Behavior largely depends on what kind of character a person has. Each has its own characteristics. Character is a combination of a number of psychological properties (there are more than five hundred in total). But there are also certain nuances that manifest themselves in different situations and relationships. Character traits are divided into positive and negative, congenital and acquired. Each can tell a lot about a person.
What kind of character does a person have?
Correct assessment begins with determining what types of character people have. All traits are distributed into five main groups:
Social
It includes traits determined by attitude:
To yourself;
I will sell labor and it;
To society.
Emotional
It includes:
Expressiveness;
Impressionability;
Cheerfulness;
High and low emotionality;
Impulsiveness;
Impressiveness;
Unstable emotionality.
Strong-willed
It includes:
Focus;
Determination;
Persistence;
Uncertainty;
Courage;
Discipline;
Independence.
Intelligent
It includes:
Reasonableness;
Depth and flexibility of intelligence;
Resourcefulness;
Mindset (practical or theoretical);
Frivolity;
Quick wit;
Curiosity;
Thoughtfulness.
Moral
It includes the following features:
Rigidity;
Kindness;
Responsiveness;
Honesty and similar qualities.
To compile psychological portrait certain qualities are noted.
What are the character traits of a person?
The positive ones include:
Adequacy, altruism, activity;
Fearlessness, frugality, prudence, nobility;
Generosity, good manners, politeness, attentiveness, cheerful disposition, will, high morality;
Humanism, gallantry, harmony;
Friendliness, delicacy, conscientiousness, discipline, foresight, diplomacy, efficiency, kindness, good nature;
Naturalness;
Femininity, cheerfulness;
Caring, thrifty;
Ingenuity, initiative, diligence, sincerity, intelligence;
Creativity, sociability, correctness, culture, competence, collectivism, eloquence;
Curiosity, affection, ease of communication;
Wisdom, masculinity, peacefulness, dreaminess;
Tenderness, independence, reliability, observation, resourcefulness;
Experience, sociability, charm, education, caution, responsibility, neatness, responsiveness, talent, objectivity;
Decency, positivity, practicality, understanding, friendliness;
Decisiveness, romance, cordiality;
Self-criticism, modesty, intelligence, conscientiousness, independence;
Tactfulness, hard work, desire for creativity, patience;
Smiling, perseverance, poise, respect, perseverance, courtesy, perseverance;
Thriftiness, charisma, courage;
Chastity, determination;
Sincerity, honesty, sensitivity;
Generosity, playfulness;
Energy, economy, enthusiasm, empathy, erudition.
Negative qualities include all the antipodes of the listed traits.
For example:
Aggressiveness;
Vulgarity;
Impudence;
Envy;
Arrogance;
Falsehood;
Commercialism;
Narcissism;
Touchiness;
Selfishness;
Callousness, etc.
Every positive trait has an opposite meaning. However, there are some qualities that can be called neutral:
Shyness;
Silence;
Assertiveness;
Shyness;
Daydreaming.
For some people this positive traits, for others may be negative. For example, assertiveness. In business it is sometimes necessary, but in personal relationships it sometimes gets in the way. Shyness is good for a girl, but it is perceived negatively when it appears in a girl. young man. When drawing up a psychological portrait, all of the above positive qualities, their antipodes and other features are taken into account.
A person’s character is not formed instantly, but until old age. Great importance provided by the social environment. For example, the volitional qualities inherent in a person manifest themselves in emergency situations when endurance, courage, stubbornness, etc. are required. Emotionality is mental manifestations that arise in certain situations. In this case, feelings can be negative or positive, dynamic or stable, neutral. If we talk about intelligence, this includes individual characteristics and the quality of the individual's thinking. For example, criticality, stupidity, breadth of soul, flexibility in any relationship, etc.
The character of people greatly influences their perception of the environment. Some consider everyone good or bad, others only themselves. Each person has a certain attitude:
To yourself (self-esteem, self-criticism, self-respect, etc.);
Labor (punctuality, accuracy, negligence, etc.);
Environment (politeness, isolation, sociability, rudeness, etc.).
As a result, a certain temperament is formed. It includes qualities that are constant for a particular person:
1. Sanguine people are very mobile and efficient, but they quickly get tired of hard work. They have bright facial expressions and strong expressions of emotions. They are sociable, responsive, balanced. They look at everything from a positive point of view and are optimistic. They have a cheerful disposition.
2. Cholerics are characterized by sudden mood swings, hysteria, and impetuosity. They have frequent outbursts of anger, short temper, but quick release.
3. Melancholic people are pessimists, they worry excessively about any reason, and are often in an anxious state. Such people are very distrustful of others, vulnerable, reserved, and have good self-control.
4. Phlegmatic people have very low activity. However, they are very reasonable, cold-blooded and prudent. Any task is always completed.
Separately, it is worth noting that each nationality has its own character traits, although there are many common features. The Russians have the greatest diversity.
Their character is very different from other nationalities.
