Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov is one of the most famous Soviet public figures, a famous physicist.

Academician Sakharov has earned worldwide recognition by becoming a Nobel Peace Prize Laureate. But first things first.

Andrei Dmitrievich had good heredity. His father was a physics teacher. He is the author of many problem books and scientific books.

Sakharov's grandfather was a priest. In addition to serving God, my grandfather also served society, was a juror of the Moscow District Court and a member of the second State Duma, from the Cadets Party.

Sakharov's mother's name was Ekaterina, she was an intelligent and educated woman, the daughter of Lieutenant General Sofiano.

After the birth of the child, named Andrei, the family lived in an apartment rented by Sakharov’s grandfather. A lot has changed over the years, and after the revolution the spacious apartment became an ordinary communal apartment.

Andrei Sakharov's father gave his son a good primary education at home. In the seventh grade, Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov finally began to study at a regular school. After graduating from school, the future academician entered the physics department of Moscow State University.

Soon it began. Sakharov was not taken to the front due to health reasons. Andrei Sakharov graduated from university in evacuation, in the city of Ashgabat.

In 1944, Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov entered graduate school at the Lebedev Physics Institute. Four years later he defended his Ph.D. thesis. Upon completion of graduate school, Andrei Sakharov was assigned to a scientific group engaged in the study of thermonuclear weapons.

Since the beginning of the fifties, Sakharov, together with Tamm, worked on the creation of a controlled thermonuclear reaction. Six years later he spoke at a conference in England, where in his report he spoke about Sakharov’s discoveries.

Sakharov came up with the idea of ​​magnetic cumulation to produce super-strong magnetic fields. Later, Sakharov voiced the idea of ​​laser compression to obtain an impulsive controlled thermonuclear reaction. In 1953, Andrei Sakharov defended his doctoral dissertation and received the title of Hero of Socialist Labor.

At the end of the decade, Sakharov began to actively oppose nuclear testing in the atmosphere. This is how Andrei’s social activities began. In the mid-60s, he campaigned against the revival of the cult of personality, and was indignant at the introduction of an article into the criminal code providing for punishment for belief (dissent).

In 1969, Andrei Sakharov donated all his savings to the Red Cross for the construction of an oncology center in the city. A year later, together with Valery Chalidze and Andrei Tverdokhlebov, Sakharov founded the Moscow Committee for Human Rights. Since then, he began active human rights activities.

In the summer of 1975, Andrei Dmitrievich was awarded Nobel Prize peace. Five years later, he was arrested and sent into exile in Gorky. The scientist was deprived of all state prizes and awards. Life in exile was difficult. Sakharov was always accompanied by security, and in the apartment where he lived there was no connection with the outside world.

In 1986, the academician was allowed to return to Moscow. In the spring of 1989, Andrei Dmitrievich was elected as a people's deputy. In the fall, as a member of the Constitutional Commission, he proposed new project state constitution. On December 14 of the same year, Andrei Sakharov died.

Andrei Sakharov realized his talent in two, at first glance, mutually exclusive fields - as a developer of thermonuclear weapons and as a fighter for disarmament. The European Parliament annually awards a prize named after him “For Freedom of Thought,” and the American Physical Society has established an award of the same name for the achievements of scientists in protecting human rights.

Prime Minister of the Russian Empire

When the war began, physics students were sent to a medical examination: they had to enter a flight school. Andrei Sakharov did not pass the commission and did not sign up as a volunteer: he reasoned that, having completed his studies, he would be more useful at the military plant. In October 1941, the university was evacuated to Ashgabat. In 1942, Sakharov received a diploma with honors in the specialty “defense metal science”.

The young specialist was assigned first to Kovrov, where there was no place for him, then to a cartridge factory in Ulyanovsk. The unexpected happened there: the theoretical physicist was sent to logging. Work in his specialty began for him only with the transfer to the Central Factory Laboratory. Here Andrei Sakharov invented a device with which it was possible to control how the cores of bullets for anti-tank rifles were hardened.

Andrei Sakharov with his family. Photo: moslenta.ru

Andrei Sakharov with his wife Elena Bonner. Photo: kulturologia.ru

Andrei Sakharov and Elena Bonner with their grandchildren. Photo: jo-jo.ru

“The armor-piercing steel bullet cores...were hardened in salt baths. Sometimes... the quenching did not cover the entire volume and an unquenched core remained inside the core... To reject unhardened batches, five cores were taken at random from each box and broken... 1.5% of the finished cores went for remelting). My task was to find a control method without destroying the core. A month later I already had a good solution, and I began the first control experiments on a prototype model that I made with my own hands with the help of a laboratory mechanic.”

Andrey Sakharov. Interview at the USSR Academy of Sciences conference in Moscow. 1989. Photo: Vladimir Fedorenko / Wikipedia

In 1943, Andrei Sakharov married Klavdiya Vikhareva, who worked at the same plant as a laboratory assistant. The couple had three children - Tatyana, Lyubov and Dmitry. In 1945, the young inventor entered graduate school at the Physical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Lebedev (FIAN). The famous physicist Igor Tamm became his scientific supervisor.

At the end of 1946, Sakharov was offered to work in a certain secret “system for carrying out important government tasks.” The scientist refused: “I thought that this was not why I left the factory in the last months of the war for Igor Evgenievich’s Lebedev Physical Institute for scientific work at the forefront of theoretical physics, just to give it all up now.”.

Two years later, a special group was formed at the Physics Institute research group- she checked the calculations for the creation hydrogen bomb. Andrei Sakharov became part of this group under the leadership of Tamm. In 1949, the USSR tested its first atomic bomb, and the creation of a more powerful hydrogen bomb was the next step in the arms race.

"So that thermonuclear weapons deter war, but are never used"

The future project is based on information received from foreign scientists. Sakharov proposed a fundamentally different design for a thermonuclear charge. His ideas were complemented by the research of his colleague Vitaly Ginzburg. The first test of a hydrogen bomb took place on August 12, 1953. In October of the same year, Sakharov, who applied for the title of corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences, was unanimously elected immediately as an academician. Together with Igor Tamm they received the title of Hero Socialist Labor, members of the group were awarded the Stalin Prize.

Andrey Sakharov. Photo: g2.dcdn.lt

Andrey Sakharov. Photo: academic.ru

Andrey Sakharov. Photo: moslenta.ru

In 1955, an “improved” hydrogen bomb was tested - the same group worked on it. Sakharov by this time began to think about the humanitarian consequences of nuclear tests.

“The main thing for me was the inner conviction that this work is necessary. The monstrous destructive force, the enormous efforts required for development, the funds taken from a poor and hungry war-torn country, human casualties in hazardous industries and in forced labor camps - all this emotionally intensified the feeling of tragedy, forced us to think and work in such a way that everything the sacrifices (implied to be inevitable) were not in vain. My most passionate dream is for thermonuclear weapons to deter war but never be used.”

