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Spelling compound adjectives
Teacher of Russian language and literature MBOU “Secondary School No. 3 MO “Akhtubinsky District” Vera Aleksandrovna Drozdova
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Lesson objectives:
Repeat what “ADJECTIVE NAME” is; Review the basic methods of education compound adjectives; Learn the rules for writing compound adjectives.
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Adjective:
Part of speech
denotes an attribute of an object
answers the questions: which one? which? which? whose? whose? whose?
varies by gender, number and case
The categories of adjectives are distinguished by meaning and form: qualitative, relative and possessive
Qualitative adjectives come in short and full forms, have comparative and superlative degrees
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Ways to form complex adjectives
1. Laying down the basics:
2. Suffix method:
3. Merging words of a phrase into one word
words that make up the phrase: Old Russian (Ancient Rus')
independent words: historical-archival (historical and archival)
words forming colors and shades): blue-green pale blue
from a compound noun: forest-steppe (forest-steppe + n) southwestern (southwest + n)
little-studied problems (cf. little-studied problems by science)
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Ways to write compound adjectives
FULL
VIA "HYPHEN"
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Together:
1. Adjectives in which one of the parts is not used separately: fleeting omnivore
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2. Adjectives that are formed from compound nouns, spelled together: water carrier (water carrier) reinforced concrete (reinforced concrete)
Together:
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3. Adjectives in which the first part is a numeral: pentameter three-kilogram
Together:
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4. Adjectives whose first part is an adverb with O or E: early ripening listed below
Together:
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5. Adjectives that are formed from combinations of words with a subordinating connection: red-faced (red face - agreement) machine-tool (build machines - control) nearby (standing close - adjacency)
Together:
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With a hyphen:
1. Adjectives formed from coordinating phrases: Russian-German (Russian and German) African-American (African and American)
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With a hyphen:
2. Adjectives denoting combinations of colors or shades of color, quality, attribute: bright red gray-blue
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With a hyphen:
3. Adjectives starting with the words south-, north-, south-, north-, west-, east-: south-west East Siberian
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With a hyphen:
4. Adjectives that are formed from nouns written with a hyphen: half-liter (half a liter) non-commissioned officer (non-commissioned officer)
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With a hyphen:
5. Adjectives formed from combinations of first name and patronymic, first name and last name, two last names: Conan-Doyle, Jules-Vernov
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With a hyphen:
6. Adjectives in which the stem of the first part ends in –IKO: physical and mathematical historical and local history EXCEPTIONS: great society, great Russian
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With a hyphen:
7. Adjectives, parts of which indicate heterogeneous characteristics: popular science military-political
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PRACTICAL PART
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Task 1. “Proofreader”. Assignment: Find errors in reasoning. 1) Northeastern is written together, because derived from northeast. Compound adjectives formed from compound nouns that are written together are also written together. 2) Forest park from forest park (and not from forest and park). Compound adjectives formed from compound nouns that are written together are written together. 3) Multi-colored from different and colored. A compound adjective is formed from two adjectives that are independent of each other and is written with a hyphen. 4) Musical and entertaining from musical and entertaining. A compound adjective is formed from two adjectives, independent of each other, and is written with a hyphen. 5) Middle Eastern from near and eastern. . A compound adjective is formed from two adjectives, independent of each other, and is written with a hyphen.
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Task 2. Form complex adjectives from these combinations: 8 hours - ... 200 liters - ... 365 days - ... 42 kilometers - ... 72 billion - ...
Language Ancient Rus'- ... Shipbuilding equipment - ... Rituals old Rus' - …
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Resources:
Rosenthal D.E., Dzhandzhakova E.V., Kabanova N.P. Handbook of spelling, pronunciation, literary editing content.schools.by›zhazhelka http://www.tepka.ru/russkij_yazyk_6/62.html
Spelling case endings adjectives can be checked posing the question Which?, since the endings of the question word and the endings of adjectives coincide. The exception is the masculine nominative singular, where under stress the ending is written -Ouch(young Ouch man, field Ouch flower), and no accent is written th or -th(old th warrior, sin th handkerchief).
IN feminine V nominative case singular is written -and I or -yaya: new and I syn yaya sweater (which jacket?), and in the neuter gender it is written -oh or -her: new oh syn her coat (which coat?).
In plural the ending is written for all three genders -s or -ies: new s syn no scarves, dresses, sweaters (which?).
In the masculine and neuter gender, the ending is written in the instrumental case of the singular -th or -them(answers the question what?), and in the prepositional - -ohm or -eat(answers the question which one?): admired the new th syn them suit (dress), talked about new ohm syn eat suit (dress).
In the feminine gender in the accusative case the singular ending is written -yy or -yuyu(answers the question which one?), and in the instrumental - -Ouch or -to her (-oh or -her) (answers the question Which? which one?): bought new wow syn yuyu jacket, admire the new Ouch (-oh) sin to her (-her) jacket.