Main criteria:
A) Spiritual generosity, which most nationalities do not have.
b) Compassion.
V) Craving for justice.
G) Patience, endurance, perseverance.
d) Negative qualities include pessimism, foul language, laziness, and hypocrisy. The positive ones are responsiveness, loyalty, compassion, humanity.
Russians are easily distinguished by a combination of character traits, one of which is a special sense of humor, which other nationalities are not always able to understand. The set of qualities is so diverse that most people experience excessive expression of emotions. Some traits may change throughout life. However, other qualities remain unchanged. However, negative traits are not always regarded as negative. Sometimes they emphasize dignity.
For example:
1. Selfishness is not only ignoring other people, but also putting one's own interests first. Such a person has his own opinion and will not follow the lead of others.
2. Self-confidence can improve productivity and performance. Then the person feels self-satisfied, which ultimately brings positive results for society.
3. Envy sometimes pushes a person to work better and achieve the best result.
4. Stubbornness helps you achieve any goals you set.
The character of any person consists of positive and negative qualities. As a result, a certain type is formed. For example, a person can be lazy, but kind and sympathetic. The other is angry, but very hardworking and aspiring. At the same time, women are always more emotional, selfless, good-natured, and patient. Men are most often reserved, decisive, and responsible.
Characters of people and problems
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Character traits
Character is an inextricable whole. But it is impossible to study and understand such a complex whole as character without identifying individual aspects or typical manifestations (character traits) in it. General character traits are manifested in the individual’s relationship to social responsibilities and duty, to people, and to himself. The attitude towards social responsibilities and duty is primarily manifested in the individual’s attitude towards social work. In this regard, such character traits as hard work, conscientiousness, perseverance, frugality, and their opposites are revealed - laziness, negligence, passivity, wastefulness. A person’s attitude towards work has a decisive influence on the formation of his other personal qualities. D.I. Pisarev wrote: “Character is tempered by work, and whoever has never earned his daily living by his own labor, for the most part remains forever a weak, lethargic and spineless person.” Attitude towards people is clearly reflected in such character traits as sociability, politeness, goodwill, etc. The antipodes of these traits are isolation, tactlessness, and hostility. As V. Hugo argued, “every person has three characters: the one that is attributed to him; the one that he ascribes to himself; and, finally, the one that actually exists.” In order to find out the essence of his character, it is useful for a person to know the opinion of the team in which he works and spends a significant part of his life. And first of all, how orderly his relationships with people are, how much people need him, how authoritative he is among them. Attitude towards oneself is manifested in self-assessment of one’s actions. Sober self-esteem is one of the conditions for personal improvement, helping to develop such character traits as modesty, integrity, and self-discipline. Negative character traits are increased conceit, arrogance and boasting. A person possessing these traits is usually difficult to get along with in a team and unwittingly creates pre-conflict and conflict situations. The other extreme in a person’s character is also undesirable: underestimation of one’s merits, timidity in expressing one’s positions, in defending one’s views. Modesty and self-criticism must be combined with a heightened sense of self-esteem, based on the awareness of the real significance of one’s personality, on the presence of certain successes in work for the common benefit. Integrity is one of the valuable personal qualities that gives character an active orientation. Strong-willed character traits. Will is understood as a complex mental process that causes human activity and awakens him to act in a directed manner. Will is a person’s ability to overcome obstacles and achieve a goal. Specifically, it appears in such character traits as determination, determination, perseverance, and courage. These character traits can contribute to the achievement of both socially useful and antisocial goals. To do this, it is important to determine what the motive for a person’s volitional behavior is. “A brave act, the motive of which is to enslave another person, to seize someone else’s goods, to advance in one’s career, and a brave act, the motive of which is to help the common cause, have, of course, completely different psychological qualities.” Based on their volitional activity, characters are divided into strong and weak. People strong character have sustainable goals, are proactive, boldly make decisions and implement them, have great endurance, are courageous and courageous. People in whom these qualities are weakly expressed or some of them are absent are classified as weak-willed. They tend to passively demonstrate their business and personal qualities. Often such people, having the best intentions, do not achieve significant results in work or study. Many of them sincerely worry about their inability to act independently, persistently and decisively.
Volitional qualities can be cultivated in a person. I.P. Pavlov emphasized that man is the only system capable of regulating itself within wide limits, that is, it can improve itself. Weak-willed people, with thoughtful pedagogical work with them, can become actively active. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the individual characteristics of a person, for example his temperament. Thus, it is easier for a choleric person to develop activity and determination than for a melancholic person. A person himself must train his will from a young age, develop qualities such as self-control, activity, and courage.
The most objective and irrefutable data about a person’s character is provided not by his passport data, not by his external appearance, not by his involuntary actions, but by his conscious behavior. It is by the choice of possible actions that a person chooses in a given situation that his character is assessed. Human character is quite multifaceted. This can be seen already in the process of activity: one does everything quickly, the other slowly and thoroughly, thinks carefully, acting for sure, and the third immediately grabs onto the work without thinking, and only after a certain period of time, without solving the problem at once, looks around and coordinates its actions taking into account the circumstances. These features identified in human behavior are called traits, or aspects, of character. Any trait is some stable stereotype of behavior.
