Auxiliary verbs are not translated in English, but they perform an important function. It is the auxiliary verbs that tell us how to correctly translate a sentence. For example, the presence of the auxiliary verb do is a sure sign of an interrogative or negative sentence. And the verb will tells us that the sentence is in the future tense.

To have general idea about English auxiliary verbs, take a look at the table. This table shows with examples how to use auxiliary verbs in English (the verbs to DO, WILL, to BE, to HAVE and WOULD).

Help telny verb	When is it used?	Example
to DO	In interrogative sentences	Do do you like cats? You love cats?
	In negative sentences	I do n"t like cats. I do not like cats.
	To form the future tense	I will read book.
to BE	As a formal predicate (when in the Russian version of the sentence the predicate is omitted)	I am a doctor. I am doctor.
	To form tenses of the Continuous group (long action)	We are watching a good film now.
	For the formation of tenses of the Perfect group (completed action)	I haven't played this computer game before. I haven't played this one computer game previously.
	To form the tenses of the group Perfect Continuous	I have been playing this musical composition for two hours. I've been playing this piece of music for two hours now.
	To form the tense Future in past (when the first part of the sentence is in the past tense, and the second in the future).	I knew that she would come here. I knew she would come here.
SHALL/SHOULD	Not used in modern English. Previously, in certain cases, it was used as a replacement for the verbs WILL/WOULD.

There will be a detailed analysis and many examples for each auxiliary verb from this table.

How many auxiliary verbs are there in English?

Let's look at what auxiliary verbs there are in English and what each of them means. There are five such verbs:

1. to be
2. to have
3. to do
4. will (would)
5. shall (should)

Particular attention should be paid to the first three (to be, to have, to do) of auxiliary verbs. There are several reasons for this:

• These verbs are used more often.
• They change according to their faces.
• They have abbreviated forms
• They are “two-faced” - they can be either an auxiliary verb or a semantic one.

How do auxiliary verbs change by person?

The auxiliary verbs to be, to be and to have change according to persons. All present tense forms for these three verbs are collected in the table:

Pronoun	to be	to do	to have
I	im	do	have
He, She, It	is	does	has
They, we, you	you	do	have

In the past tense, only the verb to be changes:

I, he, she, it - was
They, we, you - were

The auxiliary verbs to do and to have in the past tense will be did and had in all persons, respectively.
The verbs will, would, shall, should do not change by person.

Auxiliary verb to do.

To do– the most important of all auxiliary verbs in English. It is used to construct negative and interrogative sentences. For example, many people love cats and say about themselves:

I like cats.
I love cats.

But what if you don’t share this love? Everything must be denied:

I do not like cats.
I do not like cats.

That is, we put the auxiliary verb do with the negative particle not immediately after the subject and get a negation instead of an affirmative sentence. Instead of don't for brevity they often write don't.

You can also easily construct a question that will allow you to identify avid cat lovers in a crowd of people:

Do do you like cats?
You love cats?

Simply put the auxiliary verb do before the subject and you get an interrogative sentence.

More examples of interrogative and negative sentences:

I don't know it.
I do not know that.

She didn't watch this cartoon.
She didn't watch this cartoon.

Do do you speak English?
Do you speak English?

But we must always remember that general rule There is an exception to the construction of negative and interrogative English sentences. The verb do is not substituted in sentences containing modal verbs. More details about correct handling with modal verbs read.

Auxiliary verb to have

As a rule, the verb have is translated directly - as a semantic verb. Its meaning is to have, to possess. If we talk about to have As an auxiliary verb, it is used to form complex temporary constructions, the names of which contain words such as Perfect/Perfect Continuous. These temporary structures, it must be said, are not the most common. And beginners can easily do without them. However, these are almost half of the English "times" and it is advisable to have an idea of ​​how they are formed.

For clarity, I will briefly explain what Perfect/Perfect Continuous is.

