Archaeologists date the appearance of the first stoves for heating homes in Rus' to the 9th-10th centuries. At the beginning of the 20th century. Such an ancient find was discovered in the form of unprocessed boulders folded into a kind of hearth, which were not held together by any mortar.
Historians believe that in this form the stove for heating homes and cooking food existed until the beginning of the 15th century. A step forward in the development of the stove business was the “chicken” stove, that is, a stove that was heated “black”. This means that there was not even a semblance of a pipe to remove the smoke, and it came out through a hole in the ceiling.
Antonis Goeteeris, CC BY-SA 3.0To build such stoves, no special art was required; most likely, every owner in those days was “his own stove maker.”
Until the 17th century, Russia was heating “the black way,” until one day someone’s “bright head” figured out that the smoke could be somehow directed. At first, they began to install a smoke exhaust hood over the stove - epancha, which was connected to a hole in the ceiling.
Only after about half a century did a through pipe appear, leading the products of fuel combustion directly to the street. This was the beginning of a design that still remains almost unchanged and is called the Russian stove.
To construct such a furnace, you must already have special knowledge and skills. This is how the craft of a stove maker arose.
About the craft
As a rule, one learned to become a stove maker, as they say, “under hand.” At first the student was taken as an apprentice, then he could become independent master. Often, entire dynasties of stove makers arose, where skill was passed from father to son.
unknown, CC BY-SA 3.0 Extraordinary individuals took part in the development of stove construction. Peter I tried to somehow modernize the stoves, borrowing ideas from abroad. Most likely he sent our stove makers there to study.
Mikhail Lomonosov was fond of stove making and spent Scientific research to improve the furnace design.
Furnaces were modernized and improved. This is understandable, because without heating in cold weather they could not simple people, nor kings.
Hanna Zelenko, CC BY-SA 3.0 Despite the fact that scientific minds were engaged in the modernization of stoves, the craft of a stove maker in the 18th-19th centuries remained one of the lowest paid, especially in artels.
In 1865, the architect V.I. Sobolshchikov (1813-1872) wrote the book “ Stove mastery. A book that teaches how a good stove master should work and how to make stoves that will heat and ventilate the room.” In his book he appreciates the importance quality work stove maker:
After reading my instructions on how a stove maker should work, an honest master will say: you can work like that, but what should you charge for such work? The answer to this is: do what you should and take what you should.
The stove foreman should be kept in the house, just as a doctor is kept with the family.
The craft of a stove maker became more and more in demand with the development of technological progress, with the construction of factories and factories. We had to build special, special ovens. Of course, the design and diagrams were developed by specialist architects. But it was impossible to do without good stove makers.
This is how the magazine “Professional Advice” describes the modern stove maker:
What is an approximate portrait of a modern stove maker, a master of his craft: a little more than middle-aged.
The stove maker is erudite - he can easily draw an analogy between the stove “century of the present” and the “century of the past.”
A professional stove maker is a competent specialist, a person who has found his calling and knows the value of high-quality, skillful, meaningful and well-done work.
Professional quality
A stove specialist must have a wide range of skills and knowledge:
- stonemason
- plasterer-tiler
- carpenter
- digger
- fitter
- concrete worker
- locksmith
- carpenter
And besides:
- understand heating engineering
- know how to mix a solution
- understand the quality of materials
And that's not all. Experienced stove makers joke that they also need to be psychologists in order to talk with customers, and artists, and economists.
Basic Tools
- A pick hammer is the main tool of a stove maker; it is used for splitting and hammering bricks, and also performs all the functions of a regular hammer.
- A trowel is another basic tool. Serves for spreading the solution.
- A rubber mallet is used for upsetting and leveling bricks during the laying process.
- The building level determines the horizontal laying of the furnace walls.
- A tape measure is a tool for measuring length-width-height.
In addition - plumb lines, grinding machines, drills and much more.
Craft in our time
The craft of a stove maker can now be called a profession. You can study at special courses, but there are very few vocational schools that train specialists in this area.
At the end of the 1990s, stove makers began to unite in guilds. There is, for example, the Stove Makers Guild of the Moscow Chamber of Crafts, and there is a similar organization in St. Petersburg.