However, character traits cannot be taken out of the typical situations in which they appear; in some situations, even a polite person can be rude. Therefore any A character trait is a stable form of behavior in connection with specific situations typical for a given type of behavior.
According to Yu.M. Orlova, along with situations in which a certain human trait is revealed, its essential characteristic is the probability that this type behavior in this situation will take place. A trait can be spoken of as a stable characteristic of a person if the probability of its manifestation in a certain situation is quite high. However, probability means that this trait does not always appear, otherwise it would simply be a matter of mechanical behavior. This understanding of character traits is very similar to the manifestation of a person’s habit: under certain conditions, to act in a certain way. A character trait includes a certain way of thinking and understanding. When committing a characteristic act, volitional mechanisms are activated and feelings are involved. By conditioning a person’s behavior, a character trait in behavior is formed. The formation of character traits cannot be separated from the formation of behavioral motives. Motives of behavior, realized in action, consolidated in it, are fixed in character. Each effective motive that acquires stability, according to S.L. Rubinstein, is potentially a future character trait in its origin and development; in motives, character traits appear for the first time in the form of tendencies, action then leads them to stable properties. The path to the formation of character traits therefore lies through the formation of appropriate motives of behavior and the organization of actions aimed at consolidating them.
The most common character properties are located along the axes: strength - weakness; hardness - softness; integrity - inconsistency; breadth - narrowness. If strength of character is understood as the energy with which a person pursues his goals, his ability to become passionately carried away and develop great tension when encountering difficulties, the ability to overcome them, then weakness of character is associated with the manifestation of cowardice, indecisiveness, “asthenicity” in achieving goals, instability of views, etc. Strength of character means strict consistency, perseverance in achieving goals, defending views, etc., while softness of character is manifested in flexible adaptation to changing conditions, achieving goals through some concessions, and finding reasonable compromises. The integrity or inconsistency of character is determined by the degree of combination of leading and secondary character traits. If the leading and secondary ones are in harmony, if there are no contradictions in aspirations and interests, then such a character is called integral, but if they sharply contrast, then it is contradictory.
At the same time, unity and versatility of character do not exclude the fact that in different situations The same person exhibits different and even opposite properties. A person can be at the same time very gentle and very demanding, soft, compliant and at the same time firm to the point of inflexibility. And the unity of his character can not only be preserved, despite this, but it is precisely in this that it is manifested.
The relationship between intellectual personality traits is of great importance for characterological manifestations. Depth and sharpness of thought, unusual formulation of the question and its solution. Intellectual initiative, confidence and independent thinking - all this constitutes originality of mind as one of the aspects of character. However, how a person uses his mental capacity, will depend significantly on the character. It is not uncommon to encounter people who have highly intellectual abilities, but who do not provide anything valuable precisely because of their characterological characteristics.
A person’s real achievements depend not on abstract mental capabilities alone, but on a specific combination of his characteristics and characterological properties.
However, most of the individual manifestations that make up a person’s character are complex and practically cannot be classified into individual properties and states (for example, rancor, suspicion, generosity, etc.). At the same time, individual qualities of the volitional (decisiveness, independence, etc.) and intellectual (depth of mind, criticality, etc.) spheres can be considered as components of a person’s character traits and used for its analysis. All character traits have a natural relationship with each other.
In the very general view character traits can be divided into basic, leading, setting the general direction for the development of the entire complex of its manifestations, and secondary, determined by the main ones.
Knowledge of the leading traits allows you to reflect the basic essence of character and show its main manifestations.
Although every character trait reflects one of the manifestations of a person’s attitude to reality, this does not mean that every attitude will be a character trait. Only some attitudes, depending on the conditions, become character traits.
From the entire set of relationships of a person to the surrounding reality, it is necessary to highlight the character-forming forms of relationships - the decisive, primary and general vital significance of those objects to which a person belongs. These relationships simultaneously serve as the basis for the classification of the most important character traits. A person’s character is manifested in a system of relationships:
1. In relation to other people (in this case, one can highlight such character traits as sociability - isolation, truthfulness - deceit, tactfulness - rudeness, etc.)
2. In relation to business (responsibility - dishonesty, hard work - laziness, etc.).
3. In relation to oneself (modesty - narcissism, self-criticism - self-confidence, etc.)
4. In relation to property (generosity - greed, frugality - wastefulness, neatness - sloppiness, etc.). It should be noted that this classification is somewhat conventional and there is a close relationship and interpenetration of these aspects of the relationship.
5. Despite the fact that these relationships are the most important from the point of view of character formation, they do not simultaneously and immediately become character traits. There is a certain sequence in the transition of these relationships into character properties, and in this sense it is impossible to put, for example, the attitude towards other people and the attitude towards property on the same level, because their very content plays a different role in the real existence of a person. A person’s attitude towards society and people plays a decisive role in the formation of character. The character of a person cannot be revealed and understood outside the team, without taking into account his attachments in the form of camaraderie, friendship, love, etc.
