A Russian dwelling is not a separate house, but a fenced yard in which several buildings, both residential and commercial, were built. Izba was the general name for a residential building. The word "izba" comes from the ancient "istba", "heater". Initially, this was the name given to the main heated living part of the house with a stove.
As a rule, the dwellings of rich and poor peasants in villages practically differed in quality, the number of buildings, and the quality of decoration, but they consisted of the same elements. The presence of such outbuildings as a barn, barn, barn, bathhouse, cellar, stable, exit, moss barn, etc. depended on the level of development of the economy. All buildings were literally chopped with an ax from the beginning to the end of construction, although longitudinal and transverse saws were known and used. The concept of “peasant yard” included not only buildings, but also the plot of land on which they were located, including a vegetable garden, orchard, threshing floor, etc.
The main building material was wood. The number of forests with excellent “business” forests far exceeded what is now preserved in the vicinity of Saitovka. Pine and spruce were considered the best types of wood for buildings, but pine was always given preference. Oak was valued for its strength, but it was heavy and difficult to work with. It was used only in the lower crowns of log houses, for the construction of cellars, or in structures where special strength was needed (mills, wells, salt barns). Other tree species, especially deciduous (birch, alder, aspen), were used in construction, usually of outbuildings
For each need, trees were selected according to special characteristics. So, for the walls of the log house they tried to select special “warm” trees, covered with moss, straight, but not necessarily straight-layered. At the same time, not just straight, but straight-layered trees were necessarily chosen for roofing. More often, log houses were assembled in the yard or near the yard. We carefully chose the location for our future home.
For the construction of even the largest log-type buildings, usually no special foundation was built along the perimeter of the walls, but supports were laid in the corners of the huts - large boulders or so-called “chairs” made of oak stumps. In rare cases, if the length of the walls was much greater than usual, supports were also placed in the middle of such walls. The very nature of the log structure of the buildings allowed us to limit ourselves to support on four main points, since the log house was a seamless structure.
Peasant huts
The vast majority of buildings were based on a “cage”, a “crown” - a bunch of four logs, the ends of which were chopped into a connection. The methods of such cutting could vary in technique.The main structural types of log-built peasant residential buildings were “cross”, “five-walled”, and a house with a log. For insulation, moss mixed with tow was laid between the crowns of the logs.
but the purpose of the connection was always the same - to fasten the logs together into a square with strong knots without any additional elements connections (staples, nails, wooden pins or knitting needles, etc.). Each log had a strictly defined place in the structure. Having cut down the first crown, a second was cut on it, a third on the second, etc., until the frame reached a predetermined height.
The roofs of the huts were mainly covered with thatch, which, especially in lean years, often served as feed for livestock. Sometimes wealthier peasants erected roofs made of planks or shingles. The tes were made by hand. To do this, two workers used tall sawhorses and a long rip saw.
Everywhere, like all Russians, the peasants of Saitovka, according to a widespread custom, when laying the foundation of a house, placed money under the lower crown in all corners, with the red corner receiving a larger coin. And where the stove was placed, they did not put anything, since this angle is popular ideas, intended for the brownie.
In the upper part of the log house across the hut there was a tetrahedral uterus wooden beam, serving as a support for the ceilings. The matka was cut into the upper crowns of the log house and was often used to hang objects from the ceiling. So, a ring was nailed to it, through which the ochep (flexible pole) of the cradle (shaky pole) passed. In the middle, to illuminate the hut, a lantern with a candle was hung, and later - a kerosene lamp with a lampshade.
In the rituals associated with the completion of the construction of a house, there was a mandatory treat, which was called “matika”. In addition, the placement of the uterus itself, after which there was still quite a large volume left construction work, was considered as a special stage in the construction of a house and was furnished with its own rituals.
In the wedding ceremony, for a successful matchmaking, the matchmakers never entered the house for the queen without a special invitation from the owners of the house. In the popular language, the expression “to sit under the womb” meant “to be a matchmaker.” The womb was associated with the idea of the father's house, good luck, and happiness. So, when leaving home, you had to hold on to your uterus.
For insulation around the entire perimeter lower crowns the huts were covered with earth, forming a heap, in front of which a bench was installed. In the summer, old people whiled away the evening time on the rubble and on the bench. Fallen leaves and dry soil were usually placed on top of the ceiling. The space between the ceiling and the roof - the attic - in Saitovka was also called the stavka. It was usually used to store things that had outlived their useful life, utensils, dishes, furniture, brooms, tufts of grass, etc. Children made their own simple hiding places on it.
A porch and canopy were necessarily attached to a residential hut - small room, which protected the hut from the cold. The role of the canopy was varied. This included a protective vestibule in front of the entrance, additional living space in the summer, and a utility room where part of the food supplies were kept.
The soul of the whole house was the stove. It should be noted that the so-called “Russian”, or more correctly oven, is a purely local invention and quite ancient. It traces its history back to Trypillian dwellings. But during the second millennium AD, very significant changes occurred in the design of the oven itself, which made it possible to use fuel much more fully.
Building a good stove is not an easy task. First, a small wooden frame(pechek), which served as the foundation of the furnace. Small logs split in half were laid on it and the bottom of the oven was laid on them - under, level, without tilting, otherwise the baked bread would turn out lopsided. A furnace vault was built above the hearth from stone and clay. Side part The ovens had several shallow holes, called stoves, in which mittens, mittens, socks, etc. were dried. In the old days, huts (smoking houses) were heated in a black way - the stove did not have a chimney. The smoke escaped through a small fiberglass window. Although the walls and ceiling became sooty, we had to put up with it: a stove without a chimney was cheaper to build and required less firewood. Subsequently, in accordance with the rules of rural improvement, mandatory for state peasants, chimneys began to be installed above the huts.
First of all, the “big woman” stood up - the owner’s wife, if she was not yet old, or one of the daughters-in-law. She flooded the stove, opened the door and smoker wide. The smoke and cold lifted everyone. The little kids were sat on a pole to warm themselves. Acrid smoke filled the entire hut, crawled upward, and hung under the ceiling taller than a man. An ancient Russian proverb, known since the 13th century, says: “Having not endured smoky sorrows, we have not seen warmth.” The smoked logs of the houses were less susceptible to rotting, so the smoking huts were more durable.