In 1958, the academician published an article about the radioactive consequences of thermonuclear bomb explosions. “With an average human lifespan of 20 thousand days, each x-ray of global radiation will reduce it by a week”, he later summed up. Andrei Sakharov called for stopping nuclear testing, defended physics and mathematics schools (they were going to be closed as contrary to the principles of pedagogy) and the discoveries of genetics, which was then disgraced. The USSR government was going to suspend nuclear testing anyway, but negotiations with the West on this matter made virtually no progress. Then Khrushchev decided to resume the tests, and accused Sakharov of “messing with his own business.” The Treaty Banning Tests of Nuclear Weapons in Three Environments was signed by the USSR, Great Britain and the USA in 1963.

Dissident and Nobel laureate

Since the 1960s, Andrei Sakharov began to increasingly interfere in “not his own” affairs. Opposed the new law allowing “more massive persecution for beliefs and information activities”, against compulsory treatment in psychiatric hospitals. As part of the Committee on Lake Baikal, Sakharov fought for a ban on industrial activity on the shore of the lake. In 1968, his article “Reflections on Progress, Peaceful Coexistence and Intellectual Freedom” was distributed in samizdat.

“The disunity of humanity threatens its destruction. Civilization is threatened by: general thermonuclear war; catastrophic famine for most of humanity; stupefaction in the dope of “mass culture” and in the grip of bureaucratized dogmatism; the spread of mass myths that throw entire nations and continents into the power of cruel and insidious demagogues; death and degeneration from the unforeseen results of rapid changes in the conditions of existence on the planet.”

Excerpt from the article “Reflections on Progress, Peaceful Coexistence and Intellectual Freedom”

Andrei Sakharov (left) talks with voters during the First Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR. Photo: moslenta.ru

Andrei Sakharov speaks at the First Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR. Photo: moslenta.ru

Andrei Sakharov at a rally in Luzhniki, which took place during the First Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR. Photo: moslenta.ru

Soon the article went abroad and was published in the New York Times. Sakharov was removed from secret work and fired from the institute. His scientific interests during this period focused on the problems of cosmology, astrophysics and futurology - the science of the future.

In 1969, the scientist’s wife, Claudia Sakharov, died. At the request of Igor Tamm, the academician was again hired to work at the Lebedev Physical Institute for the lowest possible position - senior research fellow. Sakharov was a member of the Human Rights Committee - it was founded by activists in 1970 - and helped the Crimean Tatars, who were not registered in Crimea, since they had been legally enshrined in Uzbekistan since the time of Stalin. The scientist involved all possible authorities so that ethnic Germans could leave for their historical homeland. About social work Andrei Sakharov was told in the book of essays “A Calf Butted an Oak Tree” by writer Alexander Solzhenitsyn.

). The academician was deprived of government awards and prizes. In Gorky's isolation, Sakharov continued to work. Six years later, in December 1986, Andrei Sakharov received a call from the General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, Mikhail Gorbachev: “Andrey Dmitrievich, come back”. The day before, a telephone was specially installed in the academician’s Gorky apartment.

In March 1989, Andrei Sakharov was elected people's deputy. Even during the period of exile, KGB officers twice stole the manuscript of “Memoirs,” which Sakharov began writing in 1978. Twice he restored the book from memory. The scientist concluded the epilogue to “Memoirs” on December 13, 1989 with the words: “The main thing is that Lyusya (Elena Bonner - Ed.) and I are together. And this book is dedicated to my dear, beloved Lucy. Life goes on. We are together". The next day Andrei Sakharov passed away.

Sakharov Andrey Dmitrievich(May 21, 1921, Moscow - December 14, 1989, Moscow) - Soviet physicist, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences and politician, dissident and human rights activist, one of the creators of the Soviet hydrogen bomb. Winner of the Nobel Peace Prize for 1975.

Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov (May 21, 1921, Moscow - December 14, 1989, Moscow) - Soviet physicist, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences and politician, dissident and human rights activist, one of the creators of the Soviet hydrogen bomb. Winner of the Nobel Peace Prize for 1975.

His father, Dmitry Ivanovich Sakharov, is a physics teacher at the Pedagogical Institute. Lenina, mother Ekaterina Alekseevna Sakharova (ur. Sofiano) - daughter of the hereditary military man Alexei Semenovich Sofiano - housewife. My maternal grandmother Zinaida Evgrafovna Sofiano is from the family of Belgorod nobles Mukhanov.

The godfather is the famous musician Alexander Borisovich Goldenweiser. He spent his childhood and early youth in Moscow. Elementary education Sakharov got home. I went to school from the seventh grade.

After graduating from high school in 1938, Sakharov entered the physics department of Moscow University.

After the start of the war, in the summer of 1941 he tried to enroll in military academy, but was not accepted due to health reasons, in 1941 he was evacuated to Ashgabat. In 1942 he graduated from the university with honors.

In 1942, it was distributed to the People's Commissar of Armaments, from where it was sent to the cartridge factory in Ulyanovsk. In the same year, he made an invention to control armor-piercing cores and made a number of other proposals.

From 1943 to 1944, he independently did several scientific works and sent them to the Physics Institute. Lebedev to the head of the theoretical department, Igor Evgenievich Tamm. At the beginning of 1945, he was called there to take postgraduate exams, and after passing he was enrolled in the institute’s graduate school.

In 1947 he defended his Ph.D. thesis.

In 1948 he was enrolled in special group and until 1968 he worked in the field of development of thermonuclear weapons, participated in the design and development of the first Soviet hydrogen bomb according to the scheme called “Sakharov’s layer”. At the same time, Sakharov, together with I. Tamm, in 1950–51. carried out pioneering work on controlled thermonuclear reactions.

Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (1953). In the same year, at the age of 32, he was elected a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1955, he signed the “Letter of the Three Hundred” against the notorious activities of academician T. D. Lysenko.

Since the late 1950s, he has actively campaigned for an end to nuclear weapons testing. Contributed to the conclusion of the Moscow Test Ban Treaty in three areas.

Since the late 1960s, he was one of the leaders of the human rights movement in the USSR.

In 1968, he wrote the brochure “Reflections on Progress, Peaceful Coexistence and Intellectual Freedom,” which was published in many countries.

In 1970, he became one of the three founding members of the Moscow Human Rights Committee (together with Andrei Tverdokhlebov and Valery Chalidze).

In 1971, he addressed the Soviet government with a “Memoir”.

In 1974, he held a press conference at which he announced the Day of Political Prisoners in the USSR.

In 1975 he wrote the book “About the Country and the World.” In the same year, Sakharov was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.