If the action you describe is typical:

• completion of the action (optional);
• the importance of the message for the interlocutor;
• the opportunity for the interlocutor to use a message about the action performed;

then it's Perfect.

If a sentence reports an action that occurs over a period of time, which is stated explicitly or implied, then it is a Perfect Continuous.

The predicate in such sentences is constructed according to one of the 3 formulas given in the table:

Each of these formulas contains the auxiliary verb to have. And instead of asterisks you need to substitute the infinitive of the main verb. But what is important is that if we want to put a sentence in the past or future tense, then we need to apply these tenses to the verb to have, and not to the main verb. That is, in the past tense we put had instead of have, and in the future – will have.

I haven't played this computer game before.
I have not played this computer game before (Present Perfect)

I have been playing this musical composition for two hours.
I've been playing this piece of music for two hours now (Present Perfect Continuous)

I have finished reading this book by 3 o’clock today.
Today by 3 o'clock I finished reading this book (Past Perfect)

I had been reading this book for 30 minutes when he called.
I had been reading this book for 30 minutes when he called (Past Perfect Continuous).

The verb have can also be used as a modal verb. Read about this in the article “Modal verb have to”.
Also, do not forget that the verb have changes according to persons - see the table at the beginning of the article.

Auxiliary verb to be

As a semantic verb, to be means “to be”, “to appear”. The fact is that an English sentence must always have both a subject and a predicate. In Russian we can say:

I am doctor.

As you can see, there is no predicate here, and when translating into English, we will have to cram some kind of verb into this sentence. In such situations, the verb to be is used. Correct translation this proposal would be:

I am a doctor.

Literally this means “ I am a doctor.”

And so always, when a predicate is missing in a Russian sentence, when translating into English, we add the required form of the verb to be after the subject.

I am doctor.
I am a doctor.

She is a student.
She is a student.

They are idiots.
They are idiots.

To be is used as an auxiliary verb when constructing sentences that describe an action that requires a certain amount of time. These are the so-called Present/Past Continuous.

The following sentences are constructed according to a simple scheme:

Subject + Required form to be + Main verb with –ing added

We are watching a good film now.
We are watching an interesting film now.

They are loudly discussing the results of competitions.
They loudly discuss the results of the competition.

Tom was reading a magazine when the telephone rank.
Tom was reading a magazine when the phone rang.

By the way, if you’re not very good at navigating English times, read the answer to main question English grammar“What is the difference between present indefinite and present continuous?” continuous

Auxiliary verb will

With this verb everything is simple. It is never used by itself, but as an auxiliary verb, it is used to form the future tense. Just use an auxiliary verb will after the subject and you get the future tense. For example:

I read a book. I am reading a book.

I will read book. I will be reading a book.

Auxiliary verb would

Verb would used to construct sentences called future in the past. This is when the main clause is in the past tense, and the subordinate clause is in the future. In this case, in subordinate clause To form the future tense, the auxiliary verb would is used rather than will. For example:

I knew that she would come here.
I knew she would come here.

You can read more about this verb in the article “Will and shall.” The rule for forming the future tense in English." .

Auxiliary verb shall/should

The main thing you need to know about these verbs is that they are not used in modern English. In case you have to read texts from the 19th century, remember that when translating shall is similar to will, and should is similar to would.

Auxiliary verbs These are helping verbs. They express only different grammatical meanings. Auxiliary verbs are very important because they show tense, number, person and voice. They are used together with semantic verbs that express the action itself.

What auxiliary verbs are there in English?

First of all, of course, to be, to have And to do, which are used almost everywhere, as well as modal verbs: can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, ought to, will and would.

To be, to do and to have differ from other auxiliary verbs in that they can also be used in a sentence as semantic verbs.

Let's take a closer look at the verbs to be, to do and to have. (We will talk about modal verbs in a separate article).

Auxiliary verb TO BE

How and where is it used?