The stove occupied almost a quarter of the home's area. It was heated for several hours, but once warmed up, it kept warm and warmed the room for 24 hours. The stove served not only for heating and cooking, but also as a bed. Bread and pies were baked in the oven, porridge and cabbage soup were cooked, meat and vegetables were stewed. In addition, mushrooms, berries, grain, and malt were also dried in it. They often took steam in the oven that replaced the bathhouse.
In all cases of life, the stove came to the aid of the peasant. And the stove had to be heated not only in winter, but throughout the year. Even in summer, it was necessary to heat the oven well at least once a week in order to bake a sufficient supply of bread. Using the ability of the oven to accumulate heat, peasants cooked food once a day, in the morning, left the food inside the oven until lunch - and the food remained hot. Only during late summer dinners did food have to be heated. This feature of the oven had a decisive influence on Russian cooking, in which the processes of simmering, boiling, and stewing predominate, and not only peasant cooking, since the lifestyle of many small nobles was not very different from peasant life.
The oven served as a lair for the whole family. Old people slept on the stove, the warmest place in the hut, and climbed up there using steps - a device in the form of 2-3 steps. One of the obligatory elements of the interior was the floor - a wooden flooring from the side wall of the stove to the opposite side of the hut. They slept on the floorboards, climbed out of the stove, and dried flax, hemp, and splinters. For the day they threw bedding there and unnecessary clothes. The floors were made high, at the same level as the height of the stove. The free edge of the floors was often protected by low railings-balusters so that nothing would fall from the floors. Polati were a favorite place for children: both as a place to sleep and as the most convenient observation point during peasant holidays and weddings.
The location of the stove determined the layout of the entire living room. Usually the stove was placed in the corner to the right or left of front door. The corner opposite the mouth of the stove was the housewife's workplace. Everything here was adapted for cooking. At the stove there was a poker, a grip, a broom, and a wooden shovel. Nearby there is a mortar with a pestle, hand millstones and a tub for leavening dough. They used a poker to remove the ash from the stove. With a grip, the cook grabbed pot-bellied clay or cast iron pots (cast iron) and sent them into the heat. She pounded the grain in a mortar, clearing it of husks, and with the help of a mill she ground it into flour. A broom and a shovel were necessary for baking bread: a peasant woman used a broom to sweep under the stove, and with a shovel she planted the future loaf on it.
There was always a cleaning bowl hanging next to the stove, i.e. towel and washbasin. Under it stood a wooden tub for dirty water. In the corner of the stove there was also a ship's shop (vessel) or a counter with shelves inside, which was used as kitchen table. On the walls there were observers - cabinets, shelves for simple tableware: pots, ladles, cups, bowls, spoons. The owner of the house himself made them from wood. In the kitchen one could often see pottery in “clothes” made of birch bark - thrifty owners did not throw away cracked pots, pots, bowls, but braided them with strips of birch bark for strength. Above there was a stove beam (pole), on which kitchen utensils were placed and various household supplies were placed. The eldest woman in the house was the sovereign mistress of the stove corner.
Stove corner
The stove corner was considered dirty place, in contrast to the rest of the clean space of the hut. Therefore, the peasants always sought to separate it from the rest of the room with a curtain made of variegated chintz or colored homespun, a tall cabinet or a wooden partition. The corner of the stove, thus closed, formed a small room called a “closet”. The stove corner was considered an exclusively female space in the hut. During the holiday, when many guests gathered in the house, a second table was placed near the stove for women, where they feasted separately from the men sitting at the table in the red corner. Men, even their own families, could not enter the women’s quarters unless absolutely necessary. The appearance of a stranger there was considered completely unacceptable. During the matchmaking, the future bride had to be in the stove corner all the time, being able to hear the entire conversation. She came out of the corner of the stove smartly dressed during the bridegroom ceremony - the ceremony of introducing the groom and his parents to the bride. There, the bride was waiting for the groom on the day of his departure down the aisle. In ancient wedding songs, the stove corner was interpreted as a place associated with the father's house, family, and happiness. The bride's exit from the stove corner to the red corner was perceived as leaving home, saying goodbye to it.
At the same time, the corner of the stove, from which there is access to the underground, was perceived on a mythological level as a place where a meeting of people with representatives of the “other” world could take place. According to legend, a fiery serpent-devil can fly through a chimney to a widow yearning for her dead husband. It was generally accepted that on particularly special days for the family: during the baptism of children, birthdays, weddings, deceased parents - “ancestors” - come to the stove to take part in an important event in the lives of their descendants.
The place of honor in the hut - the red corner - was located diagonally from the stove between the side and front walls. It, like the stove, is an important landmark internal space The hut was well lit, since both of its constituent walls had windows. The main decoration of the red corner was a shrine with icons, in front of which a lamp was burning, suspended from the ceiling, which is why it was also called “saint”.
Red corner
They tried to keep the red corner clean and elegantly decorated. It was decorated with embroidered towels, popular prints, and postcards. With the advent of wallpaper, the red corner was often pasted over or separated from the rest of the hut space. The most beautiful household utensils were placed on the shelves near the red corner, and the most valuable papers and objects were stored. All significant events family life marked in the red corner. Here's how main subject furniture, there was a table on massive legs on which runners were installed. The runners made it easy to move the table around the hut. It was placed near the stove when baking bread, and moved while washing the floor and walls.
It was followed by both everyday meals and festive feasts. Every day at lunchtime the whole peasant family gathered at the table. The table was of such a size that there was enough space for everyone. In the wedding ceremony, the matchmaking of the bride, her ransom from her girlfriends and brother took place in the red corner; from the red corner of her father's house they took her to the church for the wedding, brought her to the groom's house and took her to the red corner too. During the harvest, the first and last compressed sheaf was solemnly carried from the field and placed in the red corner.
"The first compressed sheaf was called the birthday boy. Autumn threshing began with it, straw was used to feed sick cattle, the grains of the first sheaf were considered healing for people and birds. The first sheaf was usually reaped by the eldest woman in the family. It was decorated with flowers, carried into the house with songs and placed in the red corner under the icons." Preservation of the first and last ears of the harvest, endowed, according to popular beliefs, magical power promised well-being for the family, home, and entire household.