After the sizzling at the end of adjectives under stress is written oh no accent is written e, For example: stranger O wow, great O wow, stranger O mu, big O mu; redhead e oh, more e go, red e mu, more eat at(compare with nouns).
After sibilants in adjectives under stress the suffix is written -ov-(penny ov oh, hedgehog ov oh, brocade ov oh, canvas ov y), and no accent- suffix -ev-(plush ev oh, klu h ev water).
Note. Something to remember writing a word desh ёв th(cf. cheaper).
IN short adjectives under stress after sibilants is written O: the food is hot O (O ending), funny O n (O fluent in suffix).
In adjectives on -th, -ya, -ye(fox, fox, fox) in all forms, except nominative and accusative cases of singular masculine gender (fox), before graduation is written b: fox b him, fox b him, fox b And etc.
Diminutive adjectives are formed using a suffix -enk-: syn yenk oh, fat yenk th; after g, k, x possible and -onk-, And -enk-: lay down onk th And lay down yenk yay, wide onk th And wide yenk oh, quiet onk th And quiet yenk th.
In the suffix -en-, -yan- forming adjectives from nouns, one is written n: leather en oh, sand en oh, silver yang oh, except for three words: tree Jann oh, tin Jann y, glass Jann th.
In adjectives formed using a suffix -n- from nouns with a stem on n, spelled two n: kame nn oh, with nn oh, long nn th.
Note. From such adjectives must be distinguished adjectives with one n: Yu n oh, sir n Ouch etc. (they Dont Have suffix -n-).
In the suffix -in- forming adjectives from nouns with the meaning of belonging or property, one is written n: goose in oh, sparrow in oh, donkey in th.
Note. One n is written in a noun GOST in and I, which used to be an adjective: living room.
In the suffix -he N- forming adjectives from foreign words, spelled two n: division he N oh, revolution he N oh, constitution he N th.
In the suffix -enn- forming adjectives from nouns, two are written n: productions enne oh, celebrations enne oh, related enne oh, straw enne oh, cranberries enne th.
Note 1. Adjective wind en th written with one n. Adjectives with prefixes formed from the word wind , written with two n: without wind enne oh, behind wind enne oh, under wind enne th and so on. It is necessary to distinguish adjectives wind en th(with suffix -en-) And wind yang Ouch(with suffix -yan-). Suffix -en- written in adjectives meaning “with the wind”: wind en and I weather (weather with wind), wind en oh summer (summer with the wind), as well as used figuratively: wind en and I young woman, wind en oh behavior. These adjectives have a short form: the weather is windy, the girl is windy. Suffix -yan- used in adjectives meaning “driven by the wind”: wind yang and I mill, wind yang Ouch engine. These adjectives do not have a short form. With suffix -yan- the name of the disease is also written: wind yang smallpox(chickenpox).
Note 2. In the first stem of compound adjectives two are written n, if it is formed from an adjective with two n: wave nn o-tractor station(mashi station nn aya and tractor), wagon nn o-locomotive park(car park nn y and locomotive). But if the first stem is formed from a noun on n, then it says one thing n: wave n construction plant(machine construction plant), wagon n repair plant(wagon repair plant).
Note 3. Nouns on -Nick--nitsa And -ness, formed from adjectives with two n, are also written with two n: morning nn y-morning nn IR; society nn y-society nn IR society nn itza-society nn awn; revolutionio nn th-revolution nn awn; production nn y-production nn IR; this nn y-tse nn awn, and educated from adjectives with one n are also written with one n: hemp n y - hemp n ik, sand n y - sand n ik, yu n y - y n awn.
Note 4. With two n nouns formed using suffixes are also written -Nick – -nitsa from nouns with a stem on n: be friends n a - be friends nn ir-friend nn itza, mosh n a-moshe nn ik-moshe nn itza.
Full adjectives having two n, save them in a short form: this nn this thing is the thing nn A.
Before the suffix -sk- letter b written after l(village - village b sk ii) and in adjectives formed from the names of months on ny, ry: December b sk th, November b sk th, Jun b sk th, july b sk th(exception: word January sk th).
In other cases, after n And R before the suffix -sk- letter b not written: horse n sk hey, hero - rich R sk th.
To distinguish suffixes -To- And -sk-, we must remember what with the suffix -To- are formed qualitative adjectives, which have a short form(bottom To th - low, narrow To й - narrow), and with the suffix -sk- - relative adjectives, not having a short form(Frenchman sk yy, Kyrgyz sk oh, Circassian sk y).
Note. From nouns with a stem on k, h And ts relative adjectives are formed with a suffix -To- , and sounds To And h are replaced by sound ts: kaza To- kaza ts To oh, yeah h-tka ts To oh, no ts- mute ts To th. But in some, mainly bookish, formations sounds To And h do not change and the suffix is used -sk-: Uzbek To-Uzbek To sk yay, Ugli h-coals h sk y, also Pfahl ts-pfal ts sk th.