Auxiliary to be used in both affirmative, interrogative and negative sentences in the tenses of the Continuous group, as well as in the formation of all tenses in the passive voice.

Shape Features:

In the table below you can see all forms of the verb to be in the Present Simple. It is these forms that are involved in the formation of the Present Continuous tense.

I	am (='m)	am not ('m not)
We/You/They	are (= 're)	are not (aren’t / ‘re not)
He/She/It	is (= 's)	is not (isn’t / ‘s not)

The forms of the verb to be in the Past Simple can be found in the table below. It is these forms that are involved in the formation of the Past Continuous. The negative form is also formed by adding a particle not.

I/He/She/It	was	was not (= wasn’t)
We/You/They	were	were not (=weren’t)

In interrogative sentences, the verb to be is used before the subject. In short answers to general issues(= questions that can be answered “Yes” or “No”) - after the subject. This applies to both Present Simple and Past Simple (and, accordingly, Present Continuous and Past Continuous).

For example:

—Is he writing a letter now?

-Yes, he is./ No, he isn't.

—Was he doing his homework at 6 p.m. m. yesterday?

-Yes, he was./ No, he wasn't.

N.B.: in a short affirmative answer it is used full form the verb to be (are, was etc.), and in a short negative answer, as a rule, abbreviated (aren’t, wasn’t etc.).

The negative form of the imperative mood is formed using don't (don't), i.e. according to the general rule.

For example:

Don't be sad. = Don't be sad.

Also to be participates in the formation of tenses in the passive voice.

For example:

The dinner is being served now.

The book was read yesterday.

AuxiliaryTO DO

How and where is it used?

Auxiliary to do used in interrogative and negative sentences, in short answers to general questions, as well as in affirmative sentences to enhance the emotional coloring of the statement in the Present Simple and Past Simple tenses.

Shape Features:

IN Present Simple verb has one form for pronouns I / you / we / they and another form for He /She / It in both affirmative and negative sentences. The negative form is formed by adding a particle not. In the table below you can see what forms the verb to do has in the Present Simple.

In interrogative sentences, the verb to do (in the appropriate form) is used before the subject in both the Present Simple and Past Simple. In short answers to general questions - after the subject.

—Do do you work long hours?

— Yes, I do. / No, I don't.

-Did he tell you about it?

— Yes, he did. / No, he didn't.

Also to do used to enhance emotional coloring in affirmative sentences. In such sentences, after to do, the first form of the semantic verb is used (infinitive without the particle ‘to’).

For example:

I do love yoga! = I really / really love yoga!

He does appreciate it! = He really appreciates it!

We did try to help! = We really tried to help!

In such sentences it is very important to place emphasis on the verb to do(= say it louder and more in a high voice, than usual).

Auxiliary verb TO HAVE

How and where is it used?

Auxiliary tohave used in affirmative, interrogative and negative sentences, as well as in short answers to general questions in group tenses Perfect.

Shape Features:

Let's look at how the verb is used in the Present Perfect and Past Perfect tenses.

In time Present Perfect verb to have has one form for pronouns I / you / we / they and another form for pronouns he / she / it. The negative form is formed by adding a particle not.

I/You/We/They	have	have not (=haven’t)
He/She/It	has	has not (= hasn’t)

NB: it is important to remember that if the verb have used as semantic in Present Simple time, then the negation is constructed by adding a particle not to auxiliary verb do, not have.

For example:

She doesn't have any time.

However, if the sentence uses the construction have got, then the negation is constructed according to the rule described in the table above. For example: She hasn't got a car.

In the Past Perfect tense, the verb to have has the same form for all persons and numbers. The negative form is also formed by adding a particle not.

I / You / We / They / He / She / It

had

had not (=hadn’t)

In interrogative sentences, the verb to have is used before the subject in both the Present Perfect and Past Perfect. In short answers to general questions - after the subject.

For example:

-Has she bought a car yet?