Photo gallery
Helpful information
oven-spreader
stove master
stove - trade in the craft of a stove maker
baking
Chicken hut
“Kurnaya”, that is, heated in black, the stove was the main one, and among the peasants - the only one heating device residential hut. A Russian adobe stove without a chimney and a stove built with your own hands from stone on a clay mortar were called chicken stoves. And the hut is a smoking hut. As the name shows, the chicken stove did not allow breeding in it big fire due to the danger of the wooden hut catching fire.
Decrees of Peter I
The Tsar banned in St. Petersburg, Moscow and other major cities, construction of black huts with chicken stoves. He introduced mandatory cleaning of chimneys from soot, installation heating stoves with deviations from the wall (decree of December 10, 1722) and reduced the cost of making stove tiles. On the initiative of Peter 1, factories for the production of cheap bricks, tiles and stove appliances began to be built in Moscow, St. Petersburg and other cities, and trade in building materials for the construction of stoves opened.
Svizyaev I. I.
The central figure in Russian stove construction in the 19th century can be considered the architect Ivan Ivanovich Sviyazev (1797-1875). The son of a serf, in 1815 he was admitted to the Academy of Arts, and in 1821, after receiving his freedom, the Academy's council awarded him the title of artist-architect.
Since 1834 holds the position of senior architect of the commission for the construction of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow.
Sviyazev I.I. During the 50 years of his activity, he mainly studied and tested numerous designs of heating equipment, theoretically substantiated the methods of its design, and also invented many original fireboxes and stoves.
Beliefs
In the old days, stove makers were attributed mystical properties, as well as blacksmiths. They tried to appease them and not quarrel with them, since they really could “plant a kikimora” in the house of a stingy owner. This was the name of the doll, a sliver that embodied the malicious and restless “house demon”, well known in the Russian North.
Sometimes, when folding the stove, a hollow bottle or the neck of a bottle, or a squeaking pipe, was imperceptibly built into it. Then, when the stove was fired, sighs and howls were heard throughout the hut - a clear sign of the presence of a kikimora, which was usually imagined to live precisely behind the stove.
This kind of tricks, as well as “tales” about these and similar intrigues, are obviously a later rational alteration and reinterpretation of the ancient confidence in the close acquaintance of these “knowledgeable” people with evil spirits.
Stove maker USSR
The practice of developing the stove business in the USSR did not provide for compulsory licensing of stove makers. Stove makers were trained in vocational schools, vocational schools, technical training institutions, organizations that train workers at state expense and have the right to do so, where they were given a certificate of the established form.
In the USSR, stove makers, along with specialists in other construction professions, were assigned categories from 1 to 6, and they worked as part of construction, repair and construction organizations and were not licensed. This gave them the right to engage in furnace business. Furnace business, outside construction organizations was “folk art”, or individual entrepreneurship.
20
Feb
2016
Secrets of stove craftsmanship. Practical guide (Alexey Ryazankin)
ISBN: 5-93357-035-4
Format: DjVu, Scanned pages
Alexey Ryazankin
Year of manufacture: 2004
Genre: Construction and renovation
Publisher: Folk art
Russian language
Number of pages: 360
Description: The features of the design and operation of heating, heating-cooking, drying, smoking and sauna stoves, as well as fireplaces and fireplace stoves are considered. Given detailed description of all types of furnaces given in the book, which is accompanied by rich illustrative material.
The book is intended for anyone who wants to build a stove in their home themselves.
10
Jan
2013
Sexual positions. Practical guide (Sakhumina N. Isaev D.)
Author: Sakhumina N. Isaev D.
Year of manufacture: 2003
Genre: Reference material
Publisher: Continuation of Life
Russian language
Number of pages: 125
Description: This publication, prepared by cositologist Neonilla Samukhina and sexologist Dmitry Isaev, contains not only an illustrated description of sexual positions, but also useful information about the anatomy, physiology and psychology of men and women with recommendations for overcoming various problems that occur during sexual intercourse. The book contains many explicit drawings and even photographs, but, of course, no...
