are installed, if they are provided for in the project, and in some cases, doors.

The pediment of a wooden house with a gable roof is most often finished with clapboard

Decoration of overhangs

Roof overhangs, both gable and eaves, except for pure decorative function designed to protect walls and foundations from water or snow. Their sizes are usually 50–60 centimeters. The design of overhangs is made using various materials:

• planed board, installed end-to-end or overlapped;
• tongue and groove lining;
• block house lining;
• sheet plastic;
• sheet profiled or smooth metal;
• finished products made of metal or plastic - soffits.

There are several ways to install overhangs:

Ventilation holes must be made along the hem. They can be of any size, but large ones must be covered with a fine-mesh mesh made of any material. This allows you to avoid birds and harmful insects from entering the under-roof space. Soffits are sold ready-made ventilation grilles.

Ventilation is installed only on eaves overhangs; it is not needed for gable overhangs.

When finishing with soffits, there is no need to drill ventilation holes - they are already made at the factory

Video: do-it-yourself gable roof installation

With modern abundance building materials and as such, you can install a gable roof yourself. The cost savings will be quite significant. But it can also result in losses if you do not carefully think through every step during construction. I wish you success!

A gable roof or gable roof is a roof with two slopes, i.e. having 2 inclined surfaces(slopes) rectangular in shape.

Due to its design features, the frame of a gable roof ideally combines simplicity of design and maintenance with reliability and durability. These and many other parameters make the construction of a gable roof practical and rational decision for private and commercial housing construction.

In this article, we will look at how to make a rafter system for a gable roof with your own hands. For effective perception of the material, it is presented in the form of step-by-step instructions from A to Z, from selection and calculations, to installation of the Mauerlat and sheathing under the roof. Each stage is accompanied by tables, diagrams, drawings, drawings and photos.

The popularity of the house roof is due to a number of advantages:

• design variability;
• simplicity in calculations;
• naturalness of water flow;
• integrity of the structure reduces the likelihood of leaks;
• efficiency;
• preserving the usable area of ​​the attic or the possibility of arranging an attic;
• high maintainability;
• strength and wear resistance.

Types of gable roof

The installation of a gable roof truss system depends, first of all, on its design.

There are several options for gable roofs (types, types):

The most common roof installation option due to its simplicity and reliability. Thanks to symmetry, a uniform distribution of loads on the load-bearing walls and mauerlat is achieved. The type and thickness of the insulation does not affect the choice of material.

The cross-section of the timber makes it possible to provide a reserve bearing capacity. There is no possibility of rafters bending. Supports and struts can be placed almost anywhere.

An obvious drawback is the impossibility of arranging a full attic floor. Due to sharp corners, “dead” zones appear that are unsuitable for use.

The arrangement of one angle of more than 45° leads to a reduction in the amount of unused area. There is an opportunity to make living rooms under the roof. At the same time, the requirements for calculations increase, because the load on the walls and foundation will be distributed unevenly.

This roof design allows you to equip a full second floor under the roof.

Naturally, a simple gable rafter roof differs from a broken roof, not only visually. The main difficulty lies in the complexity of the calculations.

Design of a gable roof truss system

Building a roof of any complexity with your own hands requires knowledge of the purpose of the basic structural elements.

The locations of the elements are shown in the photo.

• Mauerlat. Designed to distribute the load from the rafter system onto the load-bearing walls of the building. To arrange the Mauerlat, a timber made of durable wood is selected. Preferably larch, pine, oak. The cross-section of the timber depends on its type - solid or glued, as well as on the expected age of the structure. The most popular sizes are 100x100, 150x150 mm.

  Advice. For a metal rafter system, the Mauerlat must also be metal. For example, a channel or an I-profile.

• Rafter leg. The main element of the system. To make rafter legs, a strong beam or log is used. The legs connected at the top form a truss.

The silhouette of the roof truss determines the appearance of the structure. Examples of farms in the photo.

The parameters of the rafters are important. They will be discussed below.

• Puff- connects the rafter legs and gives them rigidity.

• Run:

• Ridge run, is mounted at the junction of one rafter to another. In the future, the roof ridge will be installed on it.

• Side purlins, they provide the truss with additional rigidity. Their number and size depend on the load on the system.

• Rafter stand- vertically located beam. It also takes on part of the load from the weight of the roof. In a simple gable roof it is usually located in the center. With a significant span width - in the center and on the sides. In an asymmetrical gable roof, the installation location depends on the length of the rafters. With a broken roof and arrangement of one room per attic attic- the racks are located on the sides, leaving free space for movement. If there are supposed to be two rooms, the racks are located in the center and on the sides.

The location of the rack depending on the length of the roof is shown in the figure.

• Strut. Serves as a support for the stand.

Advice. Installing the brace at an angle of 45° significantly reduces the risk of deformation from wind and snow loads.

In regions with significant wind and snow loads, not only longitudinal struts are installed (located in the same plane as the rafter pair), but also diagonal ones.