Adjectives on -yny in short form ends with -en: calmly yny-calm en, it's clear yny-it's sunny en , except worthy yny- worthy in .
Note. Short form participles honored from the verb honor written according to general rule: honored en .
Are being written capitalized adjectives, formed from proper names using suffixes -ov-, -ev-, -in-, -yn-(Gave ev dictionary, Ivan ov oh childhood, Liz in and the doll, Zhuchk in s puppies, etc.) with the exception of phraseological combinations, used V figuratively , in which lost contact with own name (Adam ov oh apple, based ov and illness, sissy f ov labor, prokr y hundred bed, etc.).
Are being written lowercase adjectives, formed from people's own names, if adjectives contain a suffix -sk- (T Urgenev sk"Notes of a Hunter" P Ushkin sk y style, l Ermontov sk prose, etc.).
Note. Capitalized adjectives are written with a suffix -sk-, If they are part of names that have meanings "name, memory", For example: L Omonosov sk no reading, L enin sk and I bonus.
Compound adjectives are usually formed with the help of a connecting vowel. Therefore, the basic rule for spelling most complex nouns (“write together if there is a connecting vowel, and with a hyphen if the complex noun is formed without a connecting vowel”) is unacceptable for spelling complex adjectives.
The spelling of compound adjectives together or with a hyphen is determined by the method of their formation.
Continuous writing
1. A complex adjective is written together, one of the parts of which is not used separately: fleeting, omnivorous, freshly shaved (and freshly shaved), empty-headed, publicly available, late-ripening, ancient written.
2. They write together complex adjectives formed from complex nouns that are written together: ball-bearing (ball bearing), foam silicate (foam silicate), reinforced concrete (reinforced concrete), cinder block (cinder block), fruit and vegetable (fruits; but: fruit and vegetable warehouse), oil field ( oil field), forest-steppe (forest-steppe), financial inspector (fininspektor), laurel cherry (laurel cherry), Anglo-Saxon (Anglo-Saxon), turbogenerator (turbogenerator), Don Juan (Don Juan), quixotic (don quixote). By analogy with the forest-steppe, it merges with the forest-meadow, mountain-forest (the words “forest-meadow” and “mountain forest” are not in the language).
3. Compound adjectives formed from an adjective and a noun are written: primitive communal (primitive community), private economic (private economy), national economic (national economy), typhoid (typhoid fever), mountain climatic (mountain climate), citric acid ( lemon acid; but: lemon yellow as a complex name for color), weak-willed ( weak character), white marble (white marble), natural science (natural sciences; but: scientific research - from synonymous adjectives), natural history (natural history), spinal (spinal cord), meat-canning (canned meat; but: meat and dairy), hydrochloric acid ( hydrochloric acid; but: salty-sour, salty-sweet - quality with an additional shade), early spring (early spring), foreign trade (foreign trade).
Among the words of this type many complex common adjectives derived from geographical names: Latin American (Latin America), East African (East Africa), Middle Eastern (Middle East), East Siberian (Eastern Siberia), Far Eastern (Far East).
Note. For the spelling of complex adjectives included in official geographical and administrative names, such as the East European Plain, South Kazakhstan Region, see below.
4. Write together complex adjectives formed from two words, one of which is subordinate to the other according to the method of management: car-building plant (construction of cars; but: carriage-locomotive depot), machine-counting station (counting by machines; but: machine-tractor park), planting plant (planting seedlings), grassland (meadow for grazing), benevolent (to wish well), waterproof (impermeable to water), tillage (cultivating the soil), corn silage harvesting, butter cheese making, etc. Complex terms without a connecting vowel are also written using the same rule: oxygen-releasing (giving oxygen), nitrogen-containing (containing nitrogen), gold-mining (mining gold), etc.
5. They write together complex adjectives formed from two heterogeneous adjectives, between which it is impossible to put conjunctions and, but, not only... but also: the ancient Church Slavonic language (the ancient Church Slavic language), the new Greek language(new Greek), compound sentence(complex composed sentence).
6. Writing complex symbols together chemical substances, expressed by adjectives: ferrous sulfide, oxalic acid, ethylenediaminetetraacetic, dibenzylethylenediamine.
7. A series of complex adjectives are written together, formed from a combination of an adverb and an adjective or participle. IN literary language There are two groups of similar adjectives. Some adjectives came into the literary language from terminological vocabulary: expensive goods, long-playing record; others arose and are emerging in book speech: highly artistic, unsympathetic, promising. The spelling of these complex adjectives is one of the most difficult cases, since the first components of words are used in the language as independent elements of phrases (cf.: highly organized - highly located, highly respected - imbued with much).