07
Jun
2016
Welding work. Practical guide (Yuri Podolsky (comp.))
ISBN: 978-617-12-0106-4, 978-5-9910-3430-2
Format: FB2, RTF, eBook (originally computer)
Author: Yuri Podolsky (comp.)
Year of manufacture: 2015
Publisher: Family Leisure Club
Russian language
Number of pages: 530
Description: The book will introduce you to the main types of welding: manual arc, automatic arc, electroslag and gas. Features are also described in detail welded joints and seams, electric arc and oxygen cutting of metals: aluminum, of stainless steel, copper, cast iron. In addition, amateur craftsmen, using the above calculations, will be able to...
13
Feb
2009
Voodoo in the metropolis [Practical guide]
ISBN: 1-56184-059-9, 966-521-102-1
Year of manufacture: 1998
Author: S. Jason Black, Christopher S. Hiatt
Genre: Psychology
Publisher: Nika
Number of pages: 176
Description: White American, long years who, with varying success, tried to master the heritage of Western magical systems, plunges headlong into an alien, but for some reason very attractive tradition - voodoo magic. Autobiographical chapters, in which real events perceived as a 'cool' thriller, this book alternates with polemical chapters intended for an intelligent and open-minded reader...
18
Sep
2012
Android for everyone. Practical guide for a beginner (Denis Egorov)
Format: PDF, eBook (originally computer)
Author: Denis Egorov
Year of manufacture: 2012
Genre: Textbooks, reference books, encyclopedias
Publisher: Samizdat
Russian language
Number of pages: 26
Description: Android for everyone. Practical guide for beginners - intended for those who want to quickly master the use of a smartphone on operating system Android. All the main ones are covered here technical points from the graphical interface to installing programs. All material is presented on the basis of Android 2.3 OS with the TouchWiz interface and is illustrated in detail using screenshots.
From the author: I tried...
14
Mar
2014
Treatise on women's self-defense. Practical guide (Viktor Lyalko)
ISBN: 985-13-0604-5
Format: FB2, eBook (originally computer)
Author: Victor Lyalko
Year of manufacture: 2001
Genre: Reference
Publisher: AST, Harvest
Russian language
Number of pages: 432/ 365
Description: This unique manual comprehensively covers the problems of women's self-defense from hooligan and criminal attacks. Its author, a famous Russian master of martial arts and martial arts, examined in detail all aspects of the psychological, tactical and technical preparation of women for effective self-defense in a variety of situations Everyday life. This book is definitely...
03
May
2012
A practical guide to hunting men (Ilyichev (ILIN) Andrey)
Author: Ilyichev (ILIN) Andrey
Year of manufacture: 2012
Genre: Manual, Educational literature
Publisher: Creative group "SAMIZDAT"
Performer: Gennady Korshunov
Duration: 09:26:32
Description: Young maidens and forever young ladies! You, of course, know that most books devoted to the problems of relationships between women and men are written by women. This is bad, because the same authors know almost nothing about the men themselves. The book “A Practical Guide to Hunting Men” was written for you, dear readers, by a man! You finally have the opportunity to check out...
15
Jan
2017
The art of the sophisticated. All about oral sex. Practical guide (Samukhina Neonilla)
Format: audiobook, MP3, 128kbps
Author: Samukhina Neonilla
Year of manufacture: 2008
Genre: erotica, psychology
Publisher: Vira-M
Performer: Julia Men
Duration: 02:52:54
Description: In this album, prepared by cositologist Neonilla Samukhina, you will learn in detail everything about the art of oral sex, which can not only give the highest sensual pleasure, but also relieve many sexual problems. The one who masters this art is not threatened by either old age or withering, for even they cannot take away from him the skill of giving “pleasure on the tip of the tongue.” - Anatomy of oral sex. ...
22
Jan
2012
Employment contract. Practical guide for employers and employees (Tikhomirov M.Yu)
Employment contract. Practical guide for employers and employees ISBN: 978-5-89194-364-3
Format: PDF, RTF, eBook (originally computer)
Author: Tikhomirov M.Yu
Year of manufacture: 2010
Genre: Economic literature
Russian language
Number of pages: 235
Description: The content of the norms on the employment contract established by Labor Code RF. The concept, content, procedure for the entry into force of employment contracts, new rules for their conclusion, amendment and termination are explained. Features of the application of the corresponding...