-Yes, she / No, she hasn't.

—Had he made dinner before 6 p.m.?

Yes, he had./ No, he didn't.

List of auxiliary verbs: to be, to have, to do, shall (should), will (would) . They help in the formation of complex verb forms and take part in the formation of its tenses.

For auxiliary verbs no eigenvalue, there is only grammatical. They:

2. Take part in education.

3. Used in education.

4. Change shape depending on time, date, person.

5. Used with significant verbs.

To be (to be), to have (to have), to do (to do) are also used as semantic verbs with independent meaning.

Semantic.

1. Denote a process, action or state.

2. Used as a simple predicate.

3. Have full lexical meaning.

My sister likes classical music. – My sister loves classical music.

Auxiliary.

1. They do not carry independent meaning.

2. Can be used with significant verbs.

I have already been to Russia. – I have already been to Russia.

Do do you remember my friend Ann? – Do you remember my friend Anya?

Auxiliary verb to be

A verb helps to describe the state of an object, what it is like, where it is now, where it was and where it will be.

I am a musician. - I am a musician. (The verb to be is not translated here). This is a sentence without a semantic verb. Its absence is compensated by the state verb to be. Also called linking verb.

In English, a verb is an integral part of a sentence that cannot be thrown out. Therefore, when there is no action, the verb to be is used in the required form.

My brother is a very intelligent man. — My brother is a very smart man.

We are good basketball players. – We are good basketball players.

Tom is in Spain now. – Tom is in Spain now.

My husband will come tomorrow. - My husband will arrive tomorrow.

They will be playing football from 2 till 3 o’clock tomorrow. – They will play football from 2 to 3 o’clock tomorrow.

My friend told me he would watch this film at the weekends. My friend said that he would watch this film at the weekend.

To have is one of the most commonly used verbs in the English language, and, unfortunately, is used incorrectly in many cases.

This verb appears at all levels, but in textbooks the information is given scatteredly, and the features of the verb to have are almost never discussed in detail and systematized.
Therefore, ideas about the verb to have ambiguous: many believe that this is a very unusual verb, it has some special forms, questions and negations, whether it is semantic or auxiliary, it has different meanings, then it is translated, then it is not...

Indeed, the verb to have has a lot of meanings (which we will look at shortly in this article), so it can be translated in different ways. It is true that it can be both semantic and auxiliary (more on this later).

But its forms are very simple: there are only three of them. In the present tense, have has two forms: have for (I, you, we, they) and has for (he, she, it).

I don't have a yacht. - I don't have a yacht.
He does not have a girlfriend. - He doesn't have a girlfriend.
You didn't have much money. - You didn't have a lot of money.

And now attention: typical mistake . In short answers to general questions we do not use have, but an auxiliary verb of the tense in which the question is asked:

Do you have a yacht? - Yes, I do./No, I don’t. (So ​​wrong: Yes, I have./No, I haven’t.)
Does he have a girlfriend? - Yes, he does./No, he doesn’t. (So ​​wrong: Yes, he has./No, I hasn’t.)
Did you have much money? - Yes, we did./No, we didn’t. (So ​​wrong: Yes, I had./No, I hadn’t.)

2. Relationship.

When we talk about people: about our family or loved ones, it’s more of an attitude than a possession, don’t you agree? Although the translation will be the same as in the first meaning: “someone (has) someone”:

I have two sisters. - I have two sisters.
We have a lot of friends. - We (have) many friends.
They have a big family. - They (have) a big family.

Again I emphasize that, speaking in the first two meanings, the verb have is State Verb. This means that he can not used in group tenses Continuous. We cannot observe action as such. It would be wrong to say: I am having a car or she is having a brother. Remember that in the meaning “I have” - only I have .

Second important point . The verb have in meanings own, possess, have V colloquial speech often replaced by the form have got. About the differences have And have got we will talk in a separate article, which will appear on the blog very soon due to numerous requests from our subscribers. I recommend checking it out, stay tuned for updates!

