The concept of a subordinate clause
Part of a complex sentence, syntactically dependent on another, subordinate part, is called a subordinate clause.How to define a subordinate clause
- A subordinate clause cannot be used without the main clause without changing the meaning of the statement. Let's take the offer I see a house which you told me about . Words in bold will be subordinate clauses. We will not be able to say with narrative intonation and without a certain context: “which you told me about.” The recipient will not perceive this piece of text as a message. But you can say “I see a house” and put an end to it. This proposal is the main one.
- As a rule, you can ask a question from the main clause (it is not asked only to connecting subordinate clauses). Our example asks the question Which? What house? - which you were talking about.
- Usually, when looking for subordinate clauses, when parsing, they circle in ovals subordinating conjunctions and allied words, which exist only for the purpose of introducing subordinate clauses into the main one. Of course, in order for conjunctions to help find subordinate clauses in the text, these conjunctions must first be memorize. No other way.
Types of subordinate clauses
Depending on the question that is asked from the main clause to the subordinate clause, the following types of subordinate clauses are distinguished.
Explanatory clauses
Definitive subordinate clause
Adverbial clauses
Adverbial clauses are highly expanded circumstances. Circumstances are divided into types depending on the issue, adverbial clauses are similarly divided into types:
Some textbooks highlight a separate group - subordinate clauses with the meaning of conditionality.
Comparative clauses
Connecting clauses
Let's move the connecting clauses into separate group, since they do not answer any question and cannot be compared with the highly common minor member of the sentence.What is not a subordinate clause
meaningful expressions
The following expressions are not subordinate clauses:
- irreducible combinations: do it properly, do it as it should, tell it like it really is, there is something to surprise, there is something to do and etc.
- whole expressions with the verb want. Do what you want. Come whenever you want. And etc.
- combinations not that, not that, not so, not otherwise than.
- combinations (not) more than, (not) less than, (not) earlier than, (not) later than and etc.
- combinations unknown who, unknown what (where, which, where, from, etc.), unclear who, no matter what, no matter who and etc.
- combinations with words anywhere and everywhere Anyone, anything, anywhere, anything and etc.
- type combinations whoever is, whoever is, whoever eats b, etc.
- the expression is just... that. The only entertainment is going to the cinema once a week.
comparative turnover
Punctuation for subordinate clauses
Subordinate clauses are separated from main clauses by commas, or less often by a dash.
If subordinate clauses are not connected by a coordinating connection, they are separated by commas.
If subordinate clauses are interconnected by a coordinating connection, the signs between them are placed according to the same rules as the signs for
In Russian, sentences are divided into simple and complex. Their difference is that simple ones have one grammatical basis, while complex ones can have two or more. IN syntactic constructions, consisting of several parts, one of three types of communication can be used: coordinating, non-union or subordinating. Complex sentences with (grade 9) are the most extensive topic due to the number of meanings of the dependent part from the main part.
The concept of a complex sentence
A syntactic construction in which one part is dependent on another is called complex. It always has a main part (from which the question is posed) and a subordinate part. The sentences that make up such a structure are combined, or for example:
- The boy realized (what?) that his deception had been discovered(the main part - the boy understood, to which the subordinate clause is attached using the subordinating conjunction “what”).
- Rather than being second in Rome, it is better to be first in the province(under what condition?) (the main sentence - it is better to be the first in the province - is connected with the dependent conjunction “than”).
- A wind blew from the north (what kind?), which forced everyone to button up their jackets(the main sentence - the wind blew from the north - is connected with the subordinate conjunctive word “which”).
Depending on how the parts of a complex sentence are connected, they are divided into 4 types:
- with using conjunctions so that, what, how, whether (I heard the gate creaking);
- with attributive clauses, attached by allied words which, which, whose, what, where and others ( I bought the car I've been dreaming about for a long time);
- with an connecting clause using allied words why, why, why and what (In the evenings, the mother bathed her son, after which she always read him a fairy tale.); We climbed observation deck, from where the city was most visible).
The last type of syntactic constructions are divided into types according to their meaning.