• Sill. Its purpose is to serve as a support for the rack and a place for attaching the strut.

• Lathing. Designed for movement during construction work and fixing roofing material. Installed perpendicular to the rafter legs.

Advice. An important purpose of the sheathing is to redistribute the load from the roofing material to the rafter system.

Having a drawing and diagram indicating the location of all the listed structural elements will help in the work.

Advice. Be sure to add information about the passage of the ventilation shaft and chimney to the gable roof rafter system diagram.

The technology of their installation is determined by the type of roof.

Selection of material for rafters

When calculating the material for a gable roof, you need to choose high-quality wood without damage or wormholes. The presence of knots for beams, mauerlat and rafters is not allowed.

For sheathing boards, there should be a minimum of knots, and they should not fall out. The wood must be durable and treated with the necessary preparations that will increase its properties.

Advice. The length of the knot should not exceed 1/3 of the thickness of the timber.

Calculation of the rafter system of a gable roof

Calculation of material parameters important stage, so we present the calculation algorithm step by step.

It is important to know: the entire rafter system consists of many triangles, as the most rigid element. In turn, if the slopes have different shapes, i.e. are an irregular rectangle, then you need to divide it into separate components and calculate the load and amount of materials for each. After calculations, summarize the data.

1. Calculation of the load on the rafter system

The load on the rafters can be of three types:

• Constant loads. Their action will always be felt by the rafter system. Such loads include the weight of the roof, sheathing, insulation, films, additional roofing elements, finishing materials for. The weight of the roof is the sum of the weight of all its constituent elements; such a load is easier to take into account. On average, the constant load on the rafters is 40-45 kg/sq.m.

Advice. To make a safety margin for the rafter system, it is better to add 10% to the calculation.

For reference: The weight of some roofing materials per 1 sq.m. presented in the table

Advice. It is desirable that the weight of roofing material per 1 sq.m. roof area did not exceed 50 kg.

• Variable loads. Valid in different periods and with different strengths. These loads include: wind load and its force, snow load, precipitation intensity.

In essence, the roof slope is like a sail and, if you take into account the wind load, the entire roof structure can be destroyed.

The calculation is carried out according to the formula: wind load is equal to the regional indicator multiplied by the correction factor. These indicators are contained in SNiP “Loads and Impacts” and are determined not only by the region, but also by the location of the house. For example, on a private house surrounded multi-storey buildings, there is less load. Standing separately Vacation home or the cottage experiences increased wind loads.

2. Calculation of snow load on the roof

The roof calculation for snow load is carried out according to the formula:

The total snow load is equal to the weight of the snow multiplied by the correction factor. The coefficient takes into account wind pressure and aerodynamic influence.

The weight of snow that falls on 1 square meter. roof area (according to SNiP 2.01.07-85) is in the range of 80-320 kg/sq.m.

Coefficients showing the dependence on the slope angle are shown in the photo.

Nuance. When the slope angle is over 60 ° the snow load does not affect the calculation. Because the snow will quickly slide down and will not affect the strength of the beam.

• Special loads. Accounting for such loads is carried out in places with high seismic activity, tornadoes, and storm winds. For our latitudes, it is enough to make a safety margin.

Nuance. The simultaneous action of many factors causes a synergy effect. This is worth considering (see photo).

Assessment of the condition and load-bearing capacity of walls and foundations

It should be borne in mind that the roof has significant weight, which can cause damage to the rest of the building.

Determining the roof configuration:

• simple symmetrical;
• simple asymmetrical;
• broken line

How more complex form roof, the greater the number of trusses and sub-rafter elements needed to create the necessary safety margin.

The angle of inclination of a gable roof is determined primarily by the roofing material. After all, each of them puts forward their own demands.

• soft roof - 5-20°;
• metal tiles, slate, corrugated sheets, ondulin - 20-45°.

It should be noted that increasing the angle increases the area of ​​space under the roof, but also the amount of material. What affects the total cost of work.

Nuance. Minimum angle The slope of the gable roof should be at least 5°.

5. Calculation of rafter pitch

The pitch of the gable roof rafters for residential buildings can be from 60 to 100 cm. The choice depends on the roofing material and the weight of the roof structure. Then the number of rafter legs is calculated by dividing the length of the slope by the distance between the rafter pairs plus 1. The resulting number determines the number of legs per slope. For the second, the number must be multiplied by 2.

Rafter length for attic roof calculated using the Pythagorean theorem.

Parameter "a"(roof height) is set independently. Its value determines the possibility of arranging a living space under the roof, the convenience of being in the attic, and the consumption of material for the construction of the roof.

Parameter "b" equal to half the width of the building.

Parameter "c" represents the hypotenuse of the triangle.

Advice. To the obtained value you need to add 60-70 cm for cutting and moving the rafter leg beyond the wall.