3. Actions.

Do you know why there are so many fixed expressions with the verb have?
The fact is that in addition to its basic meanings described above, it can also replace other verbs, and therefore “has taken root” in speech in these combinations. Let's look at examples of expressions in which have - does not mean “to have, own, possess,” but replaces another action:

Have in meaning eat (eat) :

Have breakfast/lunch/dinner - have breakfast, lunch, dinner
have a sandwich for breakfast - have a sandwich for breakfast
I will have a salad and some chicken, please. - I will (eat) salad and chicken, please.
What do you have for dinner? - What do you eat for dinner?
He is having his breakfast now. - He's having breakfast now.

Have in meaning drink (drink) :

Have some coffee/ some tea - drink coffee, tea
have a glass of wine - drink a glass of wine
I will have a cup of green tea. - I will (drink) a cup of green tea.
You should have some water if you are hot. - You should drink water if you feel hot.

Have in meaning suffer from(to suffer from) or experience(experience, experience):

Have a headache - suffer from a headache
have a cold - suffer from a cold
have a cough - suffer from a cough
I am having a terrible toothache! - I feel terrible toothache!
have an accident - survive an accident
have a difficulty - experience difficulties

Have in meaning give birth to(beget):

Have a baby - give birth to a child
She is going to have a baby. - She will have a child.
They want to have three children. - They want to have three children.
Our dog had four puppies. - Our dog gave birth to four puppies.

Have in meaning get(receive, buy):

Have news - get news
have information - get information
have a hometask - get homework
I must have those new shoes! - I have to buy those new shoes!

Have in combination with a noun conveys a single short-term action, the meaning of which depends on the noun. It's not difficult, look:

Have a walk - take a walk
have a look - look
have a bath/shower - take a swim
have a talk - talk
have a conversation - talk
have a drink - drink
have a swim - swim
have a ride - take a ride
have a nap - take a nap

In the above expressions we say have, we mean another verb, which is an action verb, so changing the meaning from state to action, the verb have can be used in Continuous tenses. Which, by the way, you might have noticed in some examples.

4. Have to is the equivalent of the modal verb must.

If after the verb have there is an infinitive with a particle to, then you have the equivalent of a modal verb must(must, obliged). The fact is that must does not have past or future forms.
But we need to talk about obligations not only in the present, but also in the past and future tense. And here have to comes to the rescue.

It is important to remember that despite the connection with the modal verb and unusual shape, in this meaning the verb have continues to be semantic, therefore forms negatives and questions using the auxiliary verb of the tense you need:

I don't have to work tomorrow. - I don't have to work tomorrow.
We did not have to buy flowers. - We shouldn't have bought flowers.
He won't have to do much work. - He won't have to do much work.
Does she have to pay? - Does she have to pay?
Did you have to cook? - Were you supposed to cook?

You can find out more about this meaning of the verb have, its use and differences from must.

4. Auxiliary verb in Perfect tenses.

Have in combination with the third form of verbs forms perfect forms. Depending on the time, the form of the verb have changes, but the third form remains unchanged: in the present tense (have and has), in the past (had), and in - will have.
You can read in detail about each of these times in the articles dedicated to them, but now I would like to clarify the issue about. In the examples we discussed above, it was unacceptable to shorten the verb have (although sometimes you want to do so). In tenses of the Perfect group, since have acts as an auxiliary verb, it can be shortened:

I have - I’ve - /aɪv/
you have - you’ve - /juːv/
we have - we’ve - /wiːv/
they have - they’ve - /ðeɪv/

He has -he’s - /hiːz/
she has - she’s - /ʃiːz/

I had - I’d - /aɪd/ (with other pronouns - see above, pronounced by analogy, only the last sound /d/)

In the case of the future tense, have is not abbreviated; we will abbreviate will:
I will have - I’ll have - /aɪlhæv/ (with other pronouns - by analogy, only we change the pronoun)

And of course, since the verb is an auxiliary, have is obligatory for the formation of questions and negations in the tenses of the Prefect group, where it is not translated.
Read how to construct questions and negatives in thematic articles devoted to each tense.