In September 1977, he sent a letter to the organizing committee on the problem death penalty, in which he advocated its abolition in the USSR and throughout the world.

In December 1979 and January 1980, he made a number of statements against the entry of Soviet troops into Afghanistan, which were published on the editorial pages of Western newspapers.

In big Soviet encyclopedia(published in 1975) and then in encyclopedic reference books published until 1986, the article about Sakharov ended with the phrase “In last years retired from scientific activity." According to some sources, the formulation belonged to M. A. Suslov.

On January 22, 1980, on the way to work, he was arrested and, with his second wife Elena Bonner, exiled to the city of Gorky without trial.

At the same time, by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, he was deprived of the title of three times Hero of Socialist Labor and by decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR - the title of laureate of the Stalin (1953) and Lenin (1956) prizes (also the Order of Lenin, the title of member of the USSR Academy of Sciences was not deprived).

In Gorky, Sakharov held three of the longest hunger strikes. In 1981, he, together with Elena Bonner, endured the first, seventeen-day trial - for the right to visit her husband abroad for L. Alekseeva (the Sakharovs' daughter-in-law).

(Izvestia, July 3, 1983) four academicians (Prokhorov, Scriabin, Tikhonov, Dorodnitsyn) signed a letter “When they lose honor and conscience” condemning A.D. Sakharov. For calling on the US and Europe for the arms race, the repeated use of nuclear weapons against people.

In May 1984, the second (26 days) - in protest against the criminal prosecution of E. Bonner. In April-October 1985 - the third (178 days) - for the right of E. Bonner to travel abroad for heart surgery. Sakharov was forcibly hospitalized and force-fed.

During the entire time of A. Sakharov’s exile, a campaign was going on in many countries of the world in his defense. For example, the square, a five-minute walk from the White House, where the Soviet embassy was located in Washington, was renamed “Sakharov Square.” “Sakharov Hearings” have been held regularly in various world capitals since 1975.

On October 22, 1986, Sakharov asks to stop his deportation and the exile of his wife, again (previously he turned to M.S. Gorbachev with a promise to focus on scientific work and stop public appearances if his wife’s travel for treatment is allowed) promising to end his public activities.

On December 15, a telephone was unexpectedly installed in his apartment (he did not have a telephone during his entire exile); before leaving, the security officer said: “They will call you tomorrow.” The next day the phone actually rang: “Hello, this is Gorbachev speaking. You will have the opportunity to return to Moscow. Get back to patriotic matters."

At the end of 1986, together with Elena Bonner, Sakharov triumphantly returned to Moscow. After returning, he continued to work at the Physical Institute. Lebedeva. Consulted with Sofia Kalistratova on legal issues.

In November-December 1988, Sakharov's first trip abroad took place (meetings took place with Presidents R. Reagan, G. Bush, F. Mitterrand, M. Thatcher).

In 1989 he was elected people's deputy of the USSR, in May-June of the same year he participated in the 1st Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR in the Kremlin Palace of Congresses, where his speeches were often accompanied by slamming, shouts from the audience, and whistling from some of the deputies, who were later the leader of the MDG , historian Yuri Afanasyev and the media characterized it as an aggressively obedient majority

In November 1989, he presented a draft of a new constitution, which is based on the protection of individual rights and the right of all peoples to statehood. (See Euro-Asian Union)

December 14, 1989, at 15:00 - last performance Sakharov in the Kremlin at a meeting of the Interregional Deputy Group (II Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR).

He was buried at the Vostryakovsky cemetery in Moscow.

In 1943, Andrei Sakharov married Klavdiya Alekseevna Vikhireva (1919–1969), a native of Ulyanovsk (died of cancer). They had three children - two daughters and a son.

In 1970 he met and in 1972 married Elena Georgievna Bonner. He then had three children, and Elena Bonner had two; the children of both spouses were already quite old. They had no children together.

One of the creators of the hydrogen bomb (1953) in the USSR. Works on magnetic hydrodynamics, plasma physics, controlled thermonuclear fusion, elementary particles, astrophysics, gravitation.

Awards and prizes

• Hero of Socialist Labor (1953, 1955, 1962) (in 1980 “for anti-Soviet activities” he was stripped of his title and all three medals);
• Stalin Prize (1953) (in 1980 he was deprived of the title of laureate of this prize);
• Lenin Prize (1956) (in 1980 he was deprived of the title of laureate of this prize);
• Order of Lenin (August 12, 1953) (in 1980 he was also deprived of this order) (he was never restored to the awards that he was deprived of in 1980. He himself categorically refused this, and Gorbachev did not sign the corresponding Decree);
• Nobel Peace Prize (1975); also awards from foreign countries, including:
• Grand Cross of the Order of the Knight's Cross (January 8, 2003, posthumously)

In July 1983, four academicians (Prokhorov, Scriabin, Tikhonov, Dorodnitsyn) signed a letter “When they lose honor and conscience” (Pravda newspaper, July 2, 1983) condemning A.D. Sakharov. Some Russian researchers (for example, A. G. Dugin, O. A. Platonov) consider A. D. Sakharov an “agent of influence” of Western countries, in particular the USA.

The Sakharov Archive was founded at Brandeis University in 1993, but was soon transferred to Harvard University. Documents from this archive were published in 2005 by Yale University Press. There is an on-line version: images of the original pages and texts in Windows-1251 encoding, as well as English translations).

The Sakharov archive contains KGB documents related to the dissident movement. Most of the documents in the archive are letters from KGB leaders to the CPSU Central Committee about the activities of dissidents and recommendations for interpreting or hushing up certain events in the media. mass media. The archive documents date from 1968 to 1991.

Bibliography

• A. D. Sakharov, “Gorky, Moscow, then everywhere,” 1989
• A. D. Sakharov, Memoirs (1978–1989). 1989
• Edward Kline. Moscow Committee of Human Rights. 2004 ISBN 5-7712-0308-4
• Yu. I. Krivonosov. Landau and Sakharov in the developments of the KGB. TVNZ. August 8, 1992.
• Vitaly Rochko “Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov: fragments of biography” 1991
• Memoirs: in 3 volumes / Comp. Bonner E. - M.: Time, 2006.
• Diaries: in 3 volumes - M.: Vremya, 2006.
• Anxiety and hope: in 2 volumes: Articles. Letters. Performances. Interview (1958–1986) / Comp. Bonner E. - M.: Time, 2006.
• And one warrior in the field 1991 [Collection / Compiled by G. A. Karapetyan]

In 1979, an asteroid was named after A.D. Sakharov.

In August 1984, in New York, the intersection of 67th Street and 3rd Avenue was named “Sakharov-Bonner Corner”, and in Washington, the square where the Soviet embassy was located was renamed “Sakharov Square” (English: Sakharov Plaza) (appeared as a sign of protest by the American public against the retention of A. Sakharov and E. Bonner in Gorky’s exile).