A person’s relationships with other people are decisive in relation to activity, generating increased activity, tension, rationalization or, on the contrary, complacency and lack of initiative. The attitude towards other people and towards activity, in turn, determines the person’s attitude towards his own personality, towards himself. A correct, evaluative attitude towards another person is the main condition for self-esteem.
The attitude towards other people is not only an important part of character, but also forms the basis for the formation of the individual’s consciousness, necessarily including the attitude towards oneself as an actor, which depends primarily on the very form of activity. When an activity changes, not only the subject, methods and operations of this activity change, but at the same time a restructuring of the attitude towards oneself as an actor occurs.
A painful condition accompanied by motivational deficiency syndrome, hypochondria, and periodically occurring acute worries about one’s laziness. A character trait that reflects the ease of generating emotions of anger, which often turn into verbal and other types of aggression. Particularly brutal methods of committing crimes, to indicate certain properties of the nature of the crime. Cruelty can be intentional and involuntary, realized in
certain actions , verbal behavior (inflicting torture with words) or in the imagination - fantasizing, operating with images of torture, torment of people or animals. Personality character is a qualitative individual characteristic that combines stable and permanent properties psyches that determine the behavior and characteristics of a person’s attitude. Literally, translated from
Greek language , character means a sign, a trait. Character in the structure of personality combines the totality of its various qualities and properties that leave an imprint on behavior, activity and individual manifestation. A set of essential, and most importantly, stable properties and qualities determine a person’s entire lifestyle and his ways of reacting in a given situation. The character of an individual is shaped, defined and developed throughout his entire life journey. The relationship between character and personality is manifested in activity and communication, thereby determining
typical ways
behavior.
Personality Traits Any trait is some stable and unchangeable stereotype of behavior. Characteristic personality traits in in a general sense can be divided into those that set
In the character structure of each person, there are 4 groups. The first group includes traits that determine the basis of personality, its core. These include: honesty and insincerity, integrity and cowardice, courage and cowardice, and many others. The second includes traits that demonstrate an individual’s attitude directly towards other people. For example, respect and contempt, kindness and anger, and others. The third group is characterized by the individual’s attitude towards himself. It includes: pride, modesty, arrogance, vanity, self-criticism and others. The fourth group is the attitude towards work, activity or work performed. And it is characterized by such traits as hard work and laziness, responsibility and irresponsibility, activity and passivity, and others.
Some scientists additionally identify another group that characterizes a person’s attitude towards things, for example, neatness and sloppiness.
They also distinguish such typological properties of character traits as abnormal and normal. Normal traits are characteristic of people who have a healthy psyche, while abnormal traits include people with a variety of mental illnesses. It should be noted that similar personality traits can be considered both abnormal and normal. It all depends on the degree of expression or whether it is an accentuation of character. An example of this could be healthy suspicion, but when it goes off scale, it leads to...
The determining role in the formation of personality traits is played by society and a person’s attitude towards it. It is impossible to judge a person without seeing how he interacts with the team, without taking into account his attachments, dislikes, comradely or friendly relations in society.
An individual's attitude towards any type of activity is determined by his relationships with other persons. Interaction with other people can encourage a person to be active and rationalize, or keep him in tension and give rise to his lack of initiative. An individual's idea of himself is determined by his relationships with people and his attitude to activity. The basis in the formation of personality consciousness is the direct relationship to other individuals. A correct assessment of another person’s personality traits is a fundamental factor in the formation of self-esteem. Also, it should be noted that when a person’s activity changes, not only the methods, methods and subject of this activity change, but also the person’s attitude towards himself in the new role of an actor changes.
Personality traits
The main feature of character in the personality structure is its certainty. But this does not mean dominance of one trait. Several traits, contradicting or not contradicting each other, can dominate a character. Character can lose its definition in the absence of clearly defined traits. The system of moral values and beliefs of an individual is also a leading and determining factor in the formation of character traits. They establish the long-term direction of individual behavior.
The character traits of an individual are inextricably linked with his stable and deep interests. The lack of integrity, self-sufficiency and independence of the individual is closely related to the instability and superficiality of the individual’s interests. And, conversely, a person’s integrity and purposefulness and perseverance directly depend on the content and depth of his interests. However, similarity of interests does not yet imply similarity characteristic features personality. For example, among scientists you can meet both cheerful and sad people, both good and evil.
To understand the characteristics of a person’s character, one should also pay attention to his affections and leisure time. This can reveal new facets and characteristics of character. It is also important to pay attention to the compliance of a person’s actions with his established goals, because an individual is characterized not only by actions, but also by how exactly he produces them. The direction of activity and the actions themselves form the dominant spiritual or material needs and interests of the individual. Therefore, character should be understood only as the unity of the image of actions and their direction. It is on the combination of personality traits and his properties that a person’s real achievements depend, and not on the presence of mental capabilities.
