5 moral principles. Morality

Moral - These are generally accepted ideas about good and evil, right and wrong, bad and good . According to these ideas, there arise moral standards human behavior. A synonym for morality is morality. A separate science deals with the study of morality - ethics.

Morality has its own characteristics.

Signs of morality:

The universality of moral norms (that is, they affect everyone equally, regardless of social status).
Voluntariness (no one is forced to comply with moral standards, since this is done by such moral principles as conscience, public opinion, karma and other personal beliefs).
Comprehensiveness (that is, moral rules apply in all areas of activity - in politics, in creativity, in business, etc.).

Functions of morality.

Philosophers identify five functions of morality:

Evaluation function divides actions into good and bad on a good/evil scale.
Regulatory function develops rules and moral standards.
Educational function is engaged in the formation of a system of moral values.
Control function monitors compliance with rules and regulations.
Integrating function maintains a state of harmony within the person himself when performing certain actions.

For social science, the first three functions are key, since they play the main social role morality.

Moral standards.

Moral standards Much has been written throughout the history of mankind, but the main ones appear in most religions and teachings.

Prudence. This is the ability to be guided by reason, and not by impulse, that is, to think before doing.
Abstinence. It concerns not only marital relations, but also food, entertainment and other pleasures. Since ancient times, the abundance of material values has been considered an obstacle to the development of spiritual values. Our Lent- one of the manifestations of this moral norm.
Justice. The principle “don’t dig a hole for someone else, you’ll fall into it yourself,” which is aimed at developing respect for other people.
Persistence. The ability to endure failures (as they say, what doesn’t kill us makes us stronger).
Hard work. Labor has always been encouraged in society, so this norm is natural.
Humility. Humility is the ability to stop in time. It is a cousin of prudence, with an emphasis on self-development and introspection.
Politeness. Polite people have always been valued, since a bad peace, as you know, is better than a good quarrel; and politeness is the basis of diplomacy.

Principles of morality.

Moral principles- These are moral norms of a more private or specific nature. Principles of morality in different times in different communities were different, and accordingly the understanding of good and evil was different.

For example, the principle of “an eye for an eye” (or the principle of talion) is far from being held in high esteem in modern morality. And here " golden rule of morality” (or Aristotle’s principle of the golden mean) has not changed at all and still remains a moral guide: do to people as you would like to be done to you (in the Bible: “love your neighbor”).

Of all the principles that guide the modern teaching of morality, one main one can be deduced - principle of humanism. It is humanity, compassion, and understanding that can characterize all the other principles and moral norms.

Morality affects all types of human activity and, from the point of view of good and evil, gives an understanding of what principles to follow in politics, in business, in society, in creativity, etc.

1 .The principle of humanism.

2. The principle of altruism. selfishness

3. The principle of collectivism. the principle of individualism

— unity of purpose and will;

— democracy;

- discipline.

4.Principles of justice

First principle

Second principle

5. The principle of mercy.

6. The principle of peacefulness.

7. The principle of patriotism.

8. The principle of tolerance

Morality and law.

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Moral principles

When making a decision, formulating a point of view, a person is guided by his own moral principles, compiled on the basis of knowledge acquired throughout his life. life path. The driving force of this principle is moral will. Each person has his own standard for fulfilling it. So, someone understands that it is impossible to kill people, but for others it is impossible to take the life of not only a person, but also any animal. It is worth noting that this form of moral statements, moral principles, can have the same form and be repeated from generation to generation.

High moral principles

It would not be superfluous to note that the main thing is not knowledge of the basic moral principles of a person, but their active application in life. Beginning its formation in childhood, they must develop into prudence, goodwill, etc.

Moral principles

The foundation of their formation is the will, emotional sphere, intelligence.

In the case when a person consciously identifies certain principles for himself, he is determined with a moral orientation. And how faithful she will be to her depends on her integrity.

If we talk about high moral principles, then they can be divided into three categories:

"Can". The internal beliefs of an individual fully comply with the rules and laws of society. Moreover, such principles are not capable of harming anyone.
"Need to". Saving a drowning person, taking a bag from a thief and giving it to its owner - all these actions characterize the moral qualities inherent in a person, prompting her to act in a certain way, even though this may contradict her internal installations. Otherwise, she may be punished or such inaction can cause a lot of harm.
"It is forbidden". These principles are condemned by society; in addition, they may entail administrative or criminal liability.

Moral principles and, in turn, human qualities are formed throughout life’s journey in interaction with other people and society.

A person of high moral principles tries to determine for himself what the meaning of life is, what its value is, what exactly his moral orientation should be and what happiness is.

Moreover, in every action, deed, any such principle is capable of revealing itself from a completely different, sometimes unknown, side. After all, morality truly shows itself not in theory, but in practice, in its functionality.

Moral principles of communication

These include:

Conscious renunciation of personal interests for the sake of the interests of other people.
Refusal of hedonism, life's pleasures, pleasure in favor of achieving the ideal set for oneself.
Solving public problems of any complexity and overcoming extreme situations.
Showing responsibility for caring for others.
Building relationships with others from a place of kindness and goodness.

Lack of moral principles

Scientists at the University of California recently proved that compliance moral principles suggests that such individuals are less susceptible to stressful attacks in everyday life, that is, this indicates their increased resistance to various diseases and infections

Anyone who does not bother to develop personally, who is immoral, sooner or later begins to suffer from his own inferiority. Inside such a person, a feeling of disharmony with his own “I” arises. This, in addition, provokes the occurrence of mental stress, which triggers the mechanism for the appearance of various somatic diseases.