At the western entrance to Jerusalem are the Sakharov Gardens; Streets in some Israeli cities are named after him.

In Moscow there is Academician Sakharov Avenue, and there is also a museum and community Center his name.

In Nizhny Novgorod there is a Sakharov Museum - an apartment on the first floor of a 12-story building (Shcherbinki microdistrict), in which Sakharov lived during seven years of exile. Since 1992, the city has hosted the Sakharov International Arts Festival.

In St. Petersburg, the square on which the monument is installed and the “Park named after Academician Sakharov” are named after A.D. Sakharov.

In Belarus, the International State Ecological University is named after Sakharov

In 1988, the European Parliament established the Andrei Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought, which is awarded annually for “achievements in the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms, as well as for respect for international law and the development of democracy.”

In 1991, the USSR Post Office issued a stamp dedicated to A.D. Sakharov.

In Riga, Dubna, Chelyabinsk, Kazan, Lvov (see Sakharov Street), Haifa, Odessa, Sukhum, Ivano-Frankovsk, Kolomyia there is a street named after Sakharov. In Sarov there is Academician Sakharov Street.
In Schwerin (Germany) there is Andrej Sakharov Street (German: Andrej-Sacharow-Strasse).

In Nuremberg (Germany) there is a square named after Andrei Sakharov (German: Andrej-Sacharow-Platz).

In the center of Barnaul there is Sakharov Square, where the annual City Day and other city public events are held.

In Yerevan, the square on which a monument was erected to him is named after A.D. Sakharov. Secondary school No. 69 is also named after A.D. Sakharov.

In Vilnius (Lithuania) there is a square named after Andrei Sakharov (lit. Andrejaus Sacharovo aikste), which is not designed in any way compositionally.

In December 2009, on the twentieth anniversary of the death of A.D. Sakharov, the RTR channel showed a documentary film “Exclusively Science. No politics. Andrei Sakharov."

At the Lebedev Physical Institute. Lebedev has a bust of Sakharov in front of the entrance.

Andrey Dmitrievich Sakharov

Andrey Dmitrievich Sakharov

This man had an amazing fate. One of the authors of the most terrible weapon - the hydrogen bomb, won the Nobel Peace Prize!

Above his grave is Academician D.S. Likhachev said: “He was a real prophet. A prophet in the ancient, original sense of the word, that is, a person who calls his contemporaries to moral renewal for the sake of the future. And, like any prophet, he was not understood and was expelled from his people.”

Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov was born on May 21, 1921 in Moscow into a family of intellectuals. Father, Dmitry Ivanovich Sakharov, professor at Moscow pedagogical institute, was the author of several popular books and a problem book on physics. From his mother, Ekaterina Alekseevna, née Sofiano, Andrei inherited not only appearance, but also such character traits as perseverance and non-contact.

Sakharov spent his childhood in a large, crowded Moscow apartment, “imbued with a traditional family spirit.”

After graduating from school with a gold medal in 1938, Sakharov entered the physics department of the Moscow state university. After the outbreak of the war, Andrei moved to Ashgabat with the university, where he seriously studied quantum mechanics and the theory of relativity.

In 1942, Sakharov graduated from the university with honors. To him, as the best student of the faculty, Professor A.A. Vlasov offered to stay in graduate school. But Andrei refused and was sent to a military plant, first in Kovrov, and then in Ulyanovsk. Here Andrey met future wife. In 1943, he united his fate with local resident Claudia Alekseevna Vikhireva, who worked as a laboratory chemist at the same plant. They had three children - two daughters and a son.

After the end of the war, Sakharov entered graduate school at the P.N. Physics Institute. Lebedev to the famous theoretical physicist I.E. Tammu. In 1947, the young scientist brilliantly defended his Ph.D. thesis, where he proposed a new selection rule for charging parity and a method for taking into account the interaction of an electron and a positron during pair production.

In 1948, Sakharov was included in Tamm's group to create thermonuclear weapons. In 1950, Sakharov went to the nuclear research center - Arzamas-16. Here he spent eighteen whole years.

On August 12, 1953, the first thermonuclear bomb created according to his design was successfully tested. The Soviet government did not skimp on awards for the young scientist: he was elected an academician, he became a laureate of the Stalin Prize and a Hero of Socialist Labor. He was awarded the latter title three times, also receiving it in 1956 and 1962.

However, while working on the most destructive weapon in the history of mankind, Sakharov understood better than others the enormous danger it posed to civilization. In “Memoirs,” Andrei Dmitrievich indicated the date of his transformation into an opponent of nuclear weapons: the end of the fifties. He was one of the initiators of the Moscow Treaty banning tests in three environments. Because of this, Sakharov had a conflict with N. Khrushchev. Nevertheless, a year after his speech, an international treaty banning nuclear weapons tests in the atmosphere, water and space was concluded.

In 1966, Sakharov, together with S.P. Kapitsa, Tamm and 22 other prominent intellectuals signed a letter addressed to Brezhnev in defense of writers A. Sinyavsky and Y. Daniel.

The scientist’s views increasingly did not coincide with the official ideology. Sakharov put forward the theory of convergence - the rapprochement of the capitalist and socialist worlds, with reasonable sufficiency of weapons, openness and the rights of each individual person.

As V.I. writes Ritus: “During these same years, Sakharov’s social activities intensified, which increasingly diverged from the policies of official circles. He initiated appeals for the release of human rights activists P.G. from psychiatric hospitals. Grigorenko and Zh.A. Medvedev. Together with physicist V. Turchin and R.A. Medvedev wrote the “Memorandum on democratization and intellectual freedom.” I went to Kaluga to participate in picketing the courtroom, where the trial of dissidents R. Pimenov and B. Weil was taking place. In November 1970, together with physicists V. Chalidze and A. Tverdokhlebov, he organized the Human Rights Committee, which was supposed to implement the principles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. In 1971, together with academician M.A. Leontovich actively opposed the use of psychiatry for political purposes and at the same time - for the right to return of the Crimean Tatars, freedom of religion, freedom to choose the country of residence and, in particular, for Jewish and German emigration."

The memorandum cost Sakharov all his posts: in 1969, Academician Sakharov was accepted as a senior researcher in the theoretical department of the Lebedev Physical Institute. At the same time, he was elected a member of many academies of sciences, such authoritative ones as the US National Academy of Sciences, the French, Roman, and New York Academies.

In 1969, Sakharov’s first wife died, and Andrei Dmitrievich took her loss very hard. In 1970, he met Elena Georgievna Bonner at a trial in Kaluga. In 1972 they got married. Bonner became her husband's loyal friend and ally.