In order for an adverb to become the first part of a complex adjective, the following conditions are necessary: a change in its meaning, a violation of the grammatical relationship between the adverb and the adjective or participle (the first part of the word cannot act as a separate member of the sentence, answering the questions “how?”, “in what way?” ), the impossibility of rearranging parts within a compound word. The main condition is the first - change lexical meaning: an adverb from an adverb turns into a word-forming morpheme, close to a prefix (which either completely loses stress or has a weakly stressed syllable). And this leads to the destruction of grammatical relations between an adverb and an adjective or participle and, as a consequence, to the impossibility of interchanging parts of a complex whole.
Only a few adverbs turn into prefixes, therefore, only a few adverbs form complex adjectives. Numerous adjectives in this group are formed according to certain patterns that are easy to remember. But the spelling of adjectives of this group is complicated by the penetration into the literary language of terms like high-speed cutting machine, by analogy with which erroneous spellings appear in non-terminological texts (for example, “fast-flowing river” means fast-flowing river). Let's look at some types of compound adjectives, the first part of which contains adverbs.
quickly... All the few formations written together are the terms: high-speed cutting machine, high speed steels, quick-hardening mixtures, fast-growing tree species. In literary language, complex adjectives with quickly are not formed, that is, quickly is always written separately from the participle that follows it: a rapidly growing city, quickly opening hatches, quickly falling twilight, quickly spoken phrases; a medicine that acts quickly on the body. In all such combinations, it does not quickly lose its lexical meaning and remains a member of the sentence - a circumstance.
Notes: 1. The word fast-flowing in a figurative sense is written together: fast-flowing life, fast-flowing time; and in the literal sense - separately: I'm going to Old city- through the fast-flowing Ankhor canal (gas).
2. The word fleeting is written together, since the second part is not used separately.
3. Pay attention to complex adjectives formed from the adjective bystry and the noun, which are always written together: bystrosmenny (quick change), high-speed (quick move), as well as quick-footed, quick-eyed, etc.
forever... Only a complex adjective of terminological origin is written together: evergreen: Periwinkle is a blue flower on an evergreen creeping bush; I am grateful to the trees for a long century, we will preserve the evergreen memory of him [Pushkin] (Az.). But with the short form of the adjective it is always written separately: He is forever green (Inb.); And even though the flower fades, it is forever green
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his escape (gas.). In all other cases, the adverb is forever written separately from the adjective or participle that follows it: forever young, forever alive; eternally red cliffs (Hertz.); the eternal blue sky of Florence (Drun.).
highly... This group of spelled compound adjectives is represented by a large number of words that actively appear both in book style and in terminology: highly intelligent, highly professional, highly paid, highly qualified, highly nutritious, highly courageous.
Note. Based on this model, many interesting new formations are created, often with a satirical overtones: And what a lackey he was in “The Fruits of Enlightenment!” Highly correct and arrogant! (Dor.); The Dynamo midfielder, in search of new ways of football tactics, approached the Torpedo player and hit him. highly technical blow to the face (gas).
As the first part of compound words, high, in contrast to the adverb high, has the meaning 'very, extremely', is not a member of the sentence (you cannot ask the question “how?”) and has stress on the second syllable, and it is not the main, but additional. Wed:
There was a threat of flooding of land that found itself in the vicinity of the highly raised dams of the Volga (gas).
We ourselves must try to allocate a gifted, and even more so highly gifted, artist for this work (Lun.).
The short forms of these adjectives are written together: Such deposits are usually highly productive (gas); A film with a morality set and designed specifically for it by the author, no matter how highly moral it may be, does not work (gas).
As part of a complex adjective, high is written together only if the second part is an adjective. If the second part is a participle, then high acts as a member of the sentence and is written separately, while, as a rule, there are other explanatory words in the sentence (either with the word high, or with the participle). Wed: A particularly high-ranking person in our brotherhood petitioned for you to be accepted into the brotherhood ahead of schedule (L.T.). - And they sit, and walk, and everything is upside down. Even the highest-ranking officials are upside down (M.); critic who highly appreciated the story (gaz.) - But the more ardently his admirers extolled him... the more merciless (Chekhov) was to himself and to all his - so highly valued - creativity (Chuk.). Wed. also: But St. Petersburg is a city of officials. And for officials the dream is for someone to fall from high standing (Dor.) - this example is interesting because here the author confronts direct meaning adverbs high (‘a great distance up’) and figurative (‘very, extremely’).
above... Written together: above, above, above, above, above, above, etc. (the meaning of above in the composition of these words is ‘before, before, on previous pages’). These formations easily split into two words, i.e. it is possible separate writing, while the weakly stressed word above (as part of a compound word) receives independent stress: Communist art, pursuing the two above-mentioned goals...
(Lun-)- , „ .
Of all the numerous formations of this group, the words vyshesreoniy and superior (in the meaning of ‘superior in administrative terms’: a higher authority, a higher authority) are always written with consistency: The great strategist felt inspiration, an intoxicating state in front of the above-average blackmail (I.