Types of adverbial clauses
In complex sentences, the dependent part, which answers questions specific to the circumstances, is called that. Below are the circumstances. The table briefly summarizes all their types:
time | as soon as the curtain rose, the orchestra began to play (when?) |
places | they came home, where a hot dinner and warming grog were already waiting for them (where?) |
causes | the children laughed (for what reason?) because the dog stood on its hind legs and wagged its stubby tail |
conditions | If you happen to be nearby, please stop by and see us (under what conditions?) |
goals | I went to the store (for what purpose?) to buy bread for dinner |
concessions | he remained silent (in spite of what?), despite the fact that the offense against his friend was strong |
comparisons | something rumbled outside the window (like what?), like a distant thunderstorm |
course of action | we did everything as (in what way?) as indicated in the note |
measures and degrees | the girl was so shy (to what extent?) that she would never speak to a stranger first |
consequences | Yegor grew up over the summer, so that he now took second place in the ranks (as a result of what?) |
Complex sentences with adverbial clauses are connected by conjunctions and allied words, depending on the meaning they define.
Subordinate clauses and degrees of action
This type of complex sentence in its dependent part provides an explanation of how the action was performed or indicates the degree of quality of the attribute of the object being discussed in the main part.
In such syntactic constructions, questions are posed to the subordinating sentence: “in what way?”, “how?”, “how much?”, “to what extent?” and others. The dependent part corresponds to:
A complex sentence with a subordinate adverbial manner of action is always constructed in such a way that the main part comes before the dependent part. If you swap them, a different meaning is formed. For example:
- The snow was so bright (to what extent?) that my eyes began to water after a few minutes of being outside.
- My eyes started to water after a few minutes of being outside (for what reason?) because the snow was so bright.
Clause of time
When the dependent part in indicates when the event took place, then this is a complex sentence with an adverbial clause. Moreover, the dependent part does not refer to a separate concept, but to the entire main one, and gives answers to the questions “when?”, “how long?”, “until when?”, “since when?”
They are connected using temporary conjunctions “when”, “as soon as”, “barely”, “until”, “until”, “since” and others. In this case, the main sentence may contain words that have the meaning of time, for example “then”, “after that”, “until”, etc. For example, complex sentences with subordinate adverbial clauses from the literature:
- On the day (when exactly?) when I made this decision, someone hit me on the shoulder in the Criterion bar (A. Conan Doyle).
- Now sit here for a while (how long?) while I run off to have a bite to eat (J. Simenon).
In such syntactic constructions they can be used complex alliances, which are separated by a comma into two parts. Moreover, one of them is in the main sentence as an indicative word, and the second is in the subordinate clause in the form of a conjunction ( It's been 30 years since he left his hometown).
In the event that there is no index word, the dependent part can be located either before or after the main part, but in two cases it is fixed:
- If complex sentences with subordinate adverbial clauses use the conjunctions “how”, “how suddenly”, then they are located after the main one ( Lunch was already coming to an end when suddenly another guest arrived.).
- If double conjunctions are used, such as “when... then”, “only only... how”, “when... That". IN in this case the subordinate clause is placed before the main part, and the second fragment of the double conjunction can be omitted ( When the first snow falls, the flock will move south).
In other cases, the place of the subordinate clause can change without affecting the meaning of the sentence.
Subordinate clauses
A complex sentence with an adverbial clause (examples below) can indicate the place of action or its direction. It answers the questions “where?”, “where to?”, “from where?” and refers to a specific word in the main part, which can be expressed by an adverb (there, there, from there, everywhere, everywhere and others).
- There was water everywhere (where exactly?) wherever you looked.
- I come from where (where?) where poverty has never been known.
The complex sentence is connected to the adverbial clause by the conjunctive words “where?”, “where?”, “from where?” The dependent part in such syntactic constructions comes after the word being defined.
Subordinate clause
Complex sentences with subordinate adverbial conditions answer the questions “under what condition?”, “in what case?” Such syntactic constructions indicate the conditions under which the actions named in the main part are performed. In them, the dependent clause can refer both to the main part and to a separate predicate, and is joined using the conjunctions “if”, “how” (in the definition “if”), “if”, “kol” and “when” (in role "if").
A complex sentence with a subordinate adverbial clause (the examples below confirm this) conditions can be found both before and after the main one:
- If that’s what you want, so be it (on what condition?).
- You can get a chance to win the lottery (in which case?) if you buy tickets regularly.
- If you buy tickets regularly, you can win the lottery (the content of the offer has not changed due to the rearrangement).
Often such syntactic constructions use conjunctions consisting of two parts: “if...then”, “if.... so", "if... Then" ( If it rains tomorrow, we won't go mushroom picking.).
Clause of purpose
Goals indicate the purpose for which the action specified in its main part is performed. They give answers to the questions “why?”, “for what purpose?”, “for what?”
Parts of such a syntactic structure are joined by conjunctions “so that”, “in order to”, “so that”, “if only”, “then” and others, for example:
- To get there faster, he quickened his steps (for what purpose?).