Everyone who entered the hut first took off his hat, crossed himself and bowed to the images in the red corner, saying: “Peace to this house.” Peasant etiquette ordered a guest who entered the hut to remain in half of the hut at the door, without going beyond the womb. Unauthorized, uninvited entry into the “red half” where the table was placed was considered extremely indecent and could be perceived as an insult. A person who came to the hut could only go there at the special invitation of the owners. The most dear guests were seated in the red corner, and during the wedding - the young ones. On ordinary days, the head of the family sat at the dining table here.
The last remaining corner of the hut, to the left or right of the door, was the workplace of the owner of the house. There was a bench here where he slept. A tool was stored in a drawer underneath. IN free time The peasant in his corner was busy with various crafts and minor repairs: weaving bast shoes, baskets and ropes, cutting spoons, hollowing out cups, etc.
Although most peasant huts consisted of only one room, not divided by partitions, an unspoken tradition prescribed compliance certain rules accommodation for members of the peasant hut. If the stove corner was the female half, then in one of the corners of the house there was a special place for the older married couple to sleep. This place was considered honorable.
Shop
Most of the “furniture” formed part of the structure of the hut and was immovable. Along all the walls not occupied by the stove, there were wide benches, hewn from the largest trees. They were intended not so much for sitting as for sleeping. The benches were firmly attached to the wall. Another important furniture benches and stools were considered that could be freely moved from place to place when guests arrived. Above the benches, along all the walls, there were shelves - “shelves”, on which household items, small tools, etc. were stored. Special wooden pegs for clothes were also driven into the wall.
An integral attribute of almost every Saitovka hut was a pole - a beam embedded in the opposite walls of the hut under the ceiling, which in the middle, opposite the wall, was supported by two plows. The second pole rested at one end against the first pole, and at the other against the pier. Designated design in winter time was the support of the mill for weaving matting and other auxiliary operations associated with this craft.
spinning wheel
Housewives were especially proud of their turned, carved and painted spinning wheels, which were usually placed in a prominent place: they served not only as a tool of labor, but also as a decoration for the home. Usually, peasant girls with elegant spinning wheels went to “gatherings” - cheerful rural gatherings. The “white” hut was decorated with homemade weaving items. The bedcloth and bed were covered with colored curtains made of linen fiber. The windows had curtains made of homespun muslin, and the window sills were decorated with geraniums, dear to the peasant’s heart. The hut was cleaned especially carefully for the holidays: women washed with sand and scraped white with large knives - “mowers” - the ceiling, walls, benches, shelves, floors.
Peasants kept their clothes in chests. The greater the wealth in the family, the more chests there are in the hut. They were made of wood and lined with iron strips for strength. Often the chests had ingenious mortise locks. If a girl grew up in a peasant family, then from an early age her dowry was collected in a separate chest.
A poor Russian man lived in this space. Often in the winter cold, domestic animals were kept in the hut: calves, lambs, kids, piglets, and sometimes poultry.
The decoration of the hut reflected the artistic taste and skill of the Russian peasant. The silhouette of the hut was crowned with a carved
ridge (ridge) and porch roof; the pediment was decorated with carved piers and towels, the planes of the walls were decorated with window frames, often reflecting the influence of city architecture (Baroque, classicism, etc.). The ceiling, door, walls, stove, and less often the outer pediment were painted.
Utility room
Non-residential peasant buildings comprised utility yard. Often they were gathered together and placed under the same roof as the hut. They built a farm yard in two tiers: in the lower one there were barns for cattle and a stable, and in the upper one there was a huge hay barn filled with fragrant hay. A significant part of the farm yard was occupied by a shed for storing working equipment - plows, harrows, as well as carts and sleighs. The more prosperous the peasant, the larger the size of his household yard. A bathhouse, a well, and a barn were usually placed separately from the house. It is unlikely that the baths of that time were very different from those that can still be found now - a small log house,
sometimes without a dressing room. In one corner there is a stove-stove, next to it there are shelves or shelves on which they steamed. In another corner is a water barrel, which was heated by throwing hot stones into it. Later, cast iron boilers began to be installed in stoves to heat water. To soften the water, add wood ash, thus preparing the lye. The entire decoration of the bathhouse was illuminated by a small window, the light from which was drowned in the blackness of the smoky walls and ceilings, since in order to save wood, the bathhouses were heated “black” and the smoke came out through the slightly open door. On top, such a structure often had an almost flat pitched roof, covered with straw, birch bark and turf.
The barn, and often the cellar underneath it, was placed in plain sight opposite the windows and away from the dwelling, so that in the event of a hut fire, a year's supply of grain could be preserved. A lock was hung on the barn door - perhaps the only one in the entire household. In the barn, in huge boxes (bottom boxes), the main wealth of the farmer was stored: rye, wheat, oats, barley. It’s not for nothing that they used to say in the villages: “What’s in the barn is what’s in the pocket.”
To arrange the cellar, they chose a higher and drier place that was not flooded with hollow water. The pit for the cellar was dug deep enough so that the vegetables stored in the cellar would not freeze during severe frosts. Halves of oak logs were used as the walls of the cellar - tyn. The ceiling of the cellar was also made from the same halves, but more powerful. The top of the cellar was filled with earth. There was a hole leading into the cellar, which was called tvorilami and in winter, as always, was insulated from above. In the cellar, as in the barn, there were also pits for storing potatoes, beets, carrots, etc. IN summer time the cellar was used as a refrigerator in which milk and perishable foods were stored.
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As for me, this picture is perfect for drawing a hut. It shows everything perfectly where and how to draw.
Place a landscape sheet vertically in front of you, then draw a square in the middle, and draw lines from the corners of the sheet to the corners of the square. Well, your room is ready, now start drawing all the details, namely the stove (it must be there), then start drawing the windows, table and benches.
The room should look spacious, so I don’t recommend drawing anything unnecessary.
For example, you can take other drawings and try to draw them exactly the same way, these are the ones you can use as a basis:
Draw a stove inside the hut,
benches, table.
You can draw a baby's ripple or cradle in a different way. You can draw dishes on the table: a pot of potatoes, wooden spoons.
Draw a spinning wheel at the window. On the floor, draw striped floorboards - homemade rugs.
Russian hut is a residential building made of wooden logs, which is usually built in a wooded area rural areas Russia.