Psychology of influence

Every day, each of us is faced with the psychological influence that affects us in almost all areas of our lives. In this article we will talk about existing types psychological influence.

State of mind

States of mind can change very quickly, whether we want it or not. In this article we will talk about the types of states of mind and their characteristics.

Types of emotional states

In this article we will talk about the existing types of emotional states, what are their differences and distinctive features and what impact they have on a person’s general mental state.

Role conflict

This article will tell you what role conflict is, the most common causes of its occurrence, and how you can resolve this kind of conflict with the least possible losses.

Moral principles.

Moral principles play a dominant role in moral consciousness. Expressing the requirements of morality in the most general view, they constitute the essence of moral relations and are a strategy for moral behavior. Moral principles are recognized by the moral consciousness as unconditional requirements, adherence to which is strictly obligatory in all life situations. They express the main
requirements relating to the moral essence of a person, the nature of relationships between people, determine general direction human activities and form the basis of private, specific norms of behavior.
Moral principles include such general principles of morality as:

1 .The principle of humanism. The essence of the principle of humanism is the recognition of man as the highest value. In ordinary understanding, this principle means love for people, protection of human dignity, people's right to happiness and the possibility of self-realization. It is possible to identify three main meanings of humanism:

— guarantees of basic human rights as a condition for preserving the humane foundations of his existence;

- support for the weak, going beyond the usual ideas of a given society about justice;

— formation of social and moral qualities that allow an individual to achieve self-realization on the basis of public values.

2. The principle of altruism. This is a moral principle that prescribes selfless actions aimed at the benefit (satisfaction of interests) of other people. The term was introduced into circulation by the French philosopher O. Comte (1798 - 1857) to capture the concept opposite to the concept selfishness. Altruism as a principle, according to Comte, says: “Live for others.”

3. The principle of collectivism. This principle is fundamental in bringing people together to achieve common goals and implement joint activities, has a long history and is fundamental to the existence of humanity. The team presents itself in the only way social organization people from primitive tribes to modern states. Its essence lies in the conscious desire of people to contribute to the common good. The opposite principle is the principle of individualism. The principle of collectivism includes several particular principles:

— unity of purpose and will;

— cooperation and mutual assistance;

— democracy;

- discipline.

4.Principles of justice proposed by the American philosopher John Rawls (1921-2002).

First principle: Every person should have equal rights to fundamental freedoms.

Second principle: Social and economic inequalities must be adjusted so that:

- they could reasonably be expected to benefit everyone;

— access to positions and positions would be open to everyone.

In other words, everyone should have equal rights in relation to freedoms (freedom of speech, freedom of conscience, etc.) and equal access to schools and universities, to official positions, jobs, etc. Where equality is impossible (for example, in an economy where there is not enough wealth for everyone), this inequality must be arranged to the benefit of the poor. One possible example of such a redistribution of benefits would be a progressive income tax, where the rich pay more taxes, and the proceeds go to the social needs of the poor.

5. The principle of mercy. Mercy is compassionate and active love, expressed in readiness to help everyone in need and extending to all people, and ultimately to all living things. The concept of mercy combines two aspects:

— spiritual-emotional (experiencing someone else’s pain as if it were your own);

- concrete and practical (impulse for real help).

The origins of mercy as a moral principle lie in the Arxaic clan solidarity, which strictly obligated, at the cost of any victims, to rescue a relative from trouble.

Religions such as Buddhism and Christianity were the first to preach mercy.

6. The principle of peacefulness. This principle of morality is based on the recognition of human life as the highest social and moral value and affirms the maintenance and strengthening of peace as the ideal of relations between peoples and states. Peacefulness presupposes respect for the personal and national dignity of individual citizens and entire nations, state sovereignty, human rights and the people in their own right a given lifestyle choice.

Peacefulness contributes to the maintenance of social order, mutual understanding between generations, the development of historical and cultural traditions, the interaction of various social groups, ethnicities, nations, culture typ. Peacefulness is opposed by aggressiveness, belligerence, a penchant for violent means of conflict resolution, suspicion and distrust in relations between people, nations, social and political European systems. In the history of morality, peacefulness and aggressiveness are opposed as two main trends.

7. The principle of patriotism. This is a moral principle, in a general form expressing a feeling of love for the Motherland, concern for its interests and readiness to defend it from enemies. Patriotism is manifested in pride in the achievements of one’s native country, in bitterness because of its failures and troubles, in respect for its historical past and in caring attitude towards people’s memory, national and cultural values. cultural traditions.

The moral significance of patriotism is determined by the fact that it is one of the forms of subordination of personal and public interests, unity of man and the Fatherland. But patriotic feelings and ideas only morally elevate a person and a people when they are associated with respect for the peoples of other countries and do not degenerate into the psychology of the nation natural exclusivity and distrust of “outsiders”. This aspect of patriotic consciousness has become especially relevant recently, when the threat of nuclear self-destruction or environmental catastrophe required the patriot to reconsider ism as a principle commanding everyone to contribute to their country's contribution to the preservation of the planet and the survival of humanity.

8. The principle of tolerance. Tolerance means respect, acceptance and proper understanding of the rich diversity of our world's cultures, our forms of self-expression and ways of expressing human individuality. It is promoted by knowledge, openness, communication and freedom of thought, conscience and belief. Tolerance is a virtue that makes peace possible and helps replace the culture of war with a culture of peace.

The manifestation of tolerance, which is consonant with respect for human rights, does not mean tolerating social injustice, abandoning one’s own or yielding to other people’s beliefs.