I P.); He even wanted to clear his throat, as happens with people medium responsibility when talking with any of the superior comrades (I. and P.). Wed. interesting new formations by analogy: Yes, unfortunately, this happens - complaints descend: the one above him, the one below him, the one below him (gas.).
Note. In terminology, complex adjectives such as overlying (overlying quaternary formations) are possible, in which above has a direct meaning ‘located above something, above something’.
smoothly... Only terminological formations like smooth-colored are written together. In the general literary language, the adverb smoothly is always written separately from the participle that follows it: smoothly combed hair, smoothly flowing speech of the speaker, smoothly finished slabs.
deeply... Only the word deeply respected (‘very, very respected’) is written together. All other formations are free phrases (regardless of whether direct or figurative meaning has the adverb deeply) -, deeply artistic nature, deeply negative attitude, deeply substantiated interpretation of questions (‘seriously, completely, sufficiently conclusive’). Ivanov was interested in everyday life not in itself, but as a path to the secret, to the deeply hidden essence of human relationships (Kav.) - “not on the surface, hidden in the depths, inaccessible”; St. Petersburg is a multifaceted city... It is a living, deeply feeling city (M. G.) - ‘a very strong, intense, significant and complex feeling city’; The domes of the main cathedral, gold in deep blue azure through the branches of poplar (gas); deeply passionate poems (I.S.)
Notes: 1. Glubokb respecting is always written separately, like deeply located (‘nurturing sympathy’).
2. Deeply respected can be written separately if there are explanatory words with the participle: an engineer deeply respected by the workers.
densely... Only the word densely populated (‘densely populated’) is written together: The staircase of a densely populated house was always full of smells (Bakl.). But if the second part of a complex word is presented in a short form, then it should be written separately: This part of the city is densely populated. In all other cases, the adverb is written densely separately from the participle that follows it: a pack of large, densely written sheets; The children put their hats on their thickly greased hair. (Ser.).
Note. Complex names of colors with dense in the first part are written with a hyphen: dense green, dense purple,
a long time ago... Only the linguistic term long-past tense is written together. But that's it explanatory dictionaries they give this word in a continuous spelling and in the meaning of ‘happened a long time ago, a long time ago; very old’: I’m too lazy to describe long-past impressions (Vol.). However, in the general literary meaning, the words with long ago should be written separately: Traces of long-past affectation were noticed in it (T.); If she [the thought of Natasha] came, then only as pleasant memory long past (L. T.). In the sentence On the ceiling, according to a long-past fashion, cupid was presented (Hertz.) should be written long ago, since it has long required independent stress, being a circumstance in relation to the participle.
All other cases are phrases: I was with you, Russia,
in your long past, let me be with you in the future (V.F.).
long... Only the terms long-playing, long-living are written together: long-playing record, long-living nuclei. In all other cases, the adverb is written separately from the participle that follows it: Vermiculite is also a long-acting poison that is not washed off by rain for weed control (gas); This right should encourage the writer to create long-lasting works, and not ephemeral works (gas.).
expensive... The term expensive is written together: expensive goods. In practice, however, the adjective expensive is written together and in such combinations as expensive work, expensive construction, expensive entertainment, etc.: The current political campaign will be the most expensive in the entire history of the United States (gas.). In combination with other participles, the adverb expensive is always written separately: paid dearly, costly, priced dearly, selling dearly, etc.
easy... Only the terms are written together: lightly wounded, easily mobile, lightly armored, flammable, lightly armed, etc. Not in a terminological sense, it is easily written separately from the participle that follows it; cf: ward of the slightly wounded - lightly wounded in the arm; and also: easily vulnerable, easily explained, easily digestible, easily read.
Note: Adjective types frivolous, athletic, formed on the basis of coordinated combinations (cf.: easy thought, athletics), are always written together (see above).
little... Numerous complex adjectives of this group are written together: unfamiliar, poorly adapted, uninteresting, poorly inhabited, little known, unsuitable, undecent, unpleasant, unreliable, unlikely, inactive, little studied, little studied, insignificant, etc. The second part of such formations is most often represented by an adjective , less often a participle. In the language, however, there are similar phrases: little familiar, little adapted, little interesting, little inhabited, little known, little suitable, little decent, little pleasant, little reliable, little probable, little mobile, little explored, little studied, little meaningful. Compound words with little in the first part and similar phrases differ in meaning.
In phrases, little is an adverb, it has the meaning 'a little, not enough', as a member of a sentence - independently (answers the question “to what extent and degree?”), pronounced as a separate word with a distinct emphasis: What and to whom did the writer want to prove by telling o little interesting and not particularly characteristic people... (Bl.); ...Children's literature of that time was an uninhabited, or at least sparsely inhabited, island (Marsh.).