- To be useful people, you need to work a lot on yourself (for what?).
- I said this in order (why?) to annoy my father.
Complex conjunctions can be separated by using a comma between them. One part remains in the main clause, and the conjunction “so that” remains in the dependent clause.
Subordinate reasons
Complex sentences with subordinate adverbial reasons indicate the basis of what is said in the main part. The dependent clause completely relates to the main clause and answers the questions “for what reason?”, “why?”, “why?” and is joined by conjunctions “because”, “good”, “since”, “for”, “because” and others, for example:
- Thanks to the fact that we united, our opponents could not defeat us (for what reason?).
- She was sad (why?) because autumn brought rain and cold.
- We decided to take a break (why?) because we had been walking for six hours straight.
The subordinate clause in such syntactic constructions usually comes after the main clause.
Subordinate clause
In complex sentences with similar subordinate clauses, the conclusion drawn from the content of the main part is indicated. It answers the question “what happened because of this?” The dependent fragment is attached to the main one with the conjunction “so that” and always comes after it, for example:
- The heat intensified (what happened because of this?), so we had to look for shelter.
- The girl began to cry (what happened because of this?), so I had to give in to her request.
This type of construction should not be confused with subordinate clauses of degree and measure, in which the adverb “so” and the conjunction “that” are used ( Over the summer he got so tanned that his hair looked white).
Clause of concession
Complex sentences with these subordinate clauses provide explanations for events that occurred contrary to what was discussed in the main part.
They answer the questions “despite what?”, “despite what?” and join the main part:
- conjunctions “although”, “even though... but”, “despite the fact that”, “let”, “let” ( There were big puddles on the street, although it rained yesterday);
- allied words with the particle “neither” - “no matter how”, “no matter how much” “no matter what” ( No matter how much my grandfather made a rocking chair, it turned out lopsided).
Thus, concession clauses indicate why the action did not work.
The subordinate clause in the Russian language causes particular difficulty when determining its type in the Unified state exam in the second part. In fact, the definition of this very species does not cause big problems, if you ask questions correctly from the main part.
A subordinate clause is a subordinating clause and a dependent clause. As you know, a subordinate clause can appear not only at the beginning of a sentence, but also in its middle or end. Important rule: any subordinate clause is separated from the main clause by a comma or other marks. Subordinate parts can explain both the main part and each other. If several subordinate clauses explain each other, then this is called parallel (in this case, as a rule, the subordinate clauses have a common conjunction).
Subordinate clauses in German have a clear sequence of words, which cannot be said about the Russian language. There, each word has its own place: the subject, then the predicate, and only then the secondary members. And subordinate clauses in English language can serve as predicate, subject or object.
So, subordinate clause in Russian it has several forms.
1) defining (the main questions of common definitions - which? which?; connected only with the help of conjunctions: what, which, which, whose). Example: The house that stood on the mountain was the property of my grandmother.
2) explanatory (questions Example: I know that everything will get better soon.
3) adverbial (have their own structure):
Thus, the subordinate clause in Russian explains and complements the main part of the complex sentence. To determine the type of this sentence, it is enough just to correctly pose the question to that part, the meaning of which is revealed by the subordinate clause.
Instructions
Remember the subordinate clause and what function it performs. A complex sentence consists of unequal parts. One of them is independent, and is called the main one. A subordinate clause is a dependent part that acts as a secondary member offers.
Subordinate clauses offers are divided into 4 groups. Since in many cases they serve as minor members offers, then they are very similar: attributive, explanatory, adverbial, connecting. In turn, there are several types of adverbial clauses. Remember the types of circumstances: place, time, course of action, cause, effect, purpose. This group also includes comparative and concessive clauses.
Determine whether the subordinate clause refers to the entire main clause or to any one of its members. The entire main clause most often includes some categories of adverbial clauses, that is, place, time, purpose, cause, effect, concessive, conditional and comparative. All other subordinate clauses refer to one member of the main clause offers.
Determine which member of the main offers refers to the subordinate clause. Ask him a question. The definition answers the questions “which?”, “which?”, “whose?”. They can also be added to the attributive clause. Sometimes this type can be determined by a conjunction or an allied word if it coincides with the question. However, a attributive clause can also be attached using the words “how” or “when”, that is, it can be confused with an adverbial clause. Therefore, the main way is still a question.