23
Oct
2010
Employment contract. Practical guide for employers and employees (Tikhomirova M.Yu.)
ISBN: 978-5-98124-543-5
Format: PDF, Scanned pages
Author: Carl Heilman
Year of manufacture: 2011
Genre: Photography, hobby
Publisher: Good Book
Russian language
Number of pages: 176
Description: This book will teach you to find interesting scenes, natural and man-made objects to photograph, recreate in the picture and convey to the viewer the atmosphere of the place in which the photograph was taken; build a bright, convincing composition and take great pictures even with the most ordinary camera, choosing the right angle, framing, lighting and moment of shooting. You will learn how to edit and perfect...
12
Dec
2015
Secrets of mastery for young chess players (Antonina Trofimova)
K category: Stove heating
In order to split a brick, you need to know that burnt, unburned and cracked bricks are not suitable for pinning. Bricks selected are of normal firing, without cracks. When struck with a hammer, it produces a clear sound.
For chiseling, it is better to choose a slightly unburnt brick.
Cooking water clay mortar must not contain acid or alkali. Most the best option- use rainwater.
The furnace must be laid strictly according to the drawing and description. Each row must be checked against the drawing and any mistakes made must be corrected immediately. Special attention You need to pay attention to the dressing of the seams, the horizontality of the rows and the verticality of the corners.
When laying out the first row dry, a gap of 5-6 mm thick is left between the bricks for a seam. The corners are laid out using a square. The side walls between the corners are laid out exactly in a straight line, which is marked by applying the rule. The walls of the furnace are made parallel to the walls of the building. To do this, the distances from the outer bricks of one side to the walls of the building are made equal. After laying the bricks of the first row dry, outline it with chalk and only then begin laying with mortar.
The horizontality of the first row is achieved in the following way. One of the outermost bricks is placed on the mortar, a thicker layer of mortar is placed under the second brick, and a rule with a level is placed on these bricks. By pressing the second brick into the mortar, “a strict horizontal row is achieved. Do the same with the rest of the corner bricks.
To lay out the angles plumb, into the ceiling in in the right places drive in nails. A cord is attached to the nails, the lower ends of which are tied to nails driven into the seams at the corners. To achieve precise installation, the nails are bent in the desired direction.
Small-sized ovens can be built using retractable formwork. The formwork consists of guide posts made of angle steel, which are installed at the corners, and wooden box without a bottom, 50 cm high. The dimensions of the box around the perimeter are equal to the dimensions of the oven. The box is inserted into the corner posts after laying the first rows, including the fire door. Then the masonry is carried out inside the formwork to its top. After filling it, the formwork is moved up and the operation is repeated. If the formwork will be used repeatedly, it is recommended to cover it with sheet steel so that the inner surface will remain smooth longer.
The lining of the firebox with refractory bricks cannot be tied with ordinary bricks on the outer walls of the firebox, because refractory and ordinary bricks have different coefficients of thermal expansion.
Fireboxes and chimneys must not be coated inside with clay mortar.
For better passage flue gases The internal surface of the chimneys should be smooth, the corners should be rounded, and the extensions should be smooth.
Burning potato peelings reduces soot deposits in the pipe. Aspen logs are also suitable for this purpose. The draft is checked by burning rolled paper at the blower door. With good draft, the flame is drawn into the ash hole.
If the furnace is laid in winter time, the temperature in the room where the work is being carried out must be sufficient so that the solution does not freeze. The solution is made in water at a temperature of 18-20 °C.
- Adviсe seasoned master for a beginner stove maker
Many of us admire the fact that stoves built at the beginning of the 20th century are still in working order and delight the eye with the complete simplicity of their external forms, but this simplicity is so attractive that it was able to contain all the best from the world of visible and invisible forms and exudes a flow of beneficial energy. The question arises, how then distant time, from local building materials, such successfully operating and well-preserved long-lived stoves were obtained. And the answer is very simple, it lies on the surface and therefore is unnoticeable, because they do not pay attention to it, but direct their gaze in another - the wrong direction.