As the first part of complex adjectives, the particles not have little meaning: If you mistakenly praised a work of little art, everyone will understand that you don’t understand anything, if for you such rubbish is a masterpiece (A.K.); The picture was declared mediocre, uninteresting, and unartistic (gas.).
Note: Quite often, complex adjectives with little in the first part are used as euphemisms - replacing words that are inconvenient or rude for certain situation: The situation in the team has become, to put it mildly, unpleasant (gas).
Thus, if ‘not’ has little meaning, then it is written together with the adjective or participle that follows it. If little expresses the meaning ‘a little, not enough’, then it is an adverb and is written separately. The formulated rule requires some clarification.
1) Malo, as the first part of a compound word, is not combined with all participles. This circumstance is not always taken into account, which leads to erroneous spellings. For example, in the sentence Mikhail Leonidovich Himself seemed to me to be a man who had little success in the engineering field (gas) should be written little has succeeded: with the participle of having succeeded, the word little can only be an adverb.
2) Little is written together only with single full forms participles, i.e. only in this case can little mean ‘not’ (separate writing is also possible if little means ‘a little, not enough’). If the participle "has explanatory words or is presented in a short form, then it is always written separately. Compare: An ill-informed reader will not understand this - 'an ignorant reader, an incompetent reader', however, it is possible that an uninformed reader will not understand this if it is necessary to express the meaning of 'insufficiently informed reader'; a reader, even one who has little knowledge of life modern village, having read this, you will be surprised - the participle with explanatory words has little meaning ‘not enough’; But Pronin was ready to believe him, because people who perform the duties of “mailboxes” usually have little knowledge about the affairs in which they take part (Ov.) - little with the short form of the participle; IN Soviet time Some ways of forming words that were little common before the October Revolution have become very productive - participles with explanatory words, so little is written separately. Little is written separately from the participle that follows it, even if little is preceded by an adverb of degree: a very little-studied problem, a relatively little-studied question.
3) If little is followed by an adjective (in full or short form, single or with explanatory words), then the continuous or separate spelling is determined by the meaning of the sentence: No, the editors refuse it. Little cultured, writes with mistakes (K.) -■ ‘uncultured’; Klim accepted Kutuzov’s rudeness as the innocence of a person of little culture (M. G.) - ‘not cultured enough’; As a friend, I scolded him... why is he so little cultured (Ch.) - the adverb so enhances the meaning of the adverb little; Yesterday unknown or little famous people today they have won the recognition and love of millions of people (Gaz.) - ‘unknown or insufficiently known’; My attempt to apply his methods... seemed to me far-fetched and uninteresting - ‘far-fetched and uninteresting’; However, it is no coincidence that the author asked the question: “How much do we know about the writer?” - The answer to it was not very encouraging - ‘disappointing’; Oh, of course! I now feel how little educated I am (L.T.) - ‘not educated enough’.
Notes: 1. In print, unfortunately, the difference in the meanings of mayu and what word (adjective or participle) it is combined with is not always taken into account. There are many unmotivated spellings, that is, those that do not follow from the meaning of the sentences. For example: Toxicologists said that 4-D butyl ether is still toxic. Low toxic, but still toxic (gas.) - you should write low toxic, since the combined writing (hence the meaning ‘non-toxic’) contradicts the statement that ether is toxic; Piastrov flashed in the houses of creative unions, and less-informed creative people asked more informed... (gas.) - one should write less-informed, since in the same sentence there is a phrase more informed, but in general the meaning is: 'less (little) informed people asked more knowledgeable people'; You’ve barely read a few pages before you’re surrounded on all sides by a living, colorful and, of course, very familiar world (gas.) - you should write familiar, since the adverb of degree greatly enhances the meaning of little, rather than the adjective (cf.: very little intelligent person, very interesting book).
2. Compound adjectives with mayu (former adverb) should be distinguished from externally similar words type low-weight, small-family, small-circulation, formed according to the model
A significant part of Russian orthography is occupied by the rules of hyphenation, separate and continuous spelling of word forms. Complex adjectives, examples of spelling of which will be given in the article, illustrate the rules of spelling of the Russian language.
Compound word - what is it?
The lexical arsenal of the Russian language includes simple words, consisting of one root, one base ( blue, young, red, autumn y). If a word consists of several stems or parts of stems, then it is considered complex. Compound adjectives, examples of which are given in the tables below, consist of two roots.
Difficult word: ways of education
They are formed in three main ways: addition, fusion, abbreviation.
| Way | Description | Compound nouns and compound adjectives: examples |
| Addition | Morphological in which a complex word is formed by merging stems with the help of a vowel (the connecting vowel O follows hard consonants, the vowel E follows soft ones). | wool weaver, carnivorous, circulatory, long-range |
| Fusion | Lexical-syntactic method: a whole combination of words without connecting vowels is merged into a complex one. | two-story (of two floors), forty-day (of forty days), crazy (crazy) |
| Abbreviation | Conventional phonetic method: a complex word (noun) is formed from combinations of words, but, unlike fusion, only parts of the bases are connected: syllables, letters. | department store, salary, KamAZ, NATO, Unified State Exam |
Compound adjectives: continuous spelling
The spelling of complex adjectives is subject to a number of spelling rules, illustrated by complex examples which are given in the tables below.