An explanatory subordinate clause performs the function of a supplement, that is, it answers case questions. Its conjunctions and allied words are “who” and “what,” and in this case the type is determined immediately. But there is a trap here too. An explanatory sentence can be attached with the same or allied words that are characteristic of other types of subordinate clauses.
The most diverse group is adverbial clauses. This offers answer very different questions, by which the “subspecies” is determined. Circumstantial offers place and time answer the questions “where”, “from where”, “when”, “from what time”.
Subordinate reasons, goals and conditionals have a lot in common. The first answers the questions “why?”, “for what reason?”. The other two types determine for what purpose what is said in the main sentence is done, or under what conditions it is possible.
note
There are several types of subordinate clauses for which questions are not usually asked. These are concessional, comparative, connecting. The first category includes sentences that say that something did not happen despite efforts or favorable circumstances. Such a subordinate clause is added to the main clause by the conjunctive words “although”, “despite”. In comparative clauses, as the name suggests, something is compared with something.
Sources:
- types of subordinate clauses
is a type of complex sentence with the meaning of inequality of parts, which is expressed subordinating conjunctions and allied words found in subordinate clauses. In the structure of a complex sentence, there are two parts: main and dependent. The connection between them is two-way, because Not only can a subordinate clause not exist without the main clause, but the main clause also needs a dependent clause.
A subordinate clause, dependent on the main one, is attached to it in two ways: - attached to one word in the main sentence and explains it (“We stopped at the place where the stream flowed”); - connected to the main sentence as a whole (“It was cool summer, like new life began"). In the school course of the Russian language, three groups are distinguished, which correspond to minor members in a simple sentence: definition, addition, circumstance. The subordinate clause refers to the noun in the main and characterizes the object, naming its attribute (“Chekhov witnessed the event about which Moscow will not forget"). A type of attributives are pronominal attributives offers, referring to the pronoun in the main clause (“He who does nothing will achieve nothing”). The peculiarity of this group of subordinate clauses is the use as a means of communication only of allied words that perform syntactic function and the “fixed” place of the subordinate clause after the main one. The subordinate (additional) clause is attached to verbs, verbal nouns and adverbs with the meaning of speech, thought, feeling, perception with the help of subordinating conjunctions and allied words. Such offers additions have meaning and answer questions of cases (“Tell me how to go to Gogol Street”). Adverbial clauses offers most often refer to the main sentence as a whole and determine the sign of the action taking place: time, place, manner of action, measure and degree, condition, purpose, cause, effect, comparison and concession. All these meanings are correlated with semantic groups of circumstances (“I am for the sake of a person to be beautiful, simple and smart” - with a subordinate clause answering the question “why?”). Please note that complex offers may have several subordinate clauses, belonging either to the same type or to different ones. “At the end of the year, I was drawn to my native places, where I was born and where I spent” - in the sentence there are two subordinate attributives, relating to the same word “places” and answering the same question “which ones?” This type of subordination is called homogeneous subordination. “We didn’t know which way to go, because” - in the sentence there are two subordinate clauses that are connected to the main one and to each other like a “chain”. This is consistent submission. “When their work is finished, I see that the whole bottom is covered with live fish” - there are two subordinate clauses in the sentence that answer different questions and relate to different types. This is a type of parallel submission.
Video on the topic
Connection of subordinate clauses with the main clauses using subordinating conjunctions and allied words. In a complex sentence, there is a main part and a subordinate part (one or more). The subordinate part is explanatory; it contains a subordinating conjunction or allied word, attaching it to the explanatory part, which is called the main part.
Some subordinate parts serve to explain a word or phrase of the main part, for example: 1) I always thought about people who died for their people. (L and d and n.) (The subordinate part explains (defines) the noun People in the main part.) 2) I Want, so that the feather is equal to the bayonet. (V.M.)(The subordinate clause explains the verb Want in the main part, indicates the content of the speaker’s desire.) 3) Vitya drew the jug was so good that everyone admired its design. (The subordinate clause explains the combination so good in the main part, indicates the degree of quality.) 4) On the right, where we grew up birch trees, companions sat down to rest.(The subordinate clause refers to the circumstance of place on right, clarifies the meaning of the place.) 5) In the summer, when the exams are over , we will take a hiking trip around our native land.(The subordinate clause refers to the adverbial tense in summer, clarifies the meaning of time.)
Other subordinate clauses serve to clarify the entire main part, for example: 1) Poet! Obey the people , because without it we are only a museum rarity. (V.B.)(The subordinate part explains the entire main part, indicates the reason for what is said in the main part.) 2) There would be no need for thinking if there were ready-made truths. (Hertz.)(The subordinate part explains the main part, indicates the condition under which what is said in the main part is true.)