Many people imagine what a Russian hut looks like from the outside, but not all of them know about the interior decoration of a Russian hut.
Using a pencil, you can draw a Russian hut as shown in the picture below:
The second picture shows the interior of the hut in more detail. To draw a picture like this, we will first need to depict the walls of the house, focusing on the fact that they are made of logs, not boards. Next, we will draw a window, a table, benches, and in the corner we will depict icons with images. You can draw a bastard on the ceiling to make it clear that a Russian hut consists of logs and beams.
It is impossible to imagine any Russian hut without a stove. We need to decide which side to draw it on.
Now we decide on the shape of the oven.
There are different types ovens.
For example,
The hut should have a so-called red corner.
The rich had more elaborate huts.
So we take a sheet of paper and fantasize about a Russian hut.
Here's how to draw a Russian hut in perspective.
Let's start drawing:
continue:
last thing:
Now let's deal directly with the interior design of the hut. The integral attributes are a Russian stove, a spinning wheel, a cradle, a path on the floor, wooden table and benches, various kitchen utensils6 pots, wooden spoons.
Here are examples of drawings:
Before drawing the hut, you need to remember that everything in the hut was quite simply arranged. Simple, but at the same time very cozy, I can suggest drawing it like this:
The stages of drawing are that you first sketch out the walls, then sketch out the objects in the room, then start shading or coloring.
To make it clear that you are drawing a Russian hut inside, better draw the red corner - this is the place in the hut where they placed icons, candles and prayed. Don’t forget that, according to tradition, there was a bench along the entire hut that could not be moved in any way. Honorable guests were seated on it.
Here is a good example of a Russian hut:
You can also draw another part of the hut, placing a stove in it (another traditional component of the Russian hut):
Hut-hut
The hut is one of the main symbols of Russia. Archaeologists believe that the first huts appeared in the second millennium BC. For many centuries, the architecture of the hut remained virtually unchanged, since it initially combined all the functions necessary for the Russian peasant - it provided a roof over his head, warmth and a place to sleep. The hut was sung by poets and immortalized by artists, and for good reason. Over time, the hut was transformed into a log house-terem for wealthy families. Together with the surrounding buildings, the tower formed a Russian estate. The traditions of building houses from logs developed over centuries, but collapsed in just a few decades.
Collectivization, urbanization, the emergence of new materials... All this led to the fact that the Russian village became smaller, and in some places almost died. New “villages”, the so-called “cottage communities”, began to be built with houses made of stone, glass, metal and plastic. Practical, effective, stylish, but the Russian spirit does not live there, and there is no smell of Russia there . Not to mention the lack of environmental friendliness of such buildings.
However, not so long ago wood construction in the Russian style experienced the first stage of revival. This was reflected in the interiors. Country style is generally at the peak of popularity today. Some people prefer German country style, others prefer Scandinavian or American country style, others prefer , but if we are talking about a wooden country house or dacha, the choice is increasingly being made in favor of interiors in the style of a Russian village.
Coming from a metropolis to a dacha or a country house in the style of a Russian hut, a person feels unity with nature and a connection with his roots. This promotes maximum relaxation and a state of peace. In houses made of wood, the interior of which is simple and unpretentious, you can breathe easily and sleep soundly. And after rest, there is a desire to do things like fishing, planting a new flower bed in May or working in the garden in September - in a word, a surge of strength makes itself felt.
Russian interior style: where is it appropriate?
It can only be fully recreated in a log house. The interior in the style of a Russian mansion, a Russian estate, is appropriate in any wooden house. In other cases, when we are talking, for example, about a brick house or apartment, we can only talk about stylization, that is, about introducing into the interior some features inherent in a Russian hut or tower.
The interior of a Russian hut: what was it like?
Russian hut. Photo taken from Russian Wikipedia
The center of the hut was the stove, which was called queen of the house . It occupied a quarter or even a third of the area of the entire home. Kiln pillars were placed at the corners of the stove to protect the “queen” from destruction. The beams under the ceiling rested on these pillars and on the walls. Beams, speaking modern language, zoned the space, dividing the hut into women's half, men's and red corners. On one of the beams there was a bed - a plank lounger, which was loved by children.
There was a woman in charge of the stove corner. In this place there were numerous shelves with dishes and other utensils. Here women not only cooked, but also spun, sewed and did other things. The owner spent more time in the men's corner - under the blankets.
The biggest and a nice place in the hut, where they ate food and greeted guests. Simply put, this is a living room, a dining room, and often a bedroom. A red corner was set up in the upper room diagonally from the stove. This is the part of the house where the icons were installed.
There was usually a table near the red corner, and in the very corner on the shrine there were icons and a lamp. Wide benches near the table were, as a rule, stationary, built into the wall. They not only sat on them, but also slept on them. If additional space was needed, benches were added to the table. , by the way, was also stationary, made of adobe.
In general, the furnishings were sparse, but not without embellishment. Wide shelves were installed above the window. Festive dishes, boxes, etc. were placed on them. The beds were complemented with carved headboards. The bed was covered with bright patchwork bedspreads and decorated with many pillows arranged in a pyramid. The interior almost always contained chests with handles.
Russian chest. 19th century
During the time of Peter the Great, new pieces of furniture appeared, which took their place in Russian huts, and even more so in towers. These are chairs, cabinets, which have partially replaced chests, piles for dishes and even armchairs.
In the towers, the furnishings were more varied, but in general the same principle was preserved: a large hearth, a red corner, the same chests, beds with many pillows, slides with dishes, shelves for displaying various decorative items. Of course, there was a lot of wood in the towers: walls, floors, and furniture. Russian country style and Russian hut style in particular - this is wood, a lot of wood and almost nothing but wood!
How to create the style of a Russian hut or Russian estate in the interior of your home?
1. Choosing a direction
Some changes gradually took place in the interiors of Russian huts and towers, so first you need to decide what style of era you would like to recreate. Will it be a stylization of an ancient Russian hut or a hut of the first half of the last century, in which many innovations appeared? Or maybe you like the more elegant furnishings of old Russian towers or wooden manor houses of the 18th-19th centuries, when in country style were features of other styles introduced - classicism, baroque, modern? Choosing a direction will allow you to select suitable pieces of furniture, textiles and decor.