Beauty! But they burn garbage in it.
To convey information to the reader, I will try to create a non-standard flow of text. This will require the ability to use standard words, but through a certain construction of phrases, what is said then becomes an anchor of binding and is filled with Power.
This Power will knock on the doors of your Mind, and if the vibrational characteristics coincide, he will fearlessly let it into his neighbor individual space and will open its arms to accept what is stated.
In any profession there are different levels of knowledge of its subject. This article is intended for those who have achieved the highest professional skills and deep knowledge of stove topics.
Let's start with the fact that the construction of stoves was carried out by the masters of this direction, who received their Knowledge and Secrets of this art by inheritance from their ancestors. Only the most worthy, who had mastered the practice of stove making to perfection, were introduced to the world of the Spirits of those Elements, in whose department and control the stove product was. When the master finished his career path, he passed on his Patron Spirit to a worthy student, and they began to create together. The oven was considered the spiritualized Creation of the Creator, it was given a Name and a rite of consecration was performed, which was performed by a priest. The Creator's Creation, in turn, became the Creator of his Creation, which pacified the Fire, gave birth to warmth, and baked food. The furnace had its own unique character and temperament of the master - the creator, who gave it life in close collaboration with Astra - mental forces, without which it is impossible to fertilize the embryo of the conceived creation. Without their participation, the oven will be a stillborn structure and will not emit the Graceful power, which is necessary where people will be present and food will be prepared. This oven will only have a shape and will be like an incubator egg, which does not carry the continuation of life, because it is empty and unfertilized, unlike the village ones, in which there is a clot of life. And it is so strong that when a person falls ill, the disease is rolled out by this egg, the embryo of which wraps itself in the web of the disease. The egg becomes inedible, and even hungry, homeless dogs disdain it. A stove built without the patronage of the Spirit has a passive information capacity, because it contains only the Yin or Yang principle - it is, in fact, a disabled stove, although it has completed external forms. According to the laws of pair harmony, two incompatible opposite individuals, masters and beings of the world of invisible astral forms, exist peacefully, allowing each other into their close intimate space, becoming one, striving for balance, that is, to exist in spite of changes. That is why, the master, the creator of the furnace creation, stands with both feet in both worlds at the same time, without losing his path in any of them. What is used here is not the speed of movement, but the elimination of distance - this is a certain space of the zero point of time, where it is motionless, the so-called all-cosmic hour, during the duration of which Eternity and the vastness of the Universe were created.
If the Russian stove is the Queen of stoves and their recognized Queen, with a calm and peace-loving character, then the bath stove is its opposite - a hot-tempered Tsar and an arrogant King, with a proud and independent disposition, who does not forgive a disdainful attitude towards himself, and requires a reverent attitude from us and even worship. To come into contact with the Spirit who has jurisdiction over sauna stoves, you need to have perfume recommendations lower level who are subordinate to him. The stoves of other directions are subjects and foolish children of the Russian Spirits and Bath stoves. When a furnace master builds furnaces under the Astral protection of the Patron Spirit, this product will emit enormous creative and healing power
, similar to prayed Icons, or centuries-old Dolmens. Being a node of Power, the furnace emits energy with a Wavelength and vibration characteristics similar to the vibration of living organisms. Being in the Zone of this radiation, a person receives that dose of radiant and healing energy that his body is able to accept and assimilate. But along the way, the question arises whether it is possible to break into a parallel world on your own, without the help of a teacher, and come into contact with the Spirits of the Elements. Yes, it is possible, but it is a long process and a difficult path. First, you need to perfectly master the skill of stove making, learn to feel and understand the character and whims of the materials used, love your profession and dissolve in it. Only by possessing knowledge of the material world can one free and loosen its fetters and try to enter the chambers of the Spiritual World. To do this, it is necessary to combine Opportunity, Ability and Desire into one whole. This thought form, condensing with its own kind, turns into a crystal of thought, which is a form of thought. Thought, like energy, is not limited by anything, it is limitless and all-pervasive. And although she does not see herself, she will see the result of her own creation, since she will be its creator. Reading