It is worth noting that the maximum length of the timber is 6 m.p. Therefore, if necessary, the timber for the rafters can be spliced ​​(extension, joining, joining).

The method of splicing rafters along the length is shown in the photo.

The width of the roof rafters depends on the distance between opposite load-bearing walls.

7. Calculation of the rafter cross-section

The cross-section of the rafters of a gable roof depends on several factors:

• loads, we have already written about it;

• type of material used. For example, a log can withstand one load, timber - another, laminated timber - a third;

• rafter leg lengths;

• the type of wood used in construction;

• distances between rafters (rafter pitch).

You can determine the cross-section of the beam for the rafters, knowing the distance between the rafters and the length of the rafters using the data below.

Rafter cross-section - table

Advice. How more step installation of rafters, the greater the load on one rafter pair. This means that the cross-section of the rafters needs to be increased.

Dimensions of lumber (timbers and boards) for a gable rafter system:

• thickness (section) of the Mauerlat - 10x10 or 15x15 cm;

• the thickness of the rafter leg and tie is 10x15 or 10x20 cm. Sometimes a beam of 5x15 or 5x20 cm is used;

• run and strut - 5x15 or 5x20. Depending on the width of the foot;

• stand - 10x10 or 10x15;

• bench - 5x10 or 5x15 (depending on the width of the rack);

• thickness (section) of the roof sheathing - 2x10, 2.5x15 (depending on the roofing material).

Types of gable roof rafter system

For the roof structure under consideration, there are 2 options: layered and hanging rafters.

Let's consider each type in detail in order to make an informed choice.

Hanging rafters

They are used for roof widths of no more than 6 lm. Installation of hanging rafters is carried out by attaching the legs to the load-bearing wall and the ridge girder. The design of hanging rafters is special in that the rafter legs are under the influence of a bursting force. Hanging rafters with a tie installed between the legs reduce its impact. The tie in the rafter system can be wooden or metal. Often the puffs are placed at the bottom, then they play a role load-bearing beams. It is important to ensure reliable fastening tightening on the rafter leg. Because a bursting force is also transmitted to it.

Advice.
The higher the tightening is located, the greater strength it should have.
If the tightening is not installed, the load-bearing walls may simply “move apart” from the pressure created by the rafter system.

Layered rafters

They are used for arranging roofs of any size. The design of layered rafters provides for the presence of a beam and a stand. The bench lying parallel to the Mauerlat takes on part of the load. Thus, the rafter legs are, as it were, inclined towards each other and supported by a stand. The rafter legs of the layered system work only in bending. And the ease of installation also tips the scales in their favor. The only drawback is the presence of a stand.

Combined

Due to the fact that modern roofs They are distinguished by a wide variety of shapes and complexity of configurations; a combined type of rafter system is used.

After choosing the type of rafter system, you can accurately calculate the amount of materials. Write down the calculation results. At the same time, professionals recommend drawing up drawings for each roof element.

Installation of a gable roof rafter system

After the gable roof rafters have been calculated, installation can begin. We will divide the process into stages and give a description of each of them. The result will be a kind of step-by-step instructions containing additional information on each stage.

1. Attaching the Mauerlat to the wall

The beam is installed along the length of the wall on which the rafters will rest.

In log houses, the role of the mauerlat is played by the upper crown. In buildings built from porous material (aerated concrete, foam concrete) or brick, the Mauerlat is installed along the entire length load-bearing wall. In other cases, it can be installed between the rafter legs.

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Since the length of the Mauerlat exceeds the standard dimensions of lumber, it has to be spliced.

The connection of the Mauerlat to each other is done as shown in the figure.

How to connect the Mauerlat?

The beams are cut only at an angle of 90°. Connections are made using bolts. Nails, wire, wooden dowels are not used.

How to attach the Mauerlat?

The Mauerlat is installed at the top of the wall. The installation technology provides several ways to attach the Mauerlat:

• strictly in the center of the load-bearing wall;
• with a shift to one side.

Advice.
The Mauerlat cannot be placed closer than 5 cm to the outer edge of the wall.

To protect the timber for the Mauerlat from damage, it is laid on a layer of waterproofing material, which most often is ordinary roofing felt.

Reliability of Mauerlat fastening important aspect construction. This is due to the fact that the roof slope is like a sail. That is, it experiences strong wind load. Therefore, the Mauerlat must be firmly fixed to the wall.

Methods for attaching the Mauerlat to the wall and rafters

Anchor bolts. Ideal for monolithic structures.

Wooden dowels. Used for log houses and beams. But, they are always used with additional fasteners.

Staples.

Stud or fittings. It is used if the cottage is built from porous materials (aerated concrete, foam concrete).

Sliding mount (hinge). Tying in this way allows for the displacement of the rafter legs when the house shrinks.

Annealed wire (knitting, steel). Used as an additional mount in most cases.