Moral principles.

This means that everyone is free to hold their own beliefs and recognizes the same right for others. This means recognizing that people by nature differ in appearance, position, speech, behavior and values and have the right to live in peace and maintain their individuality.

This also means that one person's views cannot be imposed on others.

Morality and law.

Law, like morality, regulates the behavior and relationships of people. But unlike morality, the implementation of legal norms is controlled by public authority. If morality is an “internal” regulator of human actions, then law is an “external” state regulator.

Law is a product of history. Morality (as well as mythology, religion, art) is older than him in its historical age. It has always existed in human society, but law arose when class stratification occurred primitive society and states began to be created. The sociocultural norms of a primitive stateless society concerning the division of labor, distribution of material goods, mutual defense, initiation, marriage, etc. had the force of custom and were reinforced by mythology. They generally subordinated the individual to the interests of the collective. Measures of social influence were applied to their violators - from persuasion to coercion.

Both moral and legal norms are social. What they have in common is that both types serve to regulate and evaluate the actions of an individual. Various things include:

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Moral principles.

Moral principles play a dominant role in moral consciousness. Expressing the requirements of morality in the most general form, they constitute the essence of moral relations and are a strategy for moral behavior. Moral principles are recognized by the moral consciousness as unconditional requirements, adherence to which is strictly obligatory in all life situations. They express the main
requirements relating to the moral essence of a person, the nature of relationships between people, determine the general direction of human activity and underlie private, specific norms of behavior.

Moral principles. Moral and ethical principles

Moral principles include such general principles of morality as:

— guarantees of basic human rights as a condition for preserving the humane foundations of his existence;

- support for the weak, going beyond the usual ideas of a given society about justice;

— formation of social and moral qualities that allow an individual to achieve self-realization on the basis of public values.

3. The principle of collectivism. This principle is fundamental in uniting people to achieve common goals and carry out joint activities; it has a long history and is fundamental to the existence of humanity.

The collective seems to be the only way of social organization of people from primitive tribes to modern states. Its essence lies in the conscious desire of people to contribute to the common good. The opposite principle is the principle of individualism. The principle of collectivism includes several particular principles:

— unity of purpose and will;

— cooperation and mutual assistance;

— democracy;

- discipline.

4.Principles of justice proposed by the American philosopher John Rawls (1921-2002).

First principle: Every person should have equal rights to fundamental freedoms.

Second principle: Social and economic inequalities must be adjusted so that:

- they could reasonably be expected to benefit everyone;

— access to positions and positions would be open to everyone.

— spiritual-emotional (experiencing someone else’s pain as if it were your own);

- concrete and practical (impulse for real help).

The origins of mercy as a moral principle lie in the Arxaic clan solidarity, which strictly obligated, at the cost of any victims, to rescue a relative from trouble.

Religions such as Buddhism and Christianity were the first to preach mercy.

The manifestation of tolerance, which is consonant with respect for human rights, does not mean tolerating social injustice, abandoning one’s own or yielding to other people’s beliefs. This means that everyone is free to hold their own beliefs and recognizes the same right for others. This means recognizing that people by nature differ in appearance, attitude, speech, behavior and values and have the right to live in the world and maintain their individuality. This also means that one person's views cannot be imposed on others.

Morality and law.

Law is a product of history. Morality (as well as mythology, religion, art) is older than him in its historical age. It has always existed in human society, but law arose when the class stratification of primitive society occurred and states began to be created. The sociocultural norms of a primitive stateless society concerning the division of labor, distribution of material goods, mutual defense, initiation, marriage, etc. had the force of custom and were reinforced by mythology. They generally subordinated the individual to the interests of the collective. Measures of social influence were applied to their violators - from persuasion to coercion.

Both moral and legal norms are social. What they have in common is that both types serve to regulate and evaluate the actions of an individual. Various things include:

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Following the principle of the “golden mean”

Total Quality Management System (TQM)

As the main goal, modern missions necessarily include the quality of the organization's activities. Only such missions provide the organization with competitiveness in modern conditions. As practice has shown, the quality of activities and the quality of the organization are unthinkable without self-assessment.

The concept of self-assessment of an organization's activities is based on eight principles of total quality management. It is based on a continuous process of performance assessment, the purpose of which is the development of the organization. The founder of the concept of self-assessment, based on the process of self-diagnosis, Tito Conti defines it as an analysis of the ability of an economic entity to solve basic problems and achieve goals, to identify weak spots in processes and system factors influencing the development of the organization.

The concept of “diagnostic self-esteem”, or “cross-diagnosis”, was also first introduced by Tito Conti. He identified two types of self-esteem. The first is self-assessment of work, which is based on comparative analysis. “The results must be comparable so that one organization can be compared with another.” For this purpose, a standard (non-changing) model, a weight measure, an approach “as when checking from left to right” is used. Such checks are commonly used in the assessment of quality award applicants and in second and third party certification. The second type is diagnostic self-assessment, focused on improving the organization’s performance using open (flexible) models that can be adapted for any organization. In this case, a weight measure is not needed.

Tito Conti defines the differences between the two approaches to self-assessment: “Self-assessment (check) of work is a standard model of international awards, diagnostic self-assessment is a specific individual model.”

When checking, the assessment is carried out “from left to right”: from causes to effects. When diagnosing - “from right to left”: from consequences to causes.

The purpose of diagnostic self-assessment is to identify the root causes of emerging problems in the organization. Root cause analysis is a tool to determine not just what happened, but also why. Only when the researcher is able to record what caused an event, such as failure to implement a plan, will he be able to develop and take effective corrective measures to prevent its reoccurrence. Discovering the root causes of events prevents their recurrence.