Temperament and personality
The relationship between character and personality is also determined by the individual’s temperament, abilities and other aspects. And the concepts of temperament and personality form its structure. Character is a set of qualitative properties of an individual that determine his actions, manifested in relation to other people, actions, and things. Whereas temperament is a set of mental properties of an individual that influence his behavioral reactions. The nervous system is responsible for the manifestation of temperament. Character is also inextricably linked with the individual’s psyche, but its traits develop throughout life under the influence of the external environment. And temperament is an innate parameter that cannot be changed, you can only restrain its negative manifestations.
The prerequisite for character is temperament. Temperament and character in the personality structure are closely interrelated with each other, but at the same time they are different from each other.
Temperament embodies mental differences between people. It varies in depth and strength of manifestations of emotions, activity of actions, impressionability and other individual, stable, dynamic characteristics of the psyche.
We can conclude that temperament is the innate foundation and basis on which the personality is formed as a member of society. Therefore, the most stable and permanent personality traits are temperament. It manifests itself equally in any activity, regardless of its focus or content. Remains unchanged in adulthood.
So, temperament is the personal characteristics of an individual, which determine the dynamics of his behavior and mental processes. Those. The concept of temperament characterizes the pace, intensity, duration of mental processes, external behavioral reaction (activity, slowness), but not conviction in views and interests. It also does not determine the value of an individual and does not determine its potential.
There are three important components of temperament that relate to the general mobility (activity) of a person, his emotionality and motor skills. In turn, each of the components has a rather complex structure and differs various forms psychological manifestation.
The essence of activity lies in the individual’s desire for self-expression and transformation of the external component of reality. At the same time, the very direction, the quality of implementation of these trends is determined precisely by the characterological characteristics of the individual and not only. The degree of such activity can range from lethargy to the highest manifestation of mobility - constant rise.
The emotional component of a person’s temperament is a set of properties that characterize the characteristics of the course of various feelings and moods. This component is the most complex in its structure compared to the others. Its main characteristics are lability, impressionability and impulsiveness. Emotional lability is the speed with which one emotional condition is replaced by another or stops. Sensibility is understood as the subject’s susceptibility to emotional influences. Impulsivity is the speed with which emotion turns into the motivating reason and force of actions and deeds without first thinking them through and making a conscious decision to carry them out.
The character and temperament of a person are inextricably linked. The dominance of one type of temperament can help determine the character of subjects as a whole.
Personality types
Today in the specific literature there are many criteria by which personality types are determined.
The typology proposed by E. Kretschmer is now the most popular. It consists of dividing people into three groups depending on their physique.
Picnic people are people who tend to be overweight or slightly overweight, short in stature, but with a large head, wide face and short neck. Their character type corresponds to cyclothymics. They are emotional, sociable, and easily adapt to a variety of conditions.
Athletic people are tall and broad-shouldered people, with well-developed muscles, a resilient skeleton and a powerful chest. They correspond to the ixothymic type of character. These people are powerful and quite practical, calm and unimpressive. Ixothymic people are restrained in their gestures and facial expressions and do not adapt well to changes.
Asthenic people are people who are prone to thinness, their muscles are poorly developed, their chest is flat, their arms and legs are long, and they have an elongated face. Corresponds to the schizothymic character type. Such people are very serious and prone to stubbornness, and have difficulty adapting to change. Characterized by isolation.
K.G. Jung developed a different typology. It is based on the predominant functions of the psyche (thinking, intuition). His classification divides subjects into introverts and extroverts depending on the dominance of the external or internal world.
An extrovert is characterized by directness and openness. Such a person is extremely sociable, active and has many friends, comrades and just acquaintances. Extroverts love to travel and get everything out of life. An extrovert often becomes the initiator of parties; in companies, he becomes their soul. IN ordinary life he focuses only on circumstances, and not on the subjective opinion of others.
An introvert, on the contrary, is characterized by isolation and turning inward. Such a person isolates himself from environment, carefully analyzes all events. An introvert has a hard time making contact with people, so he has few friends and acquaintances. Introverts prefer solitude to noisy companies. These people have an increased degree of anxiety.
There is also a typology based on the relationship between character and temperament, which divides people into 4 psychotypes.
A choleric person is a rather impetuous, fast, passionate and at the same time unbalanced person. Such people are subject to sudden mood swings and emotional outbursts. Cholerics do not have a balance of nervous processes, so they quickly become exhausted, thoughtlessly wasting their strength.
Phlegmatic people are distinguished by equanimity, unhurriedness, stability of moods and aspirations. Outwardly, they practically do not show emotions and feelings. Such people are quite persistent and persistent in their work, while always remaining balanced and calm. The phlegmatic person compensates for his slowness in work with diligence.
A melancholic person is a very vulnerable person, prone to stable experiences of various events. A melancholic person reacts sharply to any external factors or manifestations. Such people are very impressionable.