2. Manufacturing of trusses or pairs

Installation is carried out in two ways:

• installation of beams directly on the roof. It is not used often, since it is problematic to carry out all the work, measurements, and trimming at height. But it allows you to completely do the installation yourself;

• assembly on the ground. That is, individual elements (triangles or pairs) for the rafter system can be assembled below and then raised to the roof. The advantage of such a system is faster performance of high-altitude work. The disadvantage is that the weight assembled structure roof truss can be significant. To lift it you will need special equipment.

Advice. Before assembling the rafter legs, you need to apply markings. It is very convenient to use templates for these purposes. The rafter pairs assembled according to the template will be absolutely identical. To make a template, you need to take two boards, the length of each of which is equal to the length of one rafter, and connect them together.

3. Installation of rafter legs

The assembled pairs rise to the top and are installed on the Mauerlat. To do this, you need to make a gash at the bottom of the rafter legs.

Advice. Since the slots on the Mauerlat will weaken it, you can only make cuts on the rafter leg. To ensure that the cut is uniform and fits tightly to the base, you need to use a template. It is cut out of plywood.

Methods of fastening the rafter leg are shown in the figure.

You need to start installing rafter pairs from opposite ends of the roof.

Advice. To correctly install the rafter legs, it is better to use temporary struts and spacers.

A string is stretched between the fixed pairs. It will simplify the installation of subsequent rafter pairs. It will also indicate the level of the ridge.

If the rafter system is mounted directly on the roof of the house, then after installing the two outer rafter legs, the ridge support is installed. Next, the halves of the rafter pair are attached to it.

It is worth noting that the opinions of professionals differ on this issue. Some advise using a staggered fastening pattern, which will allow the increasing load to be distributed more evenly on the walls and foundation. This order involves installing one rafter in a checkerboard pattern. After part of the rafter legs is installed, the missing parts of the pair are mounted. Others insist that it is necessary to mount each pair in a sequential manner. Depending on the size of the structure and the configuration of the truss, the rafter legs are reinforced with supports and racks.

Nuance. Connect additional elements structures using cutting. It is preferable to fix them with construction staples.

If necessary, you can lengthen the rafter leg.

Methods for splicing rafter legs are shown in the photo.

Advice. The method by which the mauerlat is lengthened (cut at 90°) cannot be used in this case. This will weaken the rafter.

4. Installing the ridge of a gable roof

The roof ridge unit is made by connecting the rafter legs at the top.

Roof ridge structure:

• Method without using a support beam (see figure).

• Method using rafter beams. The beam is needed for large roofs. In the future, it can become a support for the rack.

• Method of laying on timber.

• More modern variety The method shown in the photo can be considered for making a ridge assembly.

• Cutting method.

After the rafter system is installed, we perform major fastening of all structural elements.

5. Installation of roof sheathing

The sheathing is installed in any case, and is designed for more convenient movement along the roof during work, as well as for fastening roofing material.

The sheathing pitch depends on the type of roofing material, for example:

• for metal tiles - 350 mm (the distance between the two lower boards of the sheathing should be 300 mm).
• for corrugated sheets and slate - 440 mm.
• under soft roof We lay a continuous sheathing.

Rafter system of a gable roof with an attic - video:

Conclusion

As you can see, despite its apparent simplicity, the installation of a gable roof rafter system contains many pitfalls. But, based on the recommendations given, you can build without any problems reliable design with your own hands.

Among the wide variety of types of roofs, the most popular has been for several centuries. Relative simplicity of design, excellent stability, adaptability to different climatic conditions are powerful arguments, proven by many years of construction practice. The information below will be useful both to those who will be constructing a gable roof truss system with their own hands and to those who decide to use the services of professionals to understand and control the work.

Types of gable roofs

A gable roof, also called a gable roof, consists of two inclined rectangular planes- roof slopes, which are installed at a certain angle to the outer walls of the building. Due to the angle of inclination of the slopes, the natural flow of natural precipitation (rain, melt water) is ensured.

Roofs with uneven slope angles (i.e. the location of the ridge is not through the center of the building) and different lengths of eaves overhangs are used if the customer wishes to express the architectural feature of his home. Such a roof, in terms of design, looks quite original, but has the disadvantage of irrational use attic space.

A broken gable roof is applicable in cases where there is a need to use the attic space as an attic. In such a roof, the increased volume of the attic makes it easy to create an attic, which is protected from moisture and insulated.

A gable symmetrical roof has an isosceles triangle at its base. Its orthodox form and unpretentiousness during construction made it a favorite not only of professional builders, but also of novice specialists.

Semi-hip roofing is one of the varieties of gable roofs, which has an original appearance and creates high-quality protection for the gable. This type of roofing is especially in demand in areas with high wind loads.

The first thing you should pay attention to when organizing the construction of a gable roof is its angle of inclination. To a lesser extent, it depends on architectural features, but to a greater extent on the climatic characteristics of the region in which the roof will be erected and on the type of roof being installed. Roofs with a steep angle are installed in regions that are subject to frequent precipitation. Areas with strong wind zones require the installation of gentle slopes to relieve the structure from wind loads.