HR strategy in the concept of self-assessment of the organization's performance differs from other strategies.

Note. The mission of an organization is a clear statement of the purpose of the organization, its image, why it exists. The mission must reflect the following aspects: the scope of the organization’s activities, what market it operates in, what product it offers to customers or clients, what are its guidelines, fundamental values or principles, what it strives for, the solution of what problems is decisive in its activities for the future, what technologies in the field of production and management uses.

Total Quality Management (TQM) is an approach to managing an organization based on the participation of all its members and aimed at achieving long-term success through customer satisfaction and benefits for all members of the organization and society. The implementation of a total quality system (TQM) usually proceeds in several main directions:

Creation of documented quality systems.
Relationships with suppliers.
Relationships with consumers.
Motivating employees to improve quality.
Improvement in quality.

The first and main difference is that the personnel strategy is aimed primarily at top and middle management of the organization. It must define and adopt a model of business excellence. With the understanding that as personnel develop, they become “individualized,” it becomes increasingly difficult for management to find a dream that would unite them into a common group. However, every person strives for improvement, so management must convince staff of the importance of achieving such a dream and the need to fulfill it. It is better not to start such a belief with setting the ultimate goal and the need to achieve it “at all costs.” It makes more sense to set relatively manageable intermediate goals and use the Deming Cycle before they are gradually accomplished, allowing each employee to feel the joy of achieving a joint result and at the same time increase their capabilities. As subordinates' ability to complete a task increases, it is important to encourage their involvement in solving a wider range of issues, demonstrate the usefulness of their own work, and develop in them a deep sense of responsibility for the work performed.

Management must be open: accept new ideas, respect the principle of the “golden mean” in the amount of trade secrets, be accessible, listen and respond, while not forgetting to seek feedback.

The second difference is that there are two stages in the implementation of a personnel strategy:

The first stage is aimed at effective initial self-assessment of the organization’s activities. Its importance lies in the fact that the effectiveness of all other activities depends on it. The following preparation is required: develop support for the model; train key employees in the principles of its implementation. Completing the first stage involves conducting a self-assessment; reviewing results and linking them to business plans; development and implementation of plans; evaluation of results. This depends on the support of senior management, a clear identification of the main players, an approach to self-assessment in accordance with the current knowledge and training of employees;
the second stage is aimed at regularly conducting self-assessment of the organization’s activities.
The success of the first stage of the personnel strategy determines the relative ease of implementation of the second.

Failure to achieve success in the first stage makes the second pointless.

The third difference is the creation of an atmosphere of trust and honesty in the organization, which provides the basis for its continuous improvement. From practice, atmosphere is a product of an organization, formed on the basis of its own experience and achieved results. To do this, it is necessary to explain to employees the validity of the changes, describe them in detail, and inform them of what and why is happening in the organization, including both positive and negative events.

Employees involved in the process of organizational self-assessment must clearly understand how to obtain complete information, assess its insufficiency, and have an idea of the possibility of greater self-awareness.

The fourth difference is the formation of a team (a group responsible for combining the potential of the organization aimed at carrying out self-assessment). Such a team must communicate with other professional teams to continuously improve the organization's performance. The positive dynamics of the team are ensured by the following characteristics:

A sense of security that comes from freedom to communicate and act without feeling threatened.

An “amnesty” should be declared after any employee leaves the team.

Opportunity to participate in the self-assessment team of proactive employees of the organization.
Freedom of interaction in teams, without which it is impossible to conduct self-assessment, providing for members to feel comfortable interacting both within the group and with other groups.
Agreement, which manifests itself in the involvement and cohesion of team members.
Trust in each other and in the manager-leader, determined by the requirement of honesty and compliance between words and deeds.
Influence, or the ability of the team as a whole or its individual members to demonstrate leadership qualities.

Teamwork benefits from the absence of clear dividing lines between certain types activities, expansion and intersection of responsibilities of people of different qualifications and the formation of common interests working in related fields. Expanding the range of work and problems assessed is not only a recognition of their increased capabilities, but also the development of a teamwork style.

The fifth difference is trained personnel, which is the basis of the concept of self-assessment of the organization’s activities. Therefore, it is necessary to develop the employees involved in this process. The development program must be supported by senior management, meet self-assessment objectives at every stage, and be supported by an open and transparent organizational culture.

Our proposed personnel strategy is aimed at increasing the efficiency of the process of self-assessment of the organization's activities. It is carried out within the framework of the concept of self-assessment of the organization’s activities, is based on the principles of total quality management, and takes into account the philosophy of “continuous improvement” formulated by E. Deming.

Note. Personnel strategy (personnel management strategy) is a priority direction for the formation of a competitive, highly professional, responsible and cohesive workforce that contributes to the achievement of long-term goals and the implementation of the overall strategy of the organization. The strategy allows us to link numerous aspects of personnel management in order to optimize their impact on employees, primarily on their work motivation and qualifications. The main features of the personnel management strategy are: a) its long-term nature, which is explained by the focus on developing and changing psychological attitudes, motivation, personnel structure, the entire personnel management system or its individual elements, and such changes, as a rule, require a long time; b) connection with the strategy of the organization as a whole, taking into account numerous factors of the external and internal environment; reasons for emerging social problems and possible ways to resolve them.