A sanguine person is a mobile, active person with a lively character. He is subject to frequent changes of impressions and is characterized by rapid reactions to any events. We can easily relate to the failures or troubles that befell him. When a sanguine person is interested in his work, he will be quite productive.
Also, K. Leonhard identified 12 types, often found in people with neuroses, accentuated characters. And E. Fromm described three social types characters.
Psychological character of personality
Everyone has long known that in the psychological character of a person in the process of his development and life activity there are significant changes. Such changes are subject to typical (natural) and atypical (individual) trends.
Typical trends include changes that occur in psychological character as a person grows older. This happens because the older an individual becomes, the faster he gets rid of childish manifestations in character, which distinguish childish behavior from adult behavior. Childhood personality traits include capriciousness, tearfulness, fears, and irresponsibility. Adult traits that come with age include tolerance, life experience, rationality, wisdom, prudence, etc.
As you move along life path and the acquisition of life experience, the individual experiences changes in his views on events, and his attitude towards them changes. Which together also influences the final formation of character. Therefore, there are certain differences between people of different age groups.
For example, people between the ages of approximately 30 and 40 live mainly in the future; they live in ideas and plans. All their thoughts, their activities are aimed at realizing the future. And people who have reached 50 years of age have come to the point where their life today meets simultaneously with past life and the future. And therefore, their character is modified in such a way as to correspond to the present. This is the age when people completely say goodbye to their dreams, but are not yet ready to be nostalgic for the years they have lived. People who have passed the 60-year mark practically no longer think about the future; they are much more concerned about the present, and they have memories of the past. Also, due to physical ailments, the previously taken pace and rhythm of life is no longer available to them. This leads to the appearance of such character traits as slowness, measuredness, and tranquility.
Atypical, specific tendencies are directly related to events experienced by a person, i.e. conditioned by past life.
As a rule, character traits that are similar to existing ones are consolidated much faster and appear much faster.
You should always remember that character is not an immutable quantity, it is formed throughout life cycle person.
Social character of personality
Individuals of any society, despite their individual personal characteristics and differences, have common psychological manifestations and properties, and therefore act as ordinary representatives of a given society.
The social character of a person is general method adaptability of the individual to the influence of society. It is created by religion, culture, education system and family upbringing. It should also be taken into account that even in a family, a child receives an upbringing that is approved in a given society and corresponds to the culture, which is considered normal, ordinary and natural.
According to E. Fromm, social character means the result of a person’s adaptation to a particular way of organizing society, to the culture in which he is brought up. He believes that none of the known developed societies in the world will allow the individual to fully realize himself. From this it turns out that the individual from birth is in conflict with society. Therefore, we can conclude that the social character of an individual is a kind of mechanism that allows an individual to exist freely and with impunity in any society.
The process of adaptation of an individual in society occurs with a distortion of the character of the individual himself and his personality, to the detriment of it. Social character, according to Fromm, is a kind of defense, an individual’s response to a situation that causes frustration. social environment, which does not allow the individual to freely express himself and fully develop, putting him obviously within limits and limitations. In society, a person will not be able to fully develop the inclinations and capabilities inherent in him by nature. As Fromm believed, social character is instilled in the individual and has a stabilizing character. From the moment an individual begins to have a social character, he becomes completely safe for the society in which he lives. Fromm identified several options of this nature.
Accentuation of personality character
Accentuation of a person’s character is a pronounced feature of character traits that is within the recognized norm. Depending on the severity of character traits, accentuation is divided into hidden and obvious.
Under the influence of specific environmental factors or circumstances, some weakly expressed or not manifested traits can be clearly expressed - this is called hidden accentuation.
Explicit accentuation is understood as an extreme manifestation of the norm. This type is characterized by constancy of traits for a certain character. Accentuations are dangerous because they can contribute to the development of mental disorders, situationally determined pathological behavioral disorders, neuroses, etc. However, one should not confuse and identify the accentuation of a person’s character with the concept of mental pathology.
K. Leongrad identified the main types and combinations of accentuations.
A feature of the hysterical type is egocentrism, excessive thirst for attention, recognition individual abilities, the need for approval and honor.
People with the hyperthymic type are prone to a high degree of sociability, mobility, a tendency to mischief, and excessive independence.
Asthenoneurotic – characterized by high fatigue, irritability, and anxiety.
Psychosthenic - manifested by indecision, love of demagoguery, soul-searching and analysis, suspiciousness.
A distinctive feature of the schizoid type is isolation, detachment, and unsociability.
The sensitive type is manifested by increased touchiness, sensitivity, and shyness.
Excitable – characterized by a tendency to regularly recurring periods of sadness and accumulation of irritation.
Emotionally labile – characterized by very changeable mood.
Infantile-dependent - observed in people who play like children and avoid taking responsibility for their actions.
Unstable type - manifests itself in a constant craving for various kinds of entertainment, pleasure, idleness, idleness.
As Victor Hugo used to say, a person has three characters: one is attributed to him by his environment, another he attributes to himself, and the third is real, objective.