The angle of inclination of the slopes can range from 5 to 90°. A common option is a roof with an angle of 35-45°. This option is the most economical in terms of consumption of building materials and uniform distribution of the load along the entire perimeter of the building. At this angle of inclination, the attic space is made of a cold type and in the future it is not suitable for living in it.

If it is necessary to arrange an attic space for a living room, then it is necessary to use a broken gable roof. In this case, the upper part of the roof will become more flat, and the lower part will have a steep slope. The attic space will increase and it will be possible to use it for attic housing. For this type of slope, the design of the rafter system will become more complicated compared to using a simple option.

Types of rafter systems for gable roofs

The technology of constructing a rafter system for a gable roof has differences in the use of support bases for the rafters. There are hanging and layered rafter systems. Accordingly, rafter systems use hanging or layered rafters in their design. There is a third option - hybrid, when both types are installed in the rafter system.

Hanging rafters are used in structures with a distance between supports of no more than 6-6.5 meters.

Layered rafters are installed in buildings with a load-bearing middle wall or with columnar supports inside.

The load-bearing structural elements in a gable roof are the rafter system and the Mauerlat.

The rafter system includes such elements as: rafter legs, vertical racks, inclined struts, crossbars, spacers, ridge girder. All these elements, combined into a single structure, form the rafter system as such.

The material from which rafters and other structural elements are made can be made of wood, iron and reinforced concrete.

Before using the material, you must ensure that any knots you encounter do not exceed a third of the thickness of the material in length!

Mauerlat is a beam with a cross-section from 100×100 mm to 200×200 mm, which is placed under the rafter leg or laid along the entire perimeter of the structure. Its purpose is to distribute a uniform load on the external walls.

The Mauerlat is installed on the upper wall edge. Installation occurs either along the axis of the wall, or with an offset to the outer or inner edge of the wall (but not more than 50 mm from the outer edge). Before installing the Mauerlat, place it under waterproofing material, which, most often, is roofing felt. The connection of the Mauerlat links must be strong and occurs using straight locks.

Construction of the rafter system

Main types of rafter structures:

• the rafter legs of the opposite slopes are connected by horizontal ties (for a house width of up to 6 m);
• the ridge girder rests on vertical posts, additionally inclined struts are used (for houses up to 10 m wide with an empty attic, the design is designed for high loads);
• horizontal purlins resting on vertical posts act as additional support points; the rafters are tied with ties (for a house width of up to 15 m).

Rafter structures are made of timber with a cross-section of at least 50×150 mm. The crossbar is located at the level of the future attic ceiling.

If, when building a house with your own hands, it is possible to lift ready-made trusses to the installation site, it is recommended to make rafters on the ground, using the first A-shaped frame element as a template.

It is recommended to make rafter legs from solid timber, but if necessary, you can join the timber on both sides using nails or self-tapping screws. The pitch of the rafters can be calculated based on the dimensions of the sheet insulation. First of all, the outer A-shaped elements are installed, onto which a ridge purlin made of 100×150 timber or 50×150 boards is attached. The ridge girder gives rigidity to the entire frame.

In order not to weaken the Mauerlat, fastening slots are made in the rafters, as a result of which the rafter with the horizontal plane of the slot lies on the surface of the Mauerlat, and the protrusion rests against the vertical plane of the Mauerlat. Fixation is carried out with three nails, two of which are driven on both sides of the rafters, and the third through its upper plane.

Exist various ways fastening the rafters in the upper part of the gable roof, which you can do yourself:

• The edges of each pair of rafters are cut in such a way that when the cut planes are mated, the rafter legs form a given angle of inclination of the roof. Then the rafters are fastened together with wooden planks using nails, or metal plates with bolted connections. A nail with a length of at least 150 mm should be driven into the upper plane of the rafters;
• Rafters of different slopes are placed on the installed ridge girder, and they must be cut so that the horizontal section is equal in width to half the thickness of the ridge beam. The rafters are fixed to each other with metal strips, which should be placed above the span (a hanging connection that requires rigid fastening of the legs to the Mauerlat);
• An overlap connection is the simplest option; the rafters are tilted at the same angle and connected with studs or bolts using wide washers.

On next stage such types of elements as purlins, racks, struts, etc. are mounted, if they are included in the selected frame scheme. During installation, it is important to control the verticality and horizontality of structures. Mistakes made during the construction of a roof are almost impossible to correct.

Design Features

A traditional, widespread option is symmetrical gable roofs with straight slopes - gable roofs. The optimal angle of inclination of the slopes is about 45° - this design can withstand serious snow and wind loads.

If you want to equip an attic, other types of roofs are used. In particular, it is a gable roof with broken slopes - in the upper part the slopes are gentle, and in the lower part they have a sharp slope. For roofs of this type, it is necessary to erect a rafter system of a more complex design.