5. Have something done (Causative).

This item is for more advanced readers, since this design usually studied at the Upper-Intermediate level. Here have is again in the role of an auxiliary verb and the whole construction means that something is done without the participation of the one who acts as the subject. In other words: someone has something done, something is done for someone.

Here, too, present and past and future forms of the verb have are used, it constructs negatives and questions and is present in short answers.

Read more about the design.

In conclusion, to summarize: the use of the verb have is determined by its meaning and role: whether it is semantic or auxiliary. All important conclusions are summarized in the table:

Now, when you encounter or use the verb to have, you will know why it is used this way and not otherwise: you will understand why you cannot shorten it or construct a negation with it.

A verb is a part of speech that displays the action, described in the proposal. This structure of this rule is relevant for, but not for English. IN international language a verb can be either semantic or auxiliary. Thanks to this technique, grammar becomes simpler, and sentences are built much faster. What are auxiliary verbs in English, how to place and modify them correctly?

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Introduction

The whole complexity of the English language lies in large quantities temporary forms on the basis of which it is built.

Times, in turn, formed by auxiliary verbs, which have an indefinite form, and are modified depending on the pronoun that precedes them.

In other words, it is a signpost that shows us who is doing something and when. For accurate understanding, below is a table of auxiliary aids in English, and after it a clear explanation of all the nuances is given.

The table highlights three groups, each of which has a present, past and future (present, past, future). For each individual group, you need to use a specific auxiliary verb, which changes depending on the tense in which we use it.

Present, Past, Future Indefinite

A group of tenses that allows us to describe daily events that occur regularly or periodically. An example is the following: I work in a factory, we walk in the park in the evenings, etc. During the time of the Indefinite group, the most simple and short sayings English language that is accessible and understandable to a Russian-speaking person. Well, now let’s look at what an auxiliary verb is in this category and how it should be used.

To Do literally translates as “to do”, but in the group of tenses Indefinite acts as the very indicator of time and pronoun in question. It is not used in sentences of the affirmative form of the present tense, but if you need to ask a question or refute something, then its participation is mandatory. For the present time the word forms Do and Does are used, depending on the pronoun:

• Do is used for I, You, We, They (I, you, we, they);
• Does – for He, She, It (he, she, it or this).

You can consider both options using examples in interrogative sentences with Do: “Do you play piano?” “Do you play the piano?”, or “Does he live in Chicago?” “Does he live in Chicago?”

Similar examples can be seen in negatives: “We don’t play football. – We don’t play football”, “She does not like potatoes. “She doesn’t like potatoes.”

This is the basic rule for Do and Does, which allows you to correctly and clearly construct the most commonly used sentences in English. These forms of the auxiliary verb tell us the pronoun in question, as well as the time in which the main action takes place.

The verb form of Do in the Past Indefinite form is Did. IN in this case He same for all pronouns, but is used only in interrogative and negative sentences. It sounds something like this: “Did you go to school yesterday? “Did you go to school yesterday?”, to which a negative answer may follow: “I did not go to school yesterday - I did not go to school yesterday.” It turns out that in cases where the verb Did is used in a sentence, we can automatically attribute it to the past tense. Moreover, it immediately becomes clear that we are talking about a question or a negative answer to it.

As for the future tense, here for all pronouns and for all forms, be it affirmative, interrogative or negative, we use the word Will. It does not change depending on the pronoun, so learning this rule will be quite simple. Let's look at the usage with a clear example:

• She will go to the park tomorrow – She will go to the park tomorrow.
• Will she go to the park tomorrow? – Will she go to the park tomorrow?
• She will not go to the park tomorrow - She will not go to the park tomorrow.