In 1973, Sakharov held a press conference for Western journalists at which he denounced what he called “détente without democracy.” In response to this, a letter from forty academicians appeared in Pravda. Only the intercession of the fearless P.L. saved Andrei Dmitrievich from expulsion from the Academy of Sciences. Kapitsa. However, neither Kapitsa nor anyone else could resist the growing persecution of the scientist.

On October 9, 1975, Sakharov was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize "for his fearless support of the fundamental principles of peace among men" and "for his courageous struggle against the abuse of power and all forms of suppression of human dignity."

The scientist was not released from the country. His wife went to Stockholm. Bonner read out the speech of the Soviet academician, which called for “true detente and genuine disarmament,” for “general political amnesty in the world” and “the release of all prisoners of conscience everywhere.”

The next day, Bonner read her husband’s Nobel lecture “Peace, progress, human rights,” in which Sakharov argued that these three goals were “inextricably linked with one another” and demanded “freedom of conscience, the existence of an informed public opinion, pluralism in the education system, freedom of the press and access to sources of information,” and also put forward proposals for achieving detente and disarmament.

It ended like this: “Many civilizations must exist in infinite space, including more intelligent, more “successful” ones than ours. I also defend the cosmological hypothesis, according to which the cosmological development of the Universe repeats itself in its basic features an infinite number of times. At the same time, other civilizations, including more “successful” ones, must exist an infinite number of times on the “previous” and “following” pages of the book of the Universe to our world. But all this should not detract from our sacred desire in this very world, where we, like a flash in the darkness, arose for an instant from the black non-existence of the unconscious existence of matter, to fulfill the demand of Reason and create a life worthy of ourselves and the goal we vaguely discern.”

The apotheosis of Sakharov’s human rights activities came in 1979, when the academician spoke out against the entry of Soviet troops into Afghanistan. A little time passed, and by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated January 8, 1980, the human rights activist was deprived of the title of three times Hero of Socialist Labor and all other awards.

Sakharov was detained on the street in Moscow and sent into exile in the city of Gorky, where he lived under house arrest for seven years. His wife shared his fate. Andrei Dmitrievich was deprived of the opportunity to engage in science, receive magazines and books, and simply communicate with people.

The only available way to protest against the arbitrariness of the Soviet authorities was a hunger strike. But after the next one, in 1984, he was placed in a hospital and began to be force-fed. In a letter to the President of the USSR Academy of Sciences A.P. Sakharov wrote to Aleksandrov, his long-time colleague in “secret physics”: “I was forcibly held and tortured for 4 months. Attempts to escape from the hospital were invariably stopped by KGB officers, who were on duty around the clock at all possible ways escape. From May 11th to May 27th inclusive, I was subjected to painful and humiliating force-feeding. Hypocritically, all this was called saving my life. On May 25-27, the most painful and humiliating, barbaric method was used. They threw me onto the bed again and tied my arms and legs. They put a tight clamp on my nose, so I could only breathe through my mouth. When I opened my mouth to breathe in air, a spoonful of a nutritious mixture of broth with pureed meat was poured into my mouth. Sometimes the mouth was forced open - with a lever inserted between the gums.”

Sakharov's political exile lasted until 1986, when perestroika processes began in society. After telephone conversation with M. Gorbachev, Sakharov was allowed to return to Moscow and begin scientific work again.

In February 1987, Sakharov spoke at the international forum “For a nuclear-free world, for the survival of mankind” with a proposal to consider reducing the number of Euro-missiles separately from the problems of SDI, reducing the army, and security nuclear power plants. In 1988, he was elected honorary chairman of the Memorial Society, and in March 1989, a people's deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR from the Academy of Sciences.

It would seem that fate was again favorable to him. However, the possibilities of democracy turned out to be limited, and Sakharov was never able to speak out loud about the problems that worried him. He again had to fight for the right to express his views from the rostrum of the people's assembly. This struggle undermined the scientist’s strength, and on December 14, 1989, returning home after another debate, Sakharov died of a heart attack. His heart, as shown by the autopsy, was completely worn out. Hundreds of thousands of people came to say goodbye to the great man.

Date of Birth:
Place of Birth:	Moscow, RSFSR
Date of death:
A place of death:	Moscow, RSFSR, USSR
Affiliation:
Scientific field:
Place of work:	Physical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1947-1950, since 1968)
Alma mater:	Moscow State University
Scientific adviser:	I. E. Tamm
Notable students:	Vladimir Sergeevich Lebedev (VNIIEF)
Awards and prizes:

Scientific work

Liberation and final years

Contribution to science

Awards and prizes

Performance evaluations

In the names of streets and squares

In other countries

In the encyclopedias of the world

Sakharov Archive

In culture and art

Bibliography

(May 21, 1921, Moscow - December 14, 1989, ibid.) - Soviet physicist, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, one of the creators of the first Soviet hydrogen bomb. Subsequently - public figure, dissident and human rights activist; People's Deputy of the USSR, author of the draft constitution of the Union of Soviet Republics of Europe and Asia. Winner of the Nobel Peace Prize for 1975.

For his human rights activities, he was deprived of all Soviet awards and prizes and was expelled from Moscow.

Origin and education

Father, Dmitry Ivanovich Sakharov, is a physics teacher, author of a famous problem book, mother Ekaterina Alekseevna Sakharova (ur. Sofiano) is the daughter of a hereditary military man Greek origin Alexey Semyonovich Sofiano is a housewife. Maternal grandmother

Zinaida Evgrafovna Sofiano is from the family of Belgorod nobles Mukhanov.

The godfather is the famous musician Alexander Borisovich Goldenweiser.

He spent his childhood and early youth in Moscow. Sakharov received his primary education at home. I went to school from the seventh grade.

...we went to meet Andryusha Sakharov. My brother and I liked the guy, and we dragged him into the school math club at Moscow State University. And in the ninth grade (which means, apparently, in the 36-37 school year), he and I went to the school mathematics club, which was led by Shklyarsky. ... Andryusha Sakharov, although a strong mathematician, turned out to be not very adapted to this style. He often solved the problem, but could not explain how he came to the solution. The decision was correct, but he explained it in a very abstruse way, and it was difficult to understand him. He has amazing intuition, he somehow understands what should happen, and often cannot properly explain why it turns out this way. But just at atomic physics, which he then took up, it turned out to be what he needed. There (at that time, in any case) there were no strict equations and mathematical techniques did not help, but intuition was extremely important. ... By the way, in the 10th grade Sakharov no longer went to the math club. When we asked him why, he replied: “Well... if there was a physics club at Moscow State University, I would go, but I don’t want to go to the math club.” Perhaps he had no love for rigor. He was, indeed, more of a physicist than a mathematician. A. M. Yaglom

After graduating from high school in 1938, Sakharov entered the physics department of Moscow State University.