In some cases, asymmetrical gable roof, the ridge of which is located offset from the center. The design of such a roof is developed taking into account the characteristics of the building. A gable roof can also be half-hipped. In this case, the design differs from a gable roof in the presence of sloping roofing elements above the gables.

Installation of the rafter system

Before you begin installing the gable roof rafter system, you must fasten the Mauerlats to the longitudinal walls using anchor bolts. Next, you should decide on the optimal cross-section of the rafter legs, which depends on their length and the distance between them. To do this you need to produce. If it is required that the lumber have a different width and length of rafter legs, then the required size is achieved by splicing them (extension) using fasteners.

To use insulation, you should select a rational distance between the rafters so that as little thermal insulation material has to be cut as possible.

If you plan to build a roof structure with your own hands, you need to make a calculation based on the width of the roof and its height to the ridge. Standard scheme involves the creation of a rafter structure based on an isosceles triangle. Simple geometric constructions and calculations make it possible to calculate the length of the rafter legs: to square root From the sum of the squares of the height to the ridge and half the width of the roof, an allowance for the eaves overhang should be added.

The required number of rafters depends on the length of the roof and the selected roofing material. Typically, the pitch of rafter structures is 1.2 - 1.5 m. It is not recommended to exceed these values.

Based on the length of the rafter leg and the length of the roof ridge (including allowances for overhangs), the area is calculated roof surface– to do this, the indicated values ​​​​should be multiplied.

When calculating lumber, it is necessary to take into account the presence of such elements of the rafter structure as:

• Mauerlat;
• skate;
• rafter legs;
• racks;
• crossbars;
• struts.

Depending on the type of roofing material, the type of sheathing is determined. It can be sparse (with different pitches) or continuous; soft coverings are covered with continuous cladding sheet material. If a half-hip roof is being installed, it is also necessary to calculate the amount of roofing and structural material for installing hips - triangular cut off tops above end walls Houses.

All wooden elements require processing special compounds, preventing rotting, pest damage, and fire.

Installation of rafters occurs in the following order:

Mounting the Mauerlat

A do-it-yourself rafter frame can be attached to the floor beams, but in this case all the loads are on building construction will focus on the places where the floor beams are attached. This option is suitable for small, lightweight buildings.

To ensure uniform distribution of the load on the upper surface of the walls parallel to the ridge of the future roof, a Mauerlat is mounted, which will serve as the basis of the frame. To make the Mauerlat, a wooden beam with a cross-section of 150×150, 100×150 or 100×100 is used. It is attached to the wall in one of the following ways::

Calculation of loads and angle of inclination

Accurate calculation of the rafter system of a gable roof is the key to the future strength and reliability of the house. When designing a complex roofing structure, its calculations should only be carried out by a professional. You can independently calculate the roof using small area using simple formulas.

At the very beginning, the angle of inclination of the roof slopes is determined. An inclination angle of 5-15° is suitable for a small number of roofing coverings. In view of this, the roofing material is first selected, and only then the rafter system is calculated. At an angle of inclination above 45°, any roofing covering is suitable, but material costs also increase along with this.

It is also necessary to do this, depending on the climatic region. Snow load limits are in the range of 80-320 kg/m2. On a roof with a slope of no more than 25°, the coefficient of transition from snow cover to the roof is equal to 1. For roofs with a slope of 25-60°, the coefficient is taken to be 0.7.

For example, with a snow load on the ground of 120 kg/m2, the load on a roof with an inclination angle of 25-60° will be 120×0.7=84 kg/m2.

Wind load is calculated using the coefficient of change in wind pressure and aerodynamic influence.

The weight of the roofing pie is calculated - a constant load, which includes the weight of the lathing, counter-lattice, insulation, roofing material, and also, in the case of an attic, the weight interior decoration ceilings. The average constant load ranges from 40-50 kg/m2.

A correctly calculated rafter system, made by yourself, can withstand high loads, including:

• wind pressure;
• snow pressure;
• person's weight.

The roof should not exert strong or uneven pressure on building structures that transfer the load to the foundation of the house.

Its resistance to loads depends on the angle of inclination of the roof. The larger the angle, the stronger the frame should be. This parameter also affects the choice of roofing material.

Conclusion

Installing a gable roof involves creating a high-quality roofing pie. The gable structure is insulated with sheet or roll materials. It is important to perform high-quality vapor barrier. Used for finishing different kinds roofing materials, from standard slate to high-tech tiles.

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Step-by-step installation of a gable roof - a guide for the home craftsman

Professionals consider the gable system to be the simplest and most affordable, this is partly true, but for the home craftsman self-installation Roofs of any configuration can become a problem. Therefore, next we will analyze step by step all the stages of constructing a gable structure, starting with professional terminology and ending with the arrangement of the roofing pie.