There are more than five hundred human character traits, and not all of them are clearly positive or negative; much depends on the context.
Therefore, any personality that has collected certain qualities in individual proportions is unique.
A person’s character is a specific, unique combination of personal, ordered psychological traits, characteristics, and nuances. It is formed, however, throughout life and manifests itself during work and social interaction.
Soberly assessing and describing the character of the chosen person is not an easy task. After all, not all of its properties are demonstrated to the environment: some traits (good and bad) remain in the shadows. And we seem to ourselves to be somewhat different than what we see in the mirror.
Is it possible? Yes, there is a version that this is possible. Through long efforts and training, you are able to assign yourself the qualities you love, becoming a little better.
A person's character is manifested in actions, in social behavior. It is visible in a person’s attitude to work, to things, to other people and in her self-esteem. 
In addition, character qualities are divided into groups - “volitional”, “emotional”, “intellectual” and “social”.
We are not born with specific traits, but acquire them through the process of upbringing, education, exploration of the environment, and so on. Of course, the genotype also influences the formation of character: the apple often falls extremely close to the apple tree.
At its core, character is close to temperament, but they are not the same thing.
In order to relatively soberly assess yourself and your role in society, psychologists advise writing down your positive, neutral and negative traits on a piece of paper and analyzing them.
Try to do this too, you will find examples of character traits below.
Positive character traits (list)
Negative character traits (list)
At the same time, some qualities are difficult to classify as good or bad, and they cannot be called neutral. So, any mother wants her daughter to be shy, silent and bashful, but is this beneficial for the girl?
Again, a dreamy person may be cute, but completely unlucky because he always has his head in the clouds. An assertive individual looks stubborn to some, but obnoxious and pushy to others.
Is it bad to be gambling and carefree? How far has cunning gone from wisdom and resourcefulness? Do ambition, ambition, and determination lead to success or to loneliness? It will probably depend on the situation and context.
And what you want to be, you decide for yourself!
A person's character is an important component of his life. Personality exists in society. By interacting with other people, we learn to understand each other, show our essence, and develop our individuality. By the age of two or three, a child already has his own character and is ready to defend it. Just try to tell him something that does not correspond to his ideas about himself, and you will see manifestations of a personality that wants to be heard.
Often people, wondering what kinds of characters there are, do not understand that each of us is unique, and therefore even pronounced personality traits will be manifested differently in each of us. Character cannot be good or bad.
General Character Traits
It is common for all of us to react in a certain way to changing conditions. General character traits of a person represent the basis of the human psyche. These include courage, honesty, openness, secrecy, gullibility, and isolation. If a person is open to interacting with other people, we can talk about his sociability; if he knows how to enjoy life, he is called cheerful, cheerful. How a person acts in various situations shows his mental characteristics.
In relation to yourself
A person can relate to his own person in different ways: love himself, consider himself a complete loser, ugly, look critically at his reflection in the mirror, try to change himself in every possible way. All these personality manifestations can form the corresponding character: insecure, passive, withdrawn, trusting, suspicious, purposeful, active.
Many people ask how to find out a person’s character? The answer may be his unconscious attitude towards his personality. If a person does not love and respect himself, he simply cannot love others. In life, such a person will behave as inconspicuously as possible and will not make attempts to achieve greater and better results.
In relation to other people
Depending on which personality traits predominate in a person, the following characters can be distinguished: sympathetic, noble, kind, generous, sensitive, attentive, devoted, independent, self-willed, selfish, cruel. By how a person treats other people, one can understand his attitude towards the world and himself.
Individual character traits of a person are necessarily reflected in interactions in the family and team. A person who feels the need to suppress others ends up defeated, dissatisfied with his own life and the actions taken to achieve a certain goal.
In relation to work and activity
Daily work also leaves an imprint on a person’s character. While at work, a person is forced to communicate with a large number of people, decide specific tasks, overcome one’s own shortcomings, expressed in laziness, lack of awareness, competence, and inability to do something.
in this case they can be: lazy, hardworking, enthusiastic, indifferent, persistent, self-sufficient. The more and more effectively a person works on himself, the better his results. By studying this or that activity, each of us is able to reach the “ceiling” in it, reach the limit, and become a real pro. The only difference is that a person who is called successful always strives forward and overcomes obstacles with enthusiasm, while an obvious loser is afraid to take risks and comes up with worthy excuses for himself not to act, but only to contemplate what is happening to him . Often people who do not have the strength to make decisions themselves blame others for their own failures and losses.How is character formed?
Modern psychological science claims that a person’s character is laid in early childhood. Around the age of two or three, the child begins to show individual character traits. A person is shaped by both social attitudes and the attitude of his parents towards his personality. If parents are attentive to his mood, take into account the needs and desires of the baby, and take into account his individuality, then the child grows up open to the world around him, trusts the Universe and time, and has a positive attitude towards people. When trust, for whatever reason, is lost, Small child is left with a disjointed feeling of emptiness within himself. He can no longer trust blindly, unconditionally, as before, but begins to look for reasons, pitfalls, and disappointments in everything.