In this case, complex adjectives can be written with a hyphen and together, or be part of a phrase where the adjective is not part of the complex word.
| № | Rule | Compound adjectives: examples |
| Together | ||
| 1 | When forming a complex from a complex which is written together. | oil pipeline - oil pipeline, steamship - steamship |
| 2 | When forming a complex adjective from a subordinating combination of words, including from phrases “noun + adjective” that name geographical objects. | ski - skiing, natural science - natural sciences, daily average - average per day; Lysogorsky - Yagodnopolyansky - Yagodnaya Polyana |
| 3 | If the adjective denotes a scientific term or is a special word. | Lepidoptera, viviparous, mammals, milk canning, baking, geological exploration |
| 4 | If the first part of a compound word is as follows: high-, higher-, deep-, thick-, steep-, large-, light-, small-, small-, many-, low-, lower-, sharp-, flat-, strong-, weak-, thick- , thin-, hard-, heavy-, narrow-, wide-. If such elements have explanatory words, then the spelling is separate. | little-studied (but: little studied by students), difficult to remove (but: difficult to remove from the body), well-known (widely known abroad) |
| 5 | general, upper, middle, lower, ancient, early, late. | common, Central Russian, Lower Volga, Old English, early ripening, late Scythian |
Compound adjectives: hyphenated
The set is written semi-continuously. Rules for placing a hyphen and Difficult words-adjectives (examples) are given in the table below.
| № | Rule | Hyphenated compound adjectives: examples |
| Hyphenated | ||
| 1 | During education complex name adjective from a compound noun, which is written with a hyphen. | northwestern - northwest, social democratic - social democracy, Issyk-Kul - Issyk-Kul (but: Zaissyk-Kul, since there is a prefix) |
| 2 | If the adjective is formed from two proper names, for example, from two surnames or a first name and a surname. The exception is Eastern surnames. | Pushkin-Gogol, Lev-Tolstovsky, Jules Vernovsky (but: Dzhekichanskaya, Ho Chi Minh City) |
| 3 | If an adjective is formed by merging several equal words (a conjunction can be placed between them And or But). | convex-concave, apple-plum, Russian-Chinese, expressive-emotional |
| 4 | If an adjective is formed by merging several equal but heterogeneous words. | official business, electronic computing, comparative historical |
| 5 | If the first part of a compound word is military, popular, mass, educational, scientific. | military-legal, people's liberation, mass sports, educational and methodological, scientific and technical |
| 6 | If the adjective reflects the shade of the color. | grey-green, yellow-blue, deep black |
| 7 | Compound adjectives-toponyms. | West Korean, North Ossetian, South Ural |
The phrase "adverb + adjective"
Complex words - adjectives, examples of which are given above, can be difficult to distinguish from similar phrases.
So, moral and ethical is an adjective and morally inwell-fed- a phrase where you can ask a question to an adverb: " In what respect?"
Spelling complex adjectives: examples from literature
In works fiction Compound adjectives are widely used.
They allow you to accurately describe an object and distinguish it from its environment; they bring uniqueness to the text. For example, in the stories of I. A. Bunin there are many individual epithets - complex adjectives: smoky lilac distance, cloudy milky fog, matte pale foliage, blue-winged eagles, an impudently beautiful woman, light golden maples, a thin, broad-shouldered doctor, metallic-ringing screams and others.
Compound adjectives are parts of speech created by combining two words. They can be converted back into a phrase, the components of which will either have grammatical relationships or simply adjoin each other. In the latter case, words can be related to each other only by meaning.
Ways of education
In the Russian language there are complex adjectives consisting of two elements, which in their original form are words related to each other by grammatical agreement. For example:
- Russian-speaking population (Russian language);
- general historical method (general history);
- comprehensive school (general education);
- seriously ill patient (seriously ill patient);
- one-way traffic (one side).
Adjectives can be formed from nouns that are related to each other in this way grammatical meaning, like management. For example:
- metalworking machine (metal processing);
- forest protection sign (forest protection);
- house-building company (house construction);
- car rental company (car rental);
- petty bourgeois thinking (petty bourgeoisie).
Compound adjectives can come from words that do not have any grammatical relationship and names of geographical objects. For example:
- easily wounded person (easily wounded);
- sharpened knife (sharpen sharply);
- Nizhny Tagil plant (Nizhny Tagil);
- North Ossetian branch (North Ossetia);
- Bolshevyazemsky Museum (Bolshiye Vyazemy).