Attention! The auxiliary verb Shall also takes place in the future definite tense. It is used only in combination with the pronoun "I" in all sentence forms. However, in Lately it began to be used rarely, thereby simplifying the scheme for this time. You can only hear the phrase “I shall” from a resident of the UK, but all other English-speaking countries say “I will”.

Present, Past, Future Continuous

Continuous tenses, which translates as “long” indicate an unfinished action.

It can occur at the moment, it can be unfinished in the past or in the future. In the Russian version, such statements sound like: “I read yesterday,” “She is swimming in the pool,” “We will play checkers tomorrow,” etc.

As in the case of Do, for the previous group of tenses, there is an auxiliary verb form, indicating the duration and incompleteness of the action.

To be– a verb, the literal translation of which sounds like “to be.” Based on his semantic load and it follows that it belongs to times with incomplete meaning. To understand how this works, it is enough to literally translate the simplest sentence with his participation: “To be reading - to be reading.” Like the forms of the verb Do, varieties of To Be vary based on pronouns and tense.

• Am (I) – am.
• You, We, They (you, we, they) – are.
• He, She, It (he, she it) – is.

This scheme is used for the present indefinite time. For example, we can consider short statements using it: “I am dancing”, “They are drawing”, “She is watching TV”. The verb to be in the above forms is used in positive, interrogative and negative sentences and is a “calling card” unfinished action.

For the past tense of this category, the rule is slightly simplified. Sentences with to be can be divided into two groups, the first of which is singular, the second is plural:

• I, He, She, It (I, he, she, it) – was.
• We, You, They (we, you, they) – were.

Now examples with the following words: “She was cooking - she cooked”, “We were swimming - we swam”.

When it comes to the future unfinished tense, the scheme becomes even simpler. For all pronouns we use be with the prefix will, and the result is: “I (He) will be running - I (he) will run.”

Advice! In Continuous tenses, all semantic verb forms have the ending –ing. It is attributed to them regardless of the pronoun, as well as in the past tense, present and future.

Present, Past, Future Perfect

This grammatical category used to describe a clearly completed task. In the present tense, a past action that has a result at the moment is characterized in a similar way.

As for the past and future, such forms are used extremely rarely. They indicate a fully completed action that was preceded by another, unfinished one, in the past or in the future. We propose to consider how such a grammatical structure is formed.

The auxiliary verb Have is an integral part of the entire Perfect section. It also has its own forms, depending on tense and pronoun, and it is thanks to them that we identify what is happening. Let's start, as always, with the present and a brief diagram for using To Have:

• I, You, We, They (I, you, we, they) – have.
• He, She, It (he, she, it) – has.

Let us give examples in which this grammatical phrase occurs: “He has gone - he left”, “We have done that - we did it”. Present Perfect- a very common occurrence in everyday life English speech, since it is this grammatical structure that perfectly reflects everyday events.

People speak and write extremely rarely in the past tense of this category. The structure of the sentence itself is simple and clear; it is based on the verb form Had, which is the same for all pronouns: “Train had left - the train left.” Similar simplicity is characteristic of the future form, where the auxiliary verb looks like Will Have, for example: “She will have receive a letter - she will receive a letter.”

Important! In the Perfect tenses, all semantic verbs, even in the future, are put in the past form. In the table irregular verbs This is the third column, and for all others the ending –ed is used. Even in cases where the form Had or Will Have is used, as if indicating time, the semantic verb must invariably remain in the past tense.

Types of auxiliary verbs in English

Learning English - auxiliary verbs

Conclusion

We briefly looked at the main grammatical forms English language, on the basis of which speech is built. For many, it was previously a mystery why there were two verbs with different meanings in the sentence, and how to translate and comprehend this. Having learned when to use Do and Does, Have and Has, as well as a number of other auxiliary words, it becomes much easier to understand any English-speaking citizen.

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