Subordinating conjunctions (if, so that, what, as, as if, exactly, for, since. although etc.), being in the subordinate part, are not its members, they only connect the subordinate part with the main one."
Conjunctive words (relative pronouns and pronominal adverbs: which, coca, whose, who, what; where, where, from, why and etc.) not only connect the subordinate clause with the main one, but are also members of the sentence that makes up the subordinate clause.
Let's consider the proposals. 1) If The Volga will overflow, it will be difficult to cross the Volga. (OK.) In this sentence the conjunction If is in the subordinate part and serves to attach it to the main part, and is not itself a member of the sentence. 2) We met guys which went to the forest to pick mushrooms. In this sentence the conjunctive word which is in the subordinate clause, attaches it to the word Guys, standing in the main part, and at the same time is the subject of the subordinate part. 3) Vladimir saw with horror What he drove into an unfamiliar forest. (P.) Union What, located in the subordinate clause, attaches it to the word saw in the main one, is not part of the sentence and is pronounced without stress. 4) This leaf What withered and fallen, burning with eternal gold in song. (F.) Union word What stands in a subordinate clause, attaches it to a noun leaf in the main clause and is the subject of the subordinate clause. (Wed: This leaf What(which, i.e. leaf) withered and fell, burning with eternal gold in song.) 5) I Don't know, What give it to you. Union word What attaches the subordinate part to the predicate of the main part, is pronounced with logical stress and is a direct object.
Note: Some subordinating conjunctions are formed from relative pronouns and pronominal adverbs, for example: What. how, when. To distinguish them, you need
"In other terminology adopted in some Russian language textbooks, instead of
“main clause” and “subordinate clause” talk about the main and subordinate clauses.
remember the following: 1) relative (conjunctive) words are members of the sentence, and conjunctions serve only to connect the subordinate clause with the main one and are not members of the sentence; 2) monosyllabic relative (conjunctive) words are pronounced with stress, and conjunctions - without stress (two-syllable conjunctive words and conjunctions have stress).
Wed: 1) I didn't hear what it was said (that- allied word, subject of the subordinate clause). 2) Kashtanka looked back and saw What A regiment of soldiers was walking down the street towards her. (Ch.) (what - union). 3) He asked a passerby How (i.e. in what way, in what way) get to the station (how - allied word, circumstance of the manner of action). 4) Gerasim grew up dumb and powerful, How tree grows on fertile soil(T.) (as- comparative union). 5) I asked Victor When (today, tomorrow, every other day) he will come to me (when - allied word, circumstance of time). 6) I I'll be back When our white garden will spread its branches like spring (S.E.) (when - conjunction in the subordinate clause).
Other conjunctions are related to verbs in origin, for example: If(from the verb There is and particles Lee), as if(from the verb be and pronouns then), although(from the participial form of the verb want), let(from the imperative form of the verb let in) to(from pronoun What and particles would, formed from the verb be).
Some conjunctions were formed from non-pronominal adverbs, for example: barely, for nothing.
Verbs and adverbs, turning into conjunctions, lose their lexical meaning, cease to be members of a sentence and serve to connect sentences.
Wed: 1) I'm in theaters for nothing I go (M.-S.) (for nothing, i.e. free, - adverb); 2) He was clearly visible down to the patch on his shoulder, for nothing that rode in the shadows (T.) (even though-concessive union, close in meaning to union Although).
Exercise 121. Read and indicate how the subordinate clause is attached to the main one, as well as which member of the subordinate clause is the conjunctive word. Copy by inserting missing punctuation marks.
1) Near the house in the greenery there was a nightingale that screamed incessantly. (Ch.) 2) I remembered today a dog that was a friend of my youth. (WITH. E.) 3) I will never forget a friend if I became friends with him in Moscow. (Gus.) 4) Grow a country where, by the will of a single people, all merged into one people... (OK,.) 5) Give me an accordion in my hands to play the suffering. (Isa.) 6) It becomes easier when you sing a song. (Gus.) 7) I want the blizzard and bad weather not to close the blue skies. (Light) 8) Let him remember the simple girl, let him hear her sing. (Isa.) 9) I don’t understand why and why I can’t look at you enough. (OK,.) 10) The east was already beginning to turn pale when I fell asleep. (L.) 11) Everyone who is honest, stand with us together against the fire of war. (Osh.) 12) There are days when I have to leave home to visit patients four times. (Ch.) 13) The boundaries where the plains meet the mountains are marked extremely sharply. (Ars.) 14) The train was already in the distance where the rails narrowed. (Pan.) 15) Now, when the cars turned towards the pass, the sea was left behind. (Paul.) 16) He woke up when the sun was already high. (A.G.) 17) Korchagin repeatedly asked me when he could check out (BUT.) 18) I wanted to believe because the books instilled in me faith in man. (M.G.) 19) Autumn had already begun, although it was still August. (M.-S.)