and assimilation of information occurs through enlightenment of the mind - this is a long process and a difficult path, but the insight is instantaneous. Everything that was achieved during the period of enlightenment was perceived by the brain at the moment of insight. It is Illumination that gives strength to create unique masterpieces, no matter how complex they may be. Because complexity is simplicity itself, presented in detail. Artists, sculptors, and poets also create with the power of insight. To easily connect your consciousness to energies parallel world. They serve as antennas and help not to lose direction when communicating with the Spirits of the Elements. Due to long hair, women are more advanced in this range of contacts. Typically, people associated with art have a beard and long hair. The same techniques are used by ministers of the Church to contact the World of Angels and Guardian Spirits. But in order to see the matrix of illumination, you need to enter the space of Darkness with your eyes closed, or pull it over yourself. Its black color is the color of Strength and the King of all colors; it contains all the other colors of the visible spectrum. He is everywhere in Everything and in Everyone, He fills the Universe with Himself from the beginning of creation. He was never born and therefore cannot be destroyed, for he is the Messenger of Anti material worlds. Darkness, absorbing Light, draws energy from it, and Light draws energy from Darkness, filling it with Itself. When connecting the Void of the Spheres of Light and Darkness, Information is born, it is not born in the Minds, it passes through them, and the brain is its Mediator.
Black color is actively used by ministers of the Church, in monasticism and Islam; it is in the same vibrational field with the space of Darkness and therefore is not rejected by it. The outstanding sculptor of our time, Dashi Namdakov, who is recognized by the civilized world community, whose works are acquired by the leading countries of the world, receives Illumination from a parallel spiritual Space. He spoke about this at one of his exhibitions. This allows him to create unique masterpieces . And, although in ordinary life
he is unnoticeable among the lower ones, but shines like a nugget among the Highest, and the first among the Equals.
Now we can characterize in more detail the brick that was used in the construction of the stoves. As a rule, it was made by hand plastic molding from sand and clay of the local area. Drying and firing were done in small batches using artisanal methods. All components of the furnace were born in the mineral kingdom of the given area, and therefore their Rh factor characteristics coincided. In the body of the furnace they worked as one whole, and there was no rejection of each other. The Energy and Spirit of the master who built the furnace, the Spirit of the kingdom of minerals filling the furnace array and the Spirit of the Astro-mental Patron filled the body of the furnace with joint energy, and it became a source of Power. While dismantling the stoves built in 1900 in the near Moscow region, I was delighted with their thoughtful design and the quality of their perfectly preserved brick. Two years ago, from similar bricks taken from destroyed buildings built in 1825, I built two ovens in the courtyard of the Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker. It was necessary measure, since the Moscow Patriarchate did not have money for building materials. And, although the brick had deviations in the geometry of its shape and size, it was perfectly processed in all directions and successfully withstood two cold winter seasons, with the furnace being fired twice a day, in the morning and in the evening. The temperature of the walls was from +70 to +90 degrees.
Kiln bricks must be of low grade; only such bricks were used in that distant time in the construction of stoves and they proved their right to exist. It had pronounced porosity, was well processed, and was quite soft. It could easily be given any shape by processing hand tools and without damaging the internal brick mass. But at the same time, it had high mechanical strength and was used both in the firebox and in external walls. At minimum thermal expansion, it had enviable fire resistance, and thanks to its high porosity, long-lasting and uniform heat transfer was achieved. Those water vapors that are released when burning wood at the start of ignition, when the temperature is low, are absorbed by the pores of the brick without damaging it. As the temperature increases, the brick releases the accumulated moisture back.
Currently kiln brick, in the vast expanses of Russia, simply does not exist. The brick that we purchase is intended for any construction work, but has nothing to do with stove building, although they call it stove building. Modern brick does not contain the energy of Mother Earth, although once, in the form of components, it was in her womb. Passing through a string of electromagnetic fields, during its production, the living substance of his body is destroyed, and the brick becomes dead and empty, it will forever remain a passive Pentacle, although a product made from it may look Magnificent and delight the eye with the beauty of its external forms, but this will already have merit master, Creator of his Creation!