Basic concepts and subtleties

Before you go to the store for materials and try to do something with your own hands, it would be useful to understand what exactly you want, because gable systems come in several types. And to create a basic project, you need to know the basic principles and terminology.

What and what is it called

• Mauerlat- this is a beam that serves as a support for the rafter legs and is mounted along the perimeter of the external load-bearing wall. The minimum cross-section of such a beam is 100x100 mm. It can be monolithic or stacked, that is, consist of 2 beams of smaller cross-section;
• Rafter leg- this is an inclined beam bottom side resting on the Mauerlat, and the upper connection of such beams forms a ridge; in a gable system there are 2 of them. The minimum thickness of the rafter leg is 50 mm. The width of the beams can be from 150 mm or more;
• Farm- the connection of two rafter legs (triangle), called a truss. The number of trusses depends on the length of the building, the minimum truss pitch is 600 mm, the maximum is 1200 mm. The choice of pitch depends on the weight of the roofing pie, as well as on the snow and wind load in the area;
• Horse- the upper line of connection of the rafter legs and two roof planes, it is also called the ridge girder;
• fillies- overhangs from the edge of the rafter leg to the outer load-bearing wall. A frontal board is placed on the front side of the overhang, which often serves as a support for installing roof drain gutters;

• Racks- vertical supports that take on a significant part of the weight of the rafter structure. IN small houses the stand is placed only in the center, and supports the skate. For large roof sizes, as well as in houses with residential attic intermediate racks are installed;
• Struts- small beams that are mounted at an angle and provide additional stability to the trusses;
• Puff- a horizontal beam connecting 2 adjacent rafter legs. It can also be called a fight or a crossbar;
• Sill- this is to some extent an analogue of the Mauerlat, only here the beam is mounted on top of an internal load-bearing wall or several internal walls;

• Lathing- boards stuffed on top, perpendicular to the rafters. The sheathing can be continuous or with gaps, it all depends on the weight and structure of the roofing pie;
• Run- an analogue of ridge beams, but ordinary purlins are mounted along the entire roof plane, they strengthen the trusses and serve as additional support for the rafter legs.

Types of gable structures

Illustrations	Explanations
	Symmetrical system. The symmetrical rafter system is considered the most reliable and easiest to install. The loads here are distributed evenly, so the thickness of the roofing pie does not play a big role.
	Asymmetrical system. Asymmetry is good not only for its original look, it is easier to arrange a living space under such a roof. But, at the same time, much more calculations will be required, because the loads on the base and the roofing pie vary greatly.
	Broken roof. Formally, such a roof already has more than 2 slopes, but the installation procedure for broken and classical structures is similar. Therefore, they are combined into one direction.

What is the difference between layered and hanging systems?

If the distance between the external walls does not exceed 10 m, and there is no permanent wall inside the house, then hanging rafters are installed. They rest on the Mauerlat and are pulled together at the bottom ceiling beams, plus in some cases additional transverse ties are installed.

Installation of layered rafters can only be carried out if there are permanent walls inside the house. In this case, the size of the building does not matter much. The layered system is much more practical and durable, because a significant part total load takes over the pier.

A few words about calculations

When calculating any roof, 3 main components are taken into account - constant, variable and special loads.

1. Constant loads include, first of all, the weight of the roofing and the rafter system itself. In unheated attics, this weight often does not exceed 30 kg per 1 m², and if you are installing a full-fledged roofing pie with insulation, then the weight here can reach up to 50 kg;

1. Variables include snow and wind loads. To calculate, you need a wind rose and average precipitation for the region. SNiP 2.01.07-85 will help you here; according to it, in Russia the snow load ranges from 80 to 320 kg/m². Both snow and wind loads are multiplied by a factor depending on the angle of the roof, and this factor is constant;

If your gable roof has a slope angle equal to or greater than 60º, then the snow load can be ignored; snow is not retained on such a roof. But the wind pressure here is much higher.

1. Special stresses include natural disasters such as earthquakes and hurricanes. Fortunately, there are few such places in our country, so they are rarely taken into account in calculations. Below in the video in this article is given detailed instructions according to roof calculations.

Stages of installation of a gable roof

The entire installation can be divided into fastening the Mauerlat, then comes the laying of rafters, racks and struts, and it all ends with the arrangement of the roofing pie.

How to install the Mauerlat

Fastening the Mauerlat, first of all, depends on what material your house is built from. So, if the house is brick or made of cinder block, then a couple of layers of roofing material are rolled out over the wall and the Mauerlat beam is screwed on top with anchor bolts or any other studs.

With houses from cellular concrete(foam or aerated concrete) everything is a little more complicated. Neither anchor bolt, neither the stud will be held in such a block, so here a reinforced reinforced concrete belt is poured around the entire perimeter of the wall, into which iron studs are initially embedded to secure the Mauerlat.

IN wooden houses The rafter system is mounted without a mauerlat at all; more precisely, the role of the mauerlat is played by the upper beam.