After the start of the war, in the summer of 1941 he tried to enter the military academy, but was not accepted for health reasons. In 1941 he was evacuated to Ashgabat. In 1942 he graduated from the university with honors.

In another presentation of this story, the exam takes place during graduate school; together with I. E. Tamm, S. M. Rytov and E. L. Feinberg take the exam, and Sakharov receives only a “B”.

In 1942, it was placed at the disposal of the People's Commissar of Armaments, from where it was sent to the cartridge factory in Ulyanovsk. In the same year, he made an invention to control armor-piercing cores and made a number of other proposals.

Scientific work

At the end of 1944, he entered graduate school at the Lebedev Physical Institute (scientific supervisor - I. E. Tamm). Employee of the Lebedev Physical Institute. Lebedev remained until his death.

In 1947 he defended his Ph.D. thesis.

In 1948, he was enrolled in a special group and until 1968 he worked in the field of development of thermonuclear weapons, participated in the design and development of the first Soviet hydrogen bomb according to the scheme called “Sakharov’s layer”. At the same time, Sakharov, together with I.E. Tamm, carried out pioneering work on controlled thermonuclear reactions in 1950-1951. At the Moscow Energy Institute he taught courses in nuclear physics, the theory of relativity and electricity.

Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (1953). In the same year, at the age of 32, he was elected a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, becoming the second youngest academician in history at the time of his election (after S. L. Sobolev). The recommendation that accompanied the submission to academicianship was signed by Academician I. V. Kurchatov and corresponding members of the USSR Academy of Sciences Yu. B. Khariton and Ya. B. Zeldovich. According to V.L. Ginzburg, nationality played a certain role in the election of Sakharov immediately as an academician - bypassing the level of corresponding member:

“He lived for too long in some extremely isolated world, where they knew little about events in the country, about the lives of people from other walks of life, and even about the history of the country in which and for which they worked,” noted Roy Medvedev.

In 1955, he signed the “Letter of the Three Hundred” against the notorious activities of academician T. D. Lysenko.

According to Valentin Falin, Sakharov, in an attempt to stop the ruinous arms race, proposed a project to station super-powerful nuclear warheads along the American maritime border:

Human rights activities

Since the late 1950s, he has actively campaigned for an end to nuclear weapons testing. Contributed to the conclusion of the Moscow Treaty banning tests in three environments. A.D. Sakharov expressed his attitude to the question of the justification of possible victims of nuclear tests and, more broadly, human sacrifices in general in the name of a more optimal future:

…Pavlov [State Security General] once told me: Now in the world there is a life-and-death struggle between the forces of imperialism and communism. The future of humanity, the fate and happiness of tens of billions of people over the centuries depends on the outcome of this struggle. To win this fight, we must be strong. If our work, our trials add strength to this struggle, and this is extremely true, then no sacrifices of trials, no sacrifices at all can matter here. Was it crazy demagoguery or was Pavlov sincere? It seems to me that there was an element of both demagoguery and sincerity. Something else is more important. I am convinced that such arithmetic is fundamentally invalid. We know too little about the laws of history, the future is unpredictable, and we are not gods. We, each of us, in every matter, both “small” and “big,” must proceed from specific moral criteria, and not from the abstract arithmetic of history. Moral criteria categorically dictate to us - do not kill!

Since the late 1960s, he was one of the leaders of the human rights movement in the USSR.

In 1966, he signed a letter from twenty-five cultural and scientific figures Secretary General The Central Committee of the CPSU to L. I. Brezhnev is against the rehabilitation of Stalin.

In 1968, he wrote the brochure “Reflections on Progress, Peaceful Coexistence and Intellectual Freedom,” which was published in many countries.

In 1970, he became one of the three founding members of the Moscow Human Rights Committee (together with Andrei Tverdokhlebov and Valery Chalidze).

In 1971, he addressed the Soviet government with a “Memoir”.

In the 1960s and early 1970s, he went to the trials of dissidents. During one of these trips in 1970 in Kaluga (the trial of B. Weil - R. Pimenov), he met Elena Bonner, and in 1972 he married her. There is an opinion that the departure from scientific work and switching to human rights activities occurred under her influence. He indirectly confirms this in his diary: “Lucy told me (the academician) a lot that I would not have understood or done otherwise. She’s a great organizer, she’s my think tank.”

In the 1970s - 1980s, campaigns were carried out in the Soviet press against A.D. Sakharov (1973, 1975, 1980, 1983).

On August 29, 1973, the Pravda newspaper published a letter from members of the USSR Academy of Sciences condemning the activities of A.D. Sakharov (“Letter of 40 Academicians”).

In September 1973, in response to the campaign that had begun, mathematician Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences I. R. Shafarevich wrote an “open letter” in defense of A. D. Sakharov.

In 1974, Sakharov held a press conference at which he announced the Day of Political Prisoners in the USSR.

In 1975 he wrote the book “About the Country and the World.” In the same year, Sakharov was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Soviet newspapers published collective letters from scientists and cultural figures condemning the political activities of A. Sakharov.

In September 1977, he sent a letter to the organizing committee on the problem of the death penalty, in which he advocated its abolition in the USSR and throughout the world.

In December 1979 and January 1980, he made a number of statements against the entry of Soviet troops into Afghanistan, which were published on the editorial pages of Western newspapers.

Exile to Gorky

On January 22, 1980, on his way to work, he was detained and then, together with his wife Elena Bonner, exiled to the city of Gorky without trial. At the same time, by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, he was deprived of the title of three times Hero of Socialist Labor and by decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR - the title of laureate of the Stalin (1953) and Lenin (1956) prizes (also the Order of Lenin, the title of member of the USSR Academy of Sciences was not deprived). In Gorky, Sakharov went on three long hunger strikes. In 1981, he, together with Elena Bonner, endured the first, seventeen-day trial - for the right to visit her husband abroad for L. Alekseeva (the Sakharovs' daughter-in-law).

In the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (published in 1975) and then in encyclopedic reference books published until 1986, the article about Sakharov ended with the phrase “In recent years I have withdrawn from scientific activities”. According to some sources, the formulation belonged to M. A. Suslov. In July 1983, four academicians (Prokhorov, Scriabin, Tikhonov, Dorodnitsyn) signed a letter “When they lose honor and conscience” condemning A.D. Sakharov.