End of work -
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Part 2 Syntax
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Edited by Academician V.V. Vinogradov
Recommended by the Ministry of Education Russian Federation as a textbook for secondary pedagogical students educational institutions 13th edition, stereotypical
Punctuation marks at the end of complete sentences.
1. At the end of a completed narrative sentence, a period is placed: Once at the beginning of autumn, Kirila Petrovich was getting ready to go to the field he was leaving. The day before the order was given to the hounds and grooms to be ready
Words that appear in the nominal part of a compound predicate.
1. A compound predicate can be expressed in short passive participles And short adjectives. The indicated categories of words in modern Russian are used only in the function of predicate
Compound nominal predicate with verbs denoting state or movement.
The predicate can be expressed by a phrase consisting of a verb denoting a state or movement (sit, stand, lie, walk, etc.), and an adjective or participle in the nominative
Dash between subject and predicate.
1. A dash is placed between the subject and the predicate in place of the missing connective if both main members are expressed by nouns in the nominative case and the sentence splits into two parts: Moscow
Compound verb predicate.
Compound verbs A predicate is called one that consists of auxiliary verb in some mood and a verb in an indefinite form, for example: Victor
Stylistic properties of predicate forms.
In a compound nominal predicate with a pronounced copula, the instrumental case form of the noun is more characteristic of the modern language than the nominative form. Wed: He was a son
Features of agreement between the predicate and the subject.
1. The subject may contain a quantitative noun such as majority, minority, part. In this case, the predicate usually agrees
Main groups of one-part sentences.
A simple sentence consisting of one main member (and minor ones related to it) is called one-component. One-component sentences are divided into two bases
The proposals are definitely personal.
Definitively - personal sentences are those one-part sentences in which the predicate is expressed by a verb of the 1st or 2nd person of the indicative mood or verbs in
Sentences are vaguely personal and generally personal.
These two types of one-part sentences are close to each other. An indefinite sentence is a simple one one-part sentence with a predicate verb denoting such an action
Impersonal offers.
Sentences are called impersonal, the predicate of which does not admit a subject and is not combined with the nominative case. Let's compare two sentences: The sky is darkening. It's already getting dark
Infinitive impersonal sentences
The predicate of impersonal sentences can be expressed in one indefinite form, without any auxiliary words. Impersonal sentences with such a predicate are usually used
Types of impersonal sentences.
Let us indicate several types of impersonal sentences from the point of view of the nature of their construction. 1. When describing natural phenomena or natural phenomena, use impersonal offers
, predicate
Sentences are called incomplete if they are missing any members, major or minor. The possibility of skipping sentence members is explained by the fact that they are clear from the previous
Synonymy of simple sentences of different types.
Different types simple sentences can describe the same situations and be synonymous, for example: There is severe frost (two-part complete sentence). - Severe frost (nominal
General concept of minor members.
Secondary members of a sentence are all members of a sentence, except the subject and predicate.
Secondary members of the sentence can extend (explain)
Addition.
Addition denotes an object that is the object of an action or is necessary to clarify the attribute. The addition answers one of the following questions of indirect cases: who? - h e g
The object of a verb is direct and indirect.
Direct is an object that is controlled by a transitive verb and denotes the object to which the action is directed. In speech, transitive verbs are always used together with direct ones.
Active and passive phrases.
An active sentence is a construction of a sentence in which the subject denotes an agent, the predicate - an action that “transitions” to another subject, a reference
Complement for nouns and adjectives.
I. The following categories of nouns can be explained by additions: 1) Nouns denoting action. Most of these nouns have something in common with the verb
Definition.
Definition denotes the attribute of an object, it answers the questions: which one? whose? which one?: 1) Then a girl (who am I?) about eighteen years old, round
Inconsistent definition.
An inconsistent definition is expressed by indirect cases of the controlled words, as well as by adjacent words.
1. To express a definition, the genitive case is used without a preposition, denoting
Circumstances.
Circumstances denote the conditions in which the action takes place: time, place, method of action performed, its reason, purpose, etc. In accordance with this, several types are distinguished
The concept of actual division of a sentence.