Rafter legs in wooden houses are connected to the upper beam (mauerlat) according to the sliding principle, that is, not rigidly. This installation allows the rafters to move as the house shrinks.

We install a simple rafter system

Illustrations	Recommendations
	Mauerlat. In this case, the installation of the Mauerlat was carried out on a built-in threaded pin; the pin was locked from above through a washer. Plus, an anchor bolt was driven nearby for strength.
	Extreme farms. To keep the outer trusses in the desired position, they were screwed in the center and additionally secured with spacers and posts. These racks are needed only during the installation of the rafter system; then they are dismantled.
	Connection of rafters with Mauerlat. Stage 1. Vertical racks are installed first on the Mauerlat. They are cut from the same timber as the rafter legs. The outer racks are fixed with two corners, 8 screws in each, and the middle ones are fastened in the same way, with only 1 corner.
	Stage 2. On the reverse side of the rafter leg, exactly the same stand with a corner is installed. The rafter leg itself is connected to the posts with long self-tapping screws and through pins with a diameter of 12 mm.
	Stage 3. On the outer trusses, in addition to the mounting on the Mauerlat, intermediate racks are also installed (they are not subsequently removed).
	Stage 4. A triangle is rigidly attached between the two posts holding the rafter legs on the mauerlat.
	Ridge run. Stage 1. The ridge beam must pass exactly under the connection of all trusses. To secure this beam, 2 tie-rods were installed on the outer trusses, and the beam itself was screwed to the tie-rods with corners. Bars of this cross-section are usually 6 m long, so they can be extended if necessary. To make the connection strong, we attached the same bars on both sides and tightened everything with 4 12 mm studs.
	Stage 2. For reliability, the connections of the rafter legs were tightened with metal plates with 6 12 mm studs, 3 studs in each beam. If there are not enough such overlays with studs for each truss, then pull at least the outer ones, and fix the rest on both sides with plates on self-tapping screws.
	Tightenings on the end trusses. On the outer trusses, the tie rods are installed inside, between the rafter legs, and secured on both sides with metal plates.
	Tightenings on intermediate trusses. 2 tie-rods are placed on the intermediate trusses, they are applied on both sides and tightened with two studs (12 mm) and four self-tapping screws.
	Reference point. In order to align the intermediate trusses in the same plane, immediately after installing the outer trusses, a cord is stretched between them and the remaining trusses are mounted along it.
	Cutout in the rafters. In order for the rafter legs to rest more firmly on the Mauerlat, triangular cutouts are made in them. But such cutouts are made only in block houses; in wooden houses there are no cutouts, where the rafters must slide.
	fillies. There should be at least 30 - 40 cm from the edge of the rafter to the wall. In this case, 50 cm was made. A tolerance of 10 cm was left for insulation and wall cladding with siding.
	Rafter system - the result. We have created a lightweight hanging type rafter system. We did not install central pillars, so the attic can be made habitable. The puffs on the middle trusses are paired, and on the outer trusses they are single. At the top point of the trusses there is a single ridge beam. Since the system is hanging, the rafter legs have double reinforced fastening.

There is one more important point: in wooden houses except sliding mount rafter legs to the mauerlat, it is advisable to also make the ridge connection movable. The easiest way is to screw metal plates on both sides of the rafter legs and “sew” these plates together with a central pin, as in the photo below.

How does a roofing pie work?

Roofing pie diagram for everyone pitched roofs similar, but the installation technology and sequence of actions may differ slightly. If there are enough funds for quick installation, then the pie is installed from the bottom up and the entire roof is completed in a maximum of a week. But if the house is being built gradually, then they act differently.

If you have limited financial resources, you can first install a roof under cold attic, and then (when money and time appear) insulate everything with your own hands.

To begin with, a vapor barrier is installed on top of the rafter system. The rolls are rolled out perpendicular to the rafters and cover each other from bottom to top. As the roll is rolled out, the membrane is nailed to the rafters with counter batten bars (50x50 mm), and the main batten is placed on top of these bars.

After the first roll is rolled out and secured, the next one is rolled out on top of it with an overlap of 150 mm. After which it is also fixed with a counter-lattish, onto which the lathing is stuffed. There is no need to measure the overlap of the next roll; there is a line on it for this purpose.

The pitch of the under-roof sheathing can be different, for example, the slats are packed under the metal tiles with a gap of about half a meter, and if you ceramic tiles, then you need to focus on the dimensions of the plates.

Insulating the roof from the inside is also easy. Plates mineral wool simply inserted from below between the rafters. Then the insulation is hemmed with another membrane, onto which it can already be sewn finishing attic.

If you prefer soft bitumen shingles, then the diagram below provides step-by-step instructions for its installation.

Conclusion

A gable roof is a good choice for the beginning home handyman. I tried to highlight the main stages and subtleties of its arrangement. If you still have questions, write in the comments, I will try to help.

October 9, 2017

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