Literature

State standard Russian Federation. GOST R ISO 9000 - 2001. Quality management systems. Fundamentals and vocabulary. - M.: IPC "Publishing Standards", 2001. - 26 p.
Conti T. Self-esteem in organizations Trans. from English I.N. Rybakova; scientific ed. V.A. Lapidus, M.E. Serov. - M.: RIA "Standards and Quality", 2000. - 328 p.
Conti T. Opportunities and risks when using models of business excellence // Standards and quality. - 2003. - N 1.- P. 76 - 81.
Deming W.E. Way out of the crisis. - Tver: Alba, 1994. - 498 p.
Staff motivation.
Key factor of management / Ed. Yoshio Kondo / Trans. from English E.P. Markova; scientific

Universal Moral Principles

ed. V.A. Lapidus, M.E. Serov. - N. Novgorod, SMC "Priority", 2002. - 206 p.

K. f.-m. n.,

associate professor of the department

"Labor Economics

and basics of management"

Voronezh State

CATEGORIES OF AESTHETICS- fundamental, most general concepts of aesthetics, which reflect the essential definitions of cognizable objects and are the key stages of cognition. Aesthetic theory, like any scientific theory, has a certain system of categories. This system may not be ordered, but the set of categories used by this or that theory appears in a certain relationship, which gives it systematicity. As a rule, at the center of the system of aesthetic categories is the main universal category, around which all the others are concentrated. Thus, in the aesthetic theories of Plato, Aristotle, Augustine the Blessed, Thomas Aquinas, Hegel, Chernyshevsky, the category of beauty is in the center, in Kant - aesthetic judgment, in the aesthetic theories of the Renaissance - the aesthetic ideal.

In the history of aesthetics, the essence of the categories of aesthetics was interpreted from idealistic and materialistic positions. For Plato and medieval aestheticians, beauty is the bearer of an ideal, spiritual and mystical essence; for Hegel, it is an idea in sensual form; and for Aristotle and Chernyshevsky, beauty is a category that reflects the properties of the objective material world. By the middle of the 18th century. The category of the aesthetic becomes central (see Aesthetic). It can be defined as a kind of perfection in material reality (nature, man) and social-spiritual life. The category of aesthetic reflects the most general properties of all aesthetic objects and phenomena, which, in turn, are specifically reflected in other categories of aesthetics. In aesthetic, as a real phenomenon, in the process of spiritual and practical human activity, both objective-material states of the world and properties subject of social life.

There is a certain subordination between the categories. So, for example, the beautiful and the sublime are categories that reflect the aesthetic properties of nature and man, while the tragic and comic are categories that reflect objective processes only social life. Thus, the most general categories (beautiful, sublime) subordinate the less general ones (tragic, comic). At the same time, there is also interaction and coordination between these categories: the sublimely beautiful, the sublimely tragic, the tragicomic. The beautiful is embodied in the aesthetic ideal and art, and through it affects aesthetic taste and feeling. That is, the categories of aesthetics are dialectically interconnected and interpenetrate each other.

But each category has a certain content stability. And although every concept coarsens reality, not containing all its richness, it, however, reflects the most essential features of an aesthetic phenomenon. It should be noted that the categories of aesthetics reveal not only harmonious, i.e. positive, aesthetic properties, but also negative, disharmonious ones, reflected in the categories of the ugly and base, thereby showing the contradictions of reality.

At the same time, in the categories of aesthetics (along with reflecting the essence of aesthetic phenomena) there is a moment of evaluation, that is, a person’s attitude to the aesthetic is expressed, its value in the spiritual and practical life of society and the individual is determined.

Marxist-Leninist aesthetic theory was also based on broader categories of dialectical and historical materialism (matter and consciousness, materialism and idealism, content and form, class and party affiliation, international and national), as well as categories of specific sciences: information theory, semantics, semiotics, psychology and a number of other private and natural scientific theories. However, the specificity of the subject of aesthetics can only be discovered through the system of the category of aesthetics itself, which takes shape in aesthetic theory.

Moral principles.

Moral principles- these are the basic moral laws that are recognized by all ethical teachings. They represent a value system that reinforces a person’s moral responsibilities through moral experience. They are also called virtues. Moral principles are formed in the process of education and together lead to the awareness and acceptance of such qualities as humanity, justice, and rationality.

The ways and means of implementing each moral principle are very diverse and depend on individual characteristics the person himself, the moral traditions that have developed in society and a specific life situation. The most comprehensive and widespread are 5 principles: humanity, respect, rationality, courage and honor.

Humanity is a system of positive qualities that represent a conscious, kind and selfless attitude towards people around us, all living beings and nature in general. A person is a spiritual and intellectual being, and in any, even the most difficult situations, he must remain a person, in accordance with the high moral stage of his development.

Humanity consists of everyday altruism, of such qualities as mutual assistance, revenue, service, concession, favor. Humanity is an act of will of a person based on a deep understanding and acceptance of his inherent qualities.

Reverence is a respectful and reverent attitude towards the world around us, as a miracle, a priceless gift. This principle prescribes to treat people, things and natural phenomena of this world with gratitude. Deference is associated with qualities such as politeness, courtesy, and benevolence.

Rationality is action based on moral experience. It includes concepts such as wisdom and logic. Thus, rationality, on the one hand, is the actions of the mind given to a person from birth, and on the other, actions that are consistent with experience and a system of moral values.

Courage and honor are categories that mean a person’s ability to overcome difficult life circumstances and states of fear without losing self-esteem and respect from those around him. They are closely interrelated and are based on qualities such as duty, responsibility and resilience.

Moral principles must be constantly implemented in human behavior to consolidate moral experience.

Code of Conduct.