Upper room of an old Russian house of the 16th-18th centuries. A. M. Vasnetsov
And this is already the end of the 19th century. The world of the Russian estate in the painting of S. Zhukovsky
2. Creation of the Russian hut style
Basics. It is better to leave wooden walls unfinished. Suitable for floor solid board- matte, possibly with an aged effect. There are dark beams under the ceiling. You can do without a stove, but a hearth is still necessary. Its role can be played by a fireplace, the portal of which is lined with tiles or stone.
Doors, windows. Plastic double-glazed windows would be completely inappropriate here. Windows with wooden frames are worth complementing carved platbands and wooden shutters. Doors should also be wooden. As platbands for doorways You can use boards that are uneven and deliberately roughly processed. In some places you can hang curtains instead of doors.
Furniture. Furniture, of course, is preferable to wood, not polished, but perhaps aged. Cabinets, cabinets and numerous shelves can be decorated with carvings. In the dining area you can arrange a red corner with a shrine, a massive, very heavy table and benches. The use of chairs is also possible, but they should be simple and good-quality.
The beds are high with carved headboards. Instead of bedside tables, you can put chests in the Russian style. Patchwork bedspreads and numerous pillows - stacked in stacks from largest to smallest - are perfect.
You can’t do without sofas in a modern interior, although, of course, there weren’t any in the huts. Choose a simple shape with linen upholstery. The color of the upholstery is natural. Leather furniture will stand out from the overall picture.
Stylization of an 18th century interior in the hut of the Pokrovskaya Hotel in Suzdal
Textile. As already mentioned, you should give preference to bedspreads and pillowcases made using the patchwork technique. There can be quite a lot of textile products: napkins on cabinets and small tables, tablecloths, curtains, borders for shelves. All this can be decorated with embroidery and simple lace.
By the way, you can’t spoil the interior of a hut with embroidery - women in Rus' have always loved to do this type of needlework. Embroidered panels on the walls, curtains decorated with sewing, embroidered bags with herbs and spices suspended on the kitchen beam - all this will be in place. The main colors of textiles in the Russian hut style: white, yellow and red.
Lighting. For an interior in the style of a Russian hut, choose in the form of candles and lamps. By the way, there will also be lamps with simple lampshades. Although lampshades and sconces are more suitable for a house whose interior is stylized as a Russian estate.
Kitchen. Without household appliances it is impossible to get by in a modern hut, but a technical design can spoil the integrity of the picture. Fortunately, there is built-in equipment that helps with housework, but does not violate the harmony of the Russian style.
For suitable for kitchens massive furniture: kitchen table-cabinet with drawers, open and closed buffets, various hanging shelves. Furniture, of course, should not be polished or painted. Kitchen designs with facades finished with glossy enamel or film, glass inserts, aluminum frames, etc. would be completely inappropriate.
Designer: Oleg Drobnov
In general, an interior in the style of a Russian hut should have as little glass and metal as possible. The plastic here is like an eyesore. Choose furniture with simple wooden fronts or realistically imitating rough wood. Solid wood facades can be decorated with paintings in the Russian folk style or with carvings.
As a decor for the kitchen use a samovar, wicker baskets and boxes, onion braids, barrels, pottery, wooden crafts Russian folk crafts, embroidered napkins.
Interior decor in the style of a Russian hut. Decorative linen textiles with embroidery, many wooden items. A wooden wheel, spinning wheel and fishing nets will fit perfectly if the house is located near a river, lake or sea. You can lay knitted round rugs and self-woven runners on the floor.
3. Creating the style of an old wooden manor
A simple peasant hut and a rich old estate have much in common: the predominance of wood in the interior, the presence of a huge stove (in the estate it is always lined with tiles), a red corner with icons and candles, and textiles made of linen and lace.
House in Russian style. Designer: Derevleva Olga
However, there were also numerous differences. The rich actively borrowed something new from foreign styles. This is, for example, bright upholstery upholstered furniture, porcelain plates and clocks on the walls, elegant wooden furniture in English or French style, lampshades and sconces, paintings on the walls. In an interior in the style of a Russian mansion, stained glass windows will be very useful as interior windows, partitions or veranda glazing. In a word, everything here is quite simple, like in a hut, but there is a slight touch of luxury.
In the style of a Russian estate
4. Russian-style courtyard
The interior itself, the windows in it, and the space outside the window should be in harmony. To fence off the area, it is better to order a fence approximately 180 cm high, assembled from pointed logs.
How do they create a courtyard in the Russian style now? It is impossible to answer unequivocally, since in Rus' the courtyard was organized differently, depending on the area. However, the designers found common features, which are recreated in landscape design. A path (often winding) is laid from the gate to the entrance to the house. It is often covered with a board. Along the edges of the path there is a flower border. In the old days, peasants used any free plot of land for garden beds, but they still tried to decorate the front yard with flower beds.
Nowadays lawn grasses are used for the backyard of the hut. This area is shaded by pine trees planted around the perimeter. However, currant or raspberry bushes will also be very much in the spirit of the Russian court. Elements landscape design in Russian style are various items made of wood: wooden children's slide, stationary table with benches, Russian swing. And, of course, all buildings in the yard must be made of wood.
Interior in the style of a Russian hut or estate: ideas from designers
1. About the mirror. Mirrors are an alien object for an old Russian house. However, it is difficult to imagine a modern home without a single reflective canvas. Choose mirrors with an aged effect, enclosed in bulky wooden frames. The mirror can be disguised as a false window thanks to wooden shutters. A carved frame with the same wooden shutters can also be used to disguise a flat-screen TV.
2. Styling idea for the bedroom. An interesting solution for bedrooms or children's rooms: stylized as a cozy country courtyard. The walls, 1-1.5 meters from the floor, are lined with unpainted boards imitating a fence. Painting with floral patterns is also used: butterflies flutter and birds fly on the wall above the fence. The other wall of the room may be an imitation external wall wooden house with a window decorated with lace trim and wooden shutters. The ceiling can be decorated with a painting representing an image of the sky. A bench, a hammock, barrels instead of bedside tables - and you will feel like you are spending the night in a village courtyard.