Communicatively undivided sentences are not divided into theme and rheme. They report the existence or occurrence of objects and phenomena, express an idea about some fact, act
The usual word order in phrases.
The usual word order in phrases is such that it does not depend on the actual division of the sentence.
I. Noun phrases 1. When spreading the name of an entity
Changing the usual word order when the actual division of a sentence changes.
The word order discussed above is also preserved when the rheme is the verb-dependent form of the word, located after the verb at the end of the sentence. For example, in the sentence Father went to
The concept of homogeneous members of a sentence.
Two or more members of a sentence connected to each other by a coordinating connection are called homogeneous. A coordinating connection is when words are connected to each other as
Conjunctions connecting homogeneous members of a sentence.
Coordinating conjunctions that serve to connect homogeneous members, according to their basic meaning, are connecting, separating, and against i t e l
On the connecting meaning of some coordinating conjunctions.
Some of the conjunctions (and, yes in the meaning and) are used in the connecting meaning. In this case, they add what came to mind when
Homogeneous definitions.
1. Definitions are considered homogeneous if they characterize an object from one point of view, according to any one characteristic (that is, they are homogeneous logically and in meaning). Each of them is homogeneous
Agreement in number in sentences with homogeneous members. I. When the subject closest to the predicate or all subjects are in plural
, the predicate is also put in the same number. On the other side the willows curled merrily, the young
Generalizing words for homogeneous sentence members.
A general word is a member of a sentence, which is a more general designation for all homogeneous members attached to it.
In the example In the basket there was Stylistic differences in constructions with homogeneous members.
Homogeneous members
In addition to the first name, first name and patronymic, last name, until recently the words comrade and citizen, as well as combinations of these words with nouns, were widely used as addresses.
Punctuation marks when addressing.
An appeal can come before a sentence, inside a sentence, or after a sentence.
1. When an address comes before a sentence, it is separated by a comma or an exclamation point.
The concept of introductory words. Introductory words are inserted into a sentence to show the speaker’s attitude to the thought being expressed or to the way it is expressed; members of the proposal introductory words
are not
Groups of introductory words by meaning.
By meaning, introductory words can be divided into the following main groups: 1. Introductory words indicating that thoughts or individual expressions do not belong to the speaker himself:
Stylistic features of introductory words.
Some introductory words and phrases are stylistically neutral; they can be used in any style of speech; Wed words such as truth, it seems, for example, really, maybe
Punctuation marks for introductory words.
Introductory words are usually highlighted with commas.
EXAMPLES It seemed like someone was breathing, huge and tired. (Cor.) I guess I’ll take you to my hut
Introductory sentences.
The speaker’s attitude to the thought expressed, assessment of the interlocutor’s speech or current events can be expressed not only with the help of introductory words, but also with the help of introductory sentences, for example:
The concept of interjection sentences.
Interjections are sentences consisting of interjections pronounced in an appropriate exclamatory or incentive tone.
In interjection sentences
Punctuation marks for interjection sentences.
Interjective sentences are separated by a question mark, an exclamation mark, and a dot. some, many dots or commas.
General concept of isolation.
The secondary members of a sentence, distinguished by meaning and intonation, are called isolated.
1. Compare: 1) A shot rang out, which woke up the silence, expressed by the comparative degree of adjectives, are usually isolated, since their meaning is close to the weakened predicate; they usually cost
Write it down using punctuation marks. Underline isolated definitions. Fill in the missing words.
GARDEN Behind the house was old garden already wild, drowned out by weeds and bushes. I walked along the terrace, still strong and beautiful; through the glass... door a room with parquet flooring was visible
Segregation of applications.
1. A common application is always isolated if it refers to a common noun or pronoun. If it refers to a proper name, then it is isolated when it stands behind n
Isolation of circumstances expressed by gerunds.
Participles denote additional actions that explain the main action or state expressed by the predicate. The relationship between the action expressed by the predicate, on the one hand, and the action,
Isolation of circumstances expressed by nouns with prepositions.
The isolation of circumstances expressed by nouns with prepositions is caused by the following reasons: the meaning of the circumstance, the presence of explanatory words under the circumstance, the position of its transfer
Isolation of additions.
Of the additions, very few are isolated, namely the following: a) additions with prepositions except, besides, excluding, etc., denoting objects excluded from a number of others
Write it down using punctuation marks. Explain the spelling of neither and nor.