“A person’s behavior, which (1) does not fall outside the generally accepted system of behavior in a given team and (2) does not cause an emotional reaction (negative / positive) in other members of the team, is the norm of behavior in a given society. ...

The norm of behavior has a multi-stage nature (hierarchical) and in this regard the question arises about the individual’s self-assessment of his dominance: he must determine on the basis of what aspect or fact of his personality (or, more broadly, biography) he regulates his behavior in a given situation. ... The degree of obligatory norm and, accordingly, the system of prohibitions in his behavior will depend on what he considers decisive in a given situation. ... Often the subjective choice of rules of behavior determines the subjective nature of the norm.

A norm creates the possibility of its violation (because if behavior were not standardized, there would be nothing to violate). The concept of a norm organically includes the very possibility of deviation from it. Deviation from the norm, however, is associated with the principle “you can, but you shouldn’t.” ...

The norm of behavior is supported by a system of PROHIBITIONS imposed both on the entire team and on its individual members by traditions, considerations of “common sense” and special contracts, agreements, codes, rules, etc. Most of them are set on a negative principle, i.e. they give a list of prohibitions; this is explained by the fact that the norm of behavior as a whole is difficult and uneconomical to describe positively, i.e. in the form of regulations: this would require an extremely cumbersome list of rules."

This section will examine, so to speak, the “working tools” of the science of ethics. Since many aspects of ethical concepts have already been considered, it is now necessary to present them in the form of a system and give the missing characteristics of those concepts that have not yet received sufficiently clear definitions.

Above we talked about the priority of moral activity. Now our task is to understand what the active side of morality is, what are its “functional responsibilities” or, simply put, functions of morality.

1. Regulatory function. The function of moral regulation of relationships between people is the main and determining one. It covers the sphere of relations that is not regulated by law. and in this sense it complements law. However, such a definition will be incomplete and inaccurate if we do not take into account the fact that all legal norms also affirm justice, also serve the good or benefit of society and citizens, and therefore are of an unconditionally moral nature.

The regulatory function is a continuous process of bringing the actual behavior of individuals, service teams and state and public institutions into conformity with the moral norms in force in society. For these purposes, the following are used “tools” for regulating moral relations, such as moral and ethical principles, public opinion, moral authority, traditions, customs, commandments, habits. At the directly practical level, regulation is carried out through norms (simple moral norms): norms-guidelines, norms-requirements, norms-prohibitions, norms-frameworks, restrictions, as well as norms-models (etiquette norms). The regulatory function is basic in the system of functions: all other functions - each in its own way - “serve” it to one degree or another.

2. Evaluative (axiological) function . As mentioned above, any act of morality (behavioral or spiritual) is determined by one or another value system. Subject to be assessed at an angle<морально - аморально» или «иравственно - безнравственно» являются поступки, отношения, намерения, мотивы, моральные возэрения, личностные качества и т.д.

Z. Orienting function. Simple moral standards are “simple” only in theory. In concrete reality, in practice, before making a moral judgment and implementing one or another norm in an act or behavior, we sometimes have to weigh quite a significant number of circumstances, each of which can prompt us to apply different (sometimes even mutually exclusive) norms. Only a good command of the science of ethics, a high level of moral culture, which are a mechanism that can give us an accurate guideline, can choose from many norms the only correct, fair one. They are the ones who can help us develop a system of moral priorities, which is a “compass” that allows us to identify the most moral line of behavior.

4. Motivational function . This function allows you to evaluate actions, goals and means from the point of view of the motivating intention. Motives or motivations can be moral and immoral, moral and immoral, noble and base, selfish and selfless, etc.

5. Cognitive (information) function - aimed at acquiring ethical knowledge: principles, norms, codes, etc., which are a source of information about public moral principles and systems of such values, starting points of moral choice in ordinary and extreme situations, in ordinary and conflict situations, which together help to formulate model of moral behavior.

b. Educational function. Any education system is, first of all, a system of moral education (a number of scientists believe that education is only moral education, everything else is just communication). Moral education brings moral norms, habits, customs, rights, generally accepted patterns of behavior into a certain conceptually organized system, translates moral knowledge into moral beliefs of the individual, develops the ability to creatively interpret moral knowledge and beliefs in relation to specific situations.

7. Communicative function. On ships, airplanes and other fast-moving objects, a special device is installed, which, upon receiving the corresponding request, responds with a signal conventionally called “I am mine.” Every system of moral values (including professional ones) possesses exactly the same ability, and only on the basis of this “signal” is it possible for official and any other interaction, acquisition<чувства локтя», поддержка и взаимовыручка. Конечно, в процессе служебной деятельности осознание сигнала «я свой» и действенная коммуникация на его основе осуществляется не только моральным его компонентом, но тем не менее он играет в этом процессе одну из главных ролей.

8. Ideological function. The purpose of this function is to justify the morality of the political and economic goals and interests of a particular class, social stratum, group, social movement, etc. In this sense, it is called upon to morally consolidate a socially heterogeneous society. The morality of the ruling class or social group, as well as their goals and interests, are always represented by ideological means as the goals, interests and morals of the whole society. And as long as this morality meets the general interests to a certain extent, society perceives this circumstance positively. Otherwise, society consolidates around opposing moral, political and ideological values, where revolutionary morality begins to play a fundamental role, declaring the main moral goal to be the struggle to overthrow the existing political regime.

9. World-related function. In this regard, morality is considered as the moral foundations of an individual, the system of moral principles developed by him, mediating all his political, religious, aesthetic, philosophical and other ideas. The worldview function is very close to the axiological function with the only difference that in this case it covers the basic, so to speak, initial concepts and ideas of a person about the reality around him.