3. Household appliances in the interior of a Russian hut. In the kitchen, as already mentioned, it is advisable to integrate all household appliances. But some items can not be hidden, but, on the contrary, can be made into an interior highlight. Technique " airbrush"It is used not only for painting cars, but also for decorating the body of household appliances. For example, you can order a painting of a refrigerator in the Russian style - in this case modern item not only will it not stand out from the style of the Russian hut, but it will also emphasize it.
More photos:
This is how designer Tatyana Reshetova interpreted the style of the hut
In the style of a Russian estate
Modern upper room. Photo taken
Lesson in fine arts on the topic “Decoration of a Russian hut.”VIIClass.
The topic is designed for two lessons
Textbook used"Decorative and applied arts in human life." ,; Moscow "Enlightenment" 2003.
Type of activity: Binary lesson (double lesson).
Lesson type: Learning new material.
Model used: Model 1.
The purpose of the lesson: Introduce students to the interior of a Russian hut.
Lesson Objectives:
1.Give students a figurative idea of the organization and wise design of the interior space of the hut.
2. Give an idea of the life of Russian peasants in the 17th-18th centuries.
3. Use drawings to consolidate the acquired knowledge.
4. Cultivate interest in the life of peasants and the traditions of our people.
Providing a lesson:
For the teacher . 1) Reproductions of samples of household items.
2) Literature exhibition: “Russian hut”; " Folk art"; Textbook for 8th grade; magazine “Folk Creativity” (1990, No. 2).
3) Demo PC.
For students. Albums. Pencils, eraser, paints (watercolor, gouache). Workbook according to ISO.
Lesson plan:
Org. part – 1-2 minutes. Communicate the goals and objectives of the new material – 1-2 minutes. Teacher's story "Life of Peasants." Practical work. Drawing the interior of a hut. Summary of lesson 1. Work in color. Summary of lesson 2
I. Organizational moment
Establish proper discipline in the classroom. Mark those who are absent. Communicate the goals and objectives of the new material.
II. Teacher's story "Life of Peasants"
Rice. 1. Interior view of the hut.
Since ancient times, we have read and watched Russian folk tales. And often the action in them took place inside wooden hut. Now they are trying to revive the traditions of the past. After all, without studying the past, we will not be able to assess the present and future of our people.
Let's go up to the red carved porch. It seems to invite you to enter the house. Usually, on the porch, the owners of the house greet dear guests with bread and salt, thus expressing hospitality and wishes for well-being. Passing through the entryway, you find yourself in the world of home life.
The air in the hut is special, spicy, filled with the aromas of dry herbs, smoke, and sour dough.
Everything in the hut, except for the stove, is made of wood: the ceiling, smoothly hewn walls, benches attached to them, shelves stretching along the walls, below the ceiling, floors, a dining table, stoltsy (stools for guests), simple household utensils. There was always a cradle hanging for the baby. We washed ourselves from a tub.
rice. 2.
The interior of the hut is divided into zones:
· At the entrance to the hut, on the left is located Russian stove.
rice. 3. Russian stove
What role did the stove play in the life of a peasant hut?
The stove was the basis of life, the family hearth. The stove provided warmth, they cooked food and baked bread in it, they washed children in the stove, and the stove got rid of illnesses. And how many fairy tales are told to children on the stove. No wonder it says: “The stove is beautiful - there are miracles in the house.”
Look how important the white bulk of the stove lies in the hut. In front of the mouth of the stove there is a well-arranged shelf - a wide thick board on which pots and cast iron pots are placed.
Nearby in the corner there are grips and a wooden shovel for removing bread from the oven. Standing on the floor nearby wooden tub with water. Next to the stove, between the wall and the stove, there was a dowel door. It was believed that behind the stove, above the golbets, lived a brownie - the patron saint of the family.
The space near the stove served as the female half.
Fig.4. Red corner
In the front right corner, the brightest, between the windows there was red corner, red bench, red windows. It was a landmark to the east, with which the peasants’ idea of paradise, blissful happiness, life-giving light and hope was connected; they turned to the east with prayers and incantations. It was the most honorable place - spiritual center of the home. In the corner, on a special shelf, there were icons in frames polished to a shine, decorated with embroidered towels and bunches of herbs. There was a table under the images.
Important events in the life of the peasant family took place in this part of the hut. The most valuable guests were seated in the red corner.
· From the door, along the stove, there was a wide bench. On which the neighbors who came in were sitting. Men usually did household chores on it - weaving bast shoes, etc. The old owner of the house slept on it.
· Above the entrance, in half the room under the ceiling, near the stove they strengthened wooden floors. Children slept on the floors.
· Occupied a significant place in the hut wooden loom- krosno, on it women wove woolen and canvas fabrics, rugs (paths).
· Near the door, opposite the stove, there was a wooden bed on which the owners of the house slept.
Fig.5.
For a newborn, an elegant dress was hung from the ceiling of the hut cradle. It was usually made of wood or woven from wicker. Rocking gently, she lulled the baby to the melodious song of a peasant woman. When dusk fell, they burned a torch. For this purpose the forged socialite.
rice. 6.
In many northern villages of the Urals, houses with painted interiors have been preserved. Look at the strange bushes that have bloomed.
III. Practical work.
Students are asked to make a pencil sketch of the interior of a Russian hut.
Are being considered different kinds hut interior:
Explanation of building the interior of a hut using the example of different options.
VI. Reviewing the material covered with students.
Thus, we come to the next section of our topic, “Decoration of a Russian hut.” Now everyone is trying to revive the traditions of the cultural and spiritual life of the Russian people, but for this you need to understand and study everything. And the first question for the class:
1. What is the appearance of the hut?
2. What main material was used in the construction of the hut?
3. What natural materials were used in the manufacture of dishes and household items?
4. What zones was the interior of the hut divided into?
5. What rules did you apply when building the interior of the hut?
6. What riddles and sayings do you know on the topic “Russian hut?”
(“Two brothers look at each other, but they don’t get together” (floor and ceiling)
“One hundred parts, one hundred beds, each guest has his own bed” (logs in the wall of the hut)) etc. d..