In May 1984, he held a second hunger strike (26 days) to protest against the criminal prosecution of E. Bonner. In April-October 1985 - the third (178 days) for the right of E. Bonner to travel abroad for heart surgery. During this time, Sakharov was repeatedly hospitalized (the first time was forcibly on the sixth day of the hunger strike; after his announcement to end the hunger strike (July 11), he was discharged from the hospital; after its resumption (July 25), two days later he was again forcibly hospitalized) and forcibly fed (tried to feed, sometimes it was successful). During the entire time of A. Sakharov’s exile, a campaign was going on in many countries of the world in his defense. For example, the square, a five-minute walk from the White House, where the Soviet embassy was located in Washington, was renamed “Sakharov Square.” “Sakharov Hearings” have been held regularly in various world capitals since 1975.

Liberation and final years

He was released from Gorky exile with the beginning of perestroika, at the end of 1986 - after almost seven years of imprisonment. On October 22, 1986, Sakharov asks to stop his deportation and the exile of his wife, again (previously he turned to M.S. Gorbachev with a promise to focus on scientific work and stop public appearances, with the proviso: “except in exceptional cases” if his wife’s trip for treatment is allowed) promising to end his public activities (with the same proviso). On December 15, a telephone was unexpectedly installed in his apartment (he did not have a telephone during his entire exile); before leaving, the KGB officer said: “They will call you tomorrow.” The next day, M. S. Gorbachev actually called, allowing Sakharov and Bonner to return to Moscow. Arkady Volsky testified that while he was Secretary General, Andropov also wanted to return Sakharov, as stated by Volsky: “Yuri Vladimirovich was ready to release Sakharov from Gorky on the condition that he would write a statement and ask for it himself... But Sakharov [refused] flatly: “ Andropov hopes in vain that I will ask him for something. No repentance." Later, when Gorbachev became the General Secretary of the Central Committee, he personally dialed Sakharov's number..." Academician Isaac Khalatnikov wrote in his memoirs that Andropov told Anatoly Petrovich Alexandrov, who was busy with Sakharov being exiled to Gorky, that this exile was the most “mild” punishment, when other members of the Politburo demanded much more severe measures.

On December 23, 1986, together with Elena Bonner, Sakharov returned to Moscow. After returning, he continued to work at the Physical Institute. Lebedeva.

In November-December 1988, Sakharov's first trip abroad took place (meetings were held with Presidents R. Reagan, G. Bush, F. Mitterrand, M. Thatcher).

In 1989, he was elected as a people's deputy of the USSR, in May-June of the same year he participated in the First Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR in the Kremlin Palace of Congresses, where his speeches were often accompanied by slamming, shouts from the audience, and whistling from some of the deputies, who were later the leader of the MDG, historian Yuri Afanasyev and the media characterized it as an aggressively obedient majority.

In November 1989, he presented a “draft of a new constitution”, which is based on the protection of individual rights and the right of all peoples to statehood.

December 14, 1989, at 15:00 - Sakharov’s last speech in the Kremlin at a meeting of the Interregional Deputy Group (II Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR).

Buried at Vostryakovskoye Cemetery in Moscow

Family

In 1943, Andrei Sakharov married Klavdiya Alekseevna Vikhireva (1919-1969), a native of Simbirsk (died of cancer). They had three children - two daughters and a son (Tatiana, Lyubov, Dmitry).

In 1970, he met Elena Georgievna Bonner (1923-2011), and in 1972 he married her. She had two children (Tatiana, Alexey), who were already quite old by that time. As for the children of A.D. Sakharov, the two eldest were quite adults at that time. The youngest, Dmitry, was barely 15 years old when Sakharov moved in with Elena Bonner. His older sister Lyubov began to take care of his brother. The couple had no children together.

Contribution to science

One of the creators of the hydrogen bomb (1953) in the USSR. Works on magnetic hydrodynamics, plasma physics, controlled thermonuclear fusion, elementary particles, astrophysics, gravitation.

In 1950, A.D. Sakharov and I.E. Tamm put forward the idea of ​​implementing a controlled thermonuclear reaction for energy purposes using the principle of magnetic thermal insulation of plasma. Sakharov and Tamm considered, in particular, the toroidal configuration in stationary and non-stationary versions (today it is considered one of the most promising).

Sakharov is the author of original works in particle physics and cosmology: on the baryon asymmetry of the Universe, where he connected baryon asymmetry with combined parity nonconservation (CP violation), experimentally discovered during the decay of long-lived mesons, symmetry violation during time reversal, and baryon charge nonconservation ( Sakharov considered proton decay).

A.D. Sakharov explained the emergence of inhomogeneity in the distribution of matter from the initial density disturbances in the early Universe, which had the nature of quantum fluctuations. After the discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation, a new analysis of fluctuations in the early Universe was made by Ya. B. Zeldovich and R. A. Sunyaev and, independently of them, J. Peebles with J.T. Yu. Zeldovich and Sunyaev predicted the existence of peaks in the angular spectrum of the distribution of cosmic microwave background radiation. Discovered by astrophysicists in the 2000s in the WMAP experiment and other experiments, the acoustic oscillations of the cosmic microwave background radiation (“Sakharov oscillations”) are an imprint of the very density perturbations that Sakharov theoretically described in his 1965 work.

Has works on muon catalysis (1948, 1957), magnetic cumulation and explosive magnetic generators (1951-1952); put forward the theory of induced gravity and the idea of ​​the zero Lagrangian (1967), the study of high-dimensional spaces with different number time axes (“Cosmological transitions with a change in the metric signature”, JETP, 1984), “Evaporation of black mini-holes and high-energy physics” (“JETP Letters”, 1986).

Predicting the development of the Internet

In 1974, Sakharov wrote:

In the future, perhaps later than 50 years from now, I envision the creation of a worldwide information system(VIS), which will make available to everyone at any moment the contents of any book ever published anywhere, the contents of any article, and the receipt of any certificate. VIS should include individual miniature request receivers-transmitters, control centers that control information flows, communication channels including thousands of artificial communication satellites, cable and laser lines. Even partial implementation of the VIS will have a profound impact on the life of every person, on his leisure time, on his intellectual and artistic development. Unlike TV, which is the main source of information for many contemporaries, VIS will provide everyone with maximum freedom in choosing information and require individual activity. A. Sakharov

The Internet has become social significant phenomenon in the early 1990s, after Sakharov’s death, but much earlier than 50 years after the above article was written.