1) The occupation of hunter Noskov could not be known to anyone except you and me. (M. G.) 2) In addition to the useful, Safron also cared about the pleasant. (T.) 3) Instead of the former gullibility
Isolation of clarifying members of a sentence.
A clarifying member is a member of a sentence that answers the same question as the other member after which it stands, but is not homogeneous with it, but serves for clarification. Clarifying terms
Isolation of connecting words.
Connective words and combinations, which are additional comments and clarifications, are highlighted. They are somewhat reminiscent of introductory words, but are different
Compound sentences with connecting conjunctions.
1. The conjunction is also ambiguous: it can indicate the simultaneity of actions (sat and was silent), their sequence (jumped up and ran), the conditionality of one
The connecting meaning of coordinating conjunctions.
Some coordinating conjunctions (and, yes, or, but, but, however) are used in an adjunctive sense. In this case they add additional thoughts
Explanatory sentences.
Special group, close to sentences joined by coordinating conjunctions, are explanatory sentences with conjunctions, that is, namely. In these
Punctuation marks in a complex sentence with coordinating conjunctions.
Between parts of a sentence connected by coordinating conjunctions, a comma is placed.
EXAMPLES. 1) The sea murmured dully, and the waves beat furiously and angrily against the shore. (M. G.) 2) Nezhdanov
Demonstrative words in the main part of a complex sentence.
In the main part there are demonstrative words, which indicate that the main part has subordinate clauses, for example: 1) Only he is worthy of life and freedom, whoever
Connecting sentences with double conjunctions. It is necessary to distinguish from complex sentences with demonstrative words and subordinating conjunctions complex sentences
with double conjunctions (conditional, temporary, causal): if then. if so, if so,
Complex sentences with mutually dependent parts.
There are such complex sentences in which the parts are not unilaterally determined (one sentence, the main one, determines the other, the subordinate clause), but mutually; therefore, they cannot be distinguished
The place of the subordinate clause in a complex sentence and punctuation marks in it.
1. Subordinate parts of a sentence can appear after the main part, before the main part and inside the main part. In the first two cases they are separated from the main comma, and in the third case they are separated by commas with
Transition of subordinate parts of complex sentences into sentence members.
In some cases, the subordinate part loses the characteristics of a sentence so much that it turns into an integral combination of an adverbial character, which is a member of the sentence and is not distinguished during production.
Synonymy of subordinate modifiers of complex sentences and isolated definitions. Separate definitions
, expressed by participles or adjectives with words dependent on them, are characteristic primarily of book speech. The adjective attributive parts of the complex
Go to sakli. 3) If the relative pronoun is in the accusative case without a preposition, and the predicate of the subordinate clause is expressed transitive verb
and does not have an indefinite form indicating the action
Subordinate clauses and can indicate the degree of quality. In this case, they are connected using the conjunction that with that part of the main sentence, which consists of qualitatively
Complex sentences with comparative clauses.
With the subordinate clauses of manner of action and subordinate clauses of degree, comparative clauses are somewhat similar in meaning. By means of communication and by meaning, they fall into two groups
Complex sentences with subordinate clauses.
The subordinate parts of a complex sentence can have the meaning of purpose. They join the main part with the union of purpose so and answer the questions why? for what purpose?
Complex sentences with subordinate clauses.
Adjuncts are those subordinate parts of a complex sentence that are attached to the main part by relative pronouns and adverbs that, after
Purpose of direct speech.
In the form of direct speech, the author can convey: 1) someone else’s words, 2) his own words, previously spoken, 3) unspoken thoughts.
EXAMPLES. 1) “Eco sunshine! - Kasyan said in a low voice. - Ek
Improperly direct speech. A special way of expressing thoughts characters
is improper - direct speech.
The technique of improperly direct speech was introduced into Russian literature by A. S. Pushkin and received the widest development.
Punctuation marks for direct speech.
1. To highlight direct speech, high marks are used.
EXAMPLE “What, blind? - said a female voice, - the storm is strong; Yanko will not be there." - “Yanko is not afraid of the storm,” he answered. “Fog
Replacing direct speech with indirect speech.
Direct speech is conducted on behalf of the person by whom it was spoken, indirect speech - on behalf of the author. Therefore, in indirect speech, depending on the change in the speaker’s face, all personal and additional
Punctuation marks in indirect speech.
Quotation marks are not used for indirect speech. If indirect speech is a subordinate clause, it, like any subordinate clause, is separated by a comma. But in sentences with braids
Olenin was a young man, (n...)where (n...) graduated from the course, (n...) where (n...) served (only listed in some government place), squandered half of his fortune and up to twenty