The most important moral values for a law enforcement officer are: love for the Motherland, loyalty to the oath and chosen profession, official duty, moral integrity (unity of word and deed, beliefs and actions), respect for honor and official dignity, justice, legality, integrity and mutual assistance.

If we turn to moral consciousness, then the dominant role here is played by moral principles. Expressing the requirements of morality in the most general form, they constitute the essence of moral relations and are a strategy for moral behavior. They are distinguished by comparative stability and are specified in moral norms. Their stability and viability are determined by the specific conditions of a certain social and professional environment of a particular historical era. Moral principles are recognized by the moral consciousness as unconditional requirements, adherence to which is strictly obligatory in all life situations. This is their significant difference from moral norms, deviation from which in certain life situations is not only acceptable, but sometimes necessary. As part of the requirements for service in law enforcement agencies, the basic principles of morality are: humanism, collectivism, justice, patriotism, conscientious attitude to work, critical self-esteem. Some of them should be considered in more detail.

Principle collectivism . This is one of the most important principles of not only professional, but also universal morality (the opposite principle is individualism). It contains the most important essence of the relationship between the individual and society. As a rule, all social And the professional interests of individuals are mediated by personal interest, with which they are closely intertwined, and it is usually almost impossible to break this connection. Noting this circumstance, the Scottish economist and philosopher of the 12th century. A. Smith developed the theory of “reasonable egoism,” where he tried to find a reasonable balance between the public and personal interests of individuals. However, both science and practice have clearly shown that it is impossible to find such a balance once and for all for all situations, and therefore two mutually exclusive, but rather abstract principles were established in ethics: collectivism and individualism, where it was only about the priority of one or another principle.

In relation to the socio-political realities of our time, the principle of collectivism as a leading principle is inherent in a socialist society, and the principle of individualism is inherent in a bourgeois society. As for the law enforcement official environment, here the principle of collectivism is clearly strictly necessary for the successful organization of official activities, the only one possible for effective confrontation with the criminal world. And although the interests of the members of a service team are always heterogeneous, the effectiveness of the team’s work directly depends on the purposefulness and unity of its actions, and, therefore, first of all, on the extent to which the interests of the team are perceived by its members as a priority compared to the personal interests of the people who form it. An English proverb says: "If you can't do what you like, let you like what you do." In a very real sense, this also applies to the combination of personal and official interests: if you cannot reconcile personal interests with official ones, let the official interests become your personal interests. Otherwise, you should leave law enforcement and law enforcement.

The principle of collectivism includes several particular principles.

1. Unity of purpose and will. A common goal unites people, organizes and directs their will. The goals of the service team’s activities are determined both by the tasks that management sets for the team and by the awareness of the necessity of the requirements of everyday service. And if the first factor is mainly external, strictly imperative in nature, then the second factor is to a large extent determined by the moral and psychological climate of the team and the moral education of its members. 2. Cooperation and mutual assistance. This is one of the most important conditions for the principle of collectivism. In law enforcement teams, this side of collectivism manifests itself especially effectively. “Perish yourself, but save your comrade” is not a simple slogan, but a fundamental principle of official interaction in the authorities, which has received repeated confirmation in practice. However, this is combined with integrity and has nothing to do with mutual responsibility, protection of unscrupulous workers, quitters, and truants. Otherwise, there are grounds to talk about the moral deformation of the collective, about its “disease” and the need for its urgent “treatment.”

3. Democracy. Even in such strictly normatively organized structures as law enforcement agencies, there are many aspects of service that are determined by collective decision. And the more united and morally conscious a person is team, all the more so does the management have prerequisites for delegating power when making decisions to the members of the service team themselves, for the transition from command-administrative relations to relations of business cooperation based on common interest and shared responsibility for the successful solution of official tasks.

4. Discipline. In a morally mature team, discipline is not a heavy burden, but a conscious necessity. Conscious execution of disciplinary requirements ensures the required effectiveness of official activities, and it is in such a team that any violation of discipline is perceived by its members as a hindrance, as an obstacle to the realization of common official goals and interests, and it is in such a team that the influence of its members on the “education” of the violator is more effective the most severe disciplinary sanctions from management.

The principle of humanism. This moral principle in everyday understanding means humanity, love for people, protection of human dignity, people's right to happiness and a full opportunity for self-development. Humanism is a requirement of the modern era, its leading principle, in particular, permeating all branches of law and defining all moral norms. In relation to law enforcement, humanism underlies the entire system of moral and legal relations between employees of law enforcement agencies and citizens.

The humanism of the content of law enforcement lies in its very essence, which is defined as ensuring social stability, protecting public order in the country, property, rights, freedoms and legal interests of citizens, enterprises, organizations and institutions from criminal attacks and other antisocial actions. Requirements of the principle of humanism are not only the essence of professional morality, but also official duty, which obliges law enforcement officers to quickly and timely respond to all unworthy acts and, especially, offenses. Failure to comply with these requirements is condemned both by law and And public opinion. Thus, the humanism of the activities of law enforcement agencies is manifested in the fact that it is aimed at fighting evil and protecting the interests of the entire society and each individual individually from violations of legal and moral norms and thereby providing conditions for happiness And comprehensive development of man as the highest social value.