Awards and prizes

• Hero of Socialist Labor (01/04/1954; 09/11/1956; 03/07/1962) (in 1980 “for anti-Soviet activities” he was stripped of his title and all three medals);
• Stalin Prize (1953) (in 1980 he was deprived of the title of laureate of this prize);
• Lenin Prize (1956) (in 1980 he was deprived of the title of laureate of this prize);
• Order of Lenin (01/04/1954) (in 1980 he was also deprived of this order);
• Awards from foreign countries, including:
• Grand Cross of the Order of the Cross of Vytis (8 January 2003, posthumously)

Performance evaluations

Surrounded by people, he is alone with himself, solving some mathematical, philosophical, moral or global problem and, reflecting, thinks most deeply about the fate of each specific, individual person. And here it seems appropriate to me to recall one of Zoshchenko’s stories. A person was treated rudely at a wake. The author says, reflecting on what happened, that when transporting glass or a car, the owners draw “Do not throw” or “Be careful” on them. Further, Zoshchenko argues this way: “It wouldn’t be a bad idea to write something in chalk on a little man, some kind of rooster’s word - “Porcelain” or “Easier”, since a person is a person.” It seems to me that Andrei Dmitrievich different periods throughout my life and in very different ways, but I was always looking for the “cock’s word” for all of humanity and for every person: “Be careful! It’s beating!” Just think, in a country where any person was valued no more than a fly! And it’s even better if it’s like a fly - bang and gone! Otherwise, it will fall into the hands of a boy who takes pleasure in tearing off its wings and legs before slapping it - in this country and in all countries of the world, demand the abolition of the death penalty and remind every person: be careful! is beating! I doubt that Andrei Dmitrievich read Zoshchenko’s story, but with any unjust violence against a person, he cried out to the authorities and the world: be careful! is beating! L. K. Chukovskaya

A.I. Solzhenitsyn, while generally highly appreciating Sakharov’s activities, criticized him for missing “the opportunity for the existence of living national forces in our country,” for excessive attention to the problem of freedom of emigration from the USSR, especially the emigration of Jews.

A. A. Zinoviev ironically called him “The Great Dissident” in a number of his books.

According to Pavel Pryanikov, to this day Academician Sakharov remains the last most popular moral authority among the public in the USSR/Russia. According to the data provided by Pryanikov, if in 1981 40% saw him as their leader Soviet people, and after death, in 1991 - more than 50%, in 2010 - more than 70%.

A negative assessment of Sakharov is found in the communist, far-right and Eurasian press. Some publicists (for example, A.G. Dugin) consider A.D. Sakharov an enemy of the USSR and an assistant to the United States in geopolitical confrontation.

Memory

• In 1979, an asteroid was named after A.D. Sakharov.
• At the main entrance to the capital of Israel, Jerusalem, there are the Sakharov Gardens; Streets in some Israeli cities are named after him.
• In Nizhny Novgorod there is a Sakharov Museum - apartment at Gagarin Ave., 214, apt. 3, on the first floor of a 12-story building (Shcherbinki microdistrict), in which Sakharov lived during seven years of exile. Since 1992, the city has hosted the Sakharov International Arts Festival.
• There is a museum and public center named after him in Moscow.
• In Belarus, the International State Ecological University named after Sakharov is named after Sakharov. HELL. Sakharov
• In 1988, the European Parliament established the Andrei Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought, which is awarded annually for “achievements in the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms, as well as for respect for international law and the development of democracy.”
• In 1991, the USSR Post Office issued a stamp dedicated to A.D. Sakharov.
• In December 2009, on the twentieth anniversary of the death of A.D. Sakharov, the RTR channel showed a documentary film “Exclusively Science. No politics. Andrei Sakharov."
• At the Lebedev Physical Institute. Lebedev has a bust of Sakharov in front of the entrance.
• In Yerevan, secondary school No. 69 is named after A.D. Sakharov.
• In the city of Arnhem (Netherlands) there is the Andrei Sakharov Bridge (Dutch. Andrej Sacharovbrug).

In the names of streets and squares

In Russia

60 streets in Russian cities and villages are named after Sakharov

In other countries

• In August 1984, in New York, the intersection of 67th Street and 3rd Avenue was named “Sakharov-Bonner Corner,” and in Washington, the square where the Soviet embassy was located was renamed “Sakharov Square.” SakharovPlaza) (appeared as a sign of protest by the American public against the retention of A. Sakharov and E. Bonner in Gorky’s exile).
• In Yerevan, the square on which a monument was erected to him is named after A.D. Sakharov.
• In Lviv there is Academician Sakharov Street
• In Lyon there is Andrei Sakharov Avenue (Fr. avenue Andrei Sakharov)
• There is Andrei Sakharov Square in Vilnius (lit. Andrejaus Sacharovo aikštė), Los Angeles (English) Andrei Sakharov Square), Nuremberg (German) Andrej-Sacharow-Platz)
• In Sofia, a boulevard is named after him (Bulgarian). Boulevard Academician Andrei Sakharov)
• Sakharov Street is located in Amsterdam, The Hague, Yerevan, Ivano-Frankivsk, Kolomyia, Krivoy Rog, Odessa, Riga, Rotterdam, Stepanakert, Sukhum, Ternopil, Utrecht, Haifa, Tel Aviv, Schwerin (German). Andrej-Sacharow-Strasse).
• Sakharov Gardens at the entrance to Jerusalem.

In the encyclopedias of the world

Sakharov Archive

The Sakharov Archive was founded at Brandeis University in 1993, but was soon transferred to Harvard University. The Sakharov archive contains KGB documents related to the dissident movement. Most of the documents in the archive are letters from KGB leaders to the CPSU Central Committee about the activities of dissidents and recommendations for interpreting or suppressing certain events in the media. The archive documents date from 1968 to 1991.

In culture and art

The painting “Sakharov” by the Italian artist Vinzela is dedicated to the personality of Academician Sakharov.

In 1984, American director Jack Gold made the biographical film Sakharov (starring Jason Robards).

In 2007, the English BBC channel released the television film “Nuclear Secrets”, where the young Sakharov was played by Andrew Scott.

Bibliography

• A. D. Sakharov, “Gorky, Moscow, then everywhere”, 1989 htm
• A. D. Sakharov, Memoirs (1978-1989). 1989 htm
• Constitutional ideas of Andrei Sakharov. M., "Novella", 1990. 96 pp., 100,000 copies. ISBN 5-85065-001-6
• Edward Kline. Moscow Committee of Human Rights. 2004 ISBN 5-7712-0308-4 htm
• Yu. I. Krivonosov. Landau and Sakharov in the developments of the KGB. TVNZ. August 8, 1992.
• Vitaly Rochko “Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov: fragments of biography” 1991
• Memoirs: in 3 volumes / Comp. Bonner E. - M.: Time, 2006.
• Diaries: in 3 volumes - M.: Vremya, 2006.
• Anxiety and hope: in 2 volumes: Articles. Letters. Performances. Interview (1958-1986) / Comp. Bonner E. - M.: Time, 2006.
• And one warrior in the field 1991 [Collection / Compiled by G. A. Karapetyan]
• E. Bonner. - Free notes on the genealogy of Andrei Sakharov
• Nikolai Andreev "Life of Sakharov", 2013, M. "New chronograph". Biography.

Return