Integrated spelling of terms
The spelling of compound adjectives may vary. It depends on the method of formation and the area of vocabulary to which these words relate. In the scientific, technical and medical literature there are often terms derived from two words. For example: oxygen-containing, ancient Slavic, spinal, thermal insulating, chromate, private, alkaline earth. Among these words there are also those that cannot be converted into a phrase. For example: equestrian; herbivorous. The continuous spelling of complex adjectives of this category cannot raise doubts, since they consist of elements, one of which (and in some cases both) cannot be used separately. It should also be remembered that adjectives are always written together, starting with elements such as general-, late-, upper-, ancient-, lower-. It is also impossible to write separately words on terminological topics that begin with high-, wide-, low-, deep-, small-, narrow-, many-, small-, strong-, acute-, steep-, dense- and so on. For example:
- potent sleeping pills;
- highly developed country;
- large-scale actions;
- highly specialized production;
- densely populated area.
Separate writing of terms
The spelling of complex adjectives is influenced by the presence of explanatory words in the sentence. More precisely, if they are present, only the spelling of individual words can be correct. For example:
- densely populated area (an area densely populated by foreigners);
- little-studied problems (a problem little studied by science).
When spelling, you also need to pay attention to word order. Compound adjectives almost always precede the noun they refer to. And a free phrase, examples of which were discussed above, usually follows it. For example:
- quick-drying paint (paint that dries quickly in the open air);
- pungent (a solution that smells pungent when high temperature air);
- an easily achievable goal (a goal that is easily achievable for a person who has special knowledge);
- perishable milk (milk that quickly spoils without prior pasteurization).
It should also be remembered that compound words, like all others, have only one stress. There are two of them in phrases.
Compound adjectives are also words whose first component is quarter-. For example: quarter-final, quarter-blood.
Hyphen in adjectives and nouns
Hyphenated and continuous spelling of complex adjectives is a section of spelling, ignorance of which often leads to spelling errors. In order to avoid them, you just need to remember a few simple rules.
You need to know that adjectives are always written with a hyphen if they are formed from nouns with a hyphen. For example:
- social democratic party (social democracy);
- south-eastern district (southeast);
- Karachay-Cherkess population (Karachay-Cherkessia);
- New York Park (New York);
- prime ministerial corps (prime minister).
But if such complex adjectives have a prefix, they are written together. For example:
- anti-social democratic views;
- Syrdarya city.
Personality
Words created from proper names are always written with a hyphen. Whereas you need to know that in such cases there must certainly be a hyphen between the main elements of the adjective. For example:
- Ilfo-Petrovsky characters;
- Main-Read novel;
- Robin Hood's exploits;
- Potap-Potapychev portfolio;
- Ivan-Groznovsky time.
Adjectives containing two equal concepts
The spelling of compound adjectives depends on semantic load, which is carried by each of the components. And if one word contains elements that have equal concepts, they are written with a hyphen. For example:
- cultural and entertainment center;
- reporting and examination concert;
- cardiovascular disease;
- propaganda event;
- English-German dictionary;
- workers' and peasants' movement;
- Russian-Turkish war;
- artistic and journalistic genre;
- Distillery;
- electronic-automatic method.
Adjectives formed from parts with heterogeneous features
Hyphenation of compound adjectives is applicable when the word consists of elements that can be converted into nouns or other parts of speech that are not homogeneous members speech. The first part of such adjectives is often such bases as mass-, national-, military-, scientific-, educational-. For example:
- Research Institute;
- folk arts and crafts;
- Navy;
- Training and Consulting Center.
Adjectives denoting a connotation of quality
If an adjective means any property, and to give it a certain shade is added additional element, hyphenated spelling is used. The same rule applies to writing complex adjectives denoting colors and shades. For example:
- sweet and sour sauce;
- masculine and stern appearance;
- anxious and obsessive thoughts;
- a good-natured, friendly smile;
- pale pink lips;
- bright red dress.
Spelling terms with a hyphen
Many terminological adjectives are written with a hyphen. For example:
- cereals and legumes;
- gastrohepatic collection;
- magnetically soft materials;
- stone-concrete foundation;
- filling and drain valve.
Complex adjectives are not written together if their first part is borrowed from foreign language with the suffix “-iko”. When writing words of this type, a hyphen is used. For example:
- historical and ethnographic;
- critical-journalistic;
- medical and health;
- political and legal;
- chemical-technological.
Hyphenated and continuous spellings of compound adjectives are found in the same definitions. Spelling in such cases depends on the context. For example:
- courageous-stern appearance (severe and courageous);
- courageously stern appearance (masculine severity).
Adjectives often consist of elements that are individually synonymous. And their synonymy is a sure basis for hyphenated spelling. For example:
- naive and childish reasoning;
- solemnly sublime vocabulary;
- arrogant and contemptuous attitude.