The character finally completes its formation by the age of four or five. If the parents did not pay enough attention to the child until this time, did not understand his pressing problems, why he acts this way and not otherwise, then it will be more difficult to correct the situation. A child who is constantly criticized becomes timid, unsure of himself, and indecisive. Someone who has often been scolded does not believe in himself and treats everything with suspicion. A child surrounded by care and attention becomes trusting and open, ready to learn about the surrounding reality. Exist different characters person. The list goes on and on.
Character accentuations
Character accentuations are pronounced manifestations of certain personality traits on which a person becomes fixated and to which he turns out to be excessively vulnerable. For example, a shy person may suffer if others do not pay attention to him, but he will never dare to express himself in society. A merry fellow and the life of the party may be offended by his friends because his ideas did not receive the attention they deserve. In both cases, the person focuses on himself, his feelings about what others will say and think about him, and needs approval of his actions. Whatever the characters are in general, there are also different accentuations.
Typology of characters
In the last century, psychiatrist from Sweden Carl Gustav Jung experimentally deduced human character types. The essence of his concept is that, depending on the prevailing mental functions, he conditionally divided all people into introverts and extroverts.
An introvert is a person immersed in himself, his own thoughts, feelings, experiences. The basis of his existence is his own personality. An introvert experiences failures for a long time, often accumulates grievances and fears, and likes to be alone. He needs time spent with himself like air. Reflections can make up a whole world for him, full of mysteries and secrets. Among people in this category there are many thinkers, writers, and poets. A certain self-absorption and isolation from the outside world allows them to create their own reality. An introvert greatly values solitude, the opportunity to think, and emotional support from other people (since he is often unsure of himself).
An extrovert is a person whose thoughts and energy are directed to the outside world. A person of this type loves the company of people and tolerates loneliness extremely difficult. If he is left alone for a long time, he may even become depressed. An extrovert needs self-expression external space. This required condition for the development of his personality. An extrovert urgently needs communication, emotional confirmation of his own rightness and importance.
Temperament types
When answering the question about what types of characters there are, one cannot help but touch upon the theory of four types of temperament. This classification is known to every person from school. Mostly there are people with mixed type temperament in which one type predominates.
A choleric person is a person of mood, whose frequent changes are due to the mobility of the nervous system. He gets carried away easily, but cools down very quickly. Thus, energy resources are often wasted. Choleric does everything quickly, sometimes forgetting about quality. Often he does not have time to complete the work before it ceases to interest him.
Sanguine - a person with a stable type nervous activity. He quite easily lets go of failures and disappointments, switching to external circumstances. Easily gets carried away and works productively. Alive interesting person who needs a community of like-minded people.
A phlegmatic person is a person of calm, balanced disposition. From the outside it may seem that it is difficult to anger or touch a phlegmatic person. However, he is quite vulnerable, but knows how to hide it well. Beneath the external “thick skin” lies a sensitive and sincere person. The phlegmatic person is responsible and a good performer. However, the organizer will not come out of it.
A melancholic person is an extremely emotional, vulnerable, vulnerable person. He takes injustice seriously and often looks overly withdrawn and distrustful.
It should be noted that there are no bad or good types temperament. Each type has its own personality and each has strengths and weaknesses.
Typology of Kretschmer's characters
Psychologist from Germany Ernst Kretschmer proposed a classification that allows one to determine character by a person’s face, as well as by his physique. He called thin people as asthenics and characterized them as closed personalities prone to serious experiences. He defined overweight people as picnics. Picnicians are often obese, easily adapt to changing conditions, and are in great need of society. People of the athletic type are distinguished by practicality, purposefulness, and a calm, imperturbable character.
The science of graphology deals with the study of the characteristics of human behavior, his personality traits based on the outline of letters. Everything matters here: the placement of the letters on the line, their height and width, and how elegantly and beautifully they are written. For example, a person with low self-esteem has lines directed downward. For those who carry themselves confidently, the lines go up. Capital letters testify to the breadth of the soul and the desire to be a leader, small ones characterize a person who doubts everything. Currently, there is more than one test for a person’s character to determine which group he belongs to.
Is it possible for a person to change his character on his own?
For those who dream of changing their character due to objective reasons, I would like to say that nothing is impossible. Just consciously take the necessary steps, control yourself. Of course, you won’t be able to radically change yourself, but you don’t need to strive for this, because each of us is unique and inimitable. Better improve yours best qualities character, rather than constantly thinking about shortcomings and finding out what kind of characters there are and why you don’t match them. Learn to love yourself for who you really are, and then your own shortcomings will stop bothering you. Everyone has them, believe me. Your task is to develop yourself, to reveal the fullness of your capabilities for self-realization.
Thus, there are many options on how to determine a person's character. The main thing is that you accept your own personality and learn to live in harmony with it and the world around you.