VII. Continuation of the practical part - drawing the interior in color.
When painting, all shades of brown, ocher, and not bright yellow are used. Stages of drawing in color:
1. Paint the walls with different shades of brown.
2. Paint the floor and ceiling with a different shade of ocher.
3. The glass in the window is gray.
4. Furniture – the next shade of brown.
6. The stove can be painted light gray, light brown.
VIII. Exhibition of children's works. Analysis.
Students hang their work in a designated area. Students are encouraged to analyze their own work. Using leading questions:
What did you want to show in your work? What means of artistic expression did you use? How are the works presented similar and how are they different? Have you applied the laws of perspective in your works? What are your impressions of this work?
Teacher rating. I liked the way you worked, I liked your work on the construction, the color scheme, and the ability to correctly convey the life of Russian peasants.
IX. Completion of the lesson and homework assignment.
At the end of the lesson, students are informed that we will continue working on getting to know the traditions of the Russian people in the next lesson.
At the end of the lesson, folk music is played.
Students get up and put their work places in order.
The interior decoration of a Russian hut is an integral part of the history and culture of Russia. It was she, the old hut, who became the main part of folklore and even the heroine of many fairy tales and legends. Just remember the hut on chicken legs - the fabulous home of Baba Yaga, a terrible witch who scares small children. She is often fooled by the main fairy-tale characters.
So, Ivan Tsarevich turns to her for help in order to save his beloved from the terrible fate, and, not without cunning, receives the gifts of the old witch. Grandma-Yozhka is a negative character who helps Koshchei the Immortal, the Serpent Gorynych and the Cat Bayun in committing atrocities. But at the same time, this “heroine” is quite cheerful, funny and satirical.
About the origins
The word “izba” in Rus' had many interpretations depending on where people lived, which is why it was called differently. There are synonyms such as: yzba, istba, izba, istoka and istoka. These words are often used in Russian chronicles, which, again, speaks of the inseparability and connection of housing with human life. This phrase has a direct connection with Russian verbs such as “to drown” or “to heat.” This building had primarily a functional purpose, since it was designed to provide warmth in cold weather and shelter from natural conditions.
What was the hut like in general?
It is difficult to imagine the interior decoration of a Russian hut without the stove, since it was the center of the room and its favorite part. It is known that many East Slavic peoples, Ukrainians, Russians and Belarusians, retained the term “istanka”. Well, as mentioned earlier, it designated a heated building. These were pantries for storing supplies of vegetables, and living quarters of different sizes.
To know how to draw the decoration of a Russian hut, you need to understand what it meant to a person. A significant event was the construction of a house for a peasant. It was not enough to solve a practical problem and provide a roof over your head. First of all, the house was a full-fledged living space for the whole family. The decoration of the hut should, as far as possible, be filled with all the necessary blessings of life, provide the residents with warmth, give them love and a sense of peace. Such housing can only be built according to the long-standing behests of their ancestors, and the peasants have always followed traditions very carefully.
About traditions
When building a house, special importance was given to the choice of location so that the building would subsequently be light, dry and high. Ritual value was no less important.
A happy place is one that has passed the strict test of time and was inhabited earlier: it became prosperous for the previous owners who lived here. Territories near burials, bathhouses that were built there earlier, as well as near the road were considered unsuccessful. It was believed that the devil himself walked along this path and could look into the home.
About the building material
The materials for the construction of the hut were chosen very carefully. The Russians used pine or larch logs for the construction. These trees have long and even trunks, lie evenly and fit tightly together. They hold well internal heat and do not rot for a long time. Selecting logs in the forest was a rather difficult task; for centuries, a set of rules, an algorithm for selecting a log, was passed down from fathers to children. Otherwise, if you choose the wrong, unsuitable material, the house will bring troubles and misfortunes.
Even for the interior decoration of a peasant's hut it was forbidden to cut down sacred trees. They could bring serious illnesses into the house. There was a belief that said that such special breeds should live only in the forest and die a natural death. If you break the ban, they will bring death and grief to the house.
Dry wood was also unsuitable for construction. The location where the trees grew was also important. A tree that grew at the crossroads of forest roads is “violent” and can bring great misfortune to a house - it can destroy a log house and thereby kill the owners of the house.
Rituals
The Slavs did not complete the process of building a house without rituals. At the beginning of construction, a sacrifice was made. In this case, the victim was considered to be a chicken or a ram. This process was carried out when laying the first crown of the hut. Money, wool and grain were placed under the logs as symbols of wealth, prosperity, love, and family warmth. Incense was also placed there as a sign of the holiness of the house, as well as a kind of amulet against evil spirits. At the end of the work (construction), all participants in the process sat down at the table and were treated to delicious dishes.
The sacrifices were carried out for a reason. The sacrifice was supposed to create a fortress for the house and protect it from misfortunes. Sometimes a person was brought as a gift to the gods, but this was in rare cases, in order to protect the entire tribe from enemies. Most often, large livestock were subjected to suffering: a bull or a horse. During archaeological excavations, their skeletons, as well as horse skulls, were found on old houses.
For the ceremony, a special hole was made, and the remains had to be placed there. It was located under the red corner, where icons and other amulets were located. There were other favorite animals for construction sacrifice. The rooster or chicken became such a favorite for the Slavs. This is evidenced by the tradition of placing weathercocks in the shape of cockerels, as well as an image or figurine of this animal on the roof of the house.
One can cite as an example the immortal classic work of N.V. Gogol “Viy”. All evil spirits disappeared after the rooster crowed. Therefore, the “screamer” is called upon to protect the home from evil spirits. Photos showing the decoration of the Russian hut in all its glory are presented in this article.
Roof structure diagram
The roof was also made according to a special scheme:
- gutter;
- stupefied;
- Stamik;
- slightly;
- flint;
- prince's sleg (knes);
- general illness;
- male;
- fall;
- hairline;
- chicken;
- pass;
- oppression.
General view of the hut
The decoration of the Russian hut on the outside, the way our great-grandfathers imagined and built it, was special. According to old traditions, huts have been built for thousands of years. The Russian decoration of a hut depended on where the person lived and what tribe he belonged to, since each tribe had its own traditions and laws by which they can be distinguished.
And even now it is impossible not to distinguish the huts on the European territory of Russia. After all, in the north, log houses predominated, since there was plenty of forest there. In the south there were huge reserves of clay, so mud huts were built from it. The interior decoration of the Russian hut was decorated in the same way. Photos are a clear example of this.