The humanism of the essence and goals of the activities of law enforcement agencies also determines such an aspect of the law enforcement service as the prevention of offenses and crimes. Using various means of warning and persuasion, law enforcement officers reveal to the population the humanistic, socially necessary content of the norms of our morality and law, the inadmissibility of the immoral, antisocial, and especially criminal behavior that causes enormous and irreparable damage to society, people and the offender himself, contribute to the awareness of each person of moral and legal responsibility for the immoral and illegal acts committed by him. If persuasion measures are insufficient, the state resorts to coercion. However, humanism is also evident here: on the one hand, the absolute majority of citizens are socially protected, and on the other hand, this stops those citizens who take the path of criminal acts and are unable to get off this path on their own.

Unity of the principles of justice and legality. The most important principle of professional morality for law enforcement officers is principle justice. Justice is not only a moral principle. It covers almost all spheres of human activity and human relations, and above all law and politics. As a method of moral regulation, the principle of justice obliges us to take into account all aspects of the activities of individuals, i.e. their social status, merits, age and physical capabilities, and establish a correspondence between the practical activities of individuals and their social (and official) status, between the merits of people and their public recognition, between action and retribution, labor and reward, rights and responsibilities, crime and punishment, etc. Inconsistency in these relationships is perceived as injustice. Authorities with sufficient service experience know very well that it is not punishment that is perceived painfully by criminals, but injustice (including direct deception as one of its types).

Justice regulates all spheres of social life, but it receives its most visible embodiment in the legal system, since it is this system that regulates the most important links in social life 7 . Law plays a leading role in suppressing various types of violations of justice: criminal enrichment, protectionism, undeserved privilege, etc. The principle of justice provides for the provision of social guarantees: health care, the right to education, housing, pensions in old age and upon receipt of disability, etc. The correspondence between goals and the means necessary to achieve them is one of the most important manifestations of the principle of justice.

Sanctions provided for by legal acts serve as the implementation of the goals of law. Their use is always associated with infringement of the interests of the individual, with the individual undergoing certain deprivations, therefore, here the principle of justice must be maintained especially clearly. The most important requirements of the principle of fairness for sanctions are as follows:

Sanctions should only be applied to those who have actually broken the law;

Sanctions should ensure the restoration of violated rights after serving the sentence in full;

Certain proportions must be observed between sanctions that establish the degree of responsibility for various illegal acts: more dangerous offenses must be punished more severely;

Courts should be able to impose individual sentences based on specific circumstances;

No one should be punished twice for the same offense.

All of the above principles for law enforcement officers are their professional requirement, their legal norm. In practice, these principles are concretized, acquiring a specific character in each team in relation to the characteristics of the service of certain units, which has an imperative meaning for members of the service team.

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The social system of the 21st century presupposes the presence of a set of certain legal and moral laws that create an unbreakable hierarchical system of moral and state standards. From childhood, caring parents explain to their child the difference between good and bad deeds, instilling in their offspring the concepts of “Good” and “Evil.” It is not surprising that in the life of every person, murder or gluttony is associated with negative phenomena, while nobility and mercy belong to the category of positive personal qualities. Some moral principles are already present at the subconscious level, other postulates are acquired over time, forming the image of the individual. However, few people think about the importance of instilling such values in themselves, neglecting their significance. It is impossible to coexist harmoniously with the outside world, guided solely by biological instincts - this is a “dangerous” path, invariably leading to the destruction of personal appearance.

Maximum happiness.

This facet of human morality was examined and proven by the utilitarians John Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham, who studied ethics at the US State Institute. This statement is based on the following formulation: an individual’s behavior should lead to an improvement in the lives of those around him. In other words, if you adhere to social standards, then a favorable environment for the coexistence of each individual is created in society.

Justice.

A similar principle was proposed by the American scientist John Rawls, who argued for the need to equate social laws with internal moral factors. A person occupying the bottom rung in a hierarchical structure should have equal spiritual rights with a person at the top of the ladder - this is the fundamental aspect of the statement of the US philosopher.

It is important to think about your own personal qualities in order to engage in self-improvement in advance. If you neglect such a phenomenon, then over time it will develop into betrayal. A variety of changes that cannot be avoided will form an immoral image that is rejected by others. The main thing is to take a responsible approach to identifying life principles and determining the vector of your worldview, objectively assessing your behavioral characteristics.

Commandments of the Old Testament and modern society

When “understanding” the question of the meaning of moral principles and ethics in human life, in the process of research you will definitely turn to the Bible to familiarize yourself with the Ten Commandments from the Old Testament. Cultivating morality in oneself invariably echoes statements from the church book:

the events taking place are marked by fate, suggesting the development of moral and moral principles in a person (everything is the will of God);
do not elevate the people around you by idealizing idols;
do not mention the name of the Lord in everyday situations, complaining about unfavorable circumstances;
respect the relatives who gave you life;
Dedicate six days to work, and the seventh day to spiritual rest;
do not kill living organisms;
do not commit adultery by cheating on your spouse;
You shouldn’t take other people’s things and become a thief;
avoid lies in order to remain honest with yourself and the people around you;
Don't envy strangers about whom you only know public facts.

Some of the above commandments do not meet the social standards of the 21st century, but most of the statements have remained relevant for many centuries. Today, it is advisable to add the following statements to such axioms, reflecting the features of living in developed megacities:

don’t be lazy and be energetic to keep up with the fast pace of industrial centers;
achieve personal success and improve yourself without stopping at achieved goals;
When creating a family, think in advance about the feasibility of the union in order to avoid divorce;
limit yourself to sexual intercourse, remembering to use protection - eliminate the risk of unwanted pregnancy, which results in abortion.
do not neglect the interests of strangers, going over your head for personal gain.

April 13, 2014

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