According to ethnographers, not a single popular thought was created immediately in its original form, such as we can observe now. History, culture, and with them the thought of people, changes and develops, bringing harmony, beauty and great power love. This also applies to the home, which was formed and became more and more functional and comfortable. These statements are also proven by the mass of archaeological excavations carried out.
The Russian decoration of a hut largely depended on the climatic conditions in which people lived and on the available building material. Thus, in the north there was moist soil and dense forests full of logs suitable for building houses, while in the south other products predominated and were actively used. Based on this, the half-dugout was widespread in the southern regions. This dome was one and a half meters deep into the ground and, accordingly, had a bulk floor. This type of housing in Rus' existed until the 14th-15th centuries.
After this time period, they began to build above-ground buildings with wooden floors, as they learned how to process logs and make boards from them. Houses were also made that were raised above the ground. They were more multifunctional, since they had 2 floors and provided opportunities for comfortable life, storage of vegetable supplies, hay and housing for livestock in one house.
In the north, with an abundance of dense forests and a fairly damp, cold climate, semi-dugouts quickly turned into above-ground houses, faster than in the south. The Slavs and their ancestors occupied a fairly large territory and differed from each other centuries-old traditions, including in housing construction. But each tribe adapted to the surrounding conditions in the best possible way, so it cannot be said that some huts were worse. Everything had its place. Now you can understand how to draw the decoration of a Russian hut.
More about construction
Below is a photo. The decoration of the Russian hut is demonstrated in the most typical way for Ladoga, corresponding to the time period of the 9th-11th centuries. The base of the house was square, that is, the width was equal to the length, which reached 5 meters.
The construction of a log hut required a careful and thorough approach, since the crowns had to match, and the logs had to fit tightly to each other, otherwise all the work was in vain.
The beams had to fit as tightly as possible in order to protect residents from cold winds and drafts. Therefore, recesses were made in the log house through one log. Another beam was placed into this hole with a convex edge. The grooves between them were insulated with swamp moss, which had not only thermal insulation value, but also antibacterial value. The top of this building was coated with clay.
About the nuances of construction
The interior decoration of a Russian hut sometimes involved an earthen floor, which was watered and compacted, causing it to become hard and smooth. During cleaning, a layer of dirt was simply swept away with a broom. But more often than not, the interior decoration of a peasant hut involved a wooden floor raised above the ground to a height of one and a half meters. This was done in order to build an underground. A hatch led from it to the living space with the stove. All vegetable supplies were kept underground.
The Russian decoration of the hut for wealthy people required another superstructure on top. From the outside, this house looked like a three-story house.
About extensions
The interior decoration of the Russian hut also had several nuances. Russian people often added a hallway with large wide windows to their homes. It was called the canopy. So, when entering the house, you first had to go into the vestibule, and then enter the upper room. This hallway was 2 meters wide. Sometimes the canopy was connected to a barn for livestock, so they were made larger accordingly.
In addition, this extension had a lot of other purposes. There they stored goods and made something necessary in bad weather, since the peasant never sat idle. In summer, you can also put guests to bed there after a noisy celebration. Archaeologists gave this type of dwelling the name “two-chamber”, since it consisted of 2 rooms.
The interior decoration of a peasant hut would not be complete without a cage. Since the early 10th century, this room has served as an additional bedroom, used only in the summer as it was not heated. It was also possible to store food there all year round. And in winter - even perishable food, because it’s always cold there.
How the carpet was built
The roof of the hut was made using several techniques: it could be wooden, shingled, planked or shingled. With the development of history, and with it the skills of the people, in the time period of the 16th-17th centuries, the Slavs developed a unique concept of covering the roof with birch bark, which protected it from leakage. It also served an aesthetic purpose, as it represented the diversity of the building. A little earth and turf was placed on the roof. This was an old "smart technology" to protect your home from fire.
Dugouts and half-dugouts, as a rule, did not have windows. Because of this, the interior decoration of the Russian hut looked, of course, not the way we used to imagine. There were small window openings covered with cattle stomachs. However, later, when the hut “grew” above the ground, they began to make large glazed windows that not only let in light, but also made it possible to see what was happening on the street. The external decoration of the Russian hut was glazed, which in the beginning (10th century) was only available to wealthy owners.
The toilet in Rus' was called “zadok” and was located, as a rule, in the entryway. It was a hole in the floor that “looked” down towards the ground level, where cattle were usually kept. It has appeared in huts since the 16th century.
About the construction of windows
The Russian decoration of a hut in later times could not be imagined without windows. Usually window hole consisted of 2 adjacent logs that were cut in half. It was inserted there rectangular frame, having a valve that “moved” in the horizontal direction.
The interior of the hut
The interior decoration of a Russian hut consisted of one to three living spaces. The entrance to the house began with the entryway. The room intended for living was always very warm and heated by a stove. The interior decoration of the hut (photo) perfectly illustrates the life of commoners of those times.
As for wealthy peasants and people of high rank, their homes had space for an additional room, which was called the upper room. The owners received guests in it, and it was also very warm, bright and spacious. It was heated by a Dutch oven.
The interior decoration of a Russian hut could not be imagined without an oven, which occupied most of the room, which was located at the entrance. However, in the southern part of the country it was located in the far corner.
The interior decoration of the Russian hut was distinguished by a special, but at the same time quite simple, placement of objects. Dinner table usually stood in the corner, diagonally from the stove. Directly above it was a “red corner” with icons and other amulets. There were benches along the walls, and above them there were shelves built into the walls. Such interior decoration of a Russian hut (photo) was found almost everywhere.
The stove had a multifunctional load, since it brought not only warmth and tasty food, but also had a sleeping place.
The interior decoration of the Russian hut also demonstrates that there were many similarities with the traditions of the East Slavic peoples, but there were also differences. In the north of Rus', people built stone stoves. They got their name because they were made of stone without the use of any fastening mortar.
In the areas of Staraya Ladoga, the base of the stone firebox was one and a half meters in diameter. The decoration of a peasant hut in the Izborsk region involved a stove made of clay, but on a stone base. It reached up to 1 meter in length and width, as well as in height.
In the southern regions of the East Slavic countries, the furnace was built larger and wider, its stone foundation was laid with an approximate calculation of one and a half meters in length and 2 in width. Such ovens reached a height